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Download Download :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨdŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚdĂdžĂͮǁǁǁ͘ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƚĂdžĂ͘ŽƌŐͮϮϲ:ƵůLJϮϬϭϰͮϲ;ϴͿ͗ϲϬϱϯʹϲϬϲϬ ZͲ®ÄãÙÊçã®ÊÄÊ¥¦½Ê½½ùã«ÙãÄÙ®Ä'þ½½Ý 'þ½½Ù®;W½½Ý͕ϭϳϲϲͿ;DÃý®͗Êò®Ϳ®Ä¥Ä ÊÃÃçÄ®ã®ÊÄ ÖÙÊããÙ®ÄÄãÙ½^ç®Ù® /^^E KŶůŝŶĞϬϵϳϰʹϳϵϬϳ D͘ĂĨĂƌͲƵů/ƐůĂŵϭ͕DŽĂLJLJĂĚ^ŚĞƌ^ŚĂŚϮΘŚŵĞĚŽƵŐϯ WƌŝŶƚϬϵϳϰʹϳϴϵϯ 1,2,3EĂƟŽŶĂůtŝůĚůŝĨĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚĞƌ͕WKŽdžϭϬϴϲ͕dĂŝĨ͕^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂE^ĂƵĚŝtŝůĚůŝĨĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͕WKŽdžϲϭϲϴϭ͕ KWE^^ ZŝLJĂĚŚϭϭϱϳϱ͕^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ 1 ŵnjĂĨĂƌƵů͘ŝƐůĂŵΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ;ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƵƚŚŽƌͿ ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͗dŚĞƌĂďŝĂŶ'ĂnjĞůůĞŝƐĂŐůŽďĂůůLJƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚĂŶƚĞůŽƉĞ;sƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞͿŝŶ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͘^ŵĂůůƌĞůŝĐƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶůŝŵŝƚĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůLJƌĂďŝĂŶŐĂnjĞůůĞƐŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚŝŶDĂŚĂnjĂƚĂƐͲ^ĂLJĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂŝŶĐĞŶƚƌĂů^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂďƵƚǁĞƌĞĞdžƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJ ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽŐĞŶŝĐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŚĂďŝƚĂƚůŽƐƐĂŶĚŚƵŶƟŶŐ͘/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŚĂďŝƚĂƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶůŽƐƚƚŽĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĨĞŶĐŝŶŐ ŽĨƉĂƐƚƵƌĞĨŽƌůŝǀĞƐƚŽĐŬĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚƌŽĂĚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƌĂďŝĂŶ'ĂnjĞůůĞƐǁĂƐƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞŶŝŶ DĂŚĂnjĂƚĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϭʹϮϬϭϰƚŽďƌŝŶŐďĂĐŬƚŚŝƐůŽĐĂůůLJĞdžƟŶĐƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƐƚƵĚLJŝƚƐĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐLJŝŶĂĨĞŶĐĞĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂ͘tĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚĂ ƚŽƚĂůŽĨϰϵ;ϭϮŵĂůĞƐ͕ϯϳĨĞŵĂůĞƐͿĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͘LJĞĂƌĂŌĞƌƌĞůĞĂƐĞĂŶŝŵĂůƐƐƚĂƌƚĞĚďƌĞĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƐŝdžĐĂůǀĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚƐŽĨĂƌǁŝƚŚŵŽƌĞ ƚŽĐŽŵĞ͘dŚĞŐĂnjĞůůĞƐƉƌĞĨĞƌƚŽƵƐĞŵŽƌĞƌŽĐŬLJĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞƐŚƌƵďƐĂŶĚĂĐĂĐŝĂƚƌĞĞƐŽĐĐƵƌŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕ĂŶĚĚŽŶŽƚŵŽǀĞůŽŶŐĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌŽŶĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚŚĂƚŵŽǀĞĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱϬŬŵ͘DĂŚĂnjĂƚŝƐĨĞŶĐĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƐůŽĐĂůƉĞŽƉůĞĨƌŽŵĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐĞƌǀĞƚŽƉŽĂĐŚ ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͘DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚůĞƐƐŽŶƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘/ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƌĂďŝĂŶĂŶĚ^ĂŶĚ'ĂnjĞůůĞƐ;'ĂnjĞůůĂƐƵďŐƵƩƵƌŽƐĂŵĂƌŝĐĂͿĂŶĚƌĂďŝĂŶKƌLJdž;Oryx leucoryxͿǁĞƌĞĂůƐŽƐƚƵĚŝĞĚ͘ <ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͗ƌĂďŝĂ͕ŐĂnjĞůůĞƐ͕ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ͘ K/͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘Žϯϵϳϭ͘ϲϬϱϯͲϲϬ| ŽŽĂŶŬ͗ƵƌŶ͗ůƐŝĚ͗njŽŽďĂŶŬ͘ŽƌŐ͗ƉƵď͗ϲϯϭϯϵͲϲϮϯͲϰϲϴͲϵϰͲϬϰϲϱϯϰϲ ĚŝƚŽƌ͗ĂǀŝĚDĂůůŽŶ͕ŽŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨ>ŽŶĚŽŶ͕h<͘ ĂƚĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͗Ϯϲ:ƵůLJϮϬϭϰ;ŽŶůŝŶĞΘƉƌŝŶƚͿ DĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͗DƐηŽϯϵϳϭͮZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϭϲDĂƌĐŚϮϬϭϰͮ&ŝŶĂůƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚϬϱDĂLJϮϬϭϰͮ&ŝŶĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚϮϰ:ƵŶĞϮϬϭϰ ŝƚĂƟŽŶ͗/ƐůĂŵ͕D͕͘͘D͘^͘^ŚĂŚΘ͘ŽƵŐ;ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ZĞͲŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŐůŽďĂůůLJƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚƌĂďŝĂŶ'ĂnjĞůůĞƐGazella arabica;WĂůůĂƐ͕ϭϳϲϲͿ;DĂŵŵĂůŝĂ͗ŽǀŝĚĂĞͿŝŶ ĨĞŶĐĞĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂŝŶĐĞŶƚƌĂů^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͘Journal of Threatened Taxaϲ;ϴͿ͗ϲϬϱϯʹϲϬϲϬ; ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϭϲϬϵͬ:Ždd͘Žϯϵϳϭ͘ϲϬϱϯͲϲϬ ŽƉLJƌŝŐŚƚ͗ ©/ƐůĂŵϮϬϭϰ͘ƌĞĂƟǀĞŽŵŵŽŶƐƩƌŝďƵƟŽŶϰ͘Ϭ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů>ŝĐĞŶƐĞ͘:ŽddĂůůŽǁƐƵŶƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĂƌƟĐůĞŝŶĂŶLJŵĞĚŝƵŵ͕ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶďLJƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞĐƌĞĚŝƚƚŽƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘ &ƵŶĚŝŶŐ͗dŚĞWƌŽũĞĐƚŝƐĨƵŶĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞ^ĂƵĚŝtŝůĚůŝĨĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJ͕ZŝLJĂĚŚ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͘ ŽŵƉĞƟŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͗dŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƐĚĞĐůĂƌĞŶŽĐŽŵƉĞƟŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚƐ͘ ƵƚŚŽƌŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͗ůůĂƵƚŚŽƌƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƟůůƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŝŶDĂŚĂnjĂƚ͘ ƵƚŚŽƌĞƚĂŝůƐ͗Ù͘D͘¥ÙͲh½/ݽÃŝƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĚĮĞůĚďŝŽůŽŐŝƐƚǁŝƚŚƐƚƌŽŶŐŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚŝŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůǁŝůĚůŝĨĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŚĂĚďĞĞŶĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚŝƌĚ>ŝĨĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů;h<Ϳ͕Z^W;h<Ϳ͕E,^;/ŶĚŝĂͿĂŶĚůŝŐĂƌŚDƵƐůŝŵhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;/ŶĚŝĂͿ͘,ŝƐŵĂŝŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŽƌŬŝƐŽŶĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚ ƚĂdžĂǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌŚĂďŝƚĂƚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶŝĐŚĞŵŽĚĞůůŝŶŐ͘^ŝŶĐĞƉƌŝůϮϬϬϲ͕ŚĞŝƐůŽŽŬŝŶŐĂŌĞƌƚŚĞƌĞͲŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌĮĞůĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůtŝůĚůŝĨĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚĞƌŝŶdĂŝĨ͕^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͘DÙ͘DÊùù^«Ù^«͘ŝƐĮĞůĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶDĂŚĂnjĂƚĂƐͲ^ĂLJĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚĂƌĞĂŝŶ^ĂƵĚŝ ƌĂďŝĂƐŝŶĐĞůĂƐƚϭϰLJĞĂƌƐŽŶ,ŽƵďĂƌĂƵƐƚĂƌĚĂŶĚĂůƐŽǁŽƌŬĞĚŽŶƌĂďŝĂŶĂŶĚ^ĂŶĚŐĂnjĞůůĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ^ĂŶĚĂƚ͘DÙ͘«ÃÊç¦ŝƐ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨEĂƟŽŶĂů tŝůĚůŝĨĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚĞƌĂŶĚĮĞůĚďŝŽůŽŐŝƐƚǁŚŽƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚĞĞĐŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨ,ĂŵĂĚƌĂLJƐĂŶŝŶ^ĂƵĚŝƌĂďŝĂ͘,ĞŚĂƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉĂƉĞƌƐŝŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůũŽƵƌŶĂůƐŽŶŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͗tĞǁĂŶƚƚŽĞdžƚĞŶĚŽƵƌƚŚĂŶŬƐĂŶĚŐƌĂƟƚƵĚĞƚŽ,,WƌŝŶĐĞĂŶĚĞƌŝŶ^ĂƵĚŝŶDŽŚĂŵŵĞĚů^ĂƵĚ;WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ͕^ĂƵĚŝtŝůĚůŝĨĞƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJͿ ĨŽƌŚŝƐůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉ͕ŐĞŶĞƌŽƐŝƚLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĂŶĚĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶǁŽƌŬďLJƚŚĞEtZŝŶƚŚĞ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘ůůEtZͬ<<tZƐƚĂīƐĂƌĞ ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌŚĞůƉ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƌ͘DŽŚĂŵŵĞĚ^ĂŶĚŽƵŬĂ͕ZĂnjŝŵĂŶ<ŚĂŶ͕Dƌ͘^ŚĂŵĂǀĂŶĚĞĨŽƌŚĞůƉŝŶŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĂŶĚDƐ͘WĂƌǀĞĞŶ<ŚĂŶ;>ŝďƌĂƌŝĂŶͿĨŽƌ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƉĂƉĞƌƐĂŶĚůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĚƵƌŝŶŐǁƌŝƟŶŐƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ͘tĞǁĂŶƚƚŽƚŚĂŶŬƌ͘ĂǀŝĚDĂůůŽŶĨŽƌƌĞǀŝĞǁŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ͘ ϲϬϱϯ Re-introduction of Arabian Gazelles in central Saudi Arabia Islam et al. INTRODUCTION on the Tihama coastal plain (Thouless et al. 1991, 1997; Magin 1993, 1996; Wacher & AlAgeel 2001a; Ahmed The taxonomy of gazelles is notoriously complex, Boug pers. comm. March 1999, in Wadi Hali; Zafar-ul and several classifications have been proposed. Three Islam pers. obs. 22 February 2009, 80km south of Al species have been reported from Saudi Arabia: Saudi Qunfidah). On the Farasan Islands a strong population Gazelle Gazella saudiya (now extinct), Mountain Gazelle of about 1000 individuals has survived (Flammand et Gazella gazella (widespread in the Arabian Peninsula) al. 1998; Cunningham & Wronski 2010), and Arabian and Arabian Gazelle Gazella arabica (known only from a Gazelles were released in two protected areas (Ibex specimen collected in the 1820s on the Farasan Islands Reserve, Uruq Bani Ma’Arid) from 1990 to 2007 (Islam in the Red Sea). Recent genetic research has questioned et al. 2012; Wronski et al. 2012a,b,c). Most records this arrangement. Lerp et al. (2013) indicated that G. of natural Arabian gazelle populations in Saudi Arabia gazella in fact consists of two clades, one in the north originate from the western part of the Kingdom, i.e., the centred on the Golan Heights, and a southern clade Asir, Sarawat and Hejaz Mountains (Thouless et al. 1991, covering the rest of the former range. Bärmann et 1997; Magin 1993, 1996; Al-Hazmi & Ghandour 1992; al. (2012) demonstrated that G. arabica had been Magin & Greth 1994). Four populations are known from misidentified and the specimen was in fact G. gazella. the northern Hejaz Mountains extending from Medina These authors, therefore, proposed a nomenclatural up towards the Gulf of Aqaba, namely Jibal Kallab, change, preferring to use the name G. arabica for Harrat Uwayrid, Ras Suwaihil and Jibal Dakhkhan (Child the southern clade of G. gazella. This arrangement is & Grainger 1990; Thouless et al. 1991, 1997; Wacher & followed here for gazelles in Saudi Arabia, including the AlAgeel 1999; Wacher & Strauss 2000; Wacher 2001; former subspecies G.g. cora and G.g. farasani (Thouless Ahmed Boug pers. comm. March 1999, near Al Farah). & Bassri 1991; Groves 1997; Flammand et al. 1998; The Hejaz Mountains are more arid than the southern Grubb 2005). Asir and Sarawat Mountains where permanent water is The former range of G. gazella included southern available throughout the year. In the Asir and Sarawat Turkey, Israel, Iran (Farur Island), Oman, United Arab Mountains a number of gazelle populations were Emirates, Yemen and Saudi Arabia (Mallon & Kingswood reported to survive in the foothills and in the eastern 2001; Kankýlýç et al. 2012). Occasional sightings have flanks of the Asir, where they are mostly associated with been reported from Egypt (Sinai), Syria, Lebanon and Acacia-lined wadis (Thouless et al. 1991). From 1990– Jordan (Kingswood & Khairallah 2001; Saleh 2001; 2001, several surveys have focused on a number of Masseti 2004). The range of G. g. cora (here referred populations in the Asir National Park (Al Khalili & Nader to as the Arabian Gazelle G. arabica) occurred across 1984; M.Z. Islam pers. comm. 2013) and other proposed most of the Arabian Peninsula from the Arava Valley in protected areas in the region to confirm presence or southern Israel, along the Hejaz and Asir Mountains in absence of gazelles or to establish rough population western Saudi Arabia (12-28 °N), through Yemen, Oman estimates (Child & Grainger 1990; Magin 1993, 1996; and into the Emirates (Shalmon 1987; Uerpmann 1987; Thouless et al. 1997; Wacher & Al Toum 1998; Wacher & Dunham et al. 2001; Insall 2001; Mallon & Al-Safadi AlAgeel 2001b). Since 2001 no confirmed observations 2001; Samour 2001). of Arabian Gazelles in the Asir Mountains have been In Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gazelle numbers have reported. Three observations were made by a local decreased dramatically throughout their range since shepherd near Jabal Kabkab in Makkah in January 2014 the middle of the 20th century due to anthropogenic (A. Boug and wildlife rangers pers. comm. 2014). and other pressures including habitat loss and hunting. Historically, Arabian Gazelles occured in Mahazat Important habitat has been lost to agricultural as-Sayd Protected Area in central Saudi Arabia but developments, fencing of pasture for livestock and the their loss was attributed to anthropogenic and other construction of human settlements and roads (Habibi pressures (Child & Grainger 1990; Lewlin in press, Islam 1986; Nader 1989; Thouless et al. 1991; Islam et al. et al. 2010a,b). Since their presence was confirmed 2010a,b). The IUCN Red List (IUCN 2009, 2014) currently via interviews with local people and historical records ranks this species (as G. gazella) as ‘Vulnerable’ (A2ad). (Magin 1996; Thouless et al. 1997; Islam et al. 2010a,b), Small relict populations may still occur in Al Khunfah and the Strategy and Action Plan of the National Wildlife Harrat al Harrah in the north of Saudi Arabia (Harrison Research Center (NWRC) suggested the re-introduction 1968; Green 1986; Thouless et al. 1991; Habibi 1992; of Arabian Gazelles (Islam et al. 2010a,b). This project is Wacher 1993; Seddon et al. 1997; Islam et al. 2012) and particularly significant as it is one of the first successful 6054 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2014 | 6(8): 6053–6060 Re-introduction of Arabian Gazelles in central Saudi Arabia Islam et al. releases for the species in over 20 years (Islam et al. ranges from 17°C in winter to 340C in summer, but 2011, 2012). After many years of dedicated work to maximum temperatures in summer often exceed 450C
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