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Downloaded from Brill.Com09/25/2021 07:45:41AM Via Free Access T  E,  147, 2004 1 2 3 PINGPING CHEN , NICO NIESER & JEN-ZON HO 1National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands 2Hertog Eduardstraat 16, 4001 RG Tiel, The Netherlands 3Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Taiwan, China REVIEW OF CHINESE RANATRINAE (HEMIPTERA: NEPIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF RANATRA FABRICIUS Chen, P.-p., N. Nieser & J.-Z. Ho, 2004. Review of Chinese Ranatrinae (Hemiptera: Nepi- dae), with descriptions of four new species of Ranatra Fabricius. – Tijdschrift voor Entomolo- gie 147: 81-102, figs. 1-47, table 1. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 1 June 2004. The Chinese Ranatrinae is reviewed based on specimens examined and literature records. Four new species of Ranatra are described: R. lansburyi sp. n. (SW China and Thailand), R. sterea sp. n. (SW China), R. recta sp. n. (S China) and R. incisa sp. n. (SE China). Diagnoses, distribu- tional and biological notes, a key to Chinese species of Ranatrinae, line illustrations of diagnos- tic features for each species and the dorsal habitus of the different genera are provided. Correspondence: Dr. P.-p. Chen, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Key words. – Nepomorpha; Cercotmetus; Ranatra; new species; key; China; Thailand. The family Nepidae, or water scorpions, can be rec- The family Nepidae contains about 250 species, ognized by the following set of characteristics: aquatic and is represented in all zoogeographical regions with bugs with the antennae hidden under the head, the highest species densities in tropical areas. The fam- strongly modified raptorial fore legs, and caudally ily can be divided into two groups. Some authors (e.g. with a single narrow respiratory siphon which cannot Lundblad 1933, De Carlo 1951, 1964) consider these be retracted into the apex of the abdomen. as separate families, namely Nepidae and Ranatridae. There are two main forms of Nepidae. The first one More recent authors (e.g. Lansbury 1972a, 1974, consists of oval or elongate oval, dorsoventrally flat- Schuh & Slater 1995, Polhemus 1995) recognize two tened insects. They keep their forelegs with a strongly subfamilies: Nepinae (with ten genera) and Ranatri- thickened femur horizontally in front, and combined nae (with four genera). We follow the latter modern with the respiratory siphon indeed remind one of small classifications and treat Ranatrinae as a subfamily of scorpions. Linnaeus (1758) gave the name of Nepa Nepidae. (Latin: scorpion) to the water bugs with prominent The Nepinae contain the real water scorpions, raptorial fore legs. The second form consists of elon- which are flat, more or less oval forms with thickened gate bugs, usually with a subcylindrical body, which front femurs. Three genera of this subfamily have been keep their forelegs with elongated moderately thick- found in China so far. (1) The genus Nepa contains ened femora vertically in front. Fabricius (1790) split five species occurring in the temperate zone of the these subcylindrical forms off from genus Nepa, and Northern Hemisphere, two species occur in the north- gave them the name of Ranatra which is considered to ern part of China. (2) The genus Telmatotrephes Stål, be a fantasy name derived from Rana (Latin: frog). 1854 holds six species, three in South America and Most Ranatrinae species have a subcylindrical body, three in Asia, of which T. chinensis Lansbury, 1972b, hence their vernacular name is water stick insects. the only Chinese species, is only known from the The Ranatrinae occurring in China can be distin- holotype from Fujian Province, SE China. (3) Finally, guished from other taxa of Nepidae by the following the genus Laccotrephes Stål, 1866 is widely distributed diagnosis: with a subcylindrical body, and the width in the Old World tropics and subtropics with about of head across eyes larger than the anterior width of 80 species . This is the dominant genus of Nepinae in pronotum (figs. 1-3). China with seven recorded species, and is distributed 81 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:45:41AM via free access T E, 147, 2004 (De Carlo 1964). In Asia the genus contains 29 species including the species described below. In addi- tion, Australia has three species which are related to various Asian species groups. Judging from its para- mere, R. linearis (Linnaeus, 1758) could be associated with some African species (Poisson 1965). Apart from this species, the Asian species of Ranatra do not seem to be closely related to African or American species. Consequently, speciation probably took place from several centres. As a whole, the Chinese Ranatrinae, with 10 out of 39 species, contains 26% of the described Asian fau- na of this taxon. As stated above, the two species of Cercotmetus are part of an tropical Asian element. Six of the eight species of Ranatra with certainty oc- curring in China fall into four of the species groups defined by Lansbury (1972a). As stated above, R. lin- earis is associated with some African species (Poisson 1965). R. sterea sp. n. does not fit in any of the Asian species groups of Lansbury (1972a) and does not seem to be related to species outside Asia either, thus in our opinion, this species forms a monotypical species group. Aukema & Rieger (1995) included the whole of China into the Palaearctic Region. The Palaearctic Region is usually defined as the part of the Old World roughly north of 25º (in Africa) and 30º (in Asia) northern latitude. The Oriental region contains Sri Lanka and the In- dian Subcontinent, southern China, the Philippines and Indonesia except Irian Jaya (Ellis 1988). In China the Yangtze River is considered to form the demarca- tion between the Oriental and Palaearctic regions (El- lis 1988). According to our knowledge of aquatic bugs, South China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Southeast Fig. 1. Cercotmetus brevipes, (, body length 34 mm. China (Fujian, Taiwan), and Southwest China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) hold an Oriental fauna. Notably the fauna of Yunnan and Guangxi is related to the fauna of Southeast Asia, especially to the fauna in most areas of the country except for the northeast, of the Mekong basin (Nieser et al. in press). Only west and northwest (Polhemus 1995). Four genera are three species of Ranatra: R. linearis , R. chinensis and R. in the subfamily Ranatrinae, two of them are so far re- unicolor Scott, 1874 have a Palaearctic distribution. stricted to Australia. The genus Cercotmetus Amyot & The latter two extend into the Oriental Region in re- Serville, 1843 is restricted to tropical Asia with one stricted sense. All three Palaearctic species occur in species extending into the subtropics and one sub- China. The total number of species of Ranatra with an species occurring in Australia (Lansbury 1975). Total- Oriental distribution is 29, of which five occur in Chi- ly ten species are described in this genus (Lansbury na: R. falloui Montandon, 1907 extends marginally 1973, Keffer & Polhemus 1999), of which two occur into the eastern Palaearctic; and the four newly de- in China. The name Cercotmetus is derived from the scribed species are presently only known from their Greek substantive ‘kerkos’ (= tail), combined with the type areas in the Oriental part of China, e.g., Guang- Greek verb ‘tmaoo’ (= to cut). It means ‘with a cut tail’ dong, Taiwan and Yunnan. and refers to the respiratory siphon, which is distinct- Apart from some descriptions of species collected in ly shorter than that in the genus Ranatra. China, e.g., R. chinensis and R. falloui , the taxonomic Ranatra is a cosmopolitan genus with about 100 work on Chinese Ranatrinae consists essentially of cat- species. It reaches its highest species density in tropical alogues and the inclusion of most Chinese species in areas, notably in South America with about 45 species the revisions of Cercotmetus and Ranatra (resp. Lans- 82 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:45:41AM via free access C .: Chinese Ranatrinae a modern catalogue of Palaearctic Nepidae, citing one species of Cercotmetus and six species of Ranatra as recorded from China. Finally, Hua (2000) published a list of Chinese insects, in which aquatic bugs are treated. Apparently he did not consult the work of Polhemus (1995), resulting in an outdated classifica- tion, including a few spelling and/or printing errors. Keys to the genera of Chinese aquatic Heteroptera can be found in Zheng et al. (1994). However, in their key to the Nepidae, the genus Cercotmetus is lacking. The only keys available to identify Chinese Ranatrinae to species are found in Lansbury (1972a) for Ranatra and Lansbury (1973) for Cercotmetus. However, as Lans- bury (1972a) excluded R. linearis (occurring in the Palaearctic region) from his key to the Oriental species of Ranatra, and we add here four new species for Chi- na, therefore, we present a key and diagnoses of the species actually occurring in China. In addition, diag- noses of two species are presented for further compar- ison, as we strongly doubt their occurence in China. Biology Two papers dealing with biological notes on Chi- nese Ranatra were published by Hoffmann (1930a, 1930b), in which he reported respectively on R. chi- nensis and R. filiformis Fabricius, 1790. However, judging from his illustration, we consider that his R. filiformis is an misidentification (see under the discus- sion of R. filiformis below). Most Ranatra species live in stagnant waters, such as marshes, ponds and canals, where they usually hide between emergent vegetation awaiting prey. Cloarec (1972) and Cloarec & Joly (1988) studied the behaviour of R. linearis. They found that first instar larvae tend to stay close to the surface film, preferably perching on plants such as ( Lemna Linnaeus and Elodea Michaux. During devel- Fig. 2. Ranatra longipes, , body length 22.7 mm. opment they prefer gradually deeper sites, and plant preference shifts to plants with distinct stems, such as Phragmites Adanson and Calamagrostis Adanson.
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