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Umayyad-Baalbek.Pdf BAALBEK Baalbek The city of Baalbek is a major city in the Northern Mercury; the last of which did not survive. It its geographic location as an end of a series of Beqaa valley, approximately 85 kilometers from also includes an enormous propylaea and vast cities in the eastern Mediterranean which were Beirut. This vibrant city is famed for its Roman courtyards. The archaeological site in the city caravan stops for the commercial routes from remains of a large temple complex. It was is a UNESCO World heritage site (http://whc. Central Asia, India and China, among these cities known as Heliopolis in the Roman period. The unesco.org/en/list/294). is Palmyra in Syria. The city was also important image of six standing columns from the peristyle for the successive Muslim dynasties that ruled of the temple of Jupiter has become the icon Baalbek has been occupied by successive the eastern Mediterranean especially for the of cultural tourism in Lebanon. The original civilizations. Recent excavation dates some of Umayyads, the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. temple complex included four monumental its finds to the Bronze Age, however the Romans temples, those of Jupiter, Bacchus, Venus and gave particular attention to this site because of Visits Over the three first centuries of the first millennium the Romans constructed the temples of Baalbek. The present state of these temples does not show the original majestic view of their monumentality. However, what remains attests to the grandeur of these Roman architectural complexes. They are clustered in three major complexes: the complex of the temple of Jupiter, the complex of the temple of Bacchus, and that of the temple of Venus. The temple of Mercury has all disappeared, except for restored stairway. The Complex of the Temple of Jupiter Theodosius (379-395), this court was covered and rectilinear exedrae. It includes a Propylaea, a hexagonal forecourt, with a dome, and the space was transformed Close to the stairs that leads to another platform a great right angle court, an altar, a tower, a into a church. The exedras had 30 granite on which rests the temple of Jupiter there is the ritual pools and the Temple of Jupiter. columns in antis. sacrificial Altar. This complex is reached through a monumental, From the forecourt one may enter the Great The Temple of Jupiter stood on a 7 meter high partially restored, stairway which leads to the Court, constructed in the second century AD. platform. It measures 88 by 48 meters, and it is Propylaea whose façade once had a colonnade It is 134 meter long and 112 meters wide, and reached through a monumental stairway. This of 12 granite columns. The propylaea is featured it was the place of the major ritual events. temple is now all in ruins, only six of the columns in a lithograph print by the artist-traveler David On three of its sides it had three porticos of its peristyle (which totaled 54) survived, they Roberts with one of its massive flat arches above with three colonnades, with eighty Egyptian form the iconic photogenic subject. The height one of its doors. The rear of the propylaea granite columns, eight of these columns were of each of the columns is 22 meters, and they has three doors which give onto the hexagonal transported to Constantinople to be installed in are mounted by the remains of the temple forecourt. It has four rectilinear exedras. It is the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia (537 AD). Behind entablature. believed that in the time of Byzantine emperor the porticos there were alternating semicircular Ras El Ain spring: The Ras El Ain spring furnished the city Qubbat al saiidayn: This is a two-room mausoleum built in with water since Antiquity. Next to it, one can see traces of 1410 over the tombs of Mamluk governors. a Roman shrine - a Nympheum as well as the remains of a Mamluk Mosque built in 1277 A.D. Umayyad mosques: Restored in the 90’s, the 7th or 8th century Umayyad mosque was built on the site of the Roman forum, turned into the St. John Byzantine Church in the 4th-5th century, and incorporates granite and limestone columns taken from the site. Partners and Associates BAALBEK Visits & Surroundings Tripoli Assi River Byblos Baalbek Niha Beirut Terbol Anjar Sidon Tyre Temple of Bacchus Temple of Venus Quarries The complex of the Temple of Bacchus The Roman complexes at Baalbek were of the semicircular arches that were known in subject to earthquakes and destructions in the Umayyad period. The Corinthian capitals of To the south of the platform on which the the periods that followed the Roman era, the columns in the interior of the mosque are complex of the temple of Jupiter is constructed, alterations to the original structures occurred evidently recycled from the roman structures the Temple of Bacchus stands on its own lower in the Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Fatimid, nearby. The mosque was also restored recently podium. This temple was constructed in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. In addition, the in 2002. second century, and it is better preserved than city witnessed several earthquakes since that all the rest of the Roman buildings in Baalbek. Its time. These structures were used variously, On Sheikh Abdallah Hill are the remains of a dedication to Bacchus, or other cults associated and in the 11th and 12th century were mostly mausoleum known as Qubbat al-Amjad, which with him may be deduced from some of its used as fortifications to defend the city and the was constructed for the Ayyubid governor architectural decoration of grapes and poppies, surrounding plains. Some military structures of the city in the Ayyubid period, Al-Amjad, a carved Bacchic scenes. were added in the Ayyubid period to the west descendent from the family of Saladin. The temple’s podium is reached through of the temple of Bacchus, which gave the another impressive stairway. whole group of building the characterization of Several buildings were constructed in the “Citadel”, a term still in use today to describe the Ottoman period. They present aspects of The temple of Venus ruins of Baalbek. Other additions to the east of the Ottoman architectural style. Of these is The third temple, the Temple of Venus, the temple of Bacchus still show an entrance to the House of Ibrahim Haidar. This traditional popularly known as the Round Temple, is located a building, used now as the site museum, with Ottoman house, built by Ibrahim Bek Haidar, is southeast of the Acropolis. It is an exquisite a Mamluk muqarnas entrance and star and today the property of the General Directorate smaller temple, whose plan is distinct, with its polygon Mamluk geometric patterns. of Antiquities. circular cella, circular peristyle, and concave th recesses in is podium. Like all other temple, Within the city of Baalbek there are other During the early 20 century two churches were it is set on a platform, with a leading stairway. scattered remains from all periods. Northwest built in this area, the Orthodox Church of St. It was constructed under Emperor Septimus of the roman complexes remains of the city Georges and the Maronite church dedicated to Severus in the 3rd century AD, and in the early gate may be seen, as well as the fortification the Virgin Mary. Byzantine period, the temple was converted walls of the city, originally constructed in the into a church. It was later known by the church Roman time, and reinforced and renovated in One of the major attractions of the city is the th th of Santa Barbara. the Ayyubid and later periods. A 15 century Palmyra Hotel. It is a 20 century building mausoleum, known as Qubbat as-Saadin (the constructed over the site where the Roman In the cliff overlooking the city, there is a Cupola of the Monkeys) consists of a two-room theater once was. Massive stones from the necropolis that dates back to the Roman and mausoleum of a local Mamluk governor. roman structures are still visible in the northern Byzantine periods. Furthermore, remains of wall of the hotel facing the main street. Roman baths are found in the city. They are The Great Mosque of the city was first in the area of Boustan al Khan, to the south of constructed in the Umayyad period, and several The city of Baablek is blessed with a water the temple complexes, along with a market and of its walls still include the original lower courses spring, Ras El-Ain, which provided drinking probably a bouleuterion, or assembly place. of stones. It was constructed over the Byzantine water for the city since antiquity. In the area of church of St. John. This mosque was restored the spring there are traces of a Roman shrine Baalbek is also known for its Quarries. This has several times, a major restoration took place in and a Nymphaeum, as well as remains of a th become famous because of an enormous stone the Zingid period in the 12 century, and this Mamluk mosque built in 1277. block laid on the ground popularly known as is evident in the use of pointed arches in place the “stone of the pregnant woman.” It is 21.5 meter long, meter wide and 4.2 meter deep. Surroundings Niha Roman Temples are two temples dedicated Terbol Museum, located at 32 Km from Baalbek, Nahr Al Assi (the Orontes) takes its source from to the Canaanite goddess of fertility Atargatis showcases a traditional mud-brick farmhouse Ain Al Zarqa near the town of Hermel, north (Phoenician Astarte) and the god of thunder in which the everyday life of farmers is depicted of the Bekaa Valley, crosses Syria and plunges lightning and rain, Hadaranes.,and their son.
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