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'Answering the Call' Detailed Report 1 Answering the call National Survey of the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Police and Emergency Services Detailed Report David Lawrence Michael Kyron Wavne Rikkers Jennifer Bartlett Katherine Hafekost Benjamin Goodsell Rebecca Cunneen November 2018 This report has been produced for Beyond Blue as part of the National Mental Health and Wellbeing Study of Police and Emergency Services Answering the call was conducted by The University of Western Australia in partnership with Roy Morgan Research. The study was funded by Beyond Blue, with additional funding support from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre. Additional information This report and additional information about Answering the call can be accessed via www.beyondblue.org.au/pesresearch Suggested reference: Lawrence D, Kyron M, Rikkers W, Bartlett J, Hafekost K, Goodsell B, Cunneen R (2018) Answering the call: National Survey of the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Police and Emergency Services. Detailed Report. Perth: Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia. Acknowledgements The ‘Answering the call’ detailed report was developed as part of Beyond Blue’s National Mental Health and Wellbeing Study of Police and Emergency Services. This study is funded by Beyond Blue with additional funding support from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre. Beyond Blue engaged The University of Western Australia who partnered with Roy Morgan Research to conduct the national survey Answering the call. The authors would like to thank the following organisations and individuals whose support, cooperation and expertise were integral to the success of the survey: • The Australian and state and territory governments • The Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre • Anna Hunt and Natalie Carolan, The University of Western Australia • Caitlin Bennetto, Tania Sperti, Bruce Packard, David Norrish, Gerry Bardsley, Roy Morgan Research • The Beyond Blue Workplace and Evaluation and Research teams, in particular the Beyond Blue project manager Emma Renehan • The 33 participating police and emergency services agencies: o Ambulance Tasmania; Ambulance Victoria; Australian Capital Territory Ambulance; New South Wales Ambulance; Queensland Ambulance Service; South Australia Ambulance Service; St John Ambulance Northern Territory; St John Ambulance Western Australia; o Australian Capital Territory Fire and Rescue; Australian Capital Territory Rural Fire Service; Country Fire Authority; Fire and Rescue New South Wales; New South Wales Rural Fire Service; Northern Territory Fire and Rescue Service; Queensland Fire and Emergency Services; South Australian Country Fire Service; Tasmania Fire Service; The Department of Fire and Emergency Services; o Australian Capital Territory State Emergency Service; Emergency Services Telecommunications Authority; New South Wales State Emergency Service; Northern Territory Emergency Service; Tasmania State Emergency Service; Victoria State Emergency Service; o Australian Capital Territory Policing; Australian Federal Police; New South Wales Police Force; Northern Territory Police; Queensland Police Service; South Australia Police; Tasmania Police; Victoria Police; Western Australia Police. • Members of the Study’s Advisory Group – Mr Ken Lay AO APM (Chair); Professor Michael Baigent; Dr John Bates; Ms Catherine Boekel; Mr Mark Burgess; Commissioner Katarina Carroll; Dr Peter Cotton; Ms Nicole Graham; Mr Shane Greentree; Ms Paige Hobbs; Professor Anthony LaMontagne; Professor David Lawrence; Professor Brett McDermott; Commissioner Dominic Morgan; Mr Bruce Packard; Dr Richard Thornton; Dr Alexandra West. • Members of the national survey’s Technical Advisory Group – Professor David Lawrence (Chair); Ms Tracey Allen; Mr Mick Cameron; Mr Charles Coulton; Ms Fiona Donaldson; Ms Nicole Graham; Professor Anthony LaMontagne; Mr Tim Peck; Mr Ken Lay; Dr Clare Shann; Mr Tim Slade; Ms Farhana Siddique; Dr Alexandra West. CONTENTS 1 Demographic overview of the police and emergency services sector ........ 1 2 Prevalence of mental health conditions and mental wellbeing .................. 9 3 Suicidal thoughts and behaviours ............................................................ 23 4 Individual risk and protective factors ....................................................... 39 5 Substance use .......................................................................................... 63 6 Risk and protective factors associated with the working environment .... 75 7 Stigma ...................................................................................................... 93 8 Seeking support ..................................................................................... 109 9 Workers’ compensation experiences ..................................................... 141 10 The resilient worker and workplace ....................................................... 151 11 Former employees ................................................................................. 161 12 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 179 Appendix A - Response rates, sample representativeness and weighting ...... 191 Appendix B - Advisory Groups ........................................................................ 197 Appendix C - Glossary .................................................................................... 199 Appendix D - References ................................................................................ 205 Chapter 1 — Demographic overview of the police and emergency services sector Overview Answering the call investigated the mental health and wellbeing of personnel in the police and emergency services sector. Australia wide there are over 120,000 employees and 240,000 volunteers in the sector. The services are career-oriented with a high proportion of employees having worked for their organisation for many years. With the exception of the fire and rescue sector, most employees were working full-time, and the majority were doing shift work or were on call. A substantial proportion of employees were regularly working over 45 hours per week. Many volunteers also make long-term commitments to their organisations. Most volunteers make a regular commitment to their organisation, with ambulance volunteers having contributed a median 6 hours per week, fire and rescue volunteers a median 2.5 hours per week and state emergency service volunteers a median 4 hours per week. 1.1. The police and emergency services sector The scope of the survey was employees and volunteers working in ambulance, fire and rescue, police and state emergency service agencies in each Australian State and Territory. Overall there are 36 agencies in the sector, and 33 of these agencies participated in Answering the call. Participating agencies are listed in Appendix one. The organisation of police and emergency services varies between jurisdictions. Each jurisdiction has a police service, and the Australian Federal Police have operations in each state as well as responsibility for ACT Policing. In some jurisdictions ambulance services are provided by a single government organisation, while in others ambulance services are contracted to private providers. Some jurisdictions have separate organisations for metropolitan and rural firefighting, while some jurisdictions have single organisations that are responsible for both fire and state emergency services, such as Queensland Fire and Emergency Services and the Western Australian Department of Fire and Emergency Services. Also in some jurisdictions separate agencies provide support services across multiple sectors, for example the Emergency Services Telecommunications Authority in Victoria. For the purposes of this study each participating employee or volunteer has been allocated to one of the four sectors of ambulance, fire and rescue, police, and state emergency service. Where agencies span multiple sectors, the roles of most employees and volunteers are linked mainly to one emergency services sector. Employees and volunteers whose roles span multiple sectors have been allocated to a sector in proportion to the workload of each sector based on information provided by the agencies. There were 117,500 employees and 237,800 volunteers in these agencies at the time of the survey, which was conducted between October 2017 and March 2018. Police agencies were the main employer, employing two- thirds of all employees working in the sector. Over 85% of volunteers were affiliated with fire and rescue organisations. There were over 200,000 registered volunteers in the fire and rescue sector (Table 1.1). This includes rural fire agencies, but does not include volunteers with firefighting responsibilities who volunteer with local government organisations, or conservation and land management or parks and wildlife agencies. Table 1.1: Number of employees and volunteers in the police and emergency services sector Sector Employees Volunteers Ambulance 18 600 6 900 Fire and rescue 17 800 207 000 Police 80 200 State emergency service 800 23 900 Total 117 500 237 800 Note: excludes employees and volunteers in agencies that did not participate in the study 1 While some police agencies do have a small number of volunteers, police volunteers were not included in the study because of the small numbers. The fire and rescue, and police sectors have a higher proportion of male employees. Over 80% of employees in the fire and rescue
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