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5 Bosnia-Herzegovina ..............................387 International Dialing Codes Middle Bosnia 30, Posavina 31, Zenica-Doboj 32, Sarajevo 33, Herzcg-Bosnia 34, Tuzla-Podrinjc 35, Herzegovina-Neretva 36, International Dialing Codes Una-Sana 37, Gorazde-Upper Drina 38, West Herzegovina 39, Distrik Brcko 49, Mrkonjic-Grad 50, Banja Luka 51, Prijedor 52, Afghanistan ..............................................93 Doboj 53, Brcko 54, Bijeljina 55, Zvornik 56, Srpsko Sarajevo International Dialing 57, Srbinje 58, Trebinje 59 Albania ....................................................355 Botswana ................................................267 Lezhe 26, Tirane 42, Durres 52, Berat 62, Vlore 63, Fier 9 + 011 + Country Code + City Code Gabane 3, Borolong 24, Bainesdrift 26, Changate 29, 64, Lushnje 65, Shkoder 224, Koplik 227, Bajram Curri 232, + Number Mabeleapudi 46, Dibete 47, Chadibe 49, Kgomokasitwa. 53, Kukes 242, Puke 252, Burrel 322, Peshkopi 342, Rrogozhine Digawana 54, Mochudi 57, Bray 58, Boatlaname 59, Gweta 478, Kruje 532, Lae 536, Shijak 537, Elbasan 545, Eerrik 546, 62, Bokspits 65, Chanoga 68 Peqin 548, Librazhd 552, Gramsh 562, Kavaje 574, Himare 638, Ballsh 647, Eorovode 662, Gjirokaster 726, Sarande 732, Information Brazil .........................................................55 Memaliaj 742, Permet 752, Korce 824, Pogradec 832, Erseke Calls placed from one country to another São Paulo 11, São Jose dos Campos 12, Santos 13, Botucatu 842, Bilisht 852 require country and city codes. This list 14, Ribeirao Preto 16, Campinas  19, Rio de Janeiro 21, Macáe 24, Vitoria 27, Belo Horizonte 31, Juiz de Fora 32, Algeria ....................................................213 of common country and city codes is not Curitiba 41, Londrina 43, Florianópolis 48, Porto Alegre 51, $GUDU$OJHU%RXPHUGFV%OLGD%RXLUD$OQ'HÀD comprehensive. More codes are available Pelotas 53, Brasília 61, Goiania 62, Palmas 63, Cuiabá 65, Porto 27, Ghardala 29, Constantine 31, El-Oued 32, Batna 33, Béjala from the long distance operator by dialing Velho 69, Salvador 71, Aracajú 79, Recife 81, Maceió 82, João 34, Bordj Bou Arreridj 35, Sétif 36, Guelma 37, Annaba 38, Oran 9 + 00. Pessoa 83, Campo Grande 84, Fortaleza 85, Teresina 86, Belem 41, A.Témouchent 43, Mascara 45, Relizane 46, Salda 48 Source: AT&T June 2003 91, Manaus 92, Roraima 95, Macapá 96, São Luiz 98 American Samoa ...................................684 British Virgin Islands .................................1 Andorra ...................................................376 British Virgin Islands 284 Angola ....................................................244 Bahamas .................................................242 Luanda 2, Luanda 22, Luanda 23, Luanda 24, Luanda 25, Bahrain ...................................................973 Brunei Darussalam ................................673 Luanda 26, Luanda 27, Luanda 28, Cabinda 31, Ukge 33, Bangladesh ............................................880 Brunei / Muara 2, Kuala Belait 3, Tutong 4, Temburong 5 Bengo 34, Kwanza Norte 35, Kwanza Sul 36, Huambo 41, Dhaka 2, Dhaka 27, Dhaka 28, Chittagong 31, Khulna 41, Bogra Bulgaria ..................................................359 Bié 48, Kuando Kubango 49, Malange 51, Lunda Norte 52, 51, Kushtia 71, Comilla 81, Mymensingh 91, Brahmanbaria 6R¿D3ORYGLY3D]DUGMLN+DVNRYR6WDUD=DJRUD Lunda Sul 53, Moxico 54, Hukla 61, Namibe 64, Cunene 65, 321, Feni 331, Cox’s Bazar 341, Rangamati 351, Kaptai 352, 42, Sliven 44, Iambol 46, Varna 52, Novi Pazar 53, Shoumen Benguela 72 Bandarban 361, Khagrachhari 371, Ramganj 381, Bagerhat 401, 54, Burgas 56, Dobritch 58, Veliko Turnovo 62, Pleven 64, Anguilla ..................................................264 Mongla 402, Jessore 421, Narail 422, Gopalganj 423, Barisal Gabrovo 66, Lovetch 68, Blagoevgrad 73, Pernik 76, Kiustendil 431, Patuakhali 441, Barguna 446, Jhenaidah 452, Pirojpur Antigua and Barbuda ............................268 78, Ruse 82, Razgrad 84, Silistra 86, Vratca 92, Vidin 94, 461, Satkhira 471, Bhola 491, Jhalakati 496, Rangpur 521, Montana 96, Bankia 291, Smolian 301, Rudozem 306, Madan Argentina ..................................................54 Dinajpur 531, Gaibandha 541, Nilphamari 551, Sherpur 552, 308, Asenovgrad; 331, Karlovo 335, Parvomai 336, Hisar 337, Buenos Aires 11, Las Heras 220, Abasto 221, Batan 223, Thakurgaon 561, Panchagarh 562, Joypurhat 571, Kurigram Stamboliiski 339, Peshtera 350, Panagiuriste 357, Velingrad Francisco Alvarez 237, Chacras de Coria 261, Albardon 264, 581, Lalmonirhat 591, Magura 611, Narsingdi 621, Faridpur 631, 359, Krumovgrad 360, Kardjali 361, Momtchilgrad 363, Harmanli Bahia Blanca 291, Astra 297, Catriel 299, Capitan Bermudez Manikganj 651, Madripur 661, Shariatpur 662, Narayanganj 671, 373, Svilendgrad 379, Dimitrovgrad 391, Chirpan 416, Radnevo 341, Arroyo Aguiar 342, Aldea Maria Luisa 343, Arroyo Baru 345, Gazipur 681, Rajshahi 721, Pabna 731, Ishwardi 732, Naogaon 417, Galabovo 418, Kazanluk 431, Kotel 453, Tvarditca 454, Colonia Tirolesa 351, Arroyo Algodon 353, Alcira 358 741, Sirajganj 751, Chaumuhani 761, Meherpur 762, Natore Nova Zagora 457, Topolovgrad 470, Elhowo 478, Provadia 518, Armenia ..................................................374 771, Chapai Nawabganj 781, Sylhet 821, Habiganj 831, Bhairab Devnia 519, Preslav 538, Neseber 554, Aitos 558, Karnobat Yerevan (Yerevan) 1, Abovian (Kotayk) 22, Alapars (Kotayk) Bazaar 832, Chandpur 841, Chuadanga 851, Moulavi Bazar 559, Kavarna 570, Shabla 578, Baltchik 579, Pomorie 596, 23, Argel (Kotayk) 24, Charentsavan (Kotayk) 26, Echmiadzin 861, Srimongal 862, Sunamganj 871, Tangail 921, Mirzapur Targovishte 601, Omurtag 605, Popovo 608, Pavlikeni 610, (Armavir) 31, Ashtarak (Aragatsotn) 32, Baghramian (Armavir) 922, Jamalpur 931, Kishorganj 942, Netrokona 951 Gorna Oriahovitca 618, Svishtov 631, Levski 650, Belene 658, 33, Vedi (Ararat) 34, Artashat (Ararat) 35, Masis (Ararat) 36, Barbados ................................................246 Cherven briag 659, Troian 670, Sevlievo 675, Drianovo 676, Armavir (Armavir) 37, Ararat (Ararat) 38, Gyumri (Shirak) 41, Belarus ...................................................375 Tiavna 677, Teteven 678, Lukovit 697, Dupnitca 701, Etropole 712, Botevgrad 723, Ihtiman 724, Elin Pelin 725, Svoge 726, Ani station (Shirak) 42, Artik (Shirak) 44, Ashotsk (Shirak) Minsk 17, Grodno 152, Brest 162, Baranovichi 163, Pinsk Slivnitca 727, Pirdop 728, Kostinbrod 729, Bansko 744, Petritch 45, Dzoraget (Lori) 51, Alaverdi (Lori) 53, Tashir (Lori) 54, 165, Vitebsk 212, Novopolotsk 214, Mogilev 222, Bobruysk 745, Sandanski 746, Razlog 747, Gotce Deltchev 751, Radomir Stepanavan (Lori) 56, Sevan (Gegharkunik) 61, Martuni 225, Gomel 232 (Gegharkunik) 62, Ijevan (Tavush) 63, Gavar (Gegharkunik) 777, Biala 817, Isperih 835, Kubrat 837, Dulovo 855, Tutrakan 64, Chambarak (Gegharkunik) 65, Koghb (Tavush) 66, Berd Belgium ....................................................32 857, Mezdra 910, Biala Slatina 915, Belogradtchik 936, Kula 938, (Tavush) 67, Vardenis (Gegharkunik) 69, Yeghegnadzor (Vaiotz Brussels / Bruxelles 2, Antwerpen / Anvers, Sint Niklaas 3, Berkovica 953, Lom 971, Kozlodui 973, Balkya 983 dzor) 81, Vayk (Vaiotz dzor) 82, Goris (Syunik) 84, Kadjaran Wavre 10, Hasselt 11, Tongeren 12, Diest 13, Herentals, Burkina Faso ..........................................226 Turnhout 14, Mechelen / Malines 15, Leuven / Louvain, Tienen (Syunik) 85, Jermuk (Vaiotz dzor) 87, 96 Ouagadougou 30, Ouagadougou 31, Ouagadougou 32, 16, Waremme, Borgworm 19, Luik / Liège 42, Luik / Liège Aruba ......................................................297 Ouagadougou 33, Ouagadougou 34, Ouagadougou 35, 43, Brugge / Bruges, Zeebrugge 50, Roeselare / Roulers 51, Ouagadougou 36, Ouagadougou 37, Ouagadougou 38, all points 52 Dendermonde / Termonde 52, Aalst / Alost 53, Ninove 54, Ouagadougou 42, Ouagadougou 43, Koudougou 44, Kaya Ronse-Renaix 55, Kortrijk / Courtai, Comines-Warneton 56, Ascension Islands .................................247 45, Dédougou 52, Tougan 53, Ouahigouya 55, Koupéla 70, Ieper / Ypres 57, Veurne / Furnes 58, Oostende / Ostende Australia ...................................................61 Tenkodogo 71, Fada 77, Kantchari 79, Diébougou 86, Gaoua 59, Chimay 60, Libramont-Chevigny 61, Aarlen / Arlon 63, La Central East region 2, South East region 3, North East region 7, 87, Banfora 88, Orodara 96, Bobo-Dioulasso 97, Bobo-Dioulasso Louvicre 64, Bergen / Mons 65, Nijvel / Nivelles 67, Aat / Ath Central West region 8, Sydney 28, Sydney 29, Melbourne 38, 98, Bobo-Dioulasso 99 Arthurs Creek 39, Alexandra Hills 73, Booborowie 88, Araluen 68, Doornik / Tournai 69, Charleroi 71, Stavelot 80, Namen (Western Australia) 89 / Namur 81, Dinant 82, Ciney 83, Marche-en-Famenne 84, Burundi ...................................................257 Huy 85, Durbuy 86, Verviers 87, Genk 89, Gent / Gand 92, Bujumbura 21, Bujumbura 22, Bujumbura 23, Bujumbura Austria ......................................................43 Gent / Gand 93 24, Bujumbura 26, Bujumbura 27, Muyinga 30, Bubanza 40, Kledering 1, Grambach 316, Ebenthal (Kaernten) 463, Aldrams Buruchi 50 512, Bergheim 662, Linz 732 Belize ......................................................501 Belize District 2, Orange Walk District 3, Corozal District 4, Stann Cambodia ...............................................855 Azerbaijan ..............................................994 Creek District 5, Toledo District 7, Belmopan 8, Belize District Phnom Penh 23, Kandal
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  • The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen

    The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen

    Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................