TAXONOMIA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE RIZÓBIOS MICROSSIMBIONTES DE DISTINTAS LEGUMINOSAS COM BASE NA ANÁLISE POLIFÁSICA (BOX-PCR E 16S Rnar) E NA METODOLOGIA DE MLSA”

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TAXONOMIA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE RIZÓBIOS MICROSSIMBIONTES DE DISTINTAS LEGUMINOSAS COM BASE NA ANÁLISE POLIFÁSICA (BOX-PCR E 16S Rnar) E NA METODOLOGIA DE MLSA” Pâmela Menna Pereira “TAXONOMIA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE RIZÓBIOS MICROSSIMBIONTES DE DISTINTAS LEGUMINOSAS COM BASE NA ANÁLISE POLIFÁSICA (BOX-PCR E 16S RNAr) E NA METODOLOGIA DE MLSA” Londrina – Paraná 2008 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE LONDRINA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MICROBIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MICROBIOLOGIA Pâmela Menna Pereira “TAXONOMIA E DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA DE RIZÓBIOS MICROSSIMBIONTES DE DISTINTAS LEGUMINOSAS COM BASE NA ANÁLISE POLIFÁSICA (BOX-PCR E 16S RNAr) E NA METODOLOGIA DE MLSA” Tese apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina para obtenção do título de Doutora em Microbiologia Orientadora: Dra. Mariangela Hungria Co-Orientador: Dr. Fernando Gomes Barcellos Londrina – Paraná 2008 DEDICATÓRIA A DEUS, pelo seu infinito amor. Aos meus pais, JULDIMAR e EVA, pelo incentivo, amor, carinho e compreensão oferecidos em todos os momentos da minha vida. Aos meus irmãos WAGNER e LINDSAY pelo carinho e apoio sempre presente. Ao meu marido, WANDER, pela grande incentivo, ajuda e principalmente pelo amor dedicado. E a nossa bebê “MARIA EDUARDA” por fazer todos os momentos da nossa vida valer a pena e por nos ensinar o valor do verdadeiro amor. Muito Obrigada. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos que diretamente ou indiretamente influenciaram para a concretização deste trabalho cientifico. Á Dr. Mariangela Hungria, pela orientação, apoio, dedicação e principalmente por ser minha grande amiga. Á Embrapa Soja– Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, por permitir a realização deste trabalho. Ao CNPq, pela concessão da bolsa DTI, a qual tornou possível a realização do presente trabalho. Ao Dr. Fernando Gomes Barcellos, pela paciência, orientação, disponibilidade em ajudar e companheirismo. Á Ligia M. O Chueire, pela disponibilidade em ajudar, pela paciência em ensinar, pelo seu incentivo nos momentos difíceis e pela amizade. Aos professores da pós-graduação em Microbiologia pelos conhecimentos adquiridos possibilitando assim, a concretização deste trabalho. Aos amigos de laboratório, Jesiane, Fabinho, Maria Aparecida, Alan, Renan Ribeiro, Susan, Lucas, Fabio Mostasso, Renan Campos, Nágila, Fabiana, Leandro, Ilmara, Simone, Luciana, Leny e Rinaldo, pela amizade e incentivo. A coordenação do Curso de Microbiologia pelo apoio e auxilio para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Muito Obrigada. SUMÁRIO RESUMO………………….........………………………...……………………………………i ABSTRACT……………..........………………………...……………………………………..ii I. INTRODUÇÃO…...……...........…………………..……………………………………….1 II. OBJETIVOS.........................................................................................................................5 1. Objetivo Geral...............................................................................................................5 1.1.1 Objetivos específicos estudo 1..........................................................................5 1.1.2 Objetivos específicos estudo 2..........................................................................5 III. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA.........................................................................................6 1. Visão global do aporte de nutrientes.............................................................................6 2. Fixação biológica de nitrogênio e bactérias simbióticas..............................................7 3. Classificação das bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio..................................................11 3.1 Taxonomia dos rizóbios...........................................................................................11 3.2 Atuais ferramentas de análises para determinação da diversidade genética, filogenia e taxonomia dos rizóbios..........................................................................13 3.3 Refinamento da especiação de procariotos e diversidade de rizóbios....................14 IV. BIBLIOGRAFIA..............................................................................................................17 V. ESTUDO 1: rep-PCR of tropical rhizobia for strain fingerprinting, biodiversity appraisal and as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool................................................................................30 Abstract..............................................................................................................................31 Introduction.......................................................................................................................31 Material and methods Strains ……………………………………………………….…………………………..34 DNA extraction and rep-PCR (BOX) genomic fingerprinting…………………………………….34 Cluster analyses………………………………………………………………………..…..35 Results………………………………………………………………...…………………..35 Discussion………………………………………………………..……………………….38 References………………………………………………………..………………………41 List of figures ……………………………………………………………………………48 Table 1……………………………………………………………………………...…….49 Table 2……………………………………………………………..……………………..51 Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………………..52 Figure 2 ……………………………………………………………...…………………..53 VI. ESTUDO 2: Phylogeny and taxonomy of a broad collection of Bradyrhizobium based on multilocus sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, ITS, glnII, recA, atpD and dnaK genes..............54 Abstract..............................................................................................................................55 Introduction.......................................................................................................................56 Methods Strains.………………………………………………………………………...………57 Description of type strains used as control in all experiments……………....….……58 DNA extraction and rep-PCR (BOX) genomic fingerprinting……………….….……58 Sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA. ……………..………………...58 Sequencing analysis of glnII, recA, atpD and dnaK genes……………….….….……58 Cluster analyses…………………...…………………………………………….……58 Results Morpho- physiological properties …………………………….…...………...……….59 rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting…………………………………………......……….60 Diversity in the 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA. ………………………………………........60 Diversity in the atpD, dnaK, glnII and recA genes…………..…………………….….62 Concatenated analysis of atpD, dnaK, glnII, recA, 16S rRNA and ITS rRNA…….….63 Discussion…………………………………………………………………..…………….64 References………………………………………………………………..………………67 Table 1……………………………………………………………………………...…….75 Table 2…………………………………………………………………………..………..79 Table 3…………………………………………………………………..………………..80 Figure 1………………........................................................................................…….…..81 Figure 2 ……….......................................................................................………………...83 Figure 3 ………………….......................................................................................….…..84 Figure 4 ……………….......................................................................................…….…..85 Figure 5 …………….......................................................................................…………...86 Figure 6 …………….......................................................................................…………...87 Figure 7 ……….......................................................................................………………...88 VII. CONCLUSÕES……………......................................................................………….….89 RESUMO O termo genérico “rizóbio” se aplica às bactérias capazes de fixar nitrogênio atmosférico (N2) e convertê-lo a uma forma assimilável pela planta, quando estas se encontram em simbiose com determinadas plantas da família Leguminosae. Contudo, apesar da importância ecológica e econômica, os rizóbios têm sido relativamente pouco estudados. Baseado nos dados de seqüenciamento do gene ribossomal 16S, existem, atualmente, cinco gêneros de rizóbios descritos, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Azorhizobium, Sinorhizobium (=Ensifer) e Mesorhizobium, todos pertencentes à subclasse alfa das Proteobacterias. Além disso, existem outras bactérias recentemente descritas e também denominadas como rizóbios, por serem microssimbiontes de leguminosas, e que pertencem a gêneros bastante distintos, tanto na subclasse alfa (Devosia, Methylobacterium), como na subclasse beta (Ralstonia, Burkholderia). Embora o gene ribossomal 16S seja hoje a molécula mais utilizada para estimar relações filogenéticas em procariotos, a elevada conservação na seqüência nucleotídica deste gene observada entre diferentes grupos bacterianos é uma limitação para a determinação das espécies. Assim, vários estudos vêm sendo conduzidos, a fim de determinar metodologias alternativas para estudos de diversidade, bem como filogenia e taxonomia rizobiana. Uma metodologia amplamente utilizada em estudos de diversidade tem sido a técnica de BOX-PCR. Com base nessa técnica, é possível obter, através de reações de PCR, perfis genômicos de bactérias. Por outro lado, recentemente foi proposta a metodologia de MLSA (“multi locus sequencing analysis”), como uma nova estratégia para os estudos de filogenia e taxonomia em procariontes. Tendo em vista a elevada diversidade genética de rizóbios tropicais ainda pouco estudada, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de estirpes de rizóbios simbiontes de distintas leguminosas de importância agrícola e ambiental, e avaliar o potencial das metodologias de BOX-PCR e MLSA em estudos de diversidade, filogenia e taxonomia. Em um primeiro estudo, o dendrograma resultante do BOX-PCR de 68 SEMIAs
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