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The Development of Towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate from the 16Th to the 18Th Century

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The Development of Towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate from the 16Th to the 18Th Century THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWNS OF THE ŠIAULIAI CROWN ESTATE FROM THE 16TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY ERNESTAS VASILIAUSKAS The Development of Towns Towns The Development of of the Šiauliai Crown Estate from the 16th to 18th Century Abstract Favourable conditions for the development of towns in northern central Lithuania occurred only as late as the 15th and 16th ERNESTAS ERNESTAS VASILIAUSKAS centuries. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, some settlements developed into small towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was at this time that a mixed urbanistic system with a radial street network and a rectangular market square formed. The ab- solute majority of 16th to 18th-century buildings in the towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate, just as in most of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, were built of timber. Only from the early 17th century did the construction begin of brick buildings intended for religious or public purposes (such as the town hall in Joniškis). A more distinct separation between the development of towns can be made on the basis of the specific features of finds. These are finds related to trade, handicrafts and business: coins and hoards of coins, certain types of pottery, tiles, and work tools related to specific handicrafts, products and materials. Key words: brick buildings, coins, cultural layer, handicraft, pottery, stone paving, tiles, town, trade, Šiauliai Crown Estate. Introduction just like Gruzdžiai and Meškuičiai.1 On the basis of the amount of taxes paid, Šiauliai, Joniškis and Žagarė Recently, the cultural layers of old towns have been were classed as small towns (Kiaupa 1991, pp.37, 40). researched extensively; however, there are still few By 1791, out of all the towns of the Crown Estate, summarising studies. During the Soviet period and the only Joniškis had been granted self-governance period of independence, historians (Zigmantas Kiaupa, (called Magdeburg rights), in 1616. In fact, Šiauliai Vincas Kryževičius, Elmantas Meilus, Kazys Šešelgis, was granted the right of self-government in 1713, but Antanas Tyla) and urbanists (Algimantas Miškinis) it was never implemented in reality. The town was became interested in the history and development of granted Magdeburg rights in 1791, during the Four Lithuania’s towns. The majority of the towns of the Year Sejm (1788–1792), just like another small town, Šiauliai Crown Estate (Gruzdžiai, Joniškis, Šiauliai, Šakyna (1792). The towns (Šiauliai) and small towns Žagarė) have been discussed in individual and detailed (Meškuičiai, New Žagarė, Radviliškis) of the Šiauliai studies written by historians. Crown Estate enjoyed trading rights; the remaining Over a number of years, quite a lot of archaeological small towns mentioned in written sources (Gruzdžiai, material has been collected: this material makes it pos- Povilaičiai, Skaistgirys, Šakyna) did not have such sible to answer questions about the development of rights until the end of the 18th century (Meilus 1997, towns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This includes pp.19-46, 162, 164-165, 167, 169) (Fig. 1). the urban settlements of the Crown Estate of Šiauliai, The Šiauliai Crown Estate was formed out of a com- in which archaeological investigations started com- mune, or valsčius, in 1589. However, its actual exist- paratively late, in 1990 (in Joniškis in 1990, Žagarė in ence began in 1616, following the death of Mikołaj 1995, Šiauliai in 1997, and Skaistgirys in 2006). All Krzystof “the Orphan” Radzwiłł (in Lithuanian Mika- the towns situated in the area discussed here (Joniškis, lojus Kristupas Radvila Našlaitėlis). Only then did the Šiauliai, Žagarė) have been described in individual reorganisation of the property into the Crown Estate studies written by archaeologists. begin (Kiaupa 1991, pp.16, 17). The Crown Estate ex- In 1524, the district (in Lithuanian valsčius) of Šiauliai isted until 18 August 1795, when it was handed over to and its towns fell to the lot of Bishop John of Vilnius. In Count Platon Zubov, on the orders of Catherine II, the 1567, the Lithuanian Metrica listed Šiauliai, Joniškis, Empress of Russia. Žagarė and Radviliškis as non-privileged towns. The first three of these were listed as towns later on, too, 1 During certain periods, several small towns of the powiat whereas Radviliškis was only listed as a town occa- of Upytė belonged to the Šiauliai Crown Estate: Pakruojis sionally; usually it was mentioned as a small town, (1639–1649), Padubysys (1657), Lygumai (in the late 16th and early 17th centuries) and Šeduva (Miškinis 1987, p.22). 72 BALTICA 16 BALTICA ARCHAEOLOGIA Fig. 1. The distribution of towns in Lithuania before the 18th century (after Meilus 1997, p.26). Until the very start of Antoni Tyzenhauz’s economic layers, the functional structure of the towns, buildings III reforms in 1765 and 1766, a peasant on the Šiauliai and finds will be reviewed, and stages of develop- FROM Crown Estate would pay a pecuniary rent (in Lithuani- ment will be defined. By using comparative material ANCIENT an činšas). There was no corvée duty; therefore, peas- from former manor properties researched (Joniškis, SETTLEMENTS AND PIRACY ants were relatively independent in an economic sense Old Žagarė, Šiauliai) and former villages of the baili- TO TOWNS (Marčėnas 1969, pp.13, 21, 27), and this undoubtedly wick (in Polish wójtostwo) of Joniškis (Drąsutaičiai, served as a special incentive for the development of Džiugiai, Kalnelis, Slėpsniai, Šluostikiai), attempts trade relations on the estate. This is illustrated by the will be made to define to what extent these towns were revenue of the treasury of the Grand Duchy of Lithua- ‘urban’, and what differences existed between ‘rustic’ nia. For example, in 1765 and 1766, the Šiauliai Crown and ‘urban’ material. Estate brought in revenue of 422,530 auksinas (in Pol- We hope that the development shown of towns and ish złoty) to the treasury, whereas all four Lithuanian small towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate will make it crown estates (Šiauliai, Alytus, Grodno and Brest- possible to comprehend more easily the development Litovsk) accounted for around 50% of the treasury’s of towns and small towns of the Duchy of Samogitia in total revenue (Marčėnas 1969, pp.26, 27). the 16th to the 18th centuries. The aim of this article is to determine the development Archaeological investigations were carried out in one of the towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate (Joniškis, small town only (in Skaistgirys in 2006). The lack of Šiauliai, Žagarė2) from the 16th to the 18th centuries, such investigations makes the analysis of the develop- on the basis of archaeological data collected up to 2009 ment of the small towns of the estate a more compli- (and supplemented with research conducted in Joniškis cated task. and Šiauliai in 2010). The specific features of cultural 2 Both New Žagarė and Old Žagarė should be regarded as towns in terms of the nature of the finds and the size of the population. Since both were a single unit from an economic and urbanistic point of view, on most occasions material from both towns is used in this article. 73 The rudiments of urban settlements Šiauliai Crown Estate in the 15th to the 17th centuries in the Šiauliai region were established next to major trade routes, on the sites of former centres (Žagarė), or next to them (Joniškis, For the purpose of comprehending more easily the de- three kilometres southeast of Kalnelis; Šiauliai, 12 velopment of the towns of the Šiauliai Crown Estate, it kilometres north of Bubiai and 11 kilometres south of is necessary to review processes that took place previ- Jurgaičiai hill-fort).6 ously. When the Scandinavians became more active in the The network of towns on the Šiauliai The Development of Towns Towns The Development of of the Šiauliai Crown Estate from the 16th to 18th Century Baltic Sea region in the ninth to the 11th centuries, Crown Estate the northern central part of Lithuania, the Šiauliai region,3 did not remain unaffected either. In the burial Researchers of Lithuanian urban development point to grounds, settlements and treasure troves of the region the fact that the network of small towns of the Šiauliai ERNESTAS ERNESTAS VASILIAUSKAS discussed here, artefacts related to trade have been Crown Estate was far sparser than that of the Grand found: weapons, ornaments, work tools, silver ingots, Duchy of Lithuania (3.5 towns and small towns to scales, weights, and so on. In settlements and hill-forts, 1,000 square kilometres, whereas in the Grand Duchy artefacts related to handicrafts have been found: cast- of Lithuania at large it was 4.3 per 1,000 square kilo- ing molds, jewellers’ hammers, tap cinders, and so on. metres) (Miškinis 1987, p.26). In some places, on the basis of the concentration of In comparison with the small towns of the neighbour- such artefacts, it is possible to distinguish larger trad- ing eastern powiat of Upytė, the denser network of ing and handicrafts centres that were under formation small towns that formed there was most likely prede- or had already formed in the 12th and 13th centuries: termined by the specific character of private land own- Bubiai, Jurgaičiai, Žagarė and Sidabrė/Kalnelis. These ership; the small towns in that area were established centres developed in hill-forts situated next to major more spontaneously than on the Šiauliai Crown Estate trade routes, as well as in settlements situated at the (the granting of rights was probably subject to stricter foot of such hill-forts. They developed simultaneously control). In this powiat, archaeological investigations with administrative centres; they were the centres of have been carried out to some extent in Biržai (which lands or castle districts mentioned in written sources of had the right to self-government), Linkuva, Pašvitinys, the 13th and 14th centuries.4 Artefacts related to trade Rozalimas, Šeduva, Žeimelis, and more recently in and handicrafts have also been found in old settlements Panevėžys.
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