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Prof. Ch. SAI BABU Professor of Electrical & Electronics Engineering JNTUK Kakinada Lecture 8 of Electrical Machines Topic: Three Phase Induction Motors

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Prof. Ch. SAI BABU Professor of Electrical & Electronics Engineering JNTUK Kakinada Lecture 8 of Electrical Machines Topic: Three Phase Induction Motors ONLINE GATE COACHING CLASSES BY Prof. Ch. SAI BABU Professor of Electrical & Electronics Engineering JNTUK Kakinada Lecture 8 of Electrical Machines Topic: Three phase induction motors Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada-533003, Andhra Pradesh 1 Number Syllabus Detailed Syllabus Lecture No Load and Blocked Rotor No Load and Blocked Tests on Induction Motor, Rotor Tests on Induction VIII Equivalent Circuit, Motor, Equivalent Calculation of Various Circuit, Calculation of Parameters. Various Parameters. 2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor The equivalent circuit of an induction motor is similar to that of the transformer. The stator model of an induction motor consists of a stator phase winding resistance R1, a stator phase winding leakage reactance X1. The no-load current I0 is simulated by a pure inductive reactor X0 taking the magnetizing component Iµ and a non-inductive resistor R0 carrying the core-loss current Iω. Thus, 푰ퟎ = 푰풘 + 푰흁 3 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor Stator model of an induction motor Rotor circuit of an induction motor Basic Equivalent Circuit 4 Approximate Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor The equivalent circuit is further simplified by shifting the shunt impedance branches R0 and X0 to the input terminals as shown in the circuit diagram. 5 No Load Test on Induction Motor In this test, the motor is made to run without any load i.e no- load condition. The rated voltage is applied to the stator. The input line current and total input power is measured. 6 No Load Test on Induction Motor The two wattmeter method is used to measure the total input power. The total power input W0 is the algebraic sum of the two wattmeter readings. The Power input W0 consists of stator copper loss, stator core loss, friction and windage loss. The observation table is 7 No Load Test on Induction Motor Calculations: 푾ퟎ = ퟑ푽ퟎ푰ퟎ cos ∅0 푊0 cos ∅0 = 3푉0퐼0 Equivalent circuit parameters: Active component of no-load current,푰풄 = 푰ퟎ cos ∅0 Magnetizing component of no-load current,푰풎 = 푰ퟎ sin ∅0 푽ퟎ No-load branch Resistance, 푹ퟎ = 푰풄 푽ퟎ No-load branch Reactance, 푿ퟎ = 푰풎 8 Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor In this test, the rotor is locked and it is not allowed to rotate. Thus the slip, S=1. If the motor is slip ring induction motor then the windings are short circuited at the slip rings. The reduced voltage such that stator carries rated current is applied. Now the applied voltage (Vsc), the input power (Wsc) and a short circuit current (Isc) are measured. 9 Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor 10 Blocked Rotor Test on Induction Motor Calculations: 푾풔풄 = ퟑ푽풔풄푰풔풄 cos ∅푠푐 푊푠푐 cos ∅푠푐 = 3푉푠푐퐼푠푐 Equivalent circuit parameters: ퟐ 푾풔풄 = ퟑ 푰풔풄 푹ퟏ풆 푾풔풄 Equivalent resistance referred to stator, 푹ퟏ풆 = ퟐ ퟑ 푰풔풄 푽풔풄 Equivalent impedance referred to stator, 풁ퟏ풆 = 푰풔풄 Equivalent reactance referred to stator, ퟐ ퟐ ∴ 푿ퟏ풆 = 풁ퟏ풆 − 푹ퟏ풆 11 Power flow in Induction Motor 12 Power flow in Induction Motor There are two types of losses in induction motor Constant or fixed losses, Variable losses. Constant or Fixed Losses The fixed losses can be obtained by performing no-load test on the three phase induction motor. These losses are further classified as 1. Iron or core losses 2. Mechanical losses 3. Friction losses 13 Power flow in Induction Motor Iron or Core Losses: Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are minimized by using lamination on core. Hysteresis losses are minimized by using high grade silicon steel. Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses: Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound rotor induction motor. 14 Power flow in Induction Motor Variable Losses 15 Power flow in Induction Motor Variable Losses: These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes. Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor. 16 Power flow in Induction Motor Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input, 풐풖풕풑풖풕 풑풐풘풆풓 푬풇풇풊풄풊풆풏풄풚 = 풊풏풑풖풕 풑풐풘풆풓 17 Power flow in Induction Motor 푹풐풕풐풓 품풓풐풔풔 풐풖풕풑풖풕, 푷풎 = ퟐ흅푵 × 푻품 푹풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕, 푷ퟐ = ퟐ흅푵풔 × 푻품 푹풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔, 푷풄 = 푷ퟐ − 푷풎, ∴ 푷풄 = ퟐ흅(푵풔 − 푵) × 푻품 푹풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 푵 − 푵 = 풔 = 풔 풓풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕 푵풔 ∴ 푹풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 = 풔 × 풓풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕 = 풔푷ퟐ 18 Power flow in Induction Motor 풓풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 푹풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕 = 풔 Rotor gross output, Pm = input (P2) − rotor Cu loss = P2 − s × rotor input = (1 − s)*P2 ∴ rotor gross output, Pm = (1 − s) *rotor input 19 Power flow in Induction Motor 풓풐풕풐풓 품풓풐풔풔 풐풖풕풑풖풕, 푷 푵 풎 = ퟏ − 풔 = ; 풓풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕, 푷ퟐ 푵풔 푷 푵 풎 = 푷ퟐ 푵풔 푵 ∴ 풓풐풕풐풓 풆풇풇풊풄풊풆풏풄풚 = 푵풔 풓풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 풔 = 풓풐풕풐풓 품풓풐풔풔 풐풖풕풑풖풕 ퟏ − 풔 ∴ 푷ퟐ: 푷풎: 푷풄 ∷ ퟏ: ퟏ − 풔 : 풔 20 Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term „cogging‟ is associated with (a) Three-phase transformer (b)Compound Generator (c) Induction motor (d) D.C series motor Ans: (c) Explanation: During the starting of squirrel cage induction motor if the number of stator slots is equal to the number of rotor slots or an integral multiple of rotor slot then it causes magnetic locking between stator and rotor slot. The upper and lower attracting force between the stator and rotor slot becomes more prominent than the tangential force, as a result, the rotation of the motor is stopped. 21 2. The crawling in the induction motor is caused by (a) High Loads (b) Low Voltage supply (c) Harmonic developed in the motor (d) Improper design of machine Ans: (c) Explanation: The crawling word it self-suggest crawl means moving with low speed. This characteristic is the result of improper functioning of the motor that means either motor is running at very slow speed or it is not taking the load. The resultant speed is nearly 1/7th of its synchronous speed. 22 3. No load test of 3-phase induction motor used to determine (a) Variable loss (b) Constant loss (c) Eddy current loss only (d) Hysteresis loss only Ans: (b) Explanation: This test is similar to the open circuit test of a transformer. The motor is uncoupled from its load and the rated voltage and frequency is applied to the stator. Since the motor runs at no load, the total input power is equal to constant iron-loss, friction loss, and windage losses of the motor. 23 4. Blocked rotor test in an induction motor is used to determine (a) Leakage impedance (b) Copper loss (c) Both 1 & 2 (d) None of the above Ans: (c) Explanation: In blocked rotor test, the induction motor is locked, so it can‟t be moved therefore rotor will draw more current from supply because of the load demand on it. Copper losses occur due to the current flowing in the rotor and stator windings. Therefore blocked rotor test is used to determine copper losses and leakage impedance. 24 5. Which of the following losses are negligible in blocked rotor test? (a) Mechanical losses (b) Iron losses (c) Both 1 & 2 (d) None of the above Ans: (c) Explanation: Since the rotor is locked in blocked rotor test, therefore, the mechanical loss is negligible. The voltage applied on the stator to perform blocked rotor test is low since the high voltage can damage the stator winding, therefore, it has negligible iron losses. 25 6. The rotor power output of a 3-phase induction motor is 30 KW and corresponding slip is 4%. The rotor copper loss will be (a) 625 Watt (b) 250 Watt (c) 1000 Watt (d) 1250 Watt Ans: (d) Explanation: Rotor copper losses = rotor input- rotor output and rotor output power = (1-s) rotor input power ∴ rotor Input power = output/(1 – s)= 30000 /(1 – 0.04) = 31250 Rotor copper losses = 31250 -30000 = 1250 watt 26 7. what is the ratio of rotor input power to rotor copper loss in an induction motor? (a) 1/(1 – S) (b) 1 – S (c) 1/S (d) S Ans: (c) Explanation: Rotor copper loss = S × Rotor input power ∴ Rotor input / Rotor copper loss = 1/S. 27 8. What happens if fifth harmonics is given to induction motor? (a) Short-circuit the motor (b) Motor will rotate in reverse direction (c) Motor will rotate in the same direction (d) None of the above Ans: (b) Explanation: The fifth harmonic is negative harmonic having the phase displacement of 120 degrees having negative phase sequence with the reference to the motor phase sequence. Hence induction motor will rotate in the reverse direction. 28 9. In a three phase induction motor, the electrical representation of the variable mechanical load is a resistance of ퟏ (a) 푹 (풔 − ퟏ) (b) 푹 − ퟏ ퟐ ퟐ 풔 풑품 (c) (d) 풑 (ퟏ − 풔) 풔 품 Ans: (b) Explanation: In the induction motor equivalent circuit, r2 is the actual rotor winding resistance whereas r2[(1-s)/s)] is the electrical analogue of mechanical load. 29 10. The power input to the rotor of a 3-phase, 50Hz, 6-pole induction motor is 80kW at a slip of 3.3%. The rotor copper loss per phase is (a) 2.64 kW (b) 880 W (c) 77.36 kW (d) 25.8 kW Ans: (a) Explanation: ∴ 푹풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 = 풔 × 풓풐풕풐풓 풊풏풑풖풕 ∴ 푹풐풕풐풓 풄풐풑풑풆풓 풍풐풔풔 = ퟎ. ퟎퟑퟑ × ퟖퟎ = 2.64 kW 30 11. In a three phase induction motor, the rotor input power per phase is 6 kW.
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