Linking Neuronal Lineage and Wiring Specificity Hongjie Li1†, S
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Role of Notch Signaling in Establishing the Hemilineages of Secondary Neurons in Drosophila Melanogaster James W
RESEARCH ARTICLE 53 Development 137, 53-61 (2010) doi:10.1242/dev.041749 Role of Notch signaling in establishing the hemilineages of secondary neurons in Drosophila melanogaster James W. Truman*,§, Wanda Moats, Janet Altman*, Elizabeth C. Marin† and Darren W. Williams‡ SUMMARY The secondary neurons generated in the thoracic central nervous system of Drosophila arise from a hemisegmental set of 25 neuronal stem cells, the neuroblasts (NBs). Each NB undergoes repeated asymmetric divisions to produce a series of smaller ganglion mother cells (GMCs), which typically divide once to form two daughter neurons. We find that the two daughters of the GMC consistently have distinct fates. Using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we examined the role of Notch signaling in establishing neuronal fates within all of the thoracic secondary lineages. In all cases, the ‘A’ (NotchON) sibling assumes one fate and the ‘B’ (NotchOFF) sibling assumes another, and this relationship holds throughout the neurogenic period, resulting in two major neuronal classes: the A and B hemilineages. Apparent monotypic lineages typically result from the death of one sibling throughout the lineage, resulting in a single, surviving hemilineage. Projection neurons are predominantly from the B hemilineages, whereas local interneurons are typically from A hemilineages. Although sibling fate is dependent on Notch signaling, it is not necessarily dependent on numb, a gene classically involved in biasing Notch activation. When Numb was removed at the start of larval neurogenesis, both A and B hemilineages were still generated, but by the start of the third larval instar, the removal of Numb resulted in all neurons assuming the A fate. -
Genesis and Migration 3
Genesis and migration 3 Chapter 3 Outline precursor, and it appears that the information to define a given type of cell resides largely in factors derived directly from the What determines the number of cells produced by the precursors. The same is true for the neuroblasts that produce progenitors? 52 the Drosophila central nervous system: the production of neu- rons from the neuroblasts is highly stereotypic. The neuroblasts The generation of neurons and glia 55 of the insect CNS delaminate from the ventral–lateral ecto- Cerebral cortex histogenesis 58 derm neurogenic region in successive waves (see Chapter 1). Cerebellar cortex histogenesis 63 In Drosophila, about 25 neuroblasts delaminate in each seg- ment, and they are organized in four columns and six rows (Doe Molecular mechanisms of neuronal migration 65 and Smouse, 1990). Once the neuroblast segregates from the Postembryonic and adult neurogenesis 67 ectoderm, it undergoes several asymmetric divisions, giving Summary 73 rise to approximately five smaller ganglion mother cells. Each ganglion mother cell then divides to generate a pair of neurons. References 73 These neurons make up the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord and have stereotypic numbers and types of neurons. In the vertebrate, the situation gets considerably more com- The human brain is made up of approximately 100 billion plex. The neural tube of most vertebrates is initially a single neurons and even more glial cells. The sources of all these layer thick. As neurogenesis proceeds, the progenitor cells neurons and glia are the cells of the neural tube, described undergo a large number of cell divisions to produce a much in the previous chapters. -
Build a Neuron
Build a Neuron Objectives: 1. To understand what a neuron is and what it does 2. To understand the anatomy of a neuron in relation to function This activity is great for ALL ages-even college students!! Materials: pipe cleaners (2 full size, 1 cut into 3 for each student) pony beads (6/student Introduction: Little kids: ask them where their brain is (I point to my head and torso areas till they shake their head yes) Talk about legos being the building blocks for a tower and relate that to neurons being the building blocks for your brain and that neurons send messages to other parts of your brain and to and from all your body parts. Give examples: touch from body to brain, movement from brain to body. Neurons are the building blocks of the brain that send and receive messages. Neurons come in all different shapes. Experiment: 1. First build soma by twisting a pipe cleaner into a circle 2. Then put a 2nd pipe cleaner through the circle and bend it over and twist the two strands together to make it look like a lollipop (axon) 3. take 3 shorter pipe cleaners attach to cell body to make dendrites 4. add 6 beads on the axon making sure there is space between beads for the electricity to “jump” between them to send the signal super fast. (myelin sheath) 5. Twist the end of the axon to make it look like 2 feet for the axon terminal. 6. Make a brain by having all of the neurons “talk” to each other (have each student hold their neuron because they’ll just throw them on a table for you to do it.) messages come in through the dendrites and if its a strong enough electrical change, then the cell body sends the Build a Neuron message down it’s axon where a neurotransmitter is released. -
Microglia Control Glutamatergic Synapses in the Adult Mouse Hippocampus
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.01.429096; this version posted February 2, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Microglia control glutamatergic synapses in the adult mouse hippocampus Short title: Microglia and glutamatergic synapses Bernadette Basilico1†*‡, Laura Ferrucci1‡, Patrizia Ratano2‡, Maria T. Golia1, Alfonso Grimaldi3, Maria Rosito3, Valentina Ferretti4, Ingrid Reverte1,5, Maria C. Marrone6, Maria Giubettini3,7, Valeria De Turris3, Debora Salerno3, Stefano Garofalo1, Marie-Kim St-Pierre8, Micael Carrier8, Massimiliano Renzi1, Francesca Pagani3, Marcello Raspa9, Ferdinando Scavizzi9, Cornelius T. Gross10, Silvia Marinelli5, Marie E. Tremblay8,11, Daniele Caprioli1,5, Laura Maggi1, Cristina Limatola1,2, Silvia Di Angelantonio1,3§, Davide Ragozzino1,5*§ 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. 2IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinese 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy. 3Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy. 4Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. 5Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy. 6European Brain Research Institute-Rita Levi Montalcini, Rome, Italy. 7CrestOptics S.p.A., Via di Torre Rossa 66, 00165 Rome, Italy. 8Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences Québec, QC, Canada; Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval Québec, QC, Canada. 9National Research Council, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (CNR- IBBC/EMMA/Infrafrontier/IMPC), International Campus “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, Monterotondo (Rome) Italy. -
Neurons and Glia
CHAPTER TWO Neurons and Glia INTRODUCTION THE NEURON DOCTRINE The Golgi Stain Cajal’s Contribution BOX 2.1 OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Advances in Microscopy THE PROTOTYPICAL NEURON The Soma The Nucleus Neuronal Genes, Genetic Variation, and Genetic Engineering BOX 2.2 BRAIN FOOD: Expressing One’s Mind in the Post-Genomic Era BOX 2.3 PATH OF DISCOVERY: Gene Targeting in Mice, by Mario Capecchi Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus The Mitochondrion The Neuronal Membrane The Cytoskeleton Microtubules BOX 2.4 OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Alzheimer’s Disease and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Neurofilaments The Axon The Axon Terminal The Synapse Axoplasmic Transport BOX 2.5 OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Hitching a Ride with Retrograde Transport Dendrites BOX 2.6 OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Intellectual Disability and Dendritic Spines CLASSIFYING NEURONS Classification Based on Neuronal Structure Number of Neurites Dendrites Connections Axon Length Classification Based on Gene Expression BOX 2.7 BRAIN FOOD: Understanding Neuronal Structure and Function with Incredible Cre GLIA Astrocytes Myelinating Glia Other Non-Neuronal Cells CONCLUDING REMARKS 23 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 24 PART ONE FOUNDATIONS INTRODUCTION All tissues and organs in the body consist of cells. The specialized func- tions of cells and how they interact determine the functions of organs. The brain is an organ—to be sure, the most sophisticated and complex organ that nature has devised. But the basic strategy for unraveling its functions is no different from that used to investigate the pancreas or the lung. We must begin by learning how brain cells work individually and then see how they are assembled to work together. -
Drosophila Mef2 Is Essential for Normal Mushroom Body and Wing Development
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/311845; this version posted April 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Drosophila mef2 is essential for normal mushroom body and wing development Jill R. Crittenden1, Efthimios M. C. Skoulakis2, Elliott. S. Goldstein3, and Ronald L. Davis4 1McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA 2Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Greece 3 School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA 4Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA Key words: MEF2, mushroom bodies, brain, muscle, wing, vein, Drosophila 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/311845; this version posted April 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ABSTRACT MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) transcription factors are found in the brain and muscle of insects and vertebrates and are essential for the differentiation of multiple cell types. We show that in the fruitfly Drosophila, MEF2 is essential for normal development of wing veins, and for mushroom body formation in the brain. In embryos mutant for D-mef2, there was a striking reduction in the number of mushroom body neurons and their axon bundles were not detectable. -
Neuronal Diversification in the Postembryonic Drosophila Brain: A
University of Massachusetts Medical School eScholarship@UMMS GSBS Dissertations and Theses Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences 2011-08-31 Neuronal Diversification in the ostembrP yonic Drosophila Brain: A Dissertation Suewei Lin University of Massachusetts Medical School Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss Part of the Animal Experimentation and Research Commons, Cells Commons, Nervous System Commons, and the Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons Repository Citation Lin S. (2011). Neuronal Diversification in the ostembrP yonic Drosophila Brain: A Dissertation. GSBS Dissertations and Theses. https://doi.org/10.13028/eh7z-7w05. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/565 This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in GSBS Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEURONAL DIVERSIFICATION IN THE POSTEMBRYONIC DROSOPHILA BRAIN A Dissertation Presented By Suewei Lin Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Massachusetts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Worcester in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 31, 2011 iii Dedications To my parents for their patience and support & To my wife, for her selfless love that carries me through all the ups and downs in the five years of my PhD life. iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank Tzumin Lee for his guidance and support, and all my TRAC committee members for valuable suggestions. Thanks to Sen-Lin Lai and Hung- Hsiang Yu for their contributions on the study of “Lineage-specific effects of Notch/Numb signaling in postembryonic development of the antennal lobe lineages (Chapter IV)”. -
Control of Neuronal Cell Fate and Number by Integration of Distinct Daughter Cell Proliferation Modes with Temporal Progression
Control of neuronal cell fate and number by integration of distinct daughter cell proliferation modes with temporal progression Carina Ulvklo, Ryan MacDonald, Caroline Bivik, Magnus Baumgardt, Daniel Karlsson and Stefan Thor Linköping University Post Print N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original article. Original Publication: Carina Ulvklo, Ryan MacDonald, Caroline Bivik, Magnus Baumgardt, Daniel Karlsson and Stefan Thor, Control of neuronal cell fate and number by integration of distinct daughter cell proliferation modes with temporal progression, 2012, Development, (139), 4, 678-689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.074500 Copyright: Company of Biologists http://www.biologists.com/ Postprint available at: Linköping University Electronic Press http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-74790 678 RESEARCH ARTICLE DEVELOPMENT AND STEM CELLS Development 139, 678-689 (2012) doi:10.1242/dev.074500 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Control of neuronal cell fate and number by integration of distinct daughter cell proliferation modes with temporal progression Carina Ulvklo, Ryan MacDonald, Caroline Bivik, Magnus Baumgardt, Daniel Karlsson and Stefan Thor* SUMMARY During neural lineage progression, differences in daughter cell proliferation can generate different lineage topologies. This is apparent in the Drosophila neuroblast 5-6 lineage (NB5-6T), which undergoes a daughter cell proliferation switch from generating daughter cells that divide once to generating neurons directly. Simultaneously, neural lineages, e.g. NB5-6T, undergo temporal changes in competence, as evidenced by the generation of different neural subtypes at distinct time points. When daughter proliferation is altered against a backdrop of temporal competence changes, it may create an integrative mechanism for simultaneously controlling cell fate and number. -
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – a Cholinergic Synapse
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – A Cholinergic Synapse Operation of the nervous system is dependent on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally connected by synapses. The neuron conducting impulses toward the synapse is the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron transmitting the signal away from the synapse is the postsynaptic neuron. Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. For the most part, neurotransmitter receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell are either 1.) channel-linked receptors, which mediate fast synaptic transmission, or 2.) G protein-linked receptors, which oversee slow synaptic responses. Channel-linked receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that interact directly with a neurotransmitter and are called ionotropic receptors. Alternatively, metabotropic receptors do not have a channel that opens or closes but rather, are linked to a G-protein. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the metabotropic receptor, the receptor activates the G-protein which, in turn, goes on to activate another molecule. 3a. Model the ionotropic cholinergic synapse shown below. Be sure to label all of the following: voltage-gated sodium channel, voltage-gated potassium channel, neurotransmitter, synaptic vesicle, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, potassium leak channel, sodium-potassium pump, synaptic cleft, acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, calcium channel. When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal, it sets into motion a chain of events that triggers the release of neurotransmitter. You will next model the events of neurotransmission at a cholinergic synapse. Cholinergic synapses utilize acetylcholine as the chemical of neurotransmission. MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling Synapse Kit: Section 3-6 | 1 Step 1 - Action potential arrives at the Step 2 - Calcium channels open in the terminal end of the presynaptic cell. -
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION Study
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION Study material for B.Sc (H) Physiology 2nd Sem Dr Atanu Saha REVIEW ~ SETTING THE STAGE Information is digitized at the axon hillock and a stream of action potentials carries the output of a neuron down the axon to other neurons. Neurons are the only class of cells that do not touch neighboring cells. How is this output transferred to the next neuron in the chain? The transfer of information from the end of the axon of one neuron to the next neuron is called synaptic transmission. MOVING THE MESSAGE Transmission of the signal between neurons takes place across the synapse, the space between two neurons. In higher organisms this transmission is chemical. Synaptic transmission then causes electrical events in the next neuron. All the inputs coming into a particular neuron are integrated to form the generator potential at its ax on hillock where a new stream of action potentials is generated. SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS Neurons are the only cells that can communicate with one another rapidly over great distance Synaptic connections are specific. Underlie perception, emotion, behavior The average neuron makes 1000 synaptic connections - receives more The human brain contains 1011 neurons & forms 1014 connections Neural processing occurs from the integration of the various synaptic inputs on a neuron into the generator potential of that neuron. SPECIAL CHANNELS Recall the 2 classes of channels for signaling within cells: Resting channels that generate resting potential Voltage-gated channels that produce an action potential Synaptic transmission uses 2 additional classes of chhlannels: Gap-junction channels Ligand-gated channels COMPOSITION OF A SYNAPSE The synapse is made of 3 elements: pre-synaptic terminal postsynaptic cell zone of apposition TYPES OF SYNAPSES Syypnapses are divided into 2 grou ps based on zones of apposition: Electrical Chemical Fast Chemical Modulating (slow) Chemical ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES Common in invertebrate neurons involved with import ant reflex circuit s. -
Neural Stem Cells: Balancing Self-Renewal with Differentiation Chris Q
Development ePress online publication date 20 March 2008 REVIEW 1575 Development 135, 1575-1587 (2008) doi:10.1242/dev.014977 Neural stem cells: balancing self-renewal with differentiation Chris Q. Doe Stem cells are captivating because they have the potential to of proneural gene expression. High levels of the proneural genes make multiple cell types yet maintain their undifferentiated achaete, scute or lethal of scute repress Notch activity and state. Recent studies of Drosophila and mammalian neural stem promote NB formation; low levels of proneural gene expression cells have shed light on how stem cells regulate self-renewal allow high Notch activity, which maintains neuroectodermal fate versus differentiation and have revealed the proteins, processes and ultimately leads to epidermal differentiation (Artavanis- and pathways that all converge to regulate neural progenitor Tsakonas et al., 1991). Thus, proneural genes promote self-renewal. If we can better understand how stem cells neurogenesis (i.e. NB formation), whereas Notch signaling balance self-renewal versus differentiation, we will significantly inhibits neurogenesis. In this review, I briefly discuss embryonic advance our knowledge of embryogenesis, cancer biology and NBs and focus instead on the central brain NBs, where most is brain evolution, as well as the use of stem cells for therapeutic known about the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal. purposes. Larval NBs, which have many attributes of self-renewing stem cells, lie in a specialized cellular niche; they are undifferentiated, do Introduction not express any known neuron- or glial-specific markers; are highly A defining feature of stem cells is their ability to continuously proliferative yet never form tumors; can undergo mitotic quiescence maintain a stem cell population (self-renew) while generating without differentiating; and, most importantly, can generate differentiated progeny. -
Structure of Axon Terminals and Active Zones at Synapses on Lizard Twitch and Tonic Muscle Fibers’
0270-6474/85/0505-l 118$02.00/O The Journal or Neuroscrence Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 5, No. 5. pp. 1118-l 131 Printed rn U.S.A. May 1985 Structure of Axon Terminals and Active Zones at Synapses on Lizard Twitch and Tonic Muscle Fibers’ J. P. WALROND’ AND T. S. REESE Laboratory of Neurobiology, National institute of Neurological Diseases, Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Abstract 1974) and that the vesicles which open at these sites are drawn from a small subpopulation of synaptic vesicles already lined up at The freeze-fracture technique was used to study differ- the presynaptic membrane (Couteaux and Pecot-Dechavassine, ences in membrane structure which could explain differences 1970 1974; Heuser and Reese, 1973). in the number of quanta released from axon terminals on Freeze-fracture views of active zones at central and peripheral twitch and tonic muscle fibers in Anolis intercostal muscles. synapses have demonstrated that aggregates of large intramem- The protoplasmic leaflets of axon terminals facing lizard brane particles are found beside synaptic vesicle openings (Akert twitch muscle fibers have intramembrane particle speciali- et al., 1972; Peper et al., 1974; Ellisman et al., 1976; Venzin et al., zations characterized by two parallel linear particle arrays 1977; Pumplin and Reese, 1978; Ceccarelli et al., 1979; Heuser et each composed of two particle rows which lie perpendicular al., 1979; Heuser and Reese, 1981; Dickinson-Nelson and Reese, to the axis of shallow ridges in the axolemma. During K+ 1983).