Download Article (Pdf)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Current World Environment Vol. 9(3), 704-712 (2014) Perceptions of Tourists Towards the Role of Stakeholders for Tourism Development HALIMA BEGUM1*, ER A C1, A. S. A. FERDOUS ALAM1 and CHAMHURI SIWAR2 1Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (FSSK), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D E, Malaysia. 2Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D E, Malaysia. Corresponding Author: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.3.19 (Received: October 08, 2014; Accepted: November 14, 2014) Abstract This paper studies the role of stakeholders for tourism development in Malaysia based on the perceptions of tourists who come to the Melaka city. Even though the tourists are satisfied by the existing facilities available presently, there are a few shortcomings that need to be addressed such as neglected traditional issues, bureaucratic barriers, definition of sustainable tourism and communication problem with the local communities. The purpose of the study is to find out the roles of public, private and local community stakeholders of the historic city of Melaka for meeting the needs of tourists for tourism development. The findings indicate that the government, private and local community stakeholders have played positive roles for satisfying the demands of the tourists in shaping the development of sustainable tourism in Melaka. The primary data were collected through survey via interviews with 135 respondents based on their responses to a set of questionnaires which looked into the tourists’ perceptions in connection to the facilities available for sustainable tourism. The Likert scale data analyzing and reviewing the role of stakeholder’s towards perceptions of the tourists. The implication of the study is that majority of the tourists were positively satisfied and receptive towards tourism in Melaka. Key words: Sustainable tourism, Government, Private sector, Local communities. INtroductioN of cultural heritage, economic dependence and ecological degradation. The tourism industry is a rapidly growing industry internationally, contributing to economic In fact, the development of tourism is enhancement as well as generating employment growing speedily all over the world especially in opportunities worldwide. It is one of the most a developing country like Malaysia. This sector notable service industries in the world1. Tourism has been selected as the second engine for the is contributing significantly to the world’s total nation’s growth in developing the country’s global gross national product (GNP). The World Tourism competitiveness. Malaysia is a South East Asian Organization2 (WTO) predicts that the tourism country which is divided into two regions known as sector will expand by an average of 4.1% a year East and West Malaysia (also known as Peninsular over the next two decades, surpassing a total of 1 Malaysia). Malaysia is a somewhat up-to-date billion international travellers by the year 2010, and competitor in global tourism, where in comparison to reaching 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Nevertheless, other counterparts in the Association of South East like other forms of development, tourism can also Asian Nations (ASEAN) made up of ten member cause the problems such as social dislocation, loss countries including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, 705 BEGUM et al., Curr. World Environ., Vol. 9(3), 704-712 (2014) Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar, However, the authenticity of the historical Laos and Vietnam and many others. fabric such as traditional culture and community identity are not respected properly due to sustainable The history of tourism development in tourism. Most of these developments are of Malaysia regarding the activity was carried out by international or modern style, which in some cases private entrepreneurs and multi-national based have become intrusive in the heritage conservations. companies until 1980. At present all these may Thus, it would be appropriate be looked into, be viewed as a mixed blessing but they do offer especially in the development of tourist facilities of substantial opportunities for countries like Malaysia Melaka which is rich in history and natural beauty. to utilize. Based on the United Nations World Tourism Due to various difficulties such as bureaucratic Organization (UNWTO) tourism towards 2030 study, barriers, historic districts are big challenges for tourist arrivals are projected to grow at an average local governments, private sectors and the local of 3.3% per annum and are expected to reach 1.8 community. The aim of this paper is to discuss the billion in 2030. Malaysia recorded 25.03 million implemented policies by the public and private tourist arrivals generating revenue of RM60.6bil in stakeholders of the historic city of Melaka that will 2013.This industry affects the Malaysian economy help to ensure the future growth of tourism in the positively as it increases foreign exchange earnings city. and employment opportunities3. Tourism is contributed significantly towards Besides, tourism is the main industry the development processes of many developing contributing to Melaka’s economy because of its nations in terms of foreign exchange earnings, status as a historical city. It has been inscribed as a prerequisite of employment and infrastructure as well World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 7 July 2008. as generating the regional economic development4, 5. Melaka has also prevailed in its own rank as a tourist However, even though tourism has been alleged as destination. In the world, it was ranked 28th out of the industry of the future, it faces several challenges 45 travel destinations. From 1999 to 2012, a total of in this new century, for instance environmental 85.2 million tourists visited Melaka with an average degradation which creates a barrier for tourism increase of nearly 20% per annum. Recently, 75.7% development. of the tourists who visited Melaka are domestic tourists and the remaining 24.3% is made up of According to6, “any group or individual foreign tourists. who is affected by the achievement of an organization’s objectives known as stakeholders” The development of the historic city and the organization’s stakeholders include owners, of Melaka is subjected to the policies of the customers, competitors, employees, suppliers, State Government for sustainable tourism and governments, local community organizations, upgrading of ‘Melaka International Airport’ put special interest groups, environmentalists, media, Melaka prominently on the global map and a steady unions, trade associations, financial community and growth of foreigners travelling to Melaka for leisure, political groups. business and medical treatments can be expected. There is a coastal highway linking Port Dickson to One of the main stakeholders in tourism Melaka and improvements have also been carried development is the public sector. However7 mentioned out on the Ayer Keroh dual carriageway. Moreover, that from the economic point of view, if tourism is four infrastructure projects were proposed by the dominated by the public sector, then it is unlikely state government Budget 2012. They are responsible to be developed at the most advantageous rate. for the preparation of the general policies, plans Hence, the private sector should also play a vital and guidelines in enhancing sustainable tourism in role in managing tourism in attaining the objectives Melaka including the Town and Country planning of tourism for development. Act, 2001 (Act 172), Melaka Enactment no. 6 of 1988 etc. Many European private sectors have used the opportunity to set up a successful tourism BEGUM et al., Curr. World Environ., Vol. 9(3), 704-712 (2014) 706 destination by improving town centres by creating cultural enthusiasts. As noted by15, Melaka originated pedestrian precincts, establishing park and ride from the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century, facilities to, developing the city’s marketing around and then it went through colonization, beginning a characteristic theme such as cultural or historical with the Portuguese (1511- 1641), followed by the attractions and increasing the attractiveness of the Dutch (1641- 1824) before coming under British rule built environment8, 9. (1824-1957). During the Sultanate period Melaka evolved into an urban, trade oriented society15. Although some would argue that the However, there is no evidence of built structures of secondary elements such as accommodation, the era which have survived perhaps due to the use shopping, parks and restaurants are the primary of semi-permanent materials. force for some tourists to visit a location8, 10 , others disagree and claim that the part of the leisure product During the Dutch occupation, the wealthier comprising the secondary elements are not the Dutch settlers took over the area west of Melaka River primary motivation when travelling to a city. However, and erected their brick houses in the area noted as those elements like accommodation, shopping, Kampong Kling15. This was really the most excellent restaurants and many others significantly influence part of the colonial town with a good view of the sea. the decision to come to a city or not. Melaka has enhanced their products in and about the state, namely the convenience of the transportation It has been 11 investigates that public hub, good local dining and comfy accommodation. participation in sustainable tourism planning Most tourist attractions are