Humanities

of Music, he occupies an endowed chair (presumably for as long as he wants it). The problem, rather, has to do with the separation of concept from performance in music. In fine art, concept and performance are one; both the art-lover and the art historian have thousands of years of paintings, drawings, and sculptures to study and enjoy. Similarly with literature: poetry, fiction, drama and criticism survive on the printed page or in manu­ script for judgment and admiration by succeeding generations. Josquin des Prez (Ca. 1440-1521) But musical notation on a page is not art, no matter how lofty or excellent the composer’s conception; it is, Josquin Lives! crudely put, a set of directions for producing art. Being called him “the master of the notes,” the highly symbolic, musical notation requires training be­ first who “made them do what he wanted; the other fore it can even be read, let alone performed. More­ composers had to do what the notes wanted.” Classi­ over, because the musical conventions of other days cist Henricus Glareanus in the sixteenth century felt are not ours, translation of a score into that ‘‘no one has more effectively expressed the pas­ modern notation brings difficulties of its own. sions of the soul in music . . . no one has been able For example, Lowinsky points out, the Renaissance to compete in grace and facility on an equal footing notation of Josquin’s day did not designate the tempo with him, just as there is no Latin poet superior in the at which the music should be played or sung. It did not epic to Virgil.” In 1782, the English scholar Charles indicate all flats or sharps; these were sounded in ac­ Burney argued that “ because he is the Type of all cordance with musicianly rules, which were capable of Musical excellence at the time in which he lived, the transforming major to minor, minor to major, diatonic less need be said of his contemporaries, who in gen­ to chromatic sound, and thus affected melody, har­ eral appear to have been but his im itators.” And in 1828, mony, and musical expression. A Renaissance compo­ Giuseppe Baini reported that the musician “overnight sition might include several parts— but it did not indi­ became the idol of Europe. There is no longer taste for cate which were to be sung, which to be played, nor others . . . Nothing seems beautiful anymore, unless even whether instruments were to be used at all. it be a work of Josquin.” Thus, says Lowinsky, Renaissance notation permits Thus critical comment over three centuries from four of several interpretations, and “an imaginative musi­ nations on Josquin des Prez, 1440-1521, Renaissance cian may give an interpretation that is a revelation.” composer, favorite of cardinals and popes, perhaps Krummhorns, and Psalteries the greatest . . . Josquin des.who? Cardinals? Renaissance? Fourteen No matter how imaginative, however, few modern to fifteen what? Another of those! musicians can offer any interpretation of Renaissance To those who can afford to view scholarship from music. The public for it is small, limiting the number of a comfortable distance— about four feet this side of musicians who can afford to learn, rehearse, and per­ having to earn tenure, say— a disproportionate amount form it. Most of those who attempt it at all are students of research in the humanities seems a frantic hunt for organized in collegia musica whose memberships have any long-interred corpse about whom nothing “defini­ a distressing habit of changing every semester, thus tive” has been said— at least for a few years. preventing directors from maintaining the year-in, year- But Josquin des Prez has never really been buried; out continuity required to achieve excellence of per­ he has retained a most enthusiastic band of admir­ formance. Finally, the instruments used in Renaissance ers across the years. And Edward E. Lowinsky, who times— krummhorns, recorders, rauschpfeifen, , now introduces us to Josquin, is long past worrying sackbuts, , psalteries, vielles, organettos— must about tenure; as Ferdinand Schevill Distinguished Serv­ be specially procured. ice Professor in the University of Chicago’s Department These are some of the problems Lowinsky antici­

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES □ MAY 1972 □ VOLUME II □ NUMBER 3 pated in trying to mount, as he determined one day in Festival-Conference held June 21-25, 1971, at the Lin­ 1969, an International Josquin des Prez Festival-Con- coln Center for the Performing Arts. About 800 musi­ ference on the 450th anniversary of the musician's cologists from Holland, Germany, France, Italy, Israel, death. Considering the recondite appeal the affair could England, , Iceland, Austria and the United be expected to have, and the human and financial ex­ States registered for the Festival, which was sponsored penditure necessary to put it on, anyone other than a by the American Musicological Society, with the co­ Borgia buff might wonder why Lowinsky felt the effort sponsorship of the International Musicological Society worthwhile, or why 60 individuals and organizations *in and the Renaissance Society of America. Each morn­ five countries— including the American Council of ing and afternoon, papers were presented that were Learned Societies, the National Endowment for the duly scholarly in tone and content: “ Historical Recon­ Humanities, the ministries of cultural affairs of Holland struction versus Structural Interpretation in the Per­ and Belgium, and the Technical University of Berlin as formance of Josquin’s ”, “Josquiniana in Some well as North Texas State University and numerous Manuscripts at Piacenza”, and “Aspects of Modal private donors— contributed the $100,000 to do it. Treatment in Josquin’s Masses” were some of the Part of the reason is "cultural,” a much-abused topics discussed. The scholarship was of high caliber adjective which has been employed to excuse all sorts and, according to Lowinsky, “broke new ground in of high-minded nonsense as well as to designate the almost every field of Josquin research . . .” whole dynamic, the whole stew, the whole millennia- long simmer of belief, custom, hereditary tendency, Workshops for Conductors and Scholars environmental option, and historic choice that tells us If the Festival had stopped there, it might have been where we came from. Until Josquin, western music just another display of arcane knowledge. But Lowinsky was liturgical, designed as an accompaniment to wor­ built into the Festival a feature designed to confront ship. Like the intricately carved gargoyles perched atop those who study music with those who play it. At each medieval cathedrals beyond sight of any human, music afternoon workshop, two or three performing groups was composed to please God before anybody else; its offered their own interpretation of the same Josquin dominant theme was reverence. Emotion was there, composition. Because the four groups were of distinc­ but it was the grief of Mary standing at the foot of the tive artistic persuasions, their interpretations differed— Cross, the joy of the faithful hailing Christ’s resurrec­ and the conductors then engaged with the scholars in tion. Even the of the Middle Ages was defending, on historical and aesthetic grounds, their tied to predetermined patterns that sometimes seemed choice of instruments, tempo, and expression. Hailing to stand in the way of individual expression. this as “the greatest innovation of the conference,” Sacred but also Secular Howard Mayer Brown wrote, in The Musical Times of London, that “ the workshops clearly demonstrated the While keeping one foot firmly planted in the divine differences between intuitive and scholarly approaches world, Josquin stepped with the other into the human. to music, even in the kinds of questions raised by both He scored magnificent masses, but also newly expres­ sides.” sive motets such as the lament of David over his son But the final proof of the pudding came at night, in Absalom or the “ Deploration d’Ockeghem,” a dirge on the Lincoln Center’s 1,100-seat Alice Tully Hall. For the death of Ockeghem, the greatest master before four nights, the performing groups put on Josquin, and Josquin, a written all in black notes, and one of for four nights— well, the best comment has already the most profoundly moving scores of the Renaissance. been published. Josquin was the first composer to set to music. “Josquin des Prez is New York’s latest ‘in’ com­ But alongside Benedicite omnia opera Domini Domino poser,” wrote Alfred Frankenstein in the San Francisco (“ Bless the Lord, all ye works of the Lord") he put El Chronicle. “ . . . when you hear and see a packed house Grillo (“The cricket is a good singer who manages stand on its hind legs, stamp, roar, and carry on like long poems”) and Allegez moy (“Solace me, sweet, crazy after the opening concert of a one-composer fes­ pleasant brunette"). It is noteworthy that while Josquin tival, there can be no doubt about that composer's spent a significant portion of his life in the employ of status with consumers of music.” Cardinal and served Innocent VIII and “Josquin des Prez is the greatest composer before Alexander VI, he was also highly praised by Martin J. S. Bach,” Michael Steinberg stated flatly in the Luther, for his music blends respect for tradition with Boston Globe. In a review headlined “ Let’s Hear It for a rebel’s willingness to risk the horizon beyond. What Josquin,” New York magazine’s Alan Rich wrote that Galileo was to science, Josquin was to music: while he was “the first great composer,” author of “the first preserving their allegiance to God, both asserted a truly beautiful music in the history of the art— the first new importance for Man. music, that is, that we can listen to today without hav­ So much for Josquin's value in the scholarly context. ing to judge it first as something very old and only His value in the artistic context is the crucial one: he then as something very good.” The Chicago Daily wrote great music. Lowinsky, who has given a lifetime News' Bernard Jacobson decided that Josquin "may of study to the music of the Renaissance, and to Jos­ well have been the greatest genius in the history of quin in particular, wanted to prove it. Western music.” “The notable thing about this con­ The proof came at a five-day International Josquin cert was that it was in no sense a revival of the quaint- (Continued on page 5) 2 Dusting Off the Museums The Battle of Long Island, the first fought after the Declaration of Independence, took place entirely with­ Throughout the 1950's, one New York City museum in the confines of Brooklyn, August 26-29, 1776, be­ happily reported annual attendance increases to its tween 25,000 British troops and 10,000 American. We patrons and supporting foundations. One year, how­ lost. From then until 1784, Bedford was occupied by ever, the report was missing. On being questioned, the a British garrison; it was from Bedford that Major John director confessed there had been a sudden drop in Andre was summoned for his fatal rendezvous with attendance— caused, he believed, by the construction Benedict Arnold. Though the Dutch farmers took a of a nearby public lavatory. neutral view of the revolutionary goings-on, local Blacks Museums should be “community resources," of who were free to choose tended to take the American course, but not in that restricted utilitarian fashion. Yet side; a Masonic lodge on Bedford Avenue in Brooklyn too many of them fail to achieve any loftier public is named for Prince Hall, a Barbadian who fought at service: Doric piles of musty elegance, they become— Bunker Hill and later founded the first Negro Masonic as the Endowment phrased it in a recent Congression­ order. al presentation— obiects only for “the scholar’s delight By digging into this history, James Hurley of New and the tourist's duty" instead of reaching out to edu­ York City Communily College, with help from the En­ cate as no other institution can. dowment, has sparked a project that has come to In many cases, the problem is a tight budget con­ include archaeology (probing the rubble cleared for sumed by housekeeping functions. In others, the need a Model Cities program), oral history (taping the rec­ is for museum personnel trained not only in profes­ ollections of old-time residents), exhibits at the Brook­ sional lore but in a kind of scholarly showmanship. lyn Children’s Museum (community residents put out Since 1967, NEH has financed a master's degree-level pickets, signed petitions, and successfully raised gen­ museum personnel development program that blends eral hell when the City considered moving it from academic instruction with practical training; the pro­ Bedford in the early 1960’s), curriculum development, gram now has 120 graduates, most of whom have and teacher training. Local students have learned that joined museums and historical associations that serve the history of the Negro in Bedford didn’t start with social rather than purely aesthetic purposes. The Hu­ the northward emigration of the 1940’s; it goes back manities Endowment is therefore the major source 300 years, and only the Dutch were there before them. within the Federal government for the improvement of In sum, the major limitation on the “ relevance” of staff competence in the museum field. museums is the imagination and energy of their per­ While the Endowment has specific funds earmarked sonnel. By sponsoring more experiments designed to for museums, almost all of its divisions make museum show what a museum can do, NEH hopes to stimulate grants. One such endeavor, funded by the Education more of us to a more lively exploration of our lively Division, is “ Project Weeksville" in Brooklyn's Bedford past. ■ Stuyvesant area— a name that has become almost synonymous with urban crime and decay. The area’s Primitive Psychiatrist reputation doesn't help any of Bedford’s predominant­ ly Black and Spanish-speaking children grow up with Reconstructing the language and culture of ancient a good opinion of themselves. Babylon would have been vastly simplified if scholars But Bedford has a history stemming from the days had had some ancient Babylonians to help them out. when New York was Nieuw Amsterdam and Brooklyn None ever turned up, unfortunately, but Dr. Lore M. was a cluster of Dutch farming communities named Colby and her colleague, Dr. Terence Kaufman, got Breuckelen. One of these communities was Bedford, almost that good a break in their investigation of the named in a charter granted by Peter Stuyvesant’s Eng­ 8th century Mayan civilization. They found Pap Sjas lish successor in 1667. In 1790, the year of the first K7ow. U.S. census, the population of Bedford numbered 204 Pap Sjas K7ow (pronounced pop-shas-ko-wa) is — of whom 72 were slaves. Sometime between 1784 only 75, so he doesn't really qualify as ancient. But in and 1827 (when New York abolished slavery), Bed­ addition to speaking Spanish and one of the three ford's leading citizen, Leffert Lefferts, freed his slaves dialects of Ixil—a Mayan language still spoken by and reserved a portion of his estate for them to settle about 50,000 Indians in Central America and Mexico— on. The first to accept the offer was James Weeks; a he is both a diviner of dreams and one of very few community named for him, the core of present-day genuine "calendar priests" alive. Bedford-Stuyvesant, grew up around his home. As calendar priest, Pap Sjas acts as spiritual coun­

3 selor to believers in his village of Nebaj, Guatemala. from 1871 to 1933. Though the area abounds in self-styled priests, being The Monist leaders were scientists and popular writ­ a calendar priest entails a knowledge of the ancient ers about science; many were pacifists. Their principal sacred almanac: the Mayan year consisted of 18 goal was democratic government, with land reform and months of 20 days each, and each day had its own educational improvement close behind. Yet, by a sad god. Hence Pap Sjas must not only choose a prayer paradox, these high-minded reformers helped the Na­ appropriate to his client's petition, but know which tional Socialists win popular acceptance for the idea deity should be prayed to. of racial superiority and for the hideous techniques the His role as diviner of dreams is, if not as compli­ Nazis employed to "cleanse” the nation of Jews. cated, of even more importance. The Mayans believed The 1850's, when the Monist movement was born, (as some of their descendants still do) that dreams was a depressing time for liberals. After granting token are communications from their ancestors or super­ concessions to public restiveness, the monarchists natural powers, and they made no major decisions had climbed back on top and were fully in control. without having their dreams or even those of relatives Social reform seemed a dead cause. analyzed Before being accepted as candidate for di­ But when, in 1856, Darwin's Origin of Species ap­ viner (7a.q’i.), Pap Sjas himself had to dream a suit­ peared, liberal scientists were quick to translate evo­ able dream and have it interpreted by a senior priest. lution into social terms. Mot only was nature itself The Mayan reliance on dreams, as well as a consid­ being constantly improved by natural selection, they erable amount of other cultural lore, emerged during argued, but so were nations and governments. Just as three months that Pap Sjas and two young Guatemalan evolution in nature was inevitable, so no force could men spent on the University of California campus in withstand evolution toward higher forms in society. Irvine. The other two Ixil-speakers came from different To hasten the evolutionary process, the Monists villages, each with its own dialect. argued for international competition in cultural terms: Ixil words are monosyllables, consisting of a con­ not war, but intellectual achievement, would bring the sonant followed by a vowel and then another conso­ fittest to the top. And to make sure that Germany won nant. Using a computer, Kaufman generated about that summit, the Monists advised planned, deliberate 8,000 possible sound-combinations; then he began the improvement in the quality of the populace. arduous work of pronouncing each aloud to Pap Sjas One means was eugenics. In addition to advocating and his companions to determine which were words selective breeding, the Monists established communes and what each meant. whose members were selected for intelligence and The job was complicated by the fact that many Ixil their genetic connection with science: if a candidate monosyllables mean nothing by themselves— as cran, were not a scientist, he or she had to have one in the for example, means nothing until it is hooked up with family. berry Hence Kaufman had to pronounce as many Another idea was euthanasia— advocated, of course, variations on his basic combinations as he could think on the highest humanitarian grounds. Even so, the of; the three Guatemalans recognized about 15 percent suggestion would probably have been rejected by the of the possibilities. German people were it not for the eminence of the Pap Sjas's age and poor hearing made it difficult Monist leaders and their skill as propagandists. Co­ for him to maintain the pace Last November, however, founder Ernst Haeckel, an internationally recognized Kaufman was able to complete the Nebaj portion of the zoologist, wrote one of pre-1914 Europe's best best­ dictionary with the help of an Ixil informant in Antigua. sellers (The Riddle of the Universe), and Wilhelm Ost- Now Drs. Colby and Kaufman have about 1,000 wald, who became prominent in the movement about pages of Ixil vocabulary and grammar, and translations 1911, had won a Nobel Prize for chemistry. of nearly another 1,000 pages of Mayan myths, prayers, The Monists' program had no racial overtones. They and narratives— many of them previously unknown to regarded German Jews as Germans, compatriots in the scholars. And Pap Sjas is back in Nebaj, interpreting global intellectual competition. Through their support dreams for a people who recognized the importance for internationalism and pacifism, they had strong ties of the subconscious 1,100 years before Freud told the to the German political Left. rest of us. ■ But through their advocacy of eugenics and eutha­ nasia, they conferred respectability on two key ideas of the German Right— particularly among the book- Legitimizing the Nazis reading, middle-class public from whom the Nazis derived so much electoral support. After the initial shock of learning about Buchenwald The Monists, according to Holt, provide us with a and Dachau and the others wore off, many of us won­ cautionary object-lesson "in simplistically applying dered how human beings could behave as some had science as a poultice for human ills, without consider­ — particularly the Germans, possessors of one of the ing . the unscientific nature of human reactions in oldest cultural, humanistic, and Christian traditions in society and politics." The tale hits close to home: Europe. Dr. Niles Holt of Illinois State University in Germany may have been the first nation to cloak bar­ Normal may have part of the answer in his research barism in scientific terms, but it assuredly was not the on the Monist movement, which flourished in Germany last. ■

4 (JOSQUIN, Continued from page 2) nesses of the past,” wrote Winthrop Sargeant in the ably set a model for future musicological congresses New Yorker. ‘‘It was, on the contrary, a tremendous throughout the world. musical experience devoted to the work of a truly great After entering these scholarly assets in the Festival’s composer, an incredible contrapuntal virtuoso and a ledger, however, Lowinsky returns to Josquin’s extraor­ man who can speak to us today from an era 250 years dinary reception by the Lincoln Center audiences. He before Bach with all the intensity and grace that he is particularly pleased that well over 300 of each night’s must have had for his contemporaries.” Although the listeners were students, and quotes several European Festival was originally designed as a scholarly convo­ musicologists to the effect that the younger generation cation, commented Herbert Kupferberg in the National would not have shown such interest overseas. Five Observer, “ it turned out to be as exhilarating a concert months after the Festival, its popularity led the New experience as New York has offered all season.” York Pro Musica to repeat its concert at Town Hall— Happily surveying the results of his handiwork a year and conspicuous in the audience were large numbers later, Lowinsky soft-pedals the rave reviews as if to of students wearing lapel-buttons that read “Josquin suggest that, after all, he always knew Josquin was Lives!” pretty good. He points, rather, to the scholarly achieve­ It was this blend of scholarly and youthful interest ments of the Festival. that inspired Claude V. Palisca, president of the Ameri­ First is the scope and quality of the 31 musicological can Musicological Society, to offer what may have papers presented there; they are to be published by been the final, most accurate summary of the Festival. Oxford University Press. Second, owing to the fresh “We are not only commemorating Josquin’s death,” he discoveries about Josquin’s life and new insights into told the Festival’s packed opening session, “ but also his music furnished by the participants, scholars from celebrating his resurrection.” all the nations represented plan to collaborate on a new edition of Josquin; the only edition now in exis­ NOTE: Approximately 20 percent of Josquin's works tence, completed just before the Festival, has been have been recorded. Among those commercially avail­ shown to contain many errors. Third, a seven-record able are: album of the four concerts will be released in a limited edition— limited because of copyright restrictions on • and motets: New York Pro Mu­ the performing groups— to participants. sica (Decca 79410) In addition, Lowinsky believes that the Festival dem­ • Missa and other works: New York onstrated the value of cooperation between scholars Pro Musica (Decca 79435) and artists in re-creating the great music of the past, • Motets, including “Ave Maria” and “” : as well as proving the value of musicological research Capella Antiqua Munich (Telefunken S-9480) to the entire music-loving community. Judging from ® Missa L’homme arme super voces musicales and comment on the Festival’s major innovation— bringing motets: Prague Singers (Crossroads 22 16 scholars and artists together— this structure will prob­ 0094 or Supraphon SUA 10553) ■

5 A Reading List on The University and Society PART II— THE PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE

Within the last 300 years the university, particularly the capacity to predict (important for the achievement of a American university, has become popular, powerful, future-oriented society), and second, the integration and controversial. Those governing and administrative of intellectual development with sense impressions functions of the university that were for centuries under and feelings (important for the education of the whole the aegis of the Church have largely become the re­ person). sponsibility of secular authorities. The background of THE MISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY. Jose Ortega y this development was the subject of the readings pre­ Gasset. Norton, 1966. 94 pp. Paperback edition: Nor­ sented in Part I of the reading list, "The Historical ton Library, N-127. Perspective,” which appeared in the March issue of Attacking the professional and research orientations Humanities. of higher education, which have produced "brutalized” Following are suggested readings dealing with philo­ men, overly trained in one ’field, Sr. Gasset asserts that sophical perspectives on the controversies which beset the first function of the university must be the trans­ the relationship between university and society. This mission of culture, the "vital system of ideas of a list, like the previous one, was prepared by Warren period.” Without this selection and assertion of ideas Bryan Martin, Eric Skjei, and Rhoda Kaufman, staff of about humanity and the universe to guide his choices, man cannot survive. It is the university that must the Center for Research and Development in Higher furnish critical and creative ways to order human life. Education; University of California, Berkeley. Citing Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel, Gasset recommends universal higher education and institu­ tional reform oriented toward what the average student Good Reading is able, not what he ought, to learn.

THE IDEA OF THE UNIVERSITY, Karl Jaspers. Boston: THE HIGHER LEARNING IN AMERICA. Robert M. Beacon Press, 1959. 135 pp. Hutchins. Yale University Press, 1936. 119 pp. Paper­ What is the connection between education as an back edition: Yale University Press, Y-55. end in itself and education in the service of social or Hutchins sees as the causes of confusion in Ameri­ political agencies? can higher education, first, the exaggerated notion Jaspers makes a persuasive, concise statement of that higher learning is primarily for the purpose of the classical doctrine that it is a human right to pursue getting more money; second, a distortion of democ­ truth unconditionally; that all men possess a powerful racy that leads the public to feel that if they provide “will to know’’ directed at achieving the clearest pos­ money to universities, they should say how it can be sible awareness of the individual’s relation to himself spent; and third, belief in the false argument that and to his community; and that the university provides since science and technology are expanding and im­ the ideal setting for these pursuits. proving, the past can be discarded. This last he sees Writing after World War II, with the memory of the resulting from an invidious collusion between evolution German university’s compromises with Hitler still fresh, and empiricism, producing an anti-intellectual spirit this author asserts the independence of the institution which asserts that all knowledge of man’s environment of higher learning— for research, teaching, and cultural must be as immediately useful as possible. education. And yet the ultimate goal of the wise society Hutchins is at his controversial best when he argues is the interweaving of academic, social, and political that the curriculum of general education should con­ life into a unity to which individual attitudes and actions tain only the enduring great works of Western culture, can relate. selected and ordered so as to reflect the essential wisdom of the Western tradition, teaching principles AIMS OF EDUCATION AND OTHER ESSAYS. Alfred of creative thought and developing in the student the North Whitehead. Macmillan, 1958. 109 pp. Paperback capacity for good judgment. edition: Free Press 93518. While written before 1930, most of the ideas in these THE USES OF THE UNIVERSITY. Clark Kerr. Cam­ essays are strikingly up to date. For example, White­ bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963. 140 pp. head anticipated the charge that much of the content Paperback edition: Harper Torchbooks, TB-1264. of a college curriculum is irrelevant, and, at a time Kerr praises that oft-lamented diffuseness of the when faculty too often inclined to force-feed students, contemporary American university, aspects of which he advocated enlisting the students’ motivation by con­ he traces back to such historical schools as the centration on the tangible world, not on nebulous in­ Platonic absolutes, Sophist emphasis on the useful, tellectual exercises. Instead of a linear, uniform English concepts of liberal education, and the more accumulation of knowledge, Whitehead argues for a recent German focus on free and objective academic rhythmic learning experience, alternating between par­ research. In his opinion, the modern university— or­ ticular fact and general idea, between reductive re­ ganized in a loose manner, connected only by a finement and broad abstraction. common name and governing body— achieves a de­ Two great objectives of this approach are, first, the sirably flexible constituency of principles, classes, and 6 interests. In this "multiversity” the administrative func­ cern for the freedom of the individual being. The tions, which Kerr sees as being primarily mediation writings of Dewey and Whitehead are presented as an between various factions, become critical. insight into a process of education which attempts to retain and combine the views of Greek humanism with TECHNOLOGY AND THE ACADEMICS. Sir Eric Ashby. the precision of analytical scientific methods. The Macmillan, 1958. 109 pp. Paperback edition: Paper- authors pay special attention to the kind of curriculum mac, St. M artin’s Press. appropriate to each system. Are liberal and specialized educations antithetical? Not at all, argues Ashby. Assuming that one of the PHILOSOPHIC SYSTEMS AND EDUCATION. F. Bruce strongest desires in men is the deep wish to do at Rosen. Merrill, 1968. 97 pp. Paperback edition: Merrill. least one thing thoroughly and expertly, he contends This work furnishes a useful, brief summary of the that what is needed in a technological era is a tech­ contributions of such influential philosophical systems nological humanism, an education in which specialist as Realism, Idealism, Perennialism, Pragmatism, and studies provide the core for a liberal education. If Existentialism to educational theory. In each case, technology can serve as "the cement between science Rosen explains and criticizes the view of society, the and humanism,” educated men will avoid both teacher, and the student that is proposed or implied by parochial humanist conservatism and preoccupation the philosophical system being reviewed. A bibliog­ with scientific abstractions. raphy and glossary of important terms is included.

BETWEEN MAN AND MAN. Martin Buber. Macmillan, PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1965. 224 pp. Paperback edition: Macmillan 08420. Edited by George Barnett. Houghton Mifflin, 1966. 150 In two famous essays, "Education” and "The Educa­ pp. Paperback edition. Houghton Mifflin, 3-00300. tion of Character,” Buber deals with problems and Six contemporary professional philosophers direct themes of current urgency. On the issue of individual­ their thinking toward the broad question of how edu­ ism versus community, Buber points out that indi­ cational theories are constructed and criticized. The vidualism, understood as self-realization, is a means discussion of the conditions and boundaries of educa­ and not an end. It can be the means to community; a tional development revolves about the cognitive-non- person engages in self-evaluation in order to deter­ cognitive, personal-ethical, and "knowing that” versus mine those resources within himself which he has to "knowing how.” contribute to the community. Only so will he come into The views presented vary widely, from Peter A. community from a position of strength, and only by Bertocci’s examination of the ideal of personality, to utilizing such resources, contributed by all participants, Michael Scriven’s emphasis on education as the ap­ can true community be realized. plication of social science methodologies, to Henry Man is distinctive, says Buber, in that he possesses David Aiken’s explanation of philosophical analysis not only the instinct to origination, but a capacity for and the difference between teaching and telling. This sharing. Both these instinctual drives must be directed work successfully defines and illuminates the mutual by criticism and instruction. Education, therefore, is concerns and methods of philosophy and education. more than introducing youth to options. It gives them the ability to choose among alternatives and encour­ ages choice. This is education for character. Suggestions for Discussion 1. Given limited resources and the interrelation be­ EDUCATION AND PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. Kings­ tween the university and society: ley Price. AHyn and Bacon, 1967. 595 pp. • Who should determine the kinds of research and Spanning the 2500 years from Plato to John Dewey, educational offerings of the university? the govern­ this work offers readings on education of celebrated ment? the institution's financial supporters? the fac­ philosophers, each prefaced by an extensive, yet clear, discussion and analysis of the components of ulty? the university "community” ? their philosophical framework— the areas of specula­ • To what extent can and should the university en­ tive thought, theories of knowledge, bases for moral compass diverse ideological and religious view­ action, and methods of investigation. Even brief atten­ points? tion to this volume will persuade the reader that most • Should the society support the "unconditional of the conceptual and theoretical problems confront­ pursuit of truth” even if such pursuits may be socially ing higher education today have been grappled with divisive (e.g. studies of comparative racial abilities, for centuries. bacteriological warfare, human genetic experimen­ PHILOSOPHERS ON EDUCATION. Robert S. Brum­ tation, community "power structures” )? baugh and Nathaniel M. Lawrence. Houghton Mifflin, 2. Is the Hutchins view of a standardized, “Great 1963. 198 pp. Paperback edition: Houghton Mifflin, Books” oriented undergraduate curriculum feasible (or 3-07150. even desirable) for a pluralistic, technologically ad­ Selecting from the works of six major philosophers, vanced society? ■ the authors have composed incisive interpretive essays illustrating three important periods in the history of thought on education. Their work on Plato and Aristotle HUMANITIES is the Newsletter of the National clarifies the classical fascination with man’s ability to Endowment for the Humanities, a Federal agency apprehend and improve himself and his world through established by Act of Congress in 1965 "for the the exercise of reason. Rousseau and Kant represent encouragement and support of national progress the Enlightenment, in which interest turned from the and scholarship in the humanities." rational perfection of the external world toward con­ 7 NEH NOTES

New National Humanities Series Centers New Council Members Two additional centers for The National Humanities Nine new members have been appointed to the Series, now in its third year, have been established. National Council on the Humanities by President Until now administered nationally by the Woodrow Wil­ Nixon in recent months. One appointment is to fill an son National Fellowship Foundation from Princeton, unexpired term; the rest will replace the first group of N.J., the Series will expand to include a Midwestern Council members to serve full six-year terms since Center at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and a the establishment of the Council in 1965. Western Center at the University of California, Los The new members are: A. Louise Blackwell, Pro­ Angeles. In announcing the two new centers to bring fessor of English, Florida A & M University; Hanna humanistic knowledge and insights to adult audiences Holburn Gray, Professor of History, University of Chi­ Dr. Ronald S. Berman, Chairman of the Endowment, cago; Jeffrey Hart, Professor of English, Dartmouth said, “ The Series has grown rapidly westward from the College; Sidney Hook, Professor of Philosophy, New eastern seaboard and new centers are necessary to York University; Martin Luther Kilson, Jr., Professor of keep up with the increased volume of demand for visits Government, Harvard University; Irving Kristol, Profes­ from National Humanities Series presentation teams.” sor of Urban Values, New York University; Fiichard R. New Clark Series St. Johns, President, Filmways, Inc., Beverly Hills, Cali­ fornia; Sheldon H. Solow, Builder, New York City; Frank Aided by a grant from the Endowment the National Everson Vandiver, Provost, Rice University, Houston, Gallery of Art will make available next fall Sir Kenneth Texas. Clark’s new film series, “The Pioneers of Modern Art,’’ for showing to students and the public at small colleges throughout the country. For information write Extension Services, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. 20565.

NOTICE: Use of funds lor printing this publication approved by the Director ol the Office of Management and Budget on May 1, 1972