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Assessment of Former Manors As Rural Landscape Elements: Case Study of Northern Lithuania

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Assessment of Former Manors As Rural Landscape Elements: Case Study of Northern Lithuania Available online: www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Notulae Botanicae Horti AcademicPres Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2018, 46(2):670-678. DOI:10.15835/nbha46211174 Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca Original Article Assessment of Former Manors as Rural Landscape Elements: Case Study of Northern Lithuania Ingrida SAULIENE*, Laura SUKIENE, Erika ZALESKIENE, Audrius SAULYS, Kestutis AUKSELIS Siauliai University, 38 Visinskio, LT76352, Siauliai, Lithuania; [email protected] (*corresponding author); [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] Abstract Evaluation of the former manors as rural landscape elements and i dentification the recreational potential of former manor environments is discussed in this study. Paper analyses the infrastructure and landscape components of former manors located outside settlements in the district of Pakruojis, Lithuania, and examines their suitability for employment within recreational activities. Historical data on former manors were collected by analyzing archival material and were supplemented with information obtained during expeditions by interviewing the people who currently live in the former manors. All described manors, buildings, and historical greenery have been established in open places. No parts of villages, roads, forest or forest stands are incorporated in these territories. The surveyed former manors are accompanied by parkland. The manor parks analyzed in this study are dominated by native plants, which account for at least 75% of the trees. An analysis of the diversity of the species revealed that Tilia cordata prevails (54-74%) in the majority of manors. The variety of park styles reflects the evolution of the European parks from Baroque parks (Geruciai, Pamusis II) to Romanticism (Dovydiskis) style. Visitors can marvel at the greenery composition of historic parks, explore age-old (Pamusis II, Geruciai) and fabled (Pavezgiai, Pamusis II) trees, and taste the fruit from historical orchards. In the studied territory there is a need to preserve the manor parks because they make a specific contribution to the overall form and aesthetic of the rural landscape, play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity, and represent significant cultural and historical landmarks. Keywords: cultural heritage; globalization; historic greenery; historical parks; land use diversification; nature recreation Vaiškūnaitė et al. , 2012), have also been observed in Introduction Lithuania (Paulikas and Lazdinis, 2006). Due to emigration, an intense rural depopulation, leading to the extension of Globalization has spread throughout the world and is farms, agroecosystemic desertification, and prevailing now di rectly impacting small states (Bebbington and monoculture landscape has emanated. The evolvement of Batterbury, 2001; Cheshire and Woods, 2013). Following the landscape in Europe is significantly associated with the the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Baltic States regained spread of urbanization into rural areas, while the current their statehood and, subsequently, engaged in intensive landsca pe of Lithuania is essentially determined by processes of globalization (Šliburytė and Masteikienė, anthropogenic processes related to agricultural development 2010) . Doing so undoubtedly added value to the country’s (Pašakarnis and Maliene, 2010). A relatively small area of development through delivering benefits such as expanding the country, historically formed via agricultural traditions business opportunities and the size of the potential market, and related businesses, precond itioned the formation of the increasing tourism, providing citizens with an oppor tunity rural landscape. to become acquainted with other cultures, and allowing the The evolvement of the agrolandscape has proceeded in integration of modern international regulations into two directions: In areas that are difficult to access (wetlands Lithuanian legislation. Along with these progressive or hilly areas) active succession, leading to the formation of processes, negative implications, such as migration, low-value stands, has taken pl ace, while fertile plains have degradation of ethnic culture, and biodiversity loss (Lazdinis been occupied by strong and large farms that have et al. , 2005; Elsner, 2010; Kamičaitytė-Virbašienė and intensively exploited territorial resources and reduced Gražulevičiūtė-Vileniškė, 2010; Janulyte et al. , 2011; biodiversity and recreational potential. In fact, about 70% of Received: 02 Feb 2018. Received in revised form: 20 Mar 2018. Accepted: 22 Mar 2018. Published online: 22 Mar 2018. Sauliene I et al / Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2018, 46(2):670-678 671 the country’s population currently resides in cities (St atistics climatic conditions, temperate deciduous forests dominate Lithuania, 2018) , and the leisure activities that such urban the country. Coniferous stands occupy the largest land mass, dwellers are particularly attracted to are typically located covering an area of 56.3%, while deci duous forests account outdoors in areas of natural beauty. However, access to these for 43.8% of all forest area (Ministry of Environment and resources has been limited to a certain extent due to the State Forest Survey Service, 2012). Forests cover one-third degra dation of the natural landscape. A potential solution of the total landmass of Lithuania and, as such, are an to this dilemma could involve using former manors and important part of the natural landscape. In addition to their accompanying parks. bein g protected areas, the forests are also home to the Naturally, manors should be considered the historical - majority of the country's recreational facilities. Lithuanian cultural basis of the current landscape scene (Gražulis, territory is unevenly covered with forests, and this serves to 2008) because farms and villages have been established reduce the attractiveness of certain areas. According to around them under changing political-economic Statistics Lithuania (2018), an increase in demand for short - conditions. Towns have formed around most of the big term out-of-town tourism has increased in Lithuania by manors towns, yet others have remained as distinct farms. over 61% over the last five years. Former manor parks may Consolidation of such farms was p articularly intense during represent a viable option by which it is possible to meet the the Soviet period as a means of promoting land drainage population’s needs for natural recreation activities in (Vaitkus and Vaitkuvienė, 2005). In 1990, after the sparsely wooded areas. Today, the processes of restoration of independence, conditions for the further environmental management are still very much influenced transformation of rural landscapes were established. People by the surviving heritage of the manors. At present, the activ ely began to develop small agrarian farms (Mincyte, register of cultural values lists 582 manors, of which only 2011), and this activity was particularly evident in the 20% are state and muni cipal property. Of the remaining former manors situated outside village areas. In the overall manors, 38% are private, and 42% are of mixed ownership course of political-social decisions, the local population did (Gražulis, 2008). Approximately 800 green spaces (parks or not deviate from herita ge and traditions; as such, the issues their fragments) accompany the manors. However, the related to the utilization and/or conservation of manors majority of the surviving historical greenery is located in remain extremely relevant today. As they can be found poorly urbanized areas; i.e., in rural landscape, which dotted throughout the landscape, the former manors play occupies about 75% of the country’s territory (Bukantis et both an important visual and spatial role in the a rea. al. , 2008). However, the actualization of their role in the development Forest cover here is one of the lowest in the country of the rural landscape has not yet been sufficiently analyzed (only 19.6%); as such, manor complexes play an important in depth. In the present day, manor complexes, which role in shapin g the sustainability of the landscape. For the consist of a mansion house, residential and farm buildings, purposes of this study, the former small manors (Fig. 1) of and parks, are a ctive landscape elements that are included in Pavezgiai (55°55'49", 23°41'30"), Impoliai (56°1'56", the landscape policy. 23°57'3"), Pamusis II (56°2'37", 23°59'14"), Dovydiskis The concept of historical greenery and heritage (56°5'51", 24°0'51"), Aukstadvaris (56° 6'44", 24°6'20"), and conservation in Lithuania is based on provisions adopted by Geruciai (56°19'28", 23°59'20") were selected because their Florence and Venice Charters. The generic term for geographical position makes them convenient for people historical greenery that is t ypically employed in seeking recreational opportunities. The former manors are international literature is garden while, in Lithuania, located on the historically significant trade route linking historical greenery is traditionally referred to as park Lithuania and Latvia. (Kačinskaitė, 2009). Preservation and renovation of such objects as intended for the reconstruction of authentic vegetatio n and other items are carried out in accordance with the integrated architectural compositions of cultural ensembles. Renovation of greenery is only permitted if it does not modify the original design ideas and the composition of vegetation, open spaces, a nd proportions
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