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Lithuanian Religious and Ceremonial Terms of Semitic Origin: the Phenomenon of Azazel
Etnolingwistyka 29 Lublin 2017 I. Rozprawy i analizy DOI: 10.17951/et.2017.29.257 Rolandas K r e g ž d y s (Vilnius, Lithuanian Culture Research Institute) Lithuanian religious and ceremonial terms of semitic origin: the phenomenon of Azazel The article deals with the so-called phenomenon of Azazel, i.e. the scape- goat icon, examples of which can be found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and in dialectal sources. Its relics are also traced in three-day Shro- vetide rites before the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday (Shrove Tuesday in Lithuania), and in the Easter feast from Piev˙enaiin Samogitia (the histrionic so-called “Easter Jews” vigil on the night before Easter). Using different methods of investigating cultural realia, i.e. cross-cultural comparison and linguistic analysis (based on the inner and external reconstruction (or historical) methodology), two main types of religious terms of Semitic origin registered in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and dialectal sources are identified: (i) Hebraisms with neutral or hereditary connotation; and (ii) pejoratives or semantically modified words with an anti-Semitic background. The paper also explains the origin of the xenophobic elements of the Easter feast, the way it has been celebrated in Piev˙enaiuntil today. Key words: Azazel/scapegoat phenomenon; religious terms; ceremonial terms; Hebraism; pejorative; semantically modified words Introduction: a short prehistory of the origin and purport of the scapegoat or Azazel icon The mythonym of Azazel or Hazazel (Azael, Azozel)1 is traditionally explained as an appellative of one of the chiefs of the 200 fallen angels 1 The exact meaning of the proper name is ambiguous: 1. -
National Minorities in Lithuania, a Study Visit
National Minorities in Lithuania; A study visit to Vilnius and Klaipėda for Mercator Education 7-14 November 2006 Tjeerd de Graaf and Cor van der Meer Introduction The Mercator-Education project hosted at the Frisian Academy has been established with the principal goal of acquiring, storing and disseminating information on minority and regional language education in the European region 1. Recently a computerised database containing bibliographic data, information about people and organisations involved in this subject has been established. The series of Regional Dossiers published by Mercator-Education provides descriptive information about minority languages in a specific region of the European Union, such as characteristics of the educational system and recent educational policies. At present, an inventory of the languages in the new states of the European Union is being made showing explicitly the position of ethnic minorities. In order to investigate the local situation in one of these new states in more detail and to inform representatives of the communities about the work of Mercator Education and the policies of the European Union in this field, a delegation from the Frisian Academy visited Lithuania in the week 7-14 November 2006. Together with Lithuanian colleagues a program for this visit was prepared according to the following schedule. Schedule of the study trip to Lithuania 7 – 14 November 2006 Tuesday 7 November: Arrival in Vilnius at 13:25 with TE465 16:00 Meeting at the Department of National Minorities and Lithuanians -
The Baltic Crusades. the Lithuanian Conflict Part V. Samogitia Erupts
History of the Crusades. Episode 300. How did that happen? The Baltic Crusades. The Lithuanian Conflict Part V. Samogitia Erupts. Hello again. Last week we saw relations between the Teutonic Order and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania deteriorate, following the failure of Vytautas to take Moscow and the subsequent imprisonment by Vytautas of the Orders former ally Svitrigaila. The deterioration of this alliance came at the same time as an alarming rise in unrest in Samogitia, as the taxation obligations imposed by the Order on the Samogitians saw anti-German sentiment in the region increase. While Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen was nervously wondering whether Vytautas was about to prompt the Samogitians into another full scale uprising, King Jogaila of Poland decided to pile on more pressure by encouraging Rome to push the Teutonic Order into campaigns far away from the Baltic region, and by amping up claims by the Kingdom of Poland for contested lands in the border regions and in Pomerelia. Wisely, Grand Master Ulrich looked at this situation and decided that he'd better start preparing for war. He offloaded Gotland onto a satisfied Queen Margaret and commenced a series of rapid castle building and castle improving projects across Samogitia. Now, all may have been well, and war may have been prevented, if not for some extreme weather, which occurred during 1408, and the Grand Master's unfortunate reactions to the events which followed. The winter of 1407 to 1408 was unusually long, with cold, snowy weather remaining well into April of 1408. This meant that the growing season for 1408 would be dangerously short. -
DISCOVER LITHUANIA Escorted Motor-Coach Tour 8 Days / 7 Nights: 2 Nights in Vilnius, 1 Night in Kaunas, 3 Nights in Klaipeda, 1 Night Back in Vilnius
DISCOVER LITHUANIA Escorted Motor-Coach Tour 8 days / 7 nights: 2 nights in Vilnius, 1 night in Kaunas, 3 nights in Klaipeda, 1 night back in Vilnius Accommodation Meals Tours Transportation Transfer Also includes Vilnius Daily breakfast Guided city tour in Modern Airport transfers Luggage handling 4* Hotel Vilnia or similar each city. air-conditioned included if arrival and Kaunas 1 welcome dinner motorcoach or departure is on the Service charge & hotel 4* Europa Royal or similar Entrance tickets minibus. scheduled days. taxes Klaipeda 4* Hotel Amberton included. or similar Land Rates 2021 US$ per Person Day by Day Itinerary Day 1: Sunday - arrival to Vilnius. Private transfer to the hotel in Vilnius Old Town. Time to Dates Twin Single relax and welcome dinner to meet your group members. Overnight in Vilnius. (D) Day 2: Monday - Meet the guide and group members. Today you’ll explore 2 capitals: Vilnius– May 16 - 23 $1,990 $2,406 current capital city and the capital of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Trakai. Afternoon departure to Trakai (28 km), where you will visit a majestic 15th century castle and learn June 13 - 20 $1,990 $2,406 about local ethnic minority – karaites. Return to Vilnius for overnight. (B) July 4 - 11 $1,990 $2,406 Day 3: Tuesday - You will travel to unique open air country life museum in Rumsiskes. Later stop at Pazaislis church &monastery. Tour Kaunas - second biggest city of Lithuania. Aug 8 - 15 $1,990 $2,406 Overnight in Kaunas.(B) Day 4: Wednesday - Along the most picturesque road – Panemune Castle Road – you will visit September 12 - 19 $1,990 $2,406 Seredzius Mound & Panemune castles. -
Lithuania & Latvia: the Baltics
VBT Itinerary by VBT www.vbt.com Lithuania & Latvia: the Baltics Bike Vacation + Air Package Ancient and modern history unfurl before you as you explore two contrasting countries on this Baltic bike tour. The eclectic capitals of Lithuania and Latvia frame your discoveries, as you venture from the storied Curonian Spit—a UNESCO World Heritage site—and along the Baltic coast into a bucolic countryside. Along the way, you’ll probe each distinctive culture as you explore the Amber Museum and an amber craftsman’s workshop, visit an organic herb farm, embark on guided walking tours of parks and cities, cruise the canals of Riga’s Old Town, and discover the lasting influences of the Soviet era at a former missile site. Special meals including an authentic Lithuanian barbecue and overnights at some of the region’s finest accommodations round out this amazing experience. Cultural Highlights An Underground Look at the Cold War: At the end of World War II, tensions between former allies 1 / 10 VBT Itinerary by VBT www.vbt.com the United States and the Soviet Union erupted into a Cold War arms race. Both nations developed and stockpiled atomic weapons until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. You will explore one of the Soviet Union’s underground missile sites during your tour. Admire the view as you cycle through a bucolic countryside and along the Baltic coast. Delve into the region’s Soviet history on a tour of the Cold War Museum, located in a former underground missile site. Discover ancient herbal and medicinal tea recipes dating back to Pagan times on a visit to an organic herb farm. -
Saules Zemes Turtai EN(6).Pdf
3 SEVEN WONDERS OF THE LAND OF ŠIAULIAI THE HILL OF CROSSES with over 200,000 crosses. Every year, the hill is visited by thousands of tourists from all over the world. SUNDIAL SQUARE with the highest sundial in Lithuania and a gilded sculpture “Šaulys” (“Archer”) that has become the city’s symbol. THE ENSEMBLE OF TYTUVĖNAI CHURCH AND MONASTERY – one of the most interesting and largest examples of Lithuanian sacral architecture, adorned with frescoes, dating back to the 17th-18th centuries. THE BUTTERFLY EXPOSITION – you will find the largest collection of diurnal butterflies in Lithuania in the Akmenė Regional Museum. CHERRIES OF ŽAGARĖ – a four-day cherry festival and the election of the most beautiful scarecrow in one of the most unique Lithuanian towns in Joniškis land. WINDMILLS OF PAKRUOJIS – the wind accelerating in wide plains is turning the vanes of as many as 18 windmills. THE TULIP FLOWERING FESTIVAL – held every spring in the Burbiškis manor, Radviliškis land; as many as half a thousand tulip species burst into flower. 4 4 ŠIAULIAI The centre of the city, which was twice destroyed during the wars of the 20th century and rebuilt again, has distinct architectural heritage of the interwar pe- riod modernism, which has survived to this day. Šiauliai is a city-phoenix, every time rising from ashes. Discover Šiauliai and experience the magic of 3 “S”: sweets, special museums, and the sun. The symbols of the sun, scattered all over the city (sundials, stained glass, etc.), have become an integral part of the city. The oldest sweet factory of Lithuania, “Rūta”, operating for over 100 years, special museums of chocolate, photogra- phy, telephony, and the only such Vanda Kavaliauskienė’s Cats Museum with over 4000 exhibits. -
Vilnius Kaunas Šiauliai Alytus Klaipėda Panevėžys Marijampolė
Mažeikiai Skuodas Joniškis 12 58 19 Biržai 53 70 69 A13 99 61 Pasvalys Palanga A11 Šiauliai Rokiškis Plungė 52 Telšiai A10 68 A11 Pakruojis Kretinga 85-92 93 73 43-46 55 47 79 80 Radviliškis 62-67 Kupiškis Klaipėda 15 A9 Zarasai 74 A17 Panevėžys 10 48-51 16 Kelmė 106 Gargždai 129 72 Utena 95 41 104 Visaginas Šilalė 42 Anykščiai A8 78 Raseiniai 36 A6 105 107 Šilutė 94 75 17 A20 76 A1 37 39 Ariogala 103 Ignalina 96 Tauragė 77 Molėtai Kėdainiai 38 Ukmergė 59 98 A6 40 A2 A21 A14 Švenčionys 34 97 Jonava Jurbarkas Širvintos 18 Šakiai 23-32 4 21 112 Kaunas Kaišiadorys 54 35 14 7 60 20 6 Vilnius 109 33 110 5 100 A7 A5 71 Prienai 11 Trakai 102 113-128 Vilkaviškis A16 A16 Birštonas Marijampolė 111 57 101 A4 Alytus A15 A5 STATETA UAB 9 2 1 22 83 944001010000171604 8 3 Šalčininkai 108 84 Lazdijai 82 56 Varėna 81 13 Kokybės telefonas Daugiau info Druskininkai +370 670 36956 www.stateta.lt Kokybė už sąžiningą kainą Nr. Pavadinimas Adresas Telefonas Nr. Pavadinimas Adresas Telefonas Nr. Pavadinimas Adresas Telefonas 1 Stateta Alytaus r. sav., Alovės sen., Alytaus k. 8 (698) 51244 51 Emsi Klaipėdos r., Kalotė 8 (46) 441267 101 Borusta Trakų r. Aukštadvaris, Vilniaus g. 2a 8 (652) 98436 2 Stateta Alytaus r. sav., Miklusėnų k., Kauno g. 1 8 (602) 24244 52 Trevena Kretinga, Vilniaus g. 29 b 8 (445) 54737 102 Emsi Trakų r., Lentvaris, Sodų g. 3 8 (5) 2854644 3 Stateta Alytaus r. -
Palanga Route
PALANGA ROUTE DISCOVER THE LAND OF THREE WATERS! KLAIPĖDA–PALANGA–ŠVENTOJI–PALANGA–KLAIPĖDA 2-day tour (approx. 88 km / 55 miles) Museum, amber processing studio, a church of St. Mary, J. Basanavičius Pedestrian Street and Cycling from Klaipėda through Giruliai Forest a pier heading 470 hundred metres into the sea and the Seaside regional park, a former in Palanga, cable bridge over the Šventoji River, soviet military polygon area, to Palanga Samogitian Pagan Sanctuary (Žemaičių alka), Resort and back. a reconstructed paleoastronomic observatory Sights: Seaside Regional Park (the Dutchmen’s and pagan place of worship from the 14th Šventoji cap – a 24-metre-high cliff, the fishing village of century, and impressive sculpture of Karklė, Plazė Lake, the former lifeguard station in “the Fisherman’s Daughters” in Šventoji. Nemirseta), Palanga Botanical Park and Amber Overnight stay in Palanga (1 night). INFORMATION • Nida, Naglių St 8, tel. / fax +370 469 51 256, e-mail [email protected], www.nerija.lt Local tour operators (for bicycle tours and other travel services): • Juodkrantė, L. Rėzos St 54, tel. / fax +370 469 53 490, • LITURIMEX Cycling Holidays Liepų St 21, Klaipėda, e-mail [email protected]; tel. +370 46 31 06 08, e-mail [email protected], Palanga www.liturimex.lt; • Kretingos St 1, tel. +370 460 48 811, fax +370 460 48 822, • Krantas Travel, Teatro Sq 5, Klaipėda, tel. +370 46 39 51 11, e-mail [email protected], www.palangatic.lt; e-mail [email protected], www.krantas.lt; Šilutė (Town And District) • Dorlita, Tomo St 10A–1, Klaipėda, tel. +370 46 41 13 46, • Lietuvininkų St 10 / Parko St 2, Šilutė, Palanga e-mail [email protected]. -
The Lithuanian Jewish Community of Telšiai
The Lithuanian Jewish Community of Telšiai By Philip S. Shapiro1 Introduction This work had its genesis in an initiative of the “Alka” Samogitian Museum, which has undertaken projects to recover for Lithuanians the true history of the Jews who lived side-by-side with their ancestors. Several years ago, the Museum received a copy of the 500-plus-page “yizkor” (memorial) book for the Jewish community of Telšiai,2 which was printed in 1984.3 The yizkor book is a collection of facts and personal memories of those who had lived in Telšiai before or at the beginning of the Second World War. Most of the articles are written in Hebrew or Yiddish, but the Museum was determined to unlock the information that the book contained. Without any external prompting, the Museum embarked upon an ambitious project to create a Lithuanian version of The Telshe Book. As part of that project, the Museum organized this conference to discuss The Telshe Book and the Jewish community of Telšiai. This project is of great importance to Lithuania. Since Jews constituted about half of the population of most towns in provincial Lithuania in the 19th Century, a Lithuanian translation of the book will not only give Lithuanian readers a view of Jewish life in Telšiai but also a better knowledge of the town’s history, which is our common heritage. The first part of this article discusses my grandfather, Dov Ber Shapiro, who was born in 1883 in Kamajai, in the Rokiškis region, and attended the Telshe Yeshiva before emigrating in 1903 to the United States, where he was known as “Benjamin” Shapiro. -
Annex 1, Proposal for Society Partisipation In
Proposals for Society Participation in River Basin Management in Lithuania Jurate Morkvenaite-Paulauskiene Environemtal Club Zvejone 2015 Introduction Solutions and prevention for environmental problems are determined not only by perfect laws and optimal economic measures — what also important is a friendly public opinion along with relevant valuable attitude, awareness and active participation in the consideration and implementation of various levels of decision- making. The development of public environmental awareness is getting more and more important for realization of environmental policy and in pursuit of sustainable development in the broad sense, and public information and education becomes a fundamental assumption of change and civil activity. Environmental public awareness is a very important process in ensuring that the society and civil authorities are actively involved in the formation of environmental policy and decision-making. In order to encourage people’s understanding and responsibility for the environment, it is essential to spread information as widely and intensively as possible using attractive, easily accessible and acceptable means. Access to the relevant information is the basis for raising public awareness, providing more responsible attitude towards the environment, greater participation in the river basin district management process. Article 14 of Water Directive is intended for public information and consultation. The programme of measures determines the measures for water use and protection in order to achieve objectives in respect of water protection, set in the Article 22 and 23 of the Law on Water of the Republic of Lithuania. The Article 25 and 29 of the Law on Water of the Republic of Lithuania governs society’s active participation in forming, reviewing and updating the river basin district management plans and programmes of measures. -
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE in LITHUANIA a Story of Peaceful Liberation
NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE IN LITHUANIA A Story of Peaceful Liberation Grazina Miniotaite The Albert Einstein Institution www.aeinstein.org 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Nonviolent Resistance Against Russification in the Nineteenth Century The Goals of Tsarism in Lithuania The Failure of Colonization The Struggle for the Freedom of Religion The Struggle for Lithuanian Press and Education Chapter 2: Resistance to Soviet Rule, 1940–1987 An Overview Postwar Resistance The Struggle for the Freedom of Faith The Struggle for Human and National Rights The Role of Lithuanian Exiles Chapter 3: The Rebirth From Perestroika to the Independence Movement Test of Fortitude The Triumph of Sajudis Chapter 4: Towards Independence The Struggle for Constitutional Change Civil Disobedience Step by Step The Rise of Reactionary Opposition Chapter 5: The Struggle for International Recognition The Declaration of Independence Independence Buttressed: the Battle of Laws First Signs of International Recognition The Economic Blockade The January Events Nonviolent Action in the January Events International Reaction 3 Chapter 6: Towards Civilian-Based Defense Resistance to the “Creeping Occupation” Elements of Civilian-Based Defense From Nonviolent Resistance to Organized Civilian-Based Defense The Development of Security and Defense Policy in Lithuania since 1992 Concluding Remarks Appendix I Appeal to Lithuanian Youth by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania Appendix II Republic in Danger! Appendix III Appeal by the Government of the Republic -
GETTING to KLAIPEDA Flights the Closest Airport – Palanga
GETTING TO KLAIPEDA Flights The closest airport – Palanga International Airport is located on the Northern boundary of Klaipeda , within a 30 min. drive. The airport and Klaipeda are connected by the internationally significant road that extends from Liepaja (Latvia) to Klaipeda. ******************************************************************************** There are Wizzair, Ryanair, Finnair, Brussels Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Aeroflot, Ukrainian International Airlines, LOT, Air Baltics flights to and from Vilnius airport (VNO). Flights map: https://www.vilnius-airport.lt/en/planning-a-trip/flight-map/ There is a special train "Vilnius-Airport" running regularly to Vilnius railway station. The train shuttles 16 times a day, it takes 7 minutes to arrive the railway station from airport. The ticket costs EUR 0.70. It can be purchased on-line and in the train. Next to the airport passenger terminal, there is a railway stop, stairs and an elevator for passengers as well as lighting and passenger safety surveillance camera. There is a footway leading from the railway stop to the airport terminal for passengers; the footway has an installed gallery (it is illuminated during the dark time of the day).www.traukiniobilietas.lt From Vilnius railway station there are 5 trains to Klaipeda every day: at 5:10 (only on working days), 6:50, 9:50, 16:45, 17:40. https://www.traukiniobilietas.lt/portal/routes-schedules You can go to Klaipėda from Vilnius airport by Vilnius airport express bus. https://www.ollex.lt/en/express ******************************************************************************** A lot of Ryanair and Wizzair flyghts are operating to and from Kaunas Airport (KUN). https://www.kaunas-airport.lt/index.php?lang=en&page=destination_map An express bus service runs from Kaunas Airport to Klaipeda and from Klaipeda to Kaunas Airport.