Permeable Paving Design & Construction Guide

August 2020 Permeable Paving

Permeable paving provides significant benefits over conventional pavements in terms of sustainability, environmental impact and long-term cost. In the natural environments, the majority of Permeable paving was first developed in Europe and has is absorbed back into the ground, recharging the local been used extensively throughout the world. Adopted table with minimal surface run-off entering in Australia in 1997, it has been used in many projects local waterways. This is not the case in urban areas. including the Sydney Olympic Precinct.

Large areas of impermeable surfaces result in the The system has also been adopted locally by The City of majority of stormwater being diverted to the local Belmont and The City of Nedlands. waterways and very little being absorbed into the ground. This guide is an introduction to permeable paving. As an alternative to conventional paving, permeable For extensive and comprehensive detailed information and paving encourages water to infiltrate through the case studies please visit CMAA site www.cmaa.com.au. surface and substructure to the ground below, easing the pressure on already overburdened or over- stressed stormwater systems.

Benefits of Permeable Paving

• Reduces the amount of rainfall run-off by , thereby eliminating or minimising the extent of stormwater drainage systems required

• Reduces the risk of localised flooding and downstream flooding

• Assists in recharging and maintaining aquifers and natural groundwater

• Traps and treats pollutants that would otherwise contaminate groundwater

• Assists in the biological decomposition of hydrocarbon contaminants

• Reduces the size or need for rainwater retention facilities in roadworks by using the pavement itself for retention

• Allows water and air access to roots of trees and plantings

• Can be trafficked immediately following installation

• Easy access to underground services if required, without damage to laid permeable paving

• Surface gradients can often be minimised or eliminated

• Enhanced aesthetic appearance

• Paving can be recycled or re-used

• Minimises tree root damage by directing root growth down instead of along the surface, picking up moisture caused by condensation under solid surfaces

• Permeable paving provides a cost-effective alternative (refer to The City of Nedlands case study page)

2 Midland – Permeable Paving Aqua Tri-Pave

Aqua Tri-Pave provides a permeable pavement solution, allowing water to permeate into the subgrade or be collected for future use.

PRODUCT INFORMATION

Work Size (mm) 171x198x80 Dimensional Category DPA2 CMAA Shape Category Type B Approximate Unit Weight (kg) 4 Approximate No. per m2 39 No. Per Pallet 384 Nominal Pallet Weight (kg)1 1582 Breaking Load (kN) >10 Mean Abrasion Index (Va) <7 Slip Resistance Category P5 (Wet Pendulum Test) Cold Water Absorption (%) <2.6 Coefficient of Contraction (mm/m) <0.8 Durability Class Exposure Grade Potential to Effloresce Slight to Medium Liability to Lime Pitting Nil A correctly designed subbase is critical to overall success of permeable paving. Pewter

Applications • Carparks • Government/Council projects • Streetscape • • Alleyways

• Industrial Charcoal • infrastructure • Residential driveways • Schools • Shopping Centres • Paved areas/machine lay • Irrigation

The information presented herein is supplied in good faith and to the best of our knowledge was correct at the time of preparation. No responsibility can be accepted by Midland Brick Company Pty Ltd, its staff or its agents for any errors or omissions. Heritage Red Users are advised to make their own determination as to the suitability of this information in relation to their particular purposes and specific circumstances. Since the information contained in this document may be applied under conditions beyond our control, no responsibility can be accepted by Midland Brick Company Pty Ltd, its staff or its agents NOTE: Other colours made to order, subject to material for any loss or damage caused by any person acting or refraining from availability and quantity ordered. Please contact your action as a result of this information. Midland Brick Sales Representative.

Midland Brick – Permeable Paving 3 Permeable Pavement components

Components of a Permeable Pavement

• A surfacing of permeable paving, such as Aqua Tri- • On cohesive subgrades, a filter fabric must be Pave is designed to permit rapid infiltration of rainfall. provided under the base course to prevent clay • The joints and voids between pavers must not be left migrating into the pavement. This is not needed where empty but should be completely filled with uniform the subgrade is granular such as sandy or gravelly aggregate 2-5mm. If the joints or voids are not soils. correctly filled the system becomes less effective over • Where the subgrade is contaminated (saline or time as it allows a greater buildup of debris and . expansive) an impermeable membrane must be Sand must not be used instead of aggregate as sand provided under the base course to prevent water slows water ingress. from entering or leaving the pavement. The standard • Permeable pavers should be laid on a 20-40mm practice is to run the membrane along the sides of the bedding course of uniform aggregate typically 2-5mm pavement. in size. • There may be a need to include drainage pipes to • A permeable geotextile may be installed beneath remove water from some pavements. the bedding layer. This option is required to mobilise • The in-situ soil at the pavement site is known as biological controls of hydrocarbons etc. Installation of the subgrade. The type of subgrade determines geotextile may not be suitable where pavements are what type of permeable pavement cross-section is subjected to heavy vehicular traffic as it can cause achievable and how thick the pavement needs to be or create a failure plane. Consult with a qualified to resist traffic and control stormwater. engineer. • A permeable base course, typically consisting of compacted unbound granular materials, provides the main loadbearing layer. The thickness of this layer must be sufficient to resist traffic loads and to provide adequate water storage. Composition of the aggregate and size will depend on the intended use of the permeable pavement.

Midland Drainage openings Kerb Aqua Tri-Pave or widened joints

20-40mm Bedding Course (2-5mm aggregate)

Permeable base course

Geotextile (if required)

Subgrade

4 Midland Brick – Permeable Paving Design considerations

Permeable pavements must be designed not only to carry traffic but also to manage run-off, infiltration, pollutant treatment, and where appropriate water harvesting. There are three principal types of cross-sections to consider when designing permeable pavements.

FU INFITRATION PARTIA INFITRATION NO INFITRATION All the water in�filtrates Some water infi�ltrates the No water in�filtrates the the subgrade subgrade but most is stored in subgrade but is stored in the the pavement and must be pavement for water removed by a drainage pipe harvesting or for controlled at a controlled rate removal by a discharge pipe

Clay bgrade bgrade bgrade

Permeable Drainage Impermeable Drainage Geotextile Pipe Geotextile Pipe

Three-Step Design Process The DesignPave and PermPave STEP 1 – PAVEMENT TYPE SELECTION software packages are provided as tools to aid design and to TRAFFIC & SUBGRADE CONDITIONS give general guidance about the RAINFALL construction of block pavements. PAVEMENT CROSS SECTION SURFACE The software is not intended as a Full Infiltration? Partial Infiltration? No Infiltration? Paver replacement for engineering skill and judgement, and users should type and PAVEMENT MATERIALS consult with suitably experienced thickness Unbound or Bound? and professionally qualified civil engineers to finalise and validate designs.

STEP 2 – HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS – PERMPAVE

FLOOD CONTROL? POLLUTION CONTROL? HARVESTING?

Design Storm Hydraulic Effectiveness Curves

STEP 3 – STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS– DESIGNPAVE

CAR PARKS? / ? INDUSTRIAL PAVEMENTS?

(Shackel 2010)

Midland Brick – Permeable Paving 5 Materials and construction guide

Base course and Subgrade Materials The subgrade soil determines the type of pavement The aggregate base thickness is determined by the need cross-section that is required to manage both the to store and infiltrate a certain amount of stormwater structural response to traffic and water management. and the need to carry traffic. The material is compacted Where the subgrade is of granular material, it is usually to the planned specifications, which will depend on the possible to infiltrate all the design rainfall fully. This is the expected loadings. most widely used base for permeable pavements. Typically, varied sizes of granular material are used to However, for a cohesive clay subgrade, only a small allow water to flow through. Larger sized particles are fraction of the stormwater run-off can be expected to placed at the bottom, medium in the middle and smaller infiltrate the soil, i.e. only partial infiltration is possible. In sized granular on top. These size combinations can be some cases, where the subgrade soil is contaminated specified by a suitably qualified engineer to meet the (expansive or saline) or where local regulations do not design and loadbearing requirements. permit infiltration, an impermeable liner must be placed Please consult with a qualified engineer for the required between the pavement and subgrade to ensure that no aggregate size base thickness and design specifics. infiltration is possible. In the cases of either partial or no Software such as PermPave and DesignPave are infiltration, the pavements main function is to capture available and very useful in designing appropriate the water temporarily and then to allow it to efflux via a pavement systems. carefully sized outlet pipe to stormwater sewers at a rate Subbase: an optional layer of soil placed between the excavated chosen not to overload these facilities. subgrade and base course to provide additional load bearing strength. Mainly used for low-strength subgrades.

TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION

Road Flush Midland Barrier Existing Grass Surface Kerbing Geotextile Aqua Tri-Pave Kerbing

20-40mm Bedding Course 300mm Permeable Base Course Subgrade (2-5mm aggregate) (20-63mm aggregate)

Geotextiles and membranes Geotextiles and membranes are used to prevent water Permeable geo fabrics are particularly important where a movement between the pavement and subgrade. They are system operates above a clay subgrade, where only partial also installed as filters to separate materials and provide infiltration of water is possible. the right environment for beneficial microbes and bacteria The use of filter fabric is mandatory in permeable paving to breakdown hydrocarbons and other pollutants. with partial infiltration and should be installed along the For pavement designed to fully infiltrate rainfall to the sides of the pavement as well. subgrade, the use of geotextiles is generally unnecessary. Where heavy vehicular traffic is likely, the installation of a The exception is where bioremediation of hydrocarbons is a geotextile layer in a pavement will need particular attention design objective. In such cases, a permeable fabric may be to determine the possibility of creating a placed below the bedding course to host microbial action. failure plane. In these instances, we recommend a suitably Where water is required to drain to the subgrade, the use qualified engineer be consulted. of a permeable filter fabric helps prevent the migration of colloidal particles into the subbase. This maintains the integrity of the structural and hydraulic characteristics of the system.

6 Midland Brick – Permeable Paving Sustainable Paving

Providing water and air to trees and vegetation Permeable pavements support sustainable development and liveable green communities. Permeable pavement systems are extremely useful where the proximity of trees and other planting is in close contact with the hard surface as it allows water and airflow to continue back into the roots of the surrounding area. The City of Belmont is at the forefront of permeable paving to benefit trees and planting. TYPICAL ROOT GROWTH PATTERN WHEN PERMEABLE PAVING AND AGGREGATE BASE USED

Midland Rainwater infiltrates and soil moisture Reduced pavement damage as large roots Aqua Tri-Pave transpires through voids and joints of paving do not grow in aggregate under pavers

Subgrade

Permeable Base Course Tree roots travel deeper into pavement structure to 20-40mm Bedding Course (20-63mm aggregate) reach the underlying soil containing water and nutrients (2-5mm aggregate)

TYPICAL ROOT GROWTH WHEN PAVEMENT IS LAID DIRECTLY ON SOIL

Pavement / Root heave damage

Subgrade

Tree root growth is shallow and travels along the underside of the pavement seeking moisture

Below is an extract from a research paper by T. Lucke and S. Beecham, “An Infiltration Approach to Reducing Pavement Damage by Trees”

In this study, it was found that the growth of street • Permeable pavements with a 100mm deep trees can be influenced by using permeable pavement gravel base course layer suffered minimal paver surround laid on a sufficiently deep gravel base course dislodgement. layer. • No dislodgement was observed in permeable This influence was limited to root growth with no pavements with a 300mm deep gravel base course significant effect on tree height. The permeable pavement layer. supplied the underlying subgrade soil with sufficient • Excavation of the pavements, after 4.5 years of oxygen, nutrients and moisture to promote woody growth operation, showed that the 300mm deep base deeper in the soil profile, eliminating shallow woody root course layer encouraged woody root growth to adopt growth near the pavement surface. a downward trajectory away from the pavement surface, with an absence of either shallow woody In particular it was found that: root growth or non-woody feeder roots. • The asphaltic concrete control pavement was severely damaged by shallow woody root growth The results of this study will help engineers, arborists that sought out the observed condensate forming on and landscapers to improve street tree planting design the underside of the pavement surface. and to reduce pavement damage and repair costs for • Even in the permeable pavements without a gravel local municipalities. base course layer, there was some dislodgement of (Lucke & Beecham 2019) the paver surface by shallow roots.

Midland Brick – Permeable Paving 7 Sustainable Paving

Pollution Control There is evidence that a properly designed permeable pavement system will effectively manage stormwater hydraulically and improve .

Between 1999 and 2001, the Urban Water Resources A field study of four types of porous paving, installed in Centre at the University of South Australia carried out a parking area, found no oil, fuel or lead had infiltrated a series of laboratory and field tests to establish the into the water, even though these pollutants were retention of pollutants through permeable pavements present in the surface run off from the impermeable located in Port Adelaide. asphalt control sample. (Brattebo and Booth 2003) The results from the field tests were compared with A Review of Stormwater Sensitive Urban Design in data from a comparable conventional pavement and Australia acknowledged improvements to water quality indicated that permeable pavements could reduce up to through interception and biological treatment when 50% of pollutant concentrations – when compared to the comparing porous pavement to impervious pavement. conventional pavement. (Zhang 2006) The report also raises the importance of not allowing the permeable pavement system to clog up. (Fletcher, Deletic and Hatt 2004) Maintenance Surface infiltration rates Clogging

Tests in Australia have shown that even permeable Clogging of permeable pavement is a natural ongoing pavements that had received little routine maintenance, process which must be considered in the planning and the infiltration rates 8 to 10 years after construction design. remained at serviceable levels. Despite clogging over periods of 8 to 10 years, test results Published Infiltration Measurements for permeable have shown that pavements continued to exhibit good pavements in service for periods of 8 and over 10 years infiltration rates. located in Australia range from 70 to 1080mm/hr.m2 In the eventuality of the permeable pavement clogging (Beecham et al. 2009). up because of particulate pollutants, it has been shown Midland Brick test results from two local case studies that simply replacing the top 10-25mm of the drainage confirmed the high infiltration rate of newly laid material within the voids and joints can largely restore the permeable pavement. Refer to study case on page 9-11. infiltration capacity. (Beecham et al. 2009)

According to a study (Borgwart 2006) Infiltration rate in Clogging can be minimised by regular maintenance such new pavements can be as high as 1548mm/hr.m2. as using conventional street vacuum cleaning.

However, over time the infiltration performance is affected The percolation rate will decrease from the newly laid due to the age of the pavement and particulate pollutants value but will stabilise with age, usually within 8 to 10 years. becoming trapped within the upper 20-40mm of the The recommended infiltration rate over a 20-year design materials filling the drainage openings and joints, slowing life, without regular maintenance, will be approximately the infiltration rate. It is important to completely fill all 10% of the initial value. Therefore it is recommended that joints and voids so that the debris and silt can be easily a clogging factor be applied in the design of permeable removed from the surface. pavements allowing for incremental clogging that naturally occurs.

8 Midland Brick – Permeable Paving Case Study

City of Belmont

City opts for innovative car park construction (Belmont Business Talk 2019, 11) In 2018 the City of Belmont completed the construction of two new car parks within the Belmont Business Park; Esther Street Abernethy Road and Esther Street Robinson . Unlike conventional carparks, the City opted to use ways the City is committed to being Waterwise and permeable paving to capture, retain and allow the protecting one of life’s most valuable commodities; infiltration of stormwater at each car park. water. This results in less water being sent to stormwater In a warm and drying climate where storm events drains and more water being infiltrated to are shorter but heavier, Water Sensitive Urban groundwater. Not only does the permeable Design enables water to be captured at point source pavement allow water to infiltrate, it also assists in and used in the environment rather than being piped supporting adjacent trees that will be planted during downstream into receiving waterways. winter 2019. This also means water generally is cleaner and more The permeable pavement allows water and oxygen freely available to the surrounding environment. to penetrate into the root zone preventing the tree Maximising shade coverage on car parks is also roots from uplifting and damaging the pavement as essential in reducing the impact of the Urban Heat they grow and seek out nutrients, air and water. This Island effect, particularly in areas that already have will extend the asset life of the pavement surface low canopy cover. and allow the trees to maximise their canopy growth Trees will be planted adjacent to the car parks in thus creating a fully shaded car park. 2019 and after a few years, due to the car park Water Sensitive Urban Design principles such as the supporting the growth of the trees, will sufficiently use of permeable pavements, swales and vegetated shade parked cars making them an attractive place strips to capture and retain stormwater are just some to park during summer.

Midland Brick – Permeable Paving 9 Case Study

City of Nedlands The City of Nedlands implemented a permeable pavement system using Aqua Tri-Pave to assist with the dispersion of stormwater at the Weld Street location adjacent to Carrington Park. The services of Worley Parsons Engineers were engaged In contrast, the Smyth Road site is level and elevated, to design the system to cope with the structural and compared to the road surface and is not subjected to the hydraulic requirements. demands of the Weld Street site. Approximately a year later, another section of permeable Midland Brick monitored the site a year later and tested pavement was laid at Smyth Road adjacent to Karrakatta the infiltration performance of both sites. Cemetery. It is noteworthy that neither site had been swept and the The Weld Street paving location is a low-lying area voids were not completely filled. collecting significant rainwater along with debris and silt. INFILTRATION MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE The method for measuring infiltration was based closely on AS 4693.5-2004 – “Surfaces for Sports Areas – Method of Test. Method 5: Determination of Water Infiltration Rate,” with reference to other Australian paving articles (Beecham et al. 2009). The steps are as follows: 1. Install permeable paving as per the engineer’s design with appropriate sub-base/gravel filling for application. 2. Set up the infiltrometer over area you wish to test – the infiltrometer is a 1mx1mx300mm metal instrument which is sealed along the base with concrete foam (See Image 1). Weight is applied to the infiltrometer before it is filled to ensure the seal is pressed hard against the paving and the edge of the instrument. 3. Fill infiltrometer approximately half-way with water, ensuring no excessive leakage is present and let drain away before conducting any measurements. This is to saturate the ground to give a more accurate reading. 4. Once the first application of water has drained, place a metal rule against the base of the infiltrometer (so the height of the water can be measured) and fill the instrument up to 45mm from the base. 5. When the water reaches 45mm on the ruler – start Image 1: Filling of Infiltrometer the timer and determine how much time it takes for the water level to fall by 20mm – to 25mm mark on the ruler. Record this time and use it to calculate the filtration rate (depending on units required). The calculated filtration rates used the following equation:

FWB C IB = tB 6. Where:

IB = Water infiltration rate

FWB = is the fall of water level (mm)

tB = is the time taken for the water level to fall (h) C = is the approximate temperature correction factor given in Table 1 (Standards Australia 2004) to correct the infiltration rate to a standard temperature of 10°C.

7. Repeat testing as necessary – one or more tests should be conducted in the same area to show variation over time and with differing amounts of water Image 2: Measuring Water Level after Saturation filtered through, as seen in our results.

10 Midland Brick – Permeable Paving INFILTRATION RESULTS AND PROCEDURE – WELD STREET Weld Street has been paved with permeable paving towards saturation. It was evident that silt and debris since 2017. On inspection, there was evidence of visible were filling the voids (Image 3&4), which could have been accumulation of soil and dirt in the paving voids. There was contributing to the reduced levels of infiltration. However, also evidence of gravel between the voids, but the gravel the second trial infiltration rate was still well above average did not fill the gaps completely or come flush with the minimum of 70mm/hr.m2 (Beecham et al. 2009, 5). paving surface. The infiltrometer was set up at the lowest point of the Weld Street paving to emulate the expected infiltration rates. After the surface was flooded and saturated with water, the two tests were completed, as per the testing procedure. The results were as follows: Test 1 – 20mm drop/110 sec = 502mm/hr.m2 or 1394 l/s.ha Test 2 – 20mm drop/240 sec = 230mm/hr.m2 or 639 l/s.ha

Results indicated that the infiltration rate was reduced in Image 3: Weld St Paving Image 4: Weld St Soil from the second test; suggesting that the paving was trending Build-up and Gravel Levels Void after Testing

INFILTRATION RESULTS AND PROCEDURE – SMYTH ROAD Testing was then conducted at Smyth Road to compare The results were as follows: the performance of the paving laid in 2018 and the Weld Test 1 – 20mm drop/8 sec = 6,903mm/hr.m2 or 19,175 l/s.ha Street paving laid in 2017. Test 2 – 20mm drop/8 sec = 6,903mm/hr.m2 or 19,175 l/s.ha Test 3 – 20mm drop/12 sec = 4,602mm/hr.m2 or 12,783 l/s.ha Smyth Road was visibly cleaner, with more gravel evident, but as with Weld Street, the gravel in the paver voids were The above test results conducted at Smyth Road show not filled to the top – as recommended. On average the excellent infiltration results, well above the recorded values gravel was 10-15mm below the surface. (Beecham et al. 2009). Factors which may have contributed to the excellent infiltration results include, the age of the It was noted that the Smyth Road paving had a more paving or the installation, its higher level in relation to the consistent level than Weld Street and was laid higher than road and more consistent surface level (there is no low point the road level – indicating that rainfall would be more likely as at Weld Street). Test results also demonstrated that the to run off the permeable paving, contributing to the low infiltration rates at Smyth Road do not decrease as rapidly levels of build-up in the voids. Testing was again set up when compared to Weld Street. This can again be attributed with the infiltrometer flat on the paving, using the same to less build-up of silt and debris and voids being alternately method as at Weld Street. filled with gravel as per recommendations (images 3 and 4).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: • CMAA • Think Brick Australia • The City of Belmont • The City of Nedlands REFERENCES • Beecham, Simon, David Pezzaniti, Baden Myers, Brian Shackel and Alan Pearson. 2009. “Experience in the Application of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Paving in Australia.” Paper presented at International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Buenos Aires, Argentina, October, 2009. • Beecham, S, D Pezzaniti and J Kandasamy. 2009. “Influence of Clogging on the Effective Life of Permeable Pavements.” Water Management 162(3):211-220. http://doi.org/10.1680/wama.2009.00034 • Belmont Business Talk. 2019. “City Opts for Innovative Car Park Construction”. March 2019. www.belmont.wa.gov.au/Services/Publications/BelmontBusinessTalk/ Documents/Belmont%20Business%20Talk%202019%20Issue%201%20Autumn.pdf • Borgwardt, Soenke. 2006. “Long-term in-situ infiltration performance of permeable concrete block pavement.” Paper presented at International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, San Fransisco, California, United States of America, November, 2006. • Brattebo, Benjamin and Derek Booth. 2003. “Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.” Water Research 37(18):4369-76. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X • CMAA. 2010. Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements – Design and Construction Guide. Concrete Masonry Association of Australia. www.cmaa.com.au/Technical/Manuals/DownloadManual/48?ManualName=pe01-permeable-Interlocking-concrete-pavements-design-and-construction-guide.pdf • Dierkes, C, Lothar Kuhlmann, Jaya Kandasamy and George Angelis. 2002. “Pollution Retention Capability and Maintenance of Permeable Pavements.” Paper presented at Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage, Oregon, United States of America, September 2002. • Fletcher, Tim, Ana Deletic and Belinda Hatt. 2004. A Review of Stormwater Sensitive Urban Design Australia. Victoria: Monash University. www.clw.csiro.au/Publications/awcrrp/AWCRRP_6_Final_28Apr2004.pdf • Lucke, T and S Beecham. 2019. “An Infiltration Approach to Reducing Pavement Damage by Street Trees”. Science of the Total Environment 671:94-100. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.357 • Shackel, Brian. 2010. “The Design, Construction and Evaluation of Permeable Pavements in Australia.” Paper presented at ARRB Conference – Building on 50 years of road and transport research, Melbourne, NSW, Australia, 2010. www.cmaa.com.au/Technical?Manuals?DownloadManual/47?ManualName=tp13-the-design-construction- and-evolution-of-permeable-pavements-in-australia.pdf • Standards Australia. 2004. Surfaces for sports areas – Methods of test. Method 5: Determination of water infiltration rate. SAI Global (AS 4693.5-2004). • Zhang, J. 2006. “A Laboratory Scale Study of Infiltration from Pervious Pavements.” Thesis, RMIT University.

Midland Brick – Permeable Paving 11 For more information about Midland Brick

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