Managing Squarrose Knapweed
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Montana Knapweeds
Biology, Ecology and Management of Montana Knapweeds EB0204 revised August 2017 Celestine Duncan, Consultant, Weed Management Services, Helena, MT Jim Story, Research Professor, retired, MSU Western Ag Research Center, Corvallis, MT Roger Sheley, former MSU Extension Weed Specialist, Bozeman, MT revised by Hilary Parkinson, former MSU Research Associate, and Jane Mangold, MSU Extension Invasive Plant Specialist Table of Contents Plant Biology . 3 SpeedyWeed ID . 5 Ecology . 4 Habitat . 4 Spread and Establishment Potential . 6 Damage Potential . 7 Origins, Current Status and Distribution . 8 Management Alternatives . 8 Prevention . 8 Mechanical Control . .9 Cultural Control . .10 Biological Control . .11 Chemical Control . .14 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) . 16 Additional Resources . 17 Acknowledgements . .19 COVER PHOTOS large - spotted knapweed by Marisa Williams, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, bugwood.org top inset - diffuse knapweed by Cindy Roche, bugwood.org bottom inset - Russain knapweed by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, bugwood.org Any mention of products in this publication does not constitute a recommendation by Montana State University Extension. It is a violation of Federal law to use herbicides in a manner inconsistent with their labeling. Copyright © 2017 MSU Extension The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Montana State University and Montana State University Extension prohibit discrimination in all of their programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital and family status. Issued in furtherance of cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jeff Bader, Director of Extension, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717. -
Biological Control of Noxious Weeds in Oregon
Biological Control of What is Biological Weed Control? DALMATIAN TOADFLAX GORSE Linaria dalmatica Ulex europaeus Invasive noxious weeds in Oregon cost millions of dollars It is important to make sure the correct species of biocontrol Key to Biocontrol Agent Status Noxious Weeds in Oregon in economic and environmental damage. Biological agents are released, to use the most effective species, and to Gorse seed weevil control is a tool vegetation managers employ to help The following general information is provided for each document the release and establishment of weed biocontrol Exapion ulicis naturally suppress weed infestations. This pamphlet agents. biocontrol agent. shows many of the common biological agents you may Year: 1956 Distribution: Widespread A guide to common biological Since 1947, 77 species of biocontrol agents have been released Year: Year of introduction. encounter in Oregon. Attack rate: Heavy Control: Good control agents found in Oregon in Oregon against 32 species of targeted weeds. A total of Distribution: Distribution of agent in host infested counties. Collectability: Mass Release No. 100 Classical biological control is the use of selected natural Dalmatian toadflax stem weevil 67 species are established. The majority of the bioagents Widespread >50% Limited <50% Timing: Apr–May Method: Sweep net/ enemies to control targeted weeds. Most of our worst are insects (71), plus three mites, one nematode, and two Mecinus janthiniformis racquet Stage: Adult Comment: No need for Attack rate: noxious weeds originated from other continents. pathogens. Successful projects can generate 15:1 benefit to Percent of plants attacked. Year: 2001 Distribution: Widespread redistribution. Prospective biocontrol agents are thoroughly tested to cost ratios. -
13 SPOTTED KNAPWEED PEST STATUS of WEED Nature Of
In: Van Driesche, R., et al., 2002, Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, 413 p. 13 SPOTTED KNAPWEED J. Story Montana State University, Western Agricultural Research Center, Corvallis, Montana, USA runoff and soil sedimentation (Lacey et al., 1989), and PEST STATUS OF WEED lowers plant diversity (Tyser and Key, 1988). Spot- Spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, is ted knapweed produces an allelopathic compound a purple-flowered, herbaceous, perennial weed, liv- that reduces germination of some grass species ing three to five years on average. It infests semiarid (Kelsey and Locken, 1987). range lands in the western United States and road- Geographical Distribution sides and fields in the eastern part of the country. Infested areas are dominated by the plant, reducing Spotted knapweed is native to Europe and western their grazing value and suppressing native plant com- Asia but has become widespread in parts of the munities. The plant, originally from Central Asia, has United States and Canada. The plant occurs through- been in North America for over 120 years. out the United States except for Alaska, Texas, Okla- homa, Mississippi, and Georgia (USDA, NRCS, Nature of Damage 2001). The plant is a serious invader of rangeland in Economic damage. Spotted knapweed is a serious the Rocky Mountain region. In Montana alone, the problem on rangeland, especially in the western plant infests an estimated 1.9 million ha of rangeland United States. Bucher (1984) estimated that an and pasture (Lacey, 1989). In Canada, the plant is 800,000 ha infestation in Montana was causing $4.5 abundant in British Columbia, and is common in million in annual forage losses, and that invasion of Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes (Watson and 13.6 million ha of vulnerable rangeland in Montana Renney, 1974). -
Field Cage Assessment of Interference Among Insects Attacking Seed Heads of Spotted and Diffuse Knapweed L
This article was downloaded by: [USDA National Agricultural Library] On: 18 September 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 731703660] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Biocontrol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713409232 Field cage assessment of interference among insects attacking seed heads of spotted and diffuse knapweed L. Smith a; M. Mayer b a USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA b USDA-ARS, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, MT, USA Online Publication Date: 01 August 2005 To cite this Article Smith, L. and Mayer, M.(2005)'Field cage assessment of interference among insects attacking seed heads of spotted and diffuse knapweed',Biocontrol Science and Technology,15:5,427 — 442 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09583150400016902 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150400016902 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. -
Field Guidecontrol of Weeds
US Department of Agriculture FOR THE BIOLOGICALFIELD GUIDECONTROL OF WEEDS IN THE NORTHWEST Rachel Winston, Carol Bell Randall, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, Alec McClay, Jennifer Andreas and Mark Schwarzländer Forest Health Technology FHTET-2014-08 Enterprise Team May 2014 he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in T1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos: Aphthona nigriscutis (R. Richard, USDA APHIS), Mecinus spp. (Bob Richard, USDA APHIS PPQ), Chrysolina hypericic quadrigemina, Eustenopus villosus (Laura Parsons & Mark Schwarzländer, University of Idaho), Cyphocleonus achates (Jennifer Andreas, Washington State University Extension) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. -
Classical Biocontrol of Weeds: Its Definitions, Selection of Effective Agents, and Administrative-Political Problems1
Reprinted with permission from: The Canadian Entomologist. 1991. 123:827-849. Published and copyrighted by: Entomological Society of Canada. Email: [email protected] Classical biocontrol of weeds: Its definitions, selection of effective agents, and 1 administrative-political problems P. HARRIS Abstract: Dilemmas in weed biocontrol are wide ranging. Even the term biological control is confusing as meanings may be restricted to the use of parasites and predators or extend to the use of all non-chemical means of control. Another problem is that two-thirds of the agents released do not become numerous enough to inflict major damage to the weed population, al- though this statistic is misleading as it includes agents costing little in pre- release studies where failure is of little consequence and those costing about two scientist years each, or currently about $400,000. Many of the suggestions for improvement are costly and time consuming. Delay is un- acceptable where agent release is seen by sponsors as a mark of progress in a program likely to require 20 years and funding is difficult. Analysis of previous biocontrol attempts for attributes of “success” have been disap- pointing, partly because there are a number of steps involved, each with its own attributes. This paper recognizes four graded “success” steps and dis- cusses many agent selection methods. There are public demands for a change in emphasis from chemical to bio- logical control; but in the absence of effective enabling legislation, the practice of biocontrol can be legally and politically hazardous; biocontrol should be carried out by a multi-disciplinary team but it is usually as- signed to a single scientist; it needs to branch in new directions to remain scientifically stimulating, but this increases the risk of failure. -
Management Information: Centaurea Diffusa
Management information: Centaurea diffusa Physical : If the infested area is relatively small, hand pulling before seed set may be an effective method of control. Burning has been shown to be an effective method of control with strong grass regrowth occurring on burned sites. A low-severity fire may only top-kill C. diffusa , but a severe fire will probably kill the plant. Dry soil conditions associated with burns may discourage re-infestation as moisture is the limiting factor for seed germination. Re-seeding desirable species may be necessary following burns to deter re-infestation. Chemical : Tordon (picloram) is the most widely recommended herbicide for treatment of C. diffusa . 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate are also considered effective. Tank-mixes of picloram and dicamba (100g - 200g / 0.4 hectare + 50 - 100g / 0.4 hectares), picloram plus 2,4-D ( 85 g / 0.4 hectare + 450 g./ 0.4 hectare), and dicamba plus 2,4-D (225 g / 0.4 hectare + 450 g / 0.4 hectare) all control C. diffusa . In addition to picloram, products containing clopyralid have proven quite effective. A backpack sprayer or a wick is highly recommended in small areas to minimize damage to non-target plants. Herbicides should be applied before the mature plants set seed to maximize effectiveness. Biological : Certain species can act as vegetative suppressants to C. diffusa . Two species studied as suppressants are crested wheatgrass ( Agropryon cristatum ) and Russian wild-rye (Elymus junceus ). Crested wheatgrass showed high rates of suppression while Russian wild-rye showed only moderate rates of suppression. Suppression was due to the lack of soil moisture available to the seedlings. -
ATTACHMENT 7. Approved Biocontrol Agents for California
ATTACHMENT 7. Approved Biocontrol Agents for California. Common Name Scientific Name Biocontrol Agent(s) Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens Jaapiella ivannikovi (Russian knapweed galling midge) alligatorweed Alternanthera philoxeroides Agasicles hygrophila (alligator weed flea beetle) Amynothrips andersoni (alligator weed thrips) Vogtia malloi (alligator weed stem borer) giant reed Arundo donax Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Arundo armored scale) Tetramesa romana (Arundo shoot gall wasp) musk thistle Carduus nutans Rhinocyllus conicus (thistle seed head weevil) Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus Rhinocyllus conicus (thistle seed head weevil) diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Bangasternus fausti (broad-nosed seed head weevil) Larinus minutus (lesser knapweed flower weevil) Sphenoptera jugoslavica (knapweed root-boring beetle) Urophora affinis (banded knapweed seed head gall fly) Urophora quadrifasciata (four-banded knapweed seed head gall fly) meadow knapweed Centaurea jacea ssp. pratensis Bangasternus fausti (broad-nosed seed head weevil) Cyphocleonus achates (knapweed root weevil) Larinus minutus (lesser knapweed flower weevil) Larinus obtusus (blunt knapweed flower weevil) Urophora affinis (banded knapweed seed head gall fly) spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe Agapeta zoegana (yellow-winged knapweed root moth) Cyphocleonus achates ( knapweed root weevil) Larinus minutus (lesser knapweed flower weevil) Terellia virens (green clearwing fly) Urophora affinis (banded knapweed seed head gall fly) Urophora quadrifasciata (four-banded knapweed -
King County Best Management Practices for Spotted Knapweed
King County Noxious Weed Control Program BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Spotted Knapweed Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos Class B Noxious Weed (synonyms C. biebersteinii and Control Required C. maculosa) Asteraceae Legal Status in King County: Spotted knapweed is a Class B Noxious Weed (non‐native species harmful to environmental and economic resources that landowners may be required to control based on distribution in the county and local priorities) according to Washington State Noxious Weed Law, RCW 17.10. In accordance with state law, the King County Noxious Weed Control Board requires property owners to control spotted knapweed on private and public lands throughout the county (control means to prevent Photo by Norman E. Rees, USDA all seed production and to prevent the dispersal of all propagative parts capable of forming new plants). In addition, state quarantine laws prohibit transporting, buying, selling, or distributing plants, plant parts or seeds of spotted knapweed. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Impacts and History Spotted knapweed is native to Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe and is thought to have been introduced into the United States from Asia Minor or Germany as a contaminant in alfalfa seed. Sources indicate its presence on Vancouver Island as early as 1893. It was first observed in Washington in 1923 in the San Juan Islands. Before it was considered to be a serious weed, it was spread in domestic hay and by human activities. Spotted knapweed has invaded rangeland throughout the western United States and Canada. This weed rapidly colonizes disturbed areas, but is capable of invading well‐managed rangelands. Spotted knapweed often attains high densities on sunny wild lands—even when undisturbed by human or livestock activity. -
Field Guide for the Biological Control of Weeds in Eastern North America
US Department TECHNOLOGY of Agriculture TRANSFER FIELD GUIDE FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Rachel L. Winston, Carol B. Randall, Bernd Blossey, Philip W. Tipping, Ellen C. Lake, and Judy Hough-Goldstein Forest Health Technology FHTET-2016-04 Enterprise Team April 2017 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover photos: Purple loosestrife (Jennifer Andreas, Washington State University Extension), Galerucella calmariensis (David Cappaert, Michigan State University, bugwood.org), tropical soda apple ((J. Jeffrey Mullahey, University of Florida, bugwood.org), Gratiana boliviana (Rodrigo Diaz, Louisiana State University), waterhyacinth (Chris Evans, University of Illinois, bugwood.org), Megamelus scutellaris (Jason D. Stanley, USDA ARS, bugwood.org), mile-a-minute weed (Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, bugwood.org), Rhinoncomimus latipes (Amy Diercks, bugwood.org) How to cite this publication: Winston, R.L., C.B. Randall, B. Blossey, P.W. Tipping, E.C. Lake, and J. Hough-Goldstein. 2017. Field Guide for the Biological Control of Weeds in Eastern North America. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-2016-04. In accordance with -
131. CURCULIONIDAE Latreille 1802
Family 131. Curculionidae · 1 131. CURCULIONIDAE Latreille 1802 by Robert S. Anderson Family common name: The weevils or snout beetles eevils are one of the most diverse groups of organisms. Over 60,000 species have been described world wide and their diversity in North America is challenged among beetles perhaps only by Staphylinidae. Wee- vils are associated with virtually all kinds of plants and plant parts. Most feed on living plants but some are Wsaprophagous. Weevils are immediately recognizable by their elongate rostrum (or snout), with mouthparts situated at the apex, geniculate antennae and compact antennal club. Some weevils in the subfamilies Entiminae, Cossoninae and Scolytinae have the rostrum reduced in form and not markedly produced anteriorly. Traditional considerations of the weevils do not include Scolytinae and Platypodinae but increasing evidence suggests these beetles are derived from within Curculionidae. Description. (based on dorsal. Mandibles of some bear a scar at apex or deciduous pro- Lawrence 1982) Shape very vari- cess. Maxillae in some concealed by expanded mentum, occasion- able, broadly oval to elongate, ally with distinct galea and lacinia. Labial palpi are of one or two slightly flattened to markedly articles, rarely absent; in some weevils they are inserted in cavities convex, most covered with re- on the ventral surface of the prementum. Proventriculus of some cumbent or appressed vestiture lacks sclerotized plates. Front coxae are contiguous or separated, of scales, some with metallic middle and hind coxae are variable. Tarsi are of 5 articles but sheen or forming contrasting article 4 is very small and hidden between lobes of article 3 (excep- patterns, some subglabrous or tion, Raymondionyminae with only 4 articles); tarsal claws of with erect or suberect hairs only; some are connate and are simple or have a basal process or tooth. -
Ecology and Management of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea Diffusa Lam.)
United States Department of Agriculture NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-20 May 2008 Ecology and Management of Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) By Jim Jacobs, Invasive Species Specialist, NRCS, Bozeman, Montana Sharlene Sing, Assistant Research Professor, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana Figure 1. Diffuse knapweed flowerheads. Abstract A close relative of spotted knapweed in the Asteraceae taxonomic family, diffuse knapweed is typically biennial, reproducing exclusively by seed. It forms a rosette with a central crown and tap root in the juvenile stage and a single upright stem one to three feet (0.3 to 0.9 m) tall with numerous spreading branches at maturity. White (occasionally purple) flowers are borne in heads with spiny bracts (see Figure 1). It is generally found on more arid sites than spotted knapweed. Native to the Mediterranean region, diffuse knapweed was first recorded in Montana from Mineral County in 1951 and by 2008 had been reported from 39 of Montana’s 56 counties. Its dense, spiny overstory reduces the availability of desirable forage plants to livestock and wildlife, and grass production can be reduced by over 90% in heavy infestations. Declines in diffuse knapweed populations in western North America have been attributed to the lesser knapweed flower weevil (Larinus minutus), one of 14 approved biological control insects it is host to. Herbicidal management can best be achieved by application of any of the following chemicals at the rosette to bolt stages: aminopyralid, clopyralid, dicamba, picloram, and 2,4-D. Grazing management using sheep or goats should be applied during the rosette and bolt stages before the formation of spiny flowerheads, and animals should be removed when 50% of grass forage has been utilized.