DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Differentiation of Populations of the Threatened Saproxylic Beetle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, , –. With 4 figures. Genetic differentiation of populations of the threatened saproxylic beetle Rosalia longicorn, Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Central and South-east Europe LUKAS DRAG1,2*, DAVID HAUCK2,SANDOR BERCES 3, JAKUB MICHALCEWICZ4, 5 6 1,2 LUCIJA SERIC JELASKA , SANDRA AURENHAMMER and LUKAS CIZEK 1Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic 2Biology Centre CAS, v. v. i., Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic 3Duna-Ipoly National Park Directorate, Kolto utca 21, 1121, Budapest, Hungary 4Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Krakow, Poland 5Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia 6Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Bergmanngasse 22, 8010, Graz, Austria Received 21 April 2015; revised 16 June 2015; accepted for publication 16 June 2015 Knowledge of patterns of genetic diversity in populations of threatened species is vital for their effective conservation. Rosalia longicorn (Rosalia alpina) is an endangered and strictly protected beetle. Despite a marked decline in part of its range, the beetle has recently expanded to the lowlands of Central Europe. To facilitate a better understanding of the species’ biology, recent expansion and more effective conservation measures, we investigated patterns of genetic structure among 32 populations across Central and South-east Europe. Eight microsatellite loci and a partial mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) were used as markers. Both markers showed a significant decline in genetic diversity with latitude, suggesting a glacial refugium in north- western Greece. The cluster analysis of the nuclear marker indicated the existence of two genetically distinct lineages meeting near the border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians. By contrast, one widespread mtDNA haplotype was dominant in most populations, leading to the assumption that a rapid expansion of a single lineage occurred across the study area. The genetic differentiation among populations from the north- western part of the study area was, however, surprisingly low. They lacked any substructure and isolation-by- distance on a scale of up to 600 km. This result suggests a strong dispersal capacity of the species, as well as a lack of migration barriers throughout the study area. That the lowland populations are closely related to those from the nearby mountains indicates repeated colonization of the lowlands. Our results further suggest that R. alpina mostly lives in large, open populations. Large-scale conservation measures need to be applied to allow for its continued existence. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 00, 000–000. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: beech – conservation – Natura 2000 – phylogeography – post-glacial recolo- nization – xylophagous insect. INTRODUCTION development of wide-scale conservation strategies and the use of management actions according to the An understanding of the patterns of genetic diversity current needs (Avise et al., 1987; Moritz, 1994). Pop- in populations of threatened species enables the ulation genetic structure is determined by genetic isolation, which is governed by the forces of genetic *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] drift, natural selection, and gene flow (Slatkin, © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, , – 1 2 L. DRAG ET AL. 1987). Furthermore, restrictions in the landscape known to occur in Western (Picard, 1929) and South- permeability can reduce gene flow between habitat eastern (Serafim & Maincan, 2008) Europe. Recently, patches and decrease the effective population size. they have also been repeatedly reported in Central Such populations are then more prone to the effects Europe, mostly from the floodplains of the Danube of genetic drift that decrease genetic diversity and and its tributaries (Jendek & Jendek, 2006; Cizek inhibit adaptability to a changing environment et al., 2009; Hovorka, 2011). As a result of a lack of (Frankham, Ballou & Briscoe, 2002). Simple conser- earlier records, it has been proposed that the beetle vation of species that neglects to consider its popula- spread to the lowlands of Central Europe only tion structure may thus fail to address isolated and recently (Cizek et al., 2009). Such a sudden expan- genetically eroded populations or, by contrast, reveal sion into the previously unexploited habitat accompa- the reservoirs of genetic diversity such as glacial nied by a switch in the host plant may indicate the refugia. Consequently, a broad range of molecular existence of distinct ecotypes of the species, associ- techniques have been used to understand the nature ated with upland and lowland forests or beech and of population structure, and they become an impor- other hosts. tant tool in many studies of threatened and protected Two scenarios for the colonization of Central species (Sunnucks, 2000; Morin, Luikart & Wayne, European lowlands were proposed, including down- 2004; Behura, 2006). slope colonization by nearby upland populations Saproxylic insects are a diverse group with high and colonization by a lowland population from else- ecological and economical importance (Grove, 2002). where (Cizek et al., 2009). A shift of upland popula- Genetic structure has occasionally been studied in tions to lowlands would either require a change in the important pest species (Horn et al., 2006, 2009; the species’ host and/or habitat preference or in the Salle et al., 2007; Carter, Smith & Harrison, 2010). quality of the newly-colonized habitat. Colonization The saproxylic guild, however, also contains a num- by a lowland population originating outside the ber of threatened species, and some of them serve as region would suggest the existence of a lowland lin- models for ecology, conservation biology, and/or as eage, adapted to different habitats and hosts. The umbrella species (Ranius, 2002; Buse, Schroder & host-associated population structure, in which popu- Assmann, 2007). Despite that, very little is known lations exploiting different resources are genetically about their population genetics, and this may com- distinct (Stireman, Nason & Heard, 2005; Ferrari promise conservation efforts; but see also Cox et al. et al., 2012), is well documented in phytophagous (2013); Oleksa et al. (2013); Solano et al. (2013); insects and demonstrates how the environment can Drag & Cizek (2014); Oleksa et al. (2015). impact gene flow, even in the absence of physical The Rosalia longicorn (Rosalia alpina; Linnaeus, barriers (Feder et al., 1994; Via, Bouck & Skillman, 1758) is an endangered and strictly protected saprox- 2000). ylic beetle. It is listed as a priority species under the In the present study, we analyzed parts of nuclear European Union (EU) Habitats Directive, which (microsatellites) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxi- makes it an icon of invertebrate conservation in Eur- dase subunit I; COI) DNA of > 30 populations of ope. Its distribution range covers most of Europe; R. alpina from Central and South-east Europe aim- from the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Carpathians, to ing to identify the patterns of their genetic diversity Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Urals (Sama, 2002). and phylogeographical structure. A broad range of In the south, the beetle reaches Corsica, Sicily, the statistical methods were applied to test hypothe- Greece, and the Turkish province of Hatay. In the ses about presumed refugia and species history. By north, the species has experienced substantial comparing the genetic structure of populations from retreat because it has disappeared from Scandinavia, lowlands and nearby mountains, we attempted to most of Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic reveal the relationship between populations originat- (Slama, 1998; Lindhe, Jeppsson & Ehnstrom,€ 2011; ing from different habitats. Information on patterns Michalcewicz & Ciach, 2015). Despite a notable of genetic diversity in R. alpina populations may decline, the distribution of the species is rather con- increase our knowledge of the species’ biology and tinuous in two large mountain systems: in the Alps facilitate more effective conservation. and the Carpathians, as well as on the Balkan Peninsula (Slama, 1998; Gepp, 2002; Duelli & Wer- melinger, 2005). MATERIAL AND METHODS Although generally considered a montane species associated with European beech Fagus sylvatica L. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND DNA EXTRACTION (Heyrovsky, 1955; Slama, 1998), R. alpina also The material analyzed included beetles from 33 local- inhabits lowlands and utilizes a wide range of broad- ities in Central and South-east Europe, thus covering leaved trees. The lowland populations were for long a significant part of the species’ distribution in © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, , – POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF ROSALIA ALPINA 3 A B Figure 1. A, localization and the genetic structure of 32 populations (full names are listed in Table 1) of the Rosalia longicorn (Rosalia alpina) based on eight microsatellite loci. Each pie chart represents a proportion of membership of individuals from a given population in each of the two clusters indicated by the Bayesian clustering analysis (STRUC- TURE). Grey surface represents the area above 800 m
Recommended publications
  • The Burial of the Urban Poor in Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire

    The Burial of the Urban Poor in Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire

    Death, disposal and the destitute: The burial of the urban poor in Italy in the late Republic and early Empire Emma-Jayne Graham Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield December 2004 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk The following have been excluded from this digital copy at the request of the university: Fig 12 on page 24 Fig 16 on page 61 Fig 24 on page 162 Fig 25 on page 163 Fig 26 on page 164 Fig 28 on page 168 Fig 30on page 170 Fig 31 on page 173 Abstract Recent studies of Roman funerary practices have demonstrated that these activities were a vital component of urban social and religious processes. These investigations have, however, largely privileged the importance of these activities to the upper levels of society. Attempts to examine the responses of the lower classes to death, and its consequent demands for disposal and commemoration, have focused on the activities of freedmen and slaves anxious to establish or maintain their social position. The free poor, living on the edge of subsistence, are often disregarded and believed to have been unceremoniously discarded within anonymous mass graves (puticuli) such as those discovered at Rome by Lanciani in the late nineteenth century. This thesis re-examines the archaeological and historical evidence for the funerary practices of the urban poor in Italy within their appropriate social, legal and religious context. The thesis attempts to demonstrate that the desire for commemoration and the need to provide legitimate burial were strong at all social levels and linked to several factors common to all social strata.
  • On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)

    On the Months (De Mensibus) (Lewiston, 2013)

    John Lydus On the Months (De mensibus) Translated with introduction and annotations by Mischa Hooker 2nd edition (2017) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations .......................................................................................... iv Introduction .............................................................................................. v On the Months: Book 1 ............................................................................... 1 On the Months: Book 2 ............................................................................ 17 On the Months: Book 3 ............................................................................ 33 On the Months: Book 4 January ......................................................................................... 55 February ....................................................................................... 76 March ............................................................................................. 85 April ............................................................................................ 109 May ............................................................................................. 123 June ............................................................................................ 134 July ............................................................................................. 140 August ........................................................................................ 147 September ................................................................................
  • January 13 15 Announcement Was

    January 13 15 Announcement Was

    ... 1966 ... January 6 Announcement was made that the tuition was being raised at the beginning of the fall session; $900 for students presently enrolled and $1000 for the incoming Freshman class. Two Indian Sisters, Sister Angel Marie and Sister Selegrina made their final vows at the College Chapel. Father John Reilly officiated. Reverend John Reilly held a forum for all interested students at 7 p. m.­ Miley Dining Room. "Contraception and Birth Control" was the subject of discussion. 7 Dr. John R. Edwards of the Boston office of Higher Education Facilities visited Salve Regina this morning. Sister Mary Columcille and Sister Mary Magdala spoke at Vernon Court at the invitation of Mr. Patterson. 8 Sister Mary Emily and Sister Mary Rosalia attended a meeting at the Better World Movement House with Sister Mary Josetta and Sister Mary Cleophas of Baltimore. From there they went to Philadelphia for the meeting of the Assoication of American Colleges from January 10-13. 9 Student Council Tea was held in State Dining Room from 2-4 p. m . A musical concert by Miss Nancy Hallas was given in Great Hall at 8 p. m. 11 Reverend Robert Mc Nally, S. J . who has been a member of the Brown Faculty for the past semester spoke in the Great Hall on "Problems of the Post-Conciliar Church." He was accompanied by Robert Ferrick, S. J . 13 Meeting of the Home Economics Association in East Greenwich attended by Sister Mary Joannes, Sister Mary Christopher, and Sister Mary Petronilla. Sister Mary Christopher acted as profiler. 15 The Snow Ball was held at Cliff Walk Manor for the benefit of the year book.
  • The Pomegranate Pattern in Italian Renaissance Textiles

    The Pomegranate Pattern in Italian Renaissance Textiles

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 1994 The omegP ranate Pattern in Italian Renaissance Textiles: Origins and Influence Rosalia Bonito Fanelli Museo del Tessuto, Firenze, Italy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Materials Conservation Commons, Art Practice Commons, Fashion Design Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Fine Arts Commons, and the Museum Studies Commons Fanelli, Rosalia Bonito, "The omeP granate Pattern in Italian Renaissance Textiles: Origins and Influence" (1994). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 1042. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/1042 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Fanelli, Rosalia Bonito. “The Pomegranate Pattern in Italian Renaissance Textiles: Origins and Influence.” Contact, Crossover, Continuity: Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America, September 22–24, 1994 (Los Angeles, CA: Textile Society of America, Inc., 1995). THE POMEGRANATE PATTERN IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE TEXTILES: ORIGINS AND INFLUENCE 1 ROSALIA BONITO FANELLI Museo del Tessuto. Prato: Via Puccinotti 105. 50129 Firenze. Italy THE NINETEENTH CENTURY TRADITION The term 11 pomegranate mot-if 11 includes a series of vegetal patterns - the pine cone. the artichoke. the thistle. variants of the tree-of-life motif. and. in particular. the lotus and the palmette. These last two patterns were closely studied by Alois Riegl in his 1893 work.
  • Iron Horse State Park Master Plan Addendum Iron Horse Palouse – Malden to Idaho Border

    Iron Horse State Park Master Plan Addendum Iron Horse Palouse – Malden to Idaho Border

    MASTER PLAN IRON HORSE STATE PARK MASTER PLAN ADDENDUM IRON HORSE PALOUSE – MALDEN TO IDAHO BORDER WASHINGTON STATE PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION Approved March 27, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................... 1 STUDY AREA .............................................................................................................................................. 1 RECREATION USE ...................................................................................................................................... 3 RECREATION SERVICE AREA ...................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: EXISTING CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 5 STUDY APPROACH ..................................................................................................................................... 5 LAND OWNERSHIP .................................................................................................................................... 5 EXISTING BRIDGES ..................................................................................................................................... 5 REMOVED BRIDGES
  • Reading Death in Ancient Rome

    Reading Death in Ancient Rome

    Reading Death in Ancient Rome Reading Death in Ancient Rome Mario Erasmo The Ohio State University Press • Columbus Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erasmo, Mario. Reading death in ancient Rome / Mario Erasmo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-1092-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-1092-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Death in literature. 2. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Rome. 3. Mourning cus- toms—Rome. 4. Latin literature—History and criticism. I. Title. PA6029.D43E73 2008 870.9'3548—dc22 2008002873 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978-0-8142-1092-5) CD-ROM (978-0-8142-9172-6) Cover design by DesignSmith Type set in Adobe Garamond Pro by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI 39.48-1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION Reading Death CHAPTER 1 Playing Dead CHAPTER 2 Staging Death CHAPTER 3 Disposing the Dead 5 CHAPTER 4 Disposing the Dead? CHAPTER 5 Animating the Dead 5 CONCLUSION 205 Notes 29 Works Cited 24 Index 25 List of Figures 1. Funerary altar of Cornelia Glyce. Vatican Museums. Rome. 2. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus. Vatican Museums. Rome. 7 3. Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus (background). Vatican Museums. Rome. 68 4. Epitaph of Rufus.
  • Thesis for the Degree Of

    Thesis for the Degree Of

    Reconfiguring the Universe: The Contest for Time and Space in the Roman Imperial Cults and 1 Peter Submitted by Wei Hsien Wan to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology and Religion February 2016 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ……………………………………………………………………………… Abstract Evaluations of the stance of 1 Peter toward the Roman Empire have for the most part concluded that its author adopted a submissive or conformist posture toward imperial authority and influence. Recently, however, David Horrell and Travis Williams have argued that the letter engages in a subtle, calculated (“polite”) form of resistance to Rome that has often gone undetected. Nevertheless, discussion of the matter has remained largely focused on the letter’s stance toward specific Roman institutions, such as the emperor, household structures, and the imperial cults. Taking the conversation beyond these confines, the present work examines 1 Peter’s critique of the Empire from a wider angle, looking instead to the letter’s ideology or worldview. Using James Scott’s work to think about ideological resistance against domination, I consider how the imperial cults of Anatolia and 1 Peter offered distinct constructions of time and space—that is, how they envisioned reality differently.
  • Pa Louse to Cascades State Park Tr a Il

    Pa Louse to Cascades State Park Tr a Il

    "( ride the )" DES SCA STAT A ER TR E C IONE AIL / P E P M A O N ILW T AY A R U W K K E N E S H E O T U J R O R E A O H D A T L R Y I L A A L R I L E P WAYNE PION R HN EE JO R O M R A WAGONSWAGONS andand RIDERSRIDERS D O www.johnwaynetrailride.comwww.johnwaynetrailride.com F ) ( 2 0 O 0 H + A M D i I le TO s F N ROM EASTO Come Join Us On "( THE RIDE OF A LIFETIME )" ARE YOU TOUGH ENOUGH TO RIDE WITH US? For more information visit: johnwaynetrailride.com Over the years the Cross State Ride has become a diverse group of Sojourners from around the world coming together to enjoy the trail, the beauty of Washington state, and the unique communities along the way. The group consists of horses & riders, wagons, cy- clists, and hikers. There are also some who come just for the time to stay in camp, visit, and welcome back the weary travelers. No matter the mode of travel everyone finishes the day with stories unique to their group. Horse and riders make up the largest group on the cross-state ride. Through rain, snow, sleet, and heat they keep traveling down the trail. This ride provides a unique opportunity for the horse and rid- er to build a bond that you don’t always get in other situations both with each other and those they see on the trail.

  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09211-2 - Roman Festivals in the Greek East: From the Early Empire to the Middle Byzantine Era Fritz Graf Index More information Index Acca Larentia, 191 Apuleius, 192, 203, 276, 284 acclamations, 178, 236, 315 Arcadius, 122 Adam, 69 Ares, festival of, 64 n. 13 Aelia Eudocia, 243, 257 Aristophanes, 33, 36 Aelius Tubero, frg. 3, 165 army Aigai, Asklepieion, 52, 253, 263, 320 festivals, 64, 71, 76, 100 Akraiphia, 22 and Parilia, 83 Akraiphia, Ptoia, 18–20 and Saturnalia, 87 alapa and manumission, 196 and Vota, 74, 87 Alaric, Breviarium, 123 Artemis Orthia, altar of, Sparta, 35 Albinus. See Caeionius Rufius A. Ascension (festival), 125, 231 Alexander of Tralleis, on amulets, 301 Asklepios, 29, 37, 244, 246, 256, 259 Alföldy, Géza, 15 in Aigai, 253 Almoura (Lydia), 26 Asterius of Amaseia, 74 Ambarvalia, 46 on festivals, 138 Ambrose, on amulets, 298 Hom. 4, On the Kalendae, 138–140 Amphiaraos, 246 on Kalendae, 75 amulet, 274, 288–294, 312 and Libanius, 139 Church opposition, 295–303 astrology, 277, 280 from Beirut, 292 Athanasius from Laodikeia, 290 on amulets, 298 from Oxyrrhynchos, 291 Canons, 121, 281 from Tyre (?), 290 Athena Pammousos, 43 from Xanthos, 293 Athenaios of Naukratis, Deipn. 8.63, 93 in Bern, 291 Athens, Asklepieion, 256 in Byzantine law, 303 Atto of Vercelli, Sermo III in festo Octavae Anastasi, Giovanni, 282 Domini, 215 Andania, mysteries, 26–27 Augustine, 113, 144, 159, 161, 169, 294, 317 Andromachus, 168 amulets, 297 angels, 268, 269, 270, 289, 292, 293 Christmas and Epiphany, 121 Antioch, 103 De civ.
  • Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Convention Relative À La Conservation De La Vie Sauvage Et Du Milieu Naturel De L'europe

    Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Convention Relative À La Conservation De La Vie Sauvage Et Du Milieu Naturel De L'europe

    European Treaty Series - No. 104 Série des traités européens – n° 104 Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats Convention relative à la conservation de la vie sauvage et du milieu naturel de l'Europe Bern/Berne, 19.IX.1979 Appendix II – STRICTLY PROTECTED FAUNA SPECIES Annexe II – ESPÈCES DE FAUNE STRICTEMENT PROTÉGÉES (*) (Med.) = in the Mediterranean/en Méditerranée VERTEBRATES/VERTÉBRÉS Mammals/Mammifères Birds/Oiseaux Reptiles Amphibians/Amphibiens Fish/Poissons INVERTEBRATES/INVERTÉBRÉS Arthropods/Arthropodes Molluscs/Mollusques Echinoderms/Échinodermes Cnidarians/Cnidaires Sponges/Éponges Notes to Appendix II / Notes à l'annexe II _____ (*) Status in force since 1 March 2002. Appendices are regularly revised by the Standing Committee. Etat en vigueur depuis le 1er mars 2002. Les annexes sont régulièrement révisées par le Comité permanent. ETS/STE 104 – Bern Convention / Convention de Berne (Appendix/Annexe II), 19.IX.1979 __________________________________________________________________________________ VERTEBRATES/VERTÉBRÉS Mammals/Mammifères INSECTIVORA Erinaceidae * Atelerix algirus (Erinaceus algirus) Soricidae * Crocidura suaveolens ariadne (Crodidura ariadne) * Crocidura russula cypria (Crocidura cypria) Crocidura canariensis Talpidae Desmana moschata Galemys pyrenaicus (Desmana pyrenaica) MICROCHIROPTERA all species except Pipistrellus pipistrellus toutes les espèces à l'exception de Pipistrellus pipistrellus RODENTIA Sciuridae Pteromys volans (Sciuropterus russicus) Sciurus anomalus
  • Dynamics of Identity in the World of the Early Christians

    Dynamics of Identity in the World of the Early Christians

    Dynamics of Identity in the World of the Early Christians Associations, Judeans, and Cultural Minorities Philip A. Harland 2009 Th e Continuum International Publishing Group Inc 80 Maiden Lane, New York, NY 10038 Th e Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd Th e Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX www.continuumbooks.com Copyright © 2009 by Philip A. Harland All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the writt en permission of the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 9780567613288 For Cheryl, Nathaniel, and Justin Contents Illustrations ix Preface xi Map: Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire xiv Introduction 1 Part 1: Judean and Christian Identities in the Context of Associations 23 1. Associations and Group Identity among Judeans and Christians 25 2. Local Cultural Life and Christian Identity: “Christ-Bearers” and “Fellow-Initiates” 47 Part 2: Familial Dimensions of Group Identity 61 3. “Brothers” in Associations and Congregations 63 4. “Mothers” and “Fathers” in Associations and Synagogues 82 Part 3: Identity and Acculturation among Judeans and Other Ethnic Associations 97 5. Other Diasporas: Immigrants, Ethnic Identities, and Acculturation 99 6. Interaction and Integration: Judean Families and Guilds at Hierapolis 123 Part 4: Group Interactions and Rivalries 143 7. Group Rivalries and Multiple Identities: Associations at Sardis and Smyrna 145 8.
  • I Introduction

    I Introduction

    I INTRODUCTION Angelos Chaniotis - 9789047428275 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:44:43AM via free access THE DYNAMICS OF RITUALS IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE Angelos Chaniotis 1. Ritual Displacement The Roman envoys sent to settle affairs in the East after Rome‟s victory over Macedonia in 167 BC must have been shocked at the spectacle that awaited them in Nikomedeia, the capital of the kingdom of Bithynia.1 They expected to meet Prusias, king of Bithynia, a friend and ally of the Roman people. But the man who appeared in front of them had his head shaved and was wearing the attire of a Roman freedman: a white cap, toga, and boots. The king, in this „theatrical costume‟ (δηαζθεπή), stretched out his right hand to the envoys and greeted them with the words: “Behold your freedman, who is willing to endear himself to you and emulate all your customs.” Polybius, our source, describes another bizarre scene with the same protagonist, this time in Rome: When he came to the entrance that leads to the senate, he stood at the little door facing the council and, lowering both his hands to the ground, he prostrated himself in front of the threshold and those who were seated and exclaimed: „hail, you saviour gods!‟ In Nikomedeia, Prusias performed a Roman social ritual, in Rome a Greek religious one: lying entirely flat on the ground in front of a divinity, a practice known both from literary sources and from iconography.2 The ritual of πξνζθπλεῖλ or γνλππεηεῖλ, primarily attested in connection with saviour gods, was often associated with supplication and primarily performed by women.