Mespilus Germanica L) GROWN in BIJELO POLJE

Journal homepage: www.fia.usv.ro/fiajournal Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania Volume XVIII, Issue 2 - 2019, pag. 97 - 104

BIOCHEMICAL AND POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUIT OF SOME COMMERCIAL MEDLAR CULTIVARS (Mespilus germanica L) GROWN IN BIJELO POLJE

*Gordana ŠEBEK1, Valentina PAVLOVA2, Tatjana POPOVIĆ3 1Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro, [email protected], 2Faculty of technology and technical sciences, University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola, Republic of Macedonia, [email protected], 3Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro, [email protected] *Corresponding author Received 8th May 2019, accepted 28th June 2019

Abstract: This study described some biochemical and pomological parameters of fruits in 4 commercial medlar cultivars (‘Domestic medlar’, ‘Plovdivska’; ‘Royal medlar’; ‘Rasna’) grown in ecological conditions of Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) in the period from 2010 to 2012. Recording of biochemical parameters such as dry matter, total soluble solids, total acidity and pH was the most important segment of this research. The study also focused on comprised pomological traits such as fruit weight (g), fruit size (mm) and length (mm) and petiole length (mm). The values for fruit dry mater ranged from 26.2% to 28.8%, total soluble solid contents ranged from 20.45% to 22.25%, titrable acid contents ranged from 1.9% to 2.28%. The values for fruit weights ranged from 21.4g to 25.5g, fruit length ranged from 34.5mm to 38.4mm, fruit widths ranged from 31.5mm to 36.2mm, and petiole length ranged from 19.8mm to 23.2mm. Over the years of study, all researched cultivars had yields in the agroecological conditions of Bijelo Polje. The ‘Royal medlar’ cultivar is the cultivar we would recommend to producers, due to its fruit dry matter content of 28.2%, the total soluble solid contents of 22.25%, and the total titrable acid content of 2.28%. Moreover, the fruit mass was the highest for the ‘Royal medlar’ cultivar (25.5g). The length and width of the fruit in the same cultivar had also maximum values (38.4mm and 36.2mm, respectively), as compared to other researched cultivars.

Keywords: ‘Royal medlar’, dry mater, soluble solid contents, titrable acid contents, fruit weights.

1. Introduction ‘German’ or ‘Germanic Medlar’ in the most of European countries. Until the The medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) is a seventeenth century, the medlar was the member of the Rosaceae family and is most important fruit crop. However, native to the eastern Mediterranean area. It interest in it gradually faded away, and was already cultivated about three later it was replaced by other, more thousand years ago in the Caspian Sea productive and undemanding crops. region of northern Iran [1]. Medlar Currently, medlar is grown quite rarely (Mespilus germanica L.) belongs to and, mainly, in botanical gardens or Rosaceae family, and it is called ‘Döngel’ in small farms. Mespilus germanica is or ‘Beşbıyık’ in Turkey, ‘Ezgil’ in indigenous to southwest Asia and Azerbaijan, ‘Bushmala’ in Georgia and possibly also southeastern Europe – from

Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019 northern Turkey (some occurrence in (estuary of the River Kanjska to River Greece and on the Crimea) to the Lim) to the altitude of 2017m (Komovi Caucasus and Transcaucasus and the Mountain). The terrain of Bijelo Polje north-eastern part of Iran. municipality is following the direction of Its tree is generally 3-5 m tall, but it may River Lim flow, i.e. the north and reach nearly 8 meters. It is self-fertile and northwest direction. Larger and better- long-lived tree. It lives approximately 30- quality agricultural land is located on the 50 years. There are 100 year old trees in near proximity of the River Lim, and its UK as well. The flowers are white-pink tributaries [6]. and hermaphrodite. Flower buds are The municipality of Bijelo Polje has formed in May-June, and each bud has one average annual temperature of 8.9°C. The flower. Fruit shape may be variable. Fruits warmest period is during the months of are inedible during tree maturity stage June, July and August, with an average because of tannin content. It becomes temperature from 16.3°C to 18.1°C. The edible when the skin color becomes coldest period is during the months of chocolate brown. Medlar contains organic December and January, with an average acids, sugars, pectin, vitamin C, and small temperature from 0.1°C to -1.6°C. The amounts of vitamin A [2]. Medlar is a lowest daily temperatures on annual level climacteric fruit, and as such, important are around -3°C. The winter period is biochemical changes occur during the characterized with intense negative respiratory climacteric, just before the full temperatures, which can reach up to - maturation stage [1] .The medlar shows 27.6°C. The spring period is characterized better pest and climate resistance than most with low temperatures, which can be more other fruit species of landscaping than critical when it comes to fruit importance. production (late spring frosts). Namely, the Very large number of researchers in month of April was recorded in some years Europe studied the biochemical and with the lowest temperature of up to -8°C. pomological characteristics of medlar The average minimal temperature during cultivars [1-5]. April is -2.8°C for the Bijelo Polje The data for medlar trees in the territory of territory. Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) are not The annual precipitation level in Bijelo statistically processed, which refers to the Polje municipality is 893.7 mm/m2. The fact that the cultivation of this fruit cultivar maximum precipitation is occurring during is very low. We certainly wanted to make the period of October - December, while the existing situation less severe by the period with the lowest precipitation is presenting data for the quality of the fruits from June - August. The dominance of the of certain medlar cultivars, which are cold and rainy period over the warm and grown in smaller family orchards in the dry one is expressed in relation of 54% vs. territory of Bijelo Polje municipality. 46%. The materials of this study were 2. Matherials and methods commercial cultivars of medlar: ʽDomestic medlar’, ʽPlovdivska’, ʽRoyal medlar’ Bijelo Polje is situated between 43° and (Fig. 1.) and ʽRasna’ grown in ecological 43°5′ north latitude and 19°40′ and 19°50′ conditions of Bijelo Polje (Montenegro) in east longitude. The municipality of Bijelo the period from 2010 to 2012. Polje is situated at the altitude from 520m

Gordana ŠEBEK, Valentina PAVLOVA, Tatjana POPOVIĆ, Biochemical and pomological characteristics of fruit of some commercial medlar cultivars (Mespilus germanica L) grown in Bijelo Polje, Food and Environment Safety, Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019, pag. 97 – 104 98

Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019

Fig. 1. Royal medlar tree Fig. 2. Royal medlar fruit

These researches were conducted on a determined by drying at 105°C. The total larger number of private production soluble solid content was determined by orchards, which are in near proximity one refractometer. The acidity was measured from another and are all situated within the by titration with 0.1 N NaOH. The fruit territory of Bijelo Polje. All cultivars were weight was determined by measuring by grafted on the vegetative rootstocks quince the electric scale Metler 1200. The result Ba-29.The orchards were of mixed type, was shown in grams with the accuracy of and the trees of researched cultivars were 0.01g. Fruit dimensions - length and width with average age of 7-10 years, and were were measured by Vernier scale. in the fruiting period. When it comes to agro-technical measures, winter cutting 3. Results and discussion and winter spraying were applied. The study focused on few segments. The The results of biochemical and first one included recording of biochemical morphological characteristics of fruits of traits - dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, researched medlar cultivars are shown in and total acidity. The second segment Table 1 and Table 2. Fruit dry mater, total comprised pomological traits [fruit weight soluble solids, pH and titrable acid content (g), fruit diameter (mm), fruit length (mm), of four medlar cultivars are shown in Table petiole length (mm)]. The dry mater was 1.

Table 1. Biochemical characteristics of fruit of some commercial medlar cultivars (average 2010-2012)

Medlar cultivar Fruit dry mater (%) Total soluble pH total solids(%)(TSS) (0 -14) acidity(%)(TA)

Domestic medlar 26.20 20.45 3.59 2.20 Plovdivska 27.80 21.82 3.40 2.26 Royal medlar 28.80 22.25 3.86 2.28 Rasna 27.25 21.60 3.57 1.90 LSD 0.05 1.09 1.01 0.28 0.18 LSD 0.01 1.70 1.28 0.37 0.29

Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019

The values for fruit dry mater ranged from and the effect of the different agro 26.2% (Cv.‘Domestic medlar’) to 28.8% ecological conditions, where the cultivars (Cv.‘Royal medlar’); total soluble solid are grown. contents ranged from 20.45% Significant variation in chemical and (Cv.‘Domestic medlar’) to 22.25% morphological characteristics of fruit were (Cv.‘Royal medlar’); pH ranged from 3.40 recorded among cultivars of different fruit (Cv.‘Plovdivska’) to 3.86 (Cv.‘Royal species, such as apple [9],plum [10], pear medlar’); titrable acid contents ranged [11-12] and sour cherry [13], which were from 1.90% (Cv.‘Plovdivska’) to 2.28% all grown in conditions of Bijelo Polje (Cv.’Royal medlar’). (Montenegro) as well. The results of our research, related to the The above listed biochemical parameter of dry matter for the cultivars characteristics of fruit dry mater and total ‘Domestic medlar’, ʽPlovdivska’, ʽRoyal soluble solids for all the researched medlar medlar’, and ‘Rasna’, showed significantly cultivars can be compared with the data for lower values in comparison to data of 11 the same biochemical characteristics for medlar genotypes, selected from Tokat commercial cultivars of pear from the province. In the research of genotypes same territory (Bijelo Polje, Montenegro). from Tokat province, total dry matter was In the commercial pear cultivars, the determined between 27.34% - 44.11% [2]. values for fruit dry mater ranged from The fruit soluble solid contents increased 16.6% ± 0.39 to 18.08% ± 0.32, total in the ripening period for all of the soluble solid contents ranged from 11.99% researched medlar cultivars (Table 1). The ± 0.25 to 15.66% ± 0.42. [11]. Our fruit soluble solid contents were measured comparative analysis between the fruits of between 20.45% and 22.25% at the time of researched medlar cultivars and the fruits harvest. The highest fruit pH value was of researched pear cultivars showed that found in Cv. ‘Royal medlar’(3.86). the level of the aforementioned Previous similar researches show that the biochemical parameters for medlar total soluble solids (TSS) and pH values of cultivars is significantly higher compared medlar fruits grown in different agro to parallel data in commercial pears from climatic regions of Turkey (Kocaeli the same area. Having this in mind, we province) are between 16.4% - 22.2% and believe that the medlar is an unjustifiably 3.68% - 4.02%, respectively [7]).The neglected fruit species for cultivation in soluble solid contents varied between this area. Also, the experience has showed 17.0% and 24.0% in selected types of wild us that there is a large demand for all types medlars in earlier studies in Turkey (Tonya of products from the fruits of medlar, District of Trabzon Province) [8]. Our whereas the supply is on an extremely low findings regarding total soluble solids level. In order to confirm abovementioned, (TSS), and pH values showed results that we can emphasize the exceptional quality were similar to these studies. The recorded and taste of medlar fruit liqueur (Fig. 3.), variations of total soluble solids and pH in produced by the original recipe in the medlar fruits could be the result of monastery of Gračanica, Kosovo and different genetically based characteristics Metohija (Serbia).

Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019

Fig. 3. Medlar fruit liqueur

Fruit weight, length, width and petiole ranged from 19.8mm (Cv.‘Domestic length are given in Table 2. The results of medlar’) to 23.2 mm (Cv.‘Plovdivska’). our research, as show in Table 2, indicated The scientific works that were also that the values for fruit weights ranged concerned with the study of the from 21.4 g (Cv.‘Domestic medlar’) to morphological properties of medlar 25.5g (Cv.‘Royal medlar’), fruit length genotypes indicate a wide divergence in ranged from 34.5mm (Cv.‘Domestic terms of fruit weight, fruit width, fruit medlar’) to 38.4 mm (Cv.‘Royal medlar’), length and petiole length. We compared fruit widths ranged from 31.5 mm our data with researches conducted in (Cv.‘Domestic medlar’) to 36.2 mm Serbia and Turkey. (Cv.‘Royal medlar’), and petiole length

Table 2. Morphological characteristics of fruit of some commercial pear cultivars (average 2010-2012)

Cultivar fruit weight fruit length fruit widths petiole length (g) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Domestic medlar 21.4 34.5 31.5 19.8 Plovdivska 23.3 35.9 34.2 23.2 Royal medlar 25.5 38.4 36.2 22.1 Rasna 22.8 35.5 35.1 22.0 LSD 0.05 0.28 0.08 0.08 0.25 LSD 0.01 0.37 0.11 0.10 0.33

Seedless medlar genotype ‘Pomoravka’ beneficial in the breeding aimed at was found in Pomoravlje, in the close development of seedless medlar cultivars vicinity of Svilajnac (Serbia), in 1994. It of satisfactory fruit size. This genotype has was grafted and transferred at three a relatively small fruit (8.2g) but high locations so as to be protected from stone flesh ratio (96.5%) and it is highly deterioration. Apart from being used fresh, qualitative especially when it is overripe. its fruit is very interesting for processing Due to its high using values this genotype industry for making pastes, jelly, mash, should be more propagated especially in liqueur etc. This genotype can be view of the fact that the presence of

Food and Environment Safety - Journal of Faculty of Food Engineering, Ştefan cel Mare University - Suceava Volume XVIII, Issue 2 – 2019 pathogen Erwinia amylovora has not been 43.63mm in 2012. Fruit length was 18.25 detected on any young tree of this medlar mm-38.27 mm in 2011, and 14.96mm - genotype [14]. Namely, the medlar 35.68 mm in 2012 [2]. The interesting fact genotype ‘Pomoravka’ has very small is that some genotypes from Tokat fruits (8.2g) and it is inferior in regards to province were with larger fruit weight even fruit weight in comparison to all medlar from cultivars from our research. This cultivars we researched in our work, suggests that the work on selection of new especially compared to ‘Royal cultivars can be continued, and that natural medlar’(Fig. 2.) cultivar, which average populations can produce cultivars of large size was 25.5g. The fruit weight of the fruits. ‘Royal medlar’ cultivar is three times Morphological characterization continues larger than the fruit weight of medlar to be the first step for germplasm genotype ‘Pomoravka’. The Serbian description and classification [15- 16]. The research team must have researched the existence of a large variability in fruits has medlar genotype ‘Pomoravka’ for its been demonstrated in different species resistance to the pathogen of Erwinia such as Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [17], amylovora, and also because of the fact Prunus spp. [18 - 20], Malus sp. [20], that there are no seeds within the fruit. The Diospyros spp. [22], Castanea sativa Mill. randman is 96.5% [14]. [23- 24], Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid. In Tokat province (Turkey), the average [25], Vitis vinifera L. [26], Ziziphusjujuba fruit weight of medlar's genotipes ranged Mill. [27], For the Mespilus germanica between 17.71g - 32.46g in 2011, and breeders or plant biologists, the description 15.99g - 37.54g in 2012. Fruit diameter of the fruit morphology is of significant was determined around 21.07mm - importance for phenomics studies. 41.05mm in 2011, and 17.49 mm - 4. Conclusion from 34.5mm (Cv. 'Domestic medlar') to 38.4 mm (Cv. 'Rojal medlar'), fruit widths Based on the obtained results in terms of ranged from 31.5 mm (Cv. 'Domestic morphological and biochemical medlar') to 36.2 mm (Cv. 'Rojal medlar'), characteristics of researched medlar and petiole length ranged from 19.8 mm cultivars (ʽDomestic medlar’, (Cv. 'Domestic medlar' ) to 23.2 mm ʽPlovdivska’, ʽRojal medlar’, and ʽRasna’), (Cv.'Plovdivska'). the following conclusions can be drawn: 3.The ‘Royal medlar’(Fig. 1. and Fig. 2.) 1. The values for fruit dry mater ranged cultivar is the cultivar we would from 26.2% (Cv.'Domestic medlar') to recommend to producers, due to its fruit 28.8% (Cv.' Rojal medlar '); total soluble dry matter content of 28.2%, the total solid contents ranged from 20.45% (Cv. soluble solid contents of 22.25%, and the 'Domestic medlar') to 22.25% ( Cv.'Rojal total titrable acid content of 2.28%. medlar'); pH ranged from 3.40 Moreover, the fruit mass was the highest (Cv.'Plovdivska') to 3.86 (Cv.'Rojal medlar for the ‘Royal medlar ‘cultivar (25.5g). ' ); titrable acid contents ranged from 1.90 The length and width of the fruit in the % (Cv.'Plovdivska') to 2.28% (Cv.'Rojal same cultivar had also maximum values medlar '). (38.4mm and 36.2mm), compared to other 2. The results of our research indicate that researched cultivars. the values for fruit weights ranged from 4. At the end of these studies, one general 21.4 g (Cv.'Domestic medlar') to 25.5g conclusion can be made, as an answer to (Cv.'Rojal medlar'), fruit length ranged set goals and the very task of our research:

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