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Vol. 2(1) 2008 Vol. 2(1) 2008 Editorial (p. 3) Focus: Neighbourhood & Violence Guest Editorial Miles Hewstone, Douglas S. Massey (pp. 4–5) Hating the Neighbors: The Role of Hate Crime in the Perpetuation of Black Residiential Segregation Ami Lynch (pp. 6 – 27) Neighborhood Violence and Adolescent Friendship David Harding (pp. 28 – 55) The effects of living in segregated vs. mixed areas in Northern Ireland: A simultaneous analysis of contact and threat effects in the context of micro-level neighbourhoods Katharina Schmid, Nicole Tausch, Miles Hewstone, Joanne Hughes, Ed Cairns (pp. 56 – 71) Youth Criminality and Urban Social Conflict in the City of Rosario, Argentina Celina Del Felice (pp. 72 – 97) How Insecurity impacts on school attendance and school drop out among urban slum children in Nairobi Netsayi N. Mudege, Eliya M. Zulu, Chimaraoke Izugbara (pp. 98 – 112) How Neighborhood Disadvantage Reduces Birth Weight Emily Moiduddin, Douglas S. Massey (pp. 113 – 129) Open Section Crossing the Rubicon: Deciding to Become a Paramilitary in Northern Ireland Neil Ferguson, Mark Burgess, Ian Hollywood (pp. 130 – 137) Policing and Islamophobia in Germany – The Role of Workplace Experience Heidi Mescher (pp. 138 – 156) urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2008104 ISSN: 1864-1385 IJCV : Vol. 2 (1) 2008, p. 2 2 International Journal of Conflict and Violence – IJCV The International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) is a new peer-re- viewed periodical for scientific exchange and public dissemination of the latest academic research on conflict and violence. The subjects on which the IJCV concentrates have always been the subject of interest in many different areas of academic life. Consequently, the journal encompasses contributions from a wide range of disciplines including sociology, political science, education, social psychology, criminology, ethnology, history, political philosophy, urban studies, economics, and the study of religions. The IJCV is open-access: All text of the IJCV is subject to the terms of the Digital Peer Publishing Licence. The IJCV is published twice a year, in spring and in fall. Each issue will focus on one specific topic while also including articles on other issues. Editors Editorial Staff (University of Bielefeld) Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Heitmeyer (Editor-in-Chief), University of Bielefeld Dipl.-Soz. Julia Marth Prof. Douglas S. Massey, Ph.D., Princeton University Dr. Kurt Salentin Prof. Steven Messner, Ph.D., University of Albany, NY Dipl.-Päd. Peter Sitzer Prof. Dr. James Sidanius, Harvard University Prof. Dr. Michel Wieviorka, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris Secretary Julia Marth Advisory Board University of Bielefeld Prof. Daniel Bar-Tal, Ph.D. (Tel Aviv University) Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence Prof. Tore Bjørgo, Ph.D. (Norwegian Police University College, Oslo) P.O. Box 100131 Prof. Ronald Crelinsten, Ph.D. (University of Victoria) Universitaetsstr. 20 Prof. Robert D. Crutchfield, Ph.D. (University of Washington, Seattle) 33615 Bielefeld Prof.ssa Donatella della Porta, Ph.D. (European University Institute, Firenze) Germany Manuel Eisner, Ph.D. (University of Cambridge) [email protected] Prof. Richard B. Felson, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania State University) www.ijcv.org Prof. Gideon Fishman, Ph.D. (University of Haifa) Prof. Ted Robert Gurr, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) Page Layout and Design Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (University of Bielefeld) meier stracke gbr, büro für gestaltung Prof. Miles Hewstone, Ph.D. (University of Oxford) Ernst-Rein-Str. 40 Prof. Mark Juergensmeyer, Ph.D. (University of California, Santa Barbara) 33613 Bielefeld Prof. Didier Lapeyronnie (Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux) Germany Dr. Nonna Mayer (Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po, Paris) [email protected] Prof. Dr. Herfried Münkler (Humboldt University of Berlin) www.meier-stracke.de Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Neidhardt (Social Science Research Center Berlin) Prof. Thomas Pettigrew, Ph.D. (University of California Santa Cruz, CA) Prof. Leung Ping-kwan, Ph.D. (University of Hong Kong) Prof. Gonzalo Sánchez Gómez, Ph.D. (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota) Prof. Peer Scheepers, Ph.D. (Radbould University Nijmegen) Prof. Dr. Helmut Thome (Martin-Luther-University of Wittenberg) Prof. Jorge Vala (Universidade de Lisboa) Prof. Dr. Ulrich Wagner (Philipps-University of Marburg) Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick (University of Bielefeld) IJCV : Vol. 2 (1) 2008, p. 3 Letter from the editors:Editorial 3 Editorial Letter from the editors The International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) is entering its second year of existence—many thanks to our authors and readers for making the journal the success it has become. This time our focus section has guest editors for the first time. Miles Hewstone (University of Oxford, UK) and Douglas S. Massey (Princeton University, USA) have put together an impressive collection of contributions addressing the field of neighbourhood and violence. The experience of working with guest editors who are well-known experts in a particular field of conflict and violence research has been very positive, and we have decided to apply the concept in forthcoming issues. Steven F. Messner (University at Albany, USA) and Helmut Thome (University of Halle-Witten- berg, Germany) have agreed to serve as guest editors for this years autumn issue focusing on anomie/anomia and violence, while the guest editors for the spring 2009 issue (IJCV 3, no. 1) concentrating on the theory of violence will be Susanne Karstedt (Keele University, UK) and Manuel Eisner (Cambridge University, UK). We intend to extent a general invitation to researchers in relevant fields who would like to guest-edit a focus section. Details will be appearing on our website soon. Calls for papers for upcoming issues can be found at www.ijcv.org. June 2008 Wilhelm Heitmeyer Douglas S. Massey Steven Messner James Sidanius Michel Wieviorka IJCV : Vol. 2 (1) 2008, pp. 4 – 5 Guest Editorial 4 Guest Editorial Miles Hewstone, University of Oxford, UK Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University, USA The study of neighbourhoods is well and truly on the research agenda of social and behavioural scientists, including anthropologists, criminologists, de- mographers, economists, political scientists, psychologists, and sociologists. This research activity has emphasized not only that neighbourhoods matter, but that their study raises a number of specific theoretical and methodological issues, which require a sophisticated and eclectic approach if we are to approach a full understanding of myriad ‘neighbourhood effects’. In this Special Issue of the International Journal of Conflict and Violence we focus specifi- cally on neighbourhood effects on violence, studied in a rich array of contexts. The first two articles make use of extensive survey data available from the United States of America. Ami M. Lynch’s article uses nationwide data on U.S. cities and their residential segregation levels (Lynch 2008). There is an extensive literature on the consequences of racial segregation, but her paper focuses on whether hate crime and neighbourhood conflict are important factors in perpetuating residential segregation. Using sophisticated statistical analyses, she concludes that they indeed are. As hate crime increases, white/black segregation increases; thus race-based violence influences where racial minorities can and cannot live, and is used by some majority group members as a way to defend their neighbourhoods from ‘racial infiltration’. David J. Harding (2008) analyses survey data from a national study of adolescent health in the U.S. to examine the relationship between neighbourhood violence and adolescent friendships. Using complex multi-level models, he reports no evidence that violence and the fear of victimization systematically impact on the closeness of adolescent friendships for boys or girls. But, more subtly, and especially for boys, these factors are associated with friendships outside of school, probably with older individuals, which can help them to stay safe. The next two articles each focus, albeit on very different research questions and in very different ways, on aspects of violence in one specific city. Katharina Schmid and colleagues investigate the impact on ethno-religious prejudice of living in segregated and mixed neighborhoods in Belfast, Northern Ireland (Schmid et al. 2008). Using adult data from a cross-sectional survey, they report that living in mixed neighborhoods was associated with reduced ingroup bias and fewer offensive action tendencies. These effects were partially mediated by positive intergroup contact. However, their analysis also shows that respondents living in mixed neighborhoods also reported higher exposure to political violence and higher perceived threat to physical safety. These findings demonstrate the importance of examining both social experience and threat perceptions when testing the relationship between social environment and prejudice. Celina Del Felice’s article describes and analyses youth criminality in the city of Rosario, Argentina, and includes an analysis of direct, structural, and cul- tural forms of violence (Del Felice 2008). She draws on a range of qualitative approaches (including observations, semi-structured interviews, and analysis of policy documents) to consider how the structural adjustment policies imposed in many Latin American economies during the 1990s affected levels of public violence. She highlights the link between social, political and economic
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