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Designing Successful Stakeholder Participatory Processes for Environmental Planning: a Case Study of Subwatershed Planning in Hamilton, Ontario

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Designing Successful Stakeholder Participatory Processes for Environmental Planning: a Case Study of Subwatershed Planning in Hamilton, Ontario Designing successful stakeholder participatory processes for environmental planning: A case study of subwatershed planning In Hamilton, Ontario. by Mark Andrew van der Woerd A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies in Geography Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Mark Andrew van der Woerd 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-56240-6 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-56240-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Author’s declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Stakeholder participation has become a valuable tool for agencies in the field of environmental planning. The potential benefits, for both agencies and individuals, of involving stakeholders in the planning process have been widely recognized and well documented. However, the success of participatory initiatives depends on the extent to which local stakeholders are interested in, and capable of, becoming involved in the process. Thus, the outcomes for each process vary as planning issues are dependent on their local context. This study aimed to evaluative the characteristics of successful stakeholder engagement in planning. Specifically, it strived to obtain an understanding of successful stakeholder engagement through developing and integrating an evaluative framework based on the literature with the motivations and perceptions of agencies representatives and stakeholders. In order to achieve these goals the evaluative framework used in this research was applied to a case study of the Tiffany Creek subwatershed in Hamilton, Ontario. The case study revealed that determining and incorporating the opinions of both agencies and stakeholders toward a participatory process can shed light on the characteristics of successful stakeholder participation in a given region and provide insight into participatory processes that would be mutually beneficial for all parties involved in planning. The characteristics of successful stakeholder participation and the integration of agency and stakeholders viewpoints into the process are discussed and recommendations to improve participatory processes in the future are provided. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Paul Kay, for offering me the opportunity to further my education at the University of Waterloo. Your continued guidance and support encouraged me to develop my skills as a researcher and have been invaluable to my success. Moreover, I want to thank you for the many times spent in your office and in the classroom where you challenged me to approach research questions in a holistic manner. Also, thank you Dr. Rob de Loë for serving on my committee. Your interest in my topic and eagerness to provide input greatly contributed to my development as a graduate student in the Department of Geography. Additionally, I want to thank Dr. Reid Kreutzwiser and Dr. Johanna Wandel for serving as my external examiners. To the members of the Department of Geography, thank you for great discussions and encouragement throughout my studies in Waterloo. To the Hamilton Conservation Authority (HCA) and the residents of the Tiffany Creek subwatershed, your willingness to participate in my research has been exceptional. I appreciate your readiness to meet with me and share your experiences. Special thanks to Jaime Overy from the HCA for sharing so many resources with me over the past two years and being willing to help at any point along the way. To my friends and family, you have made the last two years of schooling a fantastic experience for me. Your patience and encouragement throughout the process has given me the support and motivation to work diligently on this project. To my parents and parents-in-law, you have provided me with exceptional encouragement over the past two years and have stepped-in to help when working and school became overwhelming. Thank you. iv Finally, to my wife Sonja, thank you for keeping me grounded. I truly could not have completed this thesis without your positive attitude, and unfailing encouragement. This is as much your accomplishment as it is mine. You have been alongside me for the entirety of this project and I want to thank you for patience, especially in the months leading up to my completion. v Table of Contents List of tables .................................................................................................................................... x List of figures ................................................................................................................................. xi Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem context................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Purpose and Objectives .................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1 What is participation?....................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Principles of participation ....................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 History of participation ........................................................................................... 11 2.2 Methods of stakeholder participation ............................................................................. 13 2.2.1 Structured institutional mechanisms ....................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Stakeholder influence mechanisms ......................................................................... 16 2.3 Stakeholder motivations for participation ...................................................................... 17 2.4 Benefits of stakeholder participation ............................................................................. 21 2.5 Challenges for success ................................................................................................... 24 2.6 Evaluative framework .................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Research approach.......................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Case study selection ....................................................................................................... 39 vi 3.3 Research design .............................................................................................................. 43 3.4 Data sources ................................................................................................................... 45 3.5 Data analysis and presentation of results ....................................................................... 52 Chapter 4: Characteristics of the Tiffany Creek subwatershed ...................................................
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