Country Advice

India – IND39440 – Muslims – – State – Risk of Serious Harm – State Protection – Raza Academy – Relocation 4 November 2011

1. Please provide current information relating to the risk of serious harm of Muslims in or around Mumbai. Please include information relating to the population of Muslims living in this state of India, as well as in India generally.

According to the 2001 Indian census, Muslims constituted 13.4 per cent of India‟s population, which totalled approximately 1.15 billion at the time. Other minorities counted in the census included Christians at 2.3 per cent and at 1.9 per cent. At the time, over 85 per cent of Muslims were Sunni; the rest were Shia.1 At the time of writing, data regarding religion from 2011 census results was not yet available.

Muslims form majorities in Jammu and Kashmir states. There are also large concentrations of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra states.2 Maharashtra, which includes the city of Mumbai, has a Muslim minority population of approximately ten3 or eleven per cent.4 The highest concentration of Muslims in Maharashtra is in and surrounding areas (covering the cities of , Beed, Hingoli, Jalna, , Nanded, and ).5 Estimates put Mumbai‟s Muslim population comparatively high, at between 15 and 18 per cent;6 Muslims are the second largest religious community in Mumbai.7

An article in The Times of India concluded that although there had been no major communal riots in Mumbai since 1992, the city experienced entrenched communal prejudices and had become increasingly ghettoised along religious lines. The article states that “Muslims prefer to

1 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section I 2 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section I 3 Mukherji, A. 2011, „Muslim, Buddhist pockets co-exist in Maharashtra – Report‟, The Times of India, 18 April http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-18/mumbai/29442941_1_buddhists-muslims-educational-status – Accessed 27 October 2011 4Pathak, B.. (undated), „Federalism – Lessons from India‟, Transnational Perspectives website http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article429.pdf – Accessed 27 October 2011 5 Mukherji, A. 2011, „Muslim, Buddhist pockets co-exist in Maharashtra – Report‟, The Times of India, 18 April http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-18/mumbai/29442941_1_buddhists-muslims-educational-status – Accessed 27 October 2011 6 Lakdawala, H. 2011, „Maharashtra Muslims – Low Work Participation Rate, Communal Strife Saps Morale‟, Islamic Voice website, May http://www.islamicvoice.com/May2011/COMMUNITYROUND-UP/ – Accessed 27 October 2011 7 „Mumbai‟s Population‟ (undated), indiaonlinepages.com website http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/mumbai-population.html – Accessed 27 October 2011

Page 1 of 10 settle in certain areas, and for those who don‟t it is difficult to buy or rent apartments in certain 8 areas of the city”.

Mumbai has experienced two significant incidents of extremist activity in recent years. In 2008, a series of coordinated attacks by gunmen in the central business district resulted in almost 200 deaths and hundreds of injuries. India claimed that Pakistani militants were responsible for the attacks.9 In July 2011, another coordinated attack comprised bombings at the opera house, in the south of the city and in the residential area of Dadar. There were reportedly 27 deaths as a result of the bombings and the Indian Mujahideen were generally thought to have been responsible.10 Reports on these incidents suggest elements of religious extremism; however, no reports were located which stated that Muslims were the primary targets for these attacks.

Sources reported some sporadic incidents of communal violence in Maharashtra state more widely, which have resulted in the serious harm of Muslim residents. For instance, in July 2008, a rumour over an alleged insult to the Qur‟an reportedly led to Hindu-Muslim violence in Digras and Pusad, both towns in eastern Maharashtra.11 Police firing during the violence reportedly resulted in two deaths.12 Other reported incidents of note included the following:

 In September 2009, communal violence occurred in Ichalkaranji, located in western Maharashtra, approximately 350 kilometres south-west of Mumbai. Rioting occurred after a disagreement between Hindu and Muslim communities over a publicly displayed cut out of a Hindu King slaying a Muslim knight. At least one person was stabbed and 40 places torched during the rioting.13

 In September 2006, Thane and Marthwada areas saw a clash between residents involved in the Hindu Ganpati festival, and Muslims. Police reportedly quelled the situation in approximately 15 minutes.14

 Also in 2006, a series of bombings, by Hindu extremists in Maharashtra, killed at least 37 people, most of whom were reportedly Muslim pilgrims.15

8 Singh, A. 2010, „Fractured city hopes to keep the peace‟, The Times of India, 28 September http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/mumbai/28247415_1_muslim-community-riots-javed-anand – Accessed 27 October 2011 9 „India – Timeline – a chronology of key events‟ 2011, BBC News, 31 March http://ne ws.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1155813.stm – Accessed 24 August 2011 10 „July Mumbai blasts toll rises to 27 – report‟ 2011, Khaleej Times Online, source: Agence France Presse, 15 September http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/September/international_Septembe r636.xml§ion=international – Accessed 27 October 2011. 11 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section II 12 UK Home Office 2010, Country of Origin Information Report – India, 4 January, p. 73-74 13 „Shoot orders in Maharashtra town‟ 2009, Hindustan Times, 8 September http://www.h industantimes.com/india- news/maharashtra/Shoot-orders-in-Mah arashtra-town/Article1-451412.aspx – Accessed 8 September 2009 14 „Communal Riots 2006‟ 2007, Countercurrents.org website, 5 January http ://www.countercurrents.org/comm- engineer050107.htm – Accessed 9 November 2010 15 „In a pluralistic part of India, fears of rising Islamic extremism‟ 2011, The Washington Post, 4 February http://www.washingtonpost.com/w p-dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020403168_pf.html – Accessed 10 February 2011

Page 2 of 10 According to the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, there were 750 incidents of Hindu-Muslim violence throughout the country in 2009. These incidents resulted in 123 deaths and 2,380 injuries. In 2008, there were 656 incidents, including four riots, which resulted in 123 deaths and 2,272 injuries. The US Department of State contextualises these figures by stating that during their most recent reporting period,”[t]he vast majority of citizens of all religious groups lived in peaceful coexistence and were conscious of religious freedom and minority rights”.16

2. Please provide current information relating to the availability of state protection in India to Muslims fearing religious-based violence.

The US Department of State (USDOS) has reported that the Indian constitution and law provides for religious freedom, and the national government generally enforces the protection of this freedom. Some state and local governments enforce anti-conversion legislation, and do not effectively prosecute perpetrators of violence against minorities.17

The USDOS has further reported that the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the Ministry for Minority Affairs are responsible for investigating allegations of religious discrimination. The NHRC‟s recommendations are not binding, however both central and local authorities reportedly generally follow them. The NHRC has intervened in several cases of harassment and violence against minorities. This includes intervention in high profile cases of religious violence, such as violence against Muslims in Gujarat state in 2002. Furthermore, independent legal institutions and a free press reportedly assist in ensuring religious freedom in India. In sum, the Indian government “provides minorities strong official legal protection, although at times its weak law enforcement, lack of trained police, and overburdened court system played a role in not addressing communal tensions as swiftly as possible”.18

Human Rights Watch published a report in 2009 which supported the position that, in general, enforcement issues at the local level may adversely affect the level of effective protection available from the Indian authorities. For instance, constables reportedly have limited training, and a heavy workload combined with a personnel shortage (one police officer for every 1,037 residents) lead to officers looking for investigative “short cuts”. Officers who are designated crime prevention and investigation duties are often diverted to carry out other duties, including patrolling religious processions, or patrolling demonstrations.19

Furthermore, Human Rights Watch has also alleged that Indian police officers are routinely not held to account for human rights violations.20 In January 2009, Reuters reported that at least 2,000 people had rallied in New Delhi against the alleged targeting of young Muslims for arrest in the wake of 2008 extremist attacks in Mumbai, and in other cities in recent years. Protesters arriving from Uttar Pradesh state reportedly alleged that young Muslims were

16 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section II 17 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section II 18 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section II 19 Human Rights Watch 2009, Broken System – Dysfunction, Abuse, and Impunity in the Indian Police, Human Rights Watch website, August, p. 26-31 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0809web.pdf – Accessed 28 October 2011

20 Human Rights Watch 2010, „India – Human Rights Watch Country Summary India 2010‟, Human Rights Watch website, 1 January http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_materi al/india.pdf – Accessed 11 August 2010

Page 3 of 10 being arrested on “scant evidence”. Furthermore, in Andhra Pradesh state, 21 Muslims found to have been wrongly detained, and tortured, in connection with 2007 bombings were compensated by the government.21 According to Human Rights Watch, police have reportedly extracted false confessions under torture, including from people suspected of Hindu militancy in Maharashtra.22

3. Please provide information relating to the Raza Academy, as well as information relating to the treatment of members of the Raza Academy.

The Raza Academy is a Sunni,23 “socio-religious body”,24 which was founded in Mumbai in 1978.25

According to the Raza Academy website, the organisation was founded with the purpose of printing and publishing Islamic books. A madrassah, linked to the Raza Academy, was also established in 1978. A Mr. Alhaj Mohammed Saeed Noori Sahab, one of the founding members of the Academy, has reportedly been the organisation‟s president since 1986. The website reports that the Academy‟s head office is located in Mumbai, with 37 other offices across India, , South Africa and .26

An article posted on a conservative American security website alleges that in 2004, the head of the Raza Academy threatened to burn Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen if she went to Mumbai. Nasreen had written about poor treatment of Hindus in Bangladesh.27

Several reports cite the Raza Academy‟s criticism of certain elements of popular culture. For example, in October 2011, Academy members protested at Bhendi Bazaar, Mumbai, against the title of Hindi film „Azaan‟. Azaan is the name given to the Islamic call to prayer.28 The Academy had previously expressed concern over at least two films. Firstly, in the 1990s, the Raza Academy objected to a film which portrayed interreligious love.29 Secondly, in 2006, the Academy‟s president stated that the organisation was prepared to hold violent protests in order to stop The Da Vinci Code from being screened in India.30 In November 2010, an Academy member reportedly lodged a complaint with Mumbai police regarding a joke at a

21 „Thousands rally against Muslim persecution in India‟ 2009, Reuters, 29 January http ://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL263007.htm – Accessed 30 January 2009 22 Human Rights Watch 2010, „India – Human Rights Watch Country Summary India 2010‟, Human Rights Watch website, 1 January http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_materi al/india.pdf – Accessed 11 August 2010 23 Wajihuddin, M. 2010, „Muslims mark Babri demolition‟, The Times of India, 7 December http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-07/mumbai/28226438_1_babri-masjid-allahabad-hc-verdict- saeed-noorie – Accessed 26 October 2011 24 Hafeez, M. 2011, „Ulemas to stage 13/7 protest march today‟, The Times of India,16 July http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/mumbai/29781215_1_protest-march-today-ulemas-terrorism – Accessed 26 October 2011 25 „About Us‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 24 October 2011 26 „Islamic Directory‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 24 October 2011 27 Morgan, A. 2007, „Why Must We Be Silent in the Face of Such Outrages?‟, Family Security Matters website, 23 April http://www.fsmarchives.org/article.php?id=918699 – Accessed 27 October 2011 28 Wajihuddin, M. & Dubey, B. 2011, „Row over movie title‟, The Times of India, 8 October http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-08/mumbai/30257811_1_raza-academy-title-hindi-film – Accessed 24 October 2011 29 Bose, N. 2010, „The Central Board of Film Certification Correspondence Files (1992-2002): A Discursive Rhetoric of Moral Panic, “Public” Protest, and Political Pressure‟, Cinema Journal, Vol. 49, No. 3 p. 67-87, University of Texas Press, University of North Carolina Wilmington website http://uncw.edu/filmstudies/faculty/documents/CinemaJournal49.3.bose.pdf – Accessed 26 October 2011 30 „Indian Muslims, Christians Unite Against “Da Vinci”„ 2006, The Journal of Turkish Weekly website, 16 May http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/31835/indian-muslims-christians-unite-against-da-vinci-.html – Accessed 27 October 2011

Page 4 of 10 comedy show which allegedly insulted religion.31 In May 2010, the Raza Academy called for the Indian government to block Facebook for displaying material which it deemed blasphemous.32

The Raza Academy reportedly joined a march against the July 2011 bombings in Mumbai,33 and issued a press release on its website stating that the 2008 attacks in central Mumbai “did not have any connection with ”.34 One report states that the Academy publicly supported the imposition of the death penalty against one Pakistani national who was convicted of murder and other offences related to the 2008 attacks.35

Limited information was located regarding treatment of Raza Academy members. In 2003, The Times of India reported that two Mumbai police officers were accused of assaulting two Academy youths, who were arrested for riding a motorcycle without proper registration. A quote from one of the two young people states “he [an officer] slapped me several times and asked me whether I was a Pakistani”. According to the article, the young man claimed to have been threatened with death when he told police he was a member of the Raza Academy.36

In January 2007, a Raza Academy leader was accused of being involved in the lynching of two police officers. The incident occurred during 2006 riots over a planning issue in Mumbai; construction of a police station was to take place on land which Academy supporters claimed belonged to a mosque.37

4. Please provide information relating to the availability of internal relocation for Muslims fearing harm in and around Mumbai, including information relating to other states of India where Muslims can avoid religious-based ill-treatment.

Indian law provides for freedom of movement within the country, and the government generally respects this in practice. In late 2010, the government repealed the requirement for nationals to apply for special permits to travel to Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland. Such permits, however, are still required to travel to Jammu and Kashmir,38 where Muslims form a majority. Outside of Maharashtra, there are also large concentrations of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala.39

31 „FIR against Shekhar Suman, comedian Bharti, Sony in Mumbai‟ 2010, The Times of India, 28 November http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-28/mumbai/28259429_1_shekhar-suman-entertainment-channel- maharashtra-home-minister – Accessed 27 October 2011 32 „Protest erupts against Facebook invitation to draw Prophet Mohammad images‟ 2010, OneIndia News, 21 May http://news.oneindia.in/2010/05/21/protesterupts-against-facebook-invitation-to-drawpro.html – Accessed 27 October 2011 33 Hafeez, M. 2011, „Ulemas to stage 13/7 protest march today‟, The Times of India,16 July http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/mumbai/29781215_1_protest-march-today-ulemas-terrorism – Accessed 26 October 2011 34 „Raza Academy Condemns blasts in South Mumbai‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 27 October 2011 35 Burney, S.R. 2010, „Jubilation as road ends for Qasab‟, Arab News, 7 May http://arabnews.com/world/article50918.ece – Accessed 26 October 2011 36 „Police officers get clean chit in assault case‟ 2003, The Times of India, 6 May http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-06/mumbai/27281385_1_police-station-police-officers-clean- chit – Accessed 26 October 2011 37 „Raza Academys Bhiwandi chief arrested for murder of cops‟ 2007, Hindu Vivek Kendra website, source: The Indian Express, 6 January http://www.hvk.org/articles/0107/50.html – Accessed 27 October 2011 38 US Department of State 2011, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2010 – India, April, Section 2(d) 39 US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September Section I

Page 5 of 10 According to the UK Home Office, there are no checks by authorities on newcomers arriving from another part of India; local police have neither the resources nor the language abilities to undertake background checks on individuals relocating within India.40 Furthermore, there is no registration system for citizens. It is common for a person not to carry an identity card, although identity cards can be easily forged.41

According to UK Home Office advice of 2008, internal relocation was feasible where the applicant‟s fear is of local police and where a person is not of interest to the central authorities. However, relocation was not considered feasible by the UK Home Office where the applicant‟s fear of ill treatment lies with the central authorities.42

Map A, below, depicts a basic linguistic demography of India. According to this map, Hindi is the majority language in the following northern states: Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The map is undated but the source suggests that it was created circa 2002.43 Hindi is the official language of eight of the nine states listed above; in Chhattisgarh, one of the dialects of Hindi is the official language.44

In addition to these states, the Online Computer Library Center website notes that Hindi is spoken in Punjab state. As a recognised national language, Hindi is also understood by around 40 per cent of the population across India, with the exception of some southern states.45 According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica Online website, Hindi is spoken as a first language by approximately 425 million people across India, and as a second language by an additional 120 million.46 However, Minority Rights Group has reported that most Muslims in the north or India speak .47

Additionally, English is recognised as an “associate” official language to Hindi, and is used predominantly by educated and professional groups, the media, and in administrative contexts.48

40 UK Home Office 2010, Country of Origin Information Report – India, 21 September, Section 20 41 UK Home Office 2010, Country of Origin Information Report – India, 21 September, p.95 42 UK Home Office 2008, Operational Guidance Note – India, April, p.6 43 „Indian Languages‟ (undated), Maps of India website http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/indianlanguages.htm# – Accessed 4 October 2011 44 „A Brief Profile of the Hindi Language‟ (undated), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign – Linguistics Department website http://hindi.linguistics.illinois.edu/documents/ABRIEFPROFILEOFTHEHINDILANGUAGE_000.pdf – Accessed 4 October 2011. 45 „Languages of India‟ (undated), Online Computer Library Center website, http://www.oclc.org/languagesets/educational/languages/india.htm – Accessed 7 February 2008 46 „Hindi language‟ (undated), Encyclopedia Britannica Online website http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266241/Hindi-language – Accessed 4 October 2011 47 Minority Rights Group International 2008, „India – Muslims‟, Minority Rights Group International website, December http: //www.minorityrights.org/5653/india/muslims.html – Accessed 12 August 2011 48 „Languages of India‟ (undated), Online Computer Library Center website, http://www.oclc.org/languagesets/educational/languages/india.htm – Accessed 7 February 2008

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Page 7 of 10 References

„A Brief Profile of the Hindi Language‟ (undated), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign – Linguistics Department website http://hindi.linguistics.illinois.edu/documents/ABRIEFPROFILEOFTHEHINDILANGUAGE_00 0.pdf – Accessed 4 October 2011.

„About Us‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 24 October 2011.

„Communal Riots 2006‟ 2007, Countercurrents.org website, 5 January http ://www.countercurrents.org/comm-engineer050107.htm – Accessed 9 November 2010. (CISNET India CX253014)

„FIR against Shekhar Suman, comedian Bharti, Sony in Mumbai‟ 2010, The Times of India, 28 November http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-28/mumbai/28259429_1_shekhar- suman-entertainment-channel-maharashtra-home-minister – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Hindi language‟ (undated), Encyclopedia Britannica Online website http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266241/Hindi-language – Accessed 4 October 2011.

„In a pluralistic part of India, fears of rising Islamic extremism‟ 2011, The Washington Post, 4 February http://www.washingtonpost.com/w p- dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020403168_pf.html – Accessed 10 February 2011. (CISNET India CX258160)

„Indian Muslims, Christians Unite Against “Da Vinci”„ 2006, The Journal of Turkish Weekly website, 16 May http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/31835/indian-muslims-christians-unite- against-da-vinci-.html – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Islamic Directory‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 24 October 2011.

„July Mumbai blasts toll rises to 27 – report‟ 2011, Khaleej Times Online, source: Agence France Presse, 15 September http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/September/inte rnational_September636.xml§ion=international – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Languages of India‟ (undated), Online Computer Library Center website, http://www.oclc.org/languagesets/educational/languages/india.htm – Accessed 7 February 2008.

„Mumbai‟s Population‟ (undated), indiaonlinepages.com website http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/mumbai-population.html – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Police officers get clean chit in assault case‟ 2003, The Times of India, 6 May http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-06/mumbai/27281385_1_police-station- police-officers-clean-chit – Accessed 26 October 2011.

„Protest erupts against Facebook invitation to draw Prophet Mohammad images‟ 2010, OneIndia News, 21 May http://news.oneindia.in/2010/05/21/protesterupts-against-facebook-invitation-to- drawpro.html – Accessed 27 October 2011.

Page 8 of 10 „Raza Academy Condemns blasts in South Mumbai‟ (undated), Raza Academy website http://www.razaacademy.com/ – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Raza Academy‟s Bhiwandi chief arrested for murder of cops‟ 2007, Hindu Vivek Kendra website, source: The Indian Express, 6 January http://www.hvk.org/articles/0107/50.html – Accessed 27 October 2011.

„Shoot orders in Maharashtra town‟ 2009, Hindustan Times, 8 September http://www.h industantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra/Shoot-orders-in-Mah arashtra-town/Article1- 451412.aspx – Accessed 8 September, 2009. (CISNET India CX232948)

„Thousands rally against Muslim persecution in India‟ 2009, Reuters, 29 January http ://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL263007.htm - Accessed 30 January, 2009. (CISNET India CX219421)

Bose, N. 2010, „The Central Board of Film Certification Correspondence Files (1992-2002): A Discursive Rhetoric of Moral Panic, “Public” Protest, and Political Pressure‟, Cinema Journal, Vol. 49, No. 3, University of Texas Press, University of North Carolina Wilmington website http://uncw.edu/filmstudies/faculty/documents/CinemaJournal49.3.bose.pdf – Accessed 26 October 2011.

Burney, S.R. 2010, „Jubilation as road ends for Qasab‟, Arab News, 7 May http://arabnews.com/world/article50918.ece – Accessed 26 October 2011.

Hafeez, M. 2011, „Ulemas to stage 13/7 protest march today‟, The Times of India, 16 July http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-16/mumbai/29781215_1_protest-march- today-ulemas-terrorism – Accessed 26 October 2011.

Human Rights Watch 2009, Broken System – Dysfunction, Abuse, and Impunity in the Indian Police, Human Rights Watch website, August http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0809web.pdf – Accessed 28 October 2011.

Human Rights Watch 2010, „India – Human Rights Watch Country Summary India 2010‟, Human Rights Watch website, 1 January http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/related_materi al/india.pdf – Accessed 11 August, 2010. (CISNET India CX247296)

Lakdawala, H. 2011, „Maharashtra Muslims – Low Work Participation Rate, Communal Strife Saps Morale‟, Islamic Voice website, May http://www.islamicvoice.com/May2011/COMMUNITYROUND-UP/ – Accessed 27 October 2011. Minority Rights Group International 2008, „India – Muslims‟, Minority Rights Group International website, December http: //www.minorityrights.org/5653/india/muslims.html – Accessed 12 August. (CISNET India CX270672)

Morgan, A. 2007, „Why Must We Be Silent in the Face of Such Outrages?‟, Family Security Matters website, 23 April http://www.fsmarchives.org/article.php?id=918699 – Accessed 27 October 2011.

Mukherji, A. 2011, „Muslim, Buddhist pockets co-exist in Maharashtra – Report‟, The Times of India, 18 April http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04- 18/mumbai/29442941_1_buddhists-muslims-educational-status – Accessed 27 October 2011.

Pathak, B. (undated), „Federalism – Lessons from India‟, Transnational Perspectives website

Page 9 of 10 http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article429.pdf – Accessed 27 October 2011.

Singh, A. 2010, „Fractured city hopes to keep the peace‟, The Times of India, 28 September http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/mumbai/28247415_1_muslim- community-riots-javed-anand – Accessed 27 October 2011.

UK Home Office 2010, Country of Origin Information Report – India, 21 September.

UK Home Office 2010, Country of Origin Information Report – India, 4 January.

UK Home Office 2008, Operational Guidance Note – India, April.

US Department of State 2011, International Religious Freedom Report (July-December) – India, 13 September.

Wajihuddin, M. & Dubey, B. 2011, „Row over movie title‟, The Times of India, 8 October http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-08/mumbai/30257811_1_raza-academy-title- hindi-film – Accessed 24 October 2011.

Wajihuddin, M. 2010, „Muslims mark Babri demolition‟, The Times of India, 7 December http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-07/mumbai/28226438_1_babri-masjid- allahabad-hc-verdict-saeed-noorie – Accessed 26 October 2011.

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