Florigen Governs Shoot Regeneration
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Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development 2018
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Meeting Report Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development 2018 Jan Petrasek 1, Klara Hoyerova 1, Vaclav Motyka 1 , Jan Hejatko 2 , Petre Dobrev 1, Miroslav Kaminek 1 and Radomira Vankova 1,* 1 Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-225-106-427 Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 18 February 2019; Published: 20 February 2019 Abstract: The international symposium “Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development” (ACPD), which is held every 4–5 years in Prague, Czech Republic, is a meeting of scientists interested in the elucidation of the action of two important plant hormones—auxins and cytokinins. It is organized by a group of researchers from the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants at the Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences. The symposia already have a long tradition, having started in 1972. Thanks to the central role of auxins and cytokinins in plant development, the ACPD 2018 symposium was again attended by numerous experts who presented their results in the opening, two plenary lectures, and six regular sessions, including two poster sessions. Due to the open character of the research community, which is traditionally very well displayed during the meeting, a lot of unpublished data were presented and discussed. -
Florigen Family Chromatin Recruitment, Competition and Target Genes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.04.934026; this version posted February 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Florigen family chromatin recruitment, competition and target genes 2 Yang Zhu1, Samantha Klasfeld1, Cheol Woong Jeong1,3†, Run Jin1, Koji Goto4, 3 Nobutoshi Yamaguchi1,2† and Doris Wagner1* 4 1 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415 S. University Ave, 5 Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 6 2 Current address: Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 7 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192, Japan 8 3 Current address: LG Economic Research Institute, LG Twin tower, Seoul 07336, 9 Korea 10 4 Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefecture, 7549-1, Kibichuoh- 11 cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] 13 † equal contribution 14 15 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.04.934026; this version posted February 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 17 Abstract 18 Plants monitor seasonal cues, such as day-length, to optimize life history traits including 19 onset of reproduction and inflorescence architecture 1-3. -
Endogenous Levels of Cytokinins, Indole-3-Acetic Acid And
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Endogenous levels of cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in in vitro grown potato: A contribution to potato hormonomics Martin Raspor 1,6*, Václav Motyka 2,6, Slavica Ninković 1, Petre I. Dobrev 2, Jiří Malbeck 3, Tatjana Ćosić 1, Aleksandar Cingel 1, Jelena Savić 1, Vojin Tadić 4 & Ivana Č. Dragićević 5 A number of scientifc reports published to date contain data on endogenous levels of various phytohormones in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) but a complete cytokinin profle of potato tissues, that would include data on all particular molecular forms of cytokinin, has still been missing. In this work, endogenous levels of all analytically detectable isoprenoid cytokinins, as well as the auxin indole- 3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) have been determined in shoots and roots of 30 day old in vitro grown potato (cv. Désirée). The results presented here are generally similar to other data reported for in vitro grown potato plants, whereas greenhouse-grown plants typically contain lower levels of ABA, possibly indicating that in vitro grown potato is exposed to chronic stress. Cytokinin N-glucosides, particularly N7-glucosides, are the dominant cytokinin forms in both shoots and roots of potato, whereas nucleobases, as the bioactive forms of cytokinins, comprise a low proportion of cytokinin levels in tissues of potato. Diferences in phytohormone composition between shoots and roots of potato suggest specifc patterns of transport and/or diferences in tissue-specifc metabolism of plant hormones. These results represent a contribution to understanding the hormonomics of potato, a crop species of extraordinary economic importance. -
Auxins Cytokinins and Gibberellins TD-I Date: 3/4/2019 Cell Enlargement in Young Leaves, Tissue Differentiation, Flowering, Fruiting, and Delay of Aging in Leaves
Informational TD-I Revision 2.0 Creation Date: 7/3/2014 Revision Date: 3/4/2019 Auxins, Cytokinins and Gibberellins Isolation of the first Cytokinin Growing cells in a tissue culture medium composed in part of coconut milk led to the realization that some substance in coconut milk promotes cell division. The “milk’ of the coconut is actually a liquid endosperm containing large numbers of nuclei. It was from kernels of corn, however, that the substance was first isolated in 1964, twenty years after its presence in coconut milk was known. The substance obtained from corn is called zeatin, and it is one of many cytokinins. What is a Growth Regulator? Plant Cell Growth regulators (e.g. Auxins, Cytokinins and Gibberellins) - Plant hormones play an important role in growth and differentiation of cultured cells and tissues. There are many classes of plant growth regulators used in culture media involves namely: Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, 6 BAP (6 Benzyladenine), IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid), Zeatin and trans Zeatin Riboside. The Auxins facilitate cell division and root differentiation. Auxins induce cell division, cell elongation, and formation of callus in cultures. For example, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is one of the most commonly added auxins in plant cell cultures. The Cytokinins induce cell division and differentiation. Cytokinins promote RNA synthesis and stimulate protein and enzyme activities in tissues. Kinetin and benzyl-aminopurine are the most frequently used cytokinins in plant cell cultures. The Gibberellins is mainly used to induce plantlet formation from adventive embryos formed in culture. -
A Genetic Framework for Regulation and Seasonal Adaptation of Shoot Architecture in Hybrid Aspen
A genetic framework for regulation and seasonal adaptation of shoot architecture in hybrid aspen Jay P. Mauryaa,b, Pal C. Miskolczia, Sanatkumar Mishraa, Rajesh Kumar Singha, and Rishikesh P. Bhaleraoa,1 aUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; and bDepartment of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India Edited by Ronald R. Sederoff, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, and approved April 14, 2020 (received for review March 14, 2020) Shoot architecture is critical for optimizing plant adaptation and time–related transcription factor RAV1 has been validated in productivity. In contrast with annuals, branching in perennials branching in trees (17–19). However, information on branching native to temperate and boreal regions must be coordinated with control in perennials is fragmented, and there is a significant gap seasonal growth cycles. How branching is coordinated with in our knowledge of how branching is controlled and integrated seasonal growth is poorly understood. We identified key compo- with seasonal growth cycles in perennial trees (20). Therefore, nents of the genetic network that controls branching and its using functional genetic approaches, we elucidated the genetic regulation by seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. network that mediates control of branching and its regulation by Our results demonstrate that branching and its control by sea- seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. These studies re- sonal cues is mediated by mutually antagonistic action of aspen veal the key role played by the mutually antagonistic action of orthologs of the flowering regulators TERMINAL FLOWER 1 LAP1 and TFL1 in mediating control of branching and its re- (TFL1)andAPETALA1 (LIKE APETALA 1/LAP1). -
Florigen Revisited: Proteins of the FT/CETS/PEBP/PKIP/Ybhb Family
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440192; this version posted April 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. This article is a US Government work. It is not subject to copyright under 17 USC 105 and is also made available for use under a CC0 license. 1 Breakthrough Report 2 3 Florigen revisited: proteins of the FT/CETS/PEBP/PKIP/YbhB family may be the enzymes 4 of small molecule metabolism 5 6 Short title: Florigen-family proteins may be enzymes 7 8 Olga Tsoy1,4 and Arcady Mushegian2,3* 9 10 11 1 Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical 12 University of Munich (TUM), 3, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum, Freising, 85354, Germany 13 14 2 Molecular and Cellular Biology Division, National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower 15 Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA 16 17 3 Clare Hall College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9AL, United Kingdom 18 19 4 current address: Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 20 Notkestrasse, 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany 21 22 * corresponding author: [email protected] 23 24 25 26 27 The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this 28 article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors 29 (www.plantcell.org) is Arcady Mushegian ([email protected]). 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.16.440192; this version posted April 16, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. -
The Interaction of Cytokinin and Strigolactone in Controlling Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis Thaliana
The Interaction of Cytokinin and Strigolactone in controlling Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis thaliana By Neelam Chaudhary Imperial College London Department of Life Sciences November 2013 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Diploma of Imperial College London 1 For my Father (Late) and Mother They struggled hard to strengthen my faith in Almighty Allah and supported me to fulfil my dreams and to achieve my goals through their constant unconditional love, encouragement and prayers. For Scientists especially Life Scientists They spare time learning new ways to understand and solve problems in hopes of paving a better future for newer generations. They are more dedicated to making solid achievements than in running after swift but synthetic happiness. 2 ABSTRACT Shoot branching is regulated by auxin, cytokinin (CK) and strigolactone (SL). Cytokinin, being the only promoter of shoot branching, is antagonistic in function to auxin and strigolactone, which inhibit shoot branching. There is a close relationship between auxin and strigolactone, mediating each other to suppress shoot branching. Strigolactone reduces auxin transport from the buds, thus arresting bud outgrowth. On the other hand, auxin increases strigolactone production to control apical dominance. Antagonistic interaction between auxin and cytokinin has been reported as auxin inhibits lateral bud outgrowth by limiting CK supply to axillary buds. Previously, it has been found that levels of tZ-type CKs are extremely low in xylem sap of strigolactone mutants of Arabidopsis and pea.The current research aimed to explore the interaction between cytokinin and strigolactone, especially the regulatory mechanisms behind these low cytokinin levels. -
Discovery of Flowering Hormone (Florigen) Receptor and Its Crystal Structure
5 Life Science PF Activity Report 2011 #29 Discovery of Flowering Hormone (Florigen) Receptor and Its Crystal Structure lorigen, a mobile floral induction protein, initiates the flowering process of activating floral identity genes. Many details of the molecular function of florigen remain unclear. In the present study, we found that the rice florigen FHd3a directly interacts with 14-3-3 (GF14) proteins, but not with the transcription factor OsFD1. We further deter- mined the 2.4-Å crystal structure of a tripartite Hd3a-14-3-3-OsFD1 complex [1]. The determined crystal structure offers biological insights into 14-3-3 proteins and how they play a key role in mediating an indirect interaction between Hd3a and OsFD1. Our biochemical, biophysical, and physiological experiments using rice cultured cells and transgenic rice plants revealed that 14-3-3 proteins are intracellular receptors of florigen to activate floral identity genes. Florigen is produced in leaves and transmitted NMR experiments. One consensus sequence among through the phloem to the shoot apex, where it induces the bZIP transcription factors, including OsFD1, that flowering. A number of recent reports have provided reportedly bind FT and its homologs, was found to be evidence that Arabidopsis FT protein (Hd3a in rice) is a R-x-x-(S/T)-A-P-F, which resembles the 14-3-3 protein- key component of florigen [2]. In the shoot apical meri- binding motif R-S-x-(pS/pT)-x-P. The presence of this stem, FT activates floral identity genes such as AP1 sequence in OsFD1 raises the possibility that the inter- transcription and induces flowering by interacting with action between Hd3a and OsFD1 is indirect and is me- Figure 2 the bZIP transcription factor FD, although the details of diated by 14-3-3 proteins. -
Florigen Coming of Age After 70 Years
The Plant Cell, Vol. 18, 1783–1789, August 2006, www.plantcell.org ª 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists CURRENT PERSPECTIVE ESSAY Florigen Coming of Age after 70 Years The report that FT mRNA is the long-sought florigen, or at least is universal in plants (at least in closely related species and part of it (Huang et al., 2005), has attracted much attention and different photoperiodic response types). However, despite Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/plcell/article/18/8/1783/6115260 by guest on 03 October 2021 was ranked the number three breakthrough of 2005 by the numerous attempts to extract florigen and several reports of journal Science (Anonymous, 2005). This exciting discovery has extracts with flower-inducing activity, which all turned out to be brought to center stage one of the major outstanding questions nonreproducible, florigen remained a physiological concept in plant biology: What is the nature of florigen? In this essay, I rather than a chemical entity. As a result, the florigen hypoth- summarize the classical experiments that led to the florigen esis fell into disrepute, and a rival hypothesis, proposing that hypothesis and how molecular-genetic approaches combined flowering would be induced by a specific ratio of known with physiological methods have advanced our understanding hormones and metabolites, gained favor (Bernier, 1988; of florigen. I also discuss the possible universality of florigen and Bernier et al., 1993). some of the remaining questions regarding flowering and other photoperiod-controlled phenomena involving long-distance sig- naling in plants. MOLECULAR-GENETIC STUDIES OF FLOWERING As the physiological-biochemical approaches to flowering had FLORIGEN AS A PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPT begun to stagnate, along came molecular genetics with a new approach to the study of flowering. -
Lecture Outline
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth Vegetative phase change is required to allow a shoot to be able to produce flowers English Ivy (Hedera helix) A shoot is only competent to flower once it has passed from the juvenile to Adult the adult phase, a transition sometimes marked by gross morphological Juvenile leaf Adult leaf changes Juvenile The vegetative (juvenile to adult) phase transition is controlled by the relative abundance of microRNAs 156 and 172 Acacia koa Reprinted with permission friom Huijscer, P., and Schmid, M. (2011) The control of developmental phase transitions in plants. Development 138: 4117-4129. The nature of the flowering signal was elusive for decades Conversion of meristem vegetative to floral Environmental cues “Florigen” Julius von Sachs Mikhail Chailakhyan (1832-1897) (1901-1991) a.k.a. The “Father of Plant Physiology”. He was the first Proved the existence of a florigenic compound and to propose the existence of a chemical compound demonstrated that it is a small molecule, produced in capable of inducing flowering leaves and translocated to the shoot apex via the produced in leaves of illuminated plants phloem; he named it “florigen” Credits: Romanov, 2012 Russian J Plant Phys 4:443-450; Redrawn from Ayre and Turgeon, 2004 Several physiological pathways regulate flowering These are called ‘enabling pathways’ as they regulate floral competence of the meristem Vernalization Photoperiodic Autonomous GA-dependent pathway pathway pathway Where is florigen? FLOWERING Molecular repressors LOCUS C (FLC) of flowering, also Note: This model called ‘anti-florigenic’ corresponds to signals, maintain the Arabidopsis but many of its modules have vegetative state of counterparts in other the meristem species Vegetative Florigen Flowering Adapted from Reeves, P.H., and Coupland, G. -
Florigen and Anti-Florigen: Flowering Regulation in Horticultural Crops
Breeding Science 68: 109–118 (2018) doi:10.1270/jsbbs.17084 Review Florigen and anti-florigen: flowering regulation in horticultural crops Yohei Higuchi* Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Flowering time regulation has significant effects on the agricultural and horticultural industries. Plants respond to changing environments and produce appropriate floral inducers (florigens) or inhibitors (anti-florigens) that determine flowering time. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of two homologous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), act as florigen and anti-florigen, respec- tively. Studies in diverse plant species have revealed universal but diverse roles of the FT/TFL1 gene family in many developmental processes. Recent studies in several crop species have revealed that modification of flow- ering responses, either due to mutations in the florigen/anti-florigen gene itself, or by modulation of the regu- latory pathway, is crucial for crop domestication. The FT/TFL1 gene family could be an important potential breeding target in many crop species. Key Words: anti-florigen, chrysanthemum, florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), photoperiod, TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). Introduction cies (Corbesier et al. 2007, Lifschitz et al. 2006, Lin et al. 2007, Tamaki et al. 2007). In Arabidopsis, the FT protein is Many plants utilize fluctuations in day-length (photoperiod) induced under flower-inductive long day (LD) photoperiod as the most reliable indicator of seasonal progression to de- in leaves, whereas it forms a complex with a bZIP type tran- termine when to initiate flowering. This phenomenon, called scription factor FD at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to photoperiodism, enables plants to set seeds at favorable induce floral meristem-identity genes, such as APETALA1 conditions and maximize their chance of survival. -
Florigen Governs Shoot Regeneration
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.16.435564; this version posted March 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Florigen governs shoot regeneration. From Plant Science Institute ARO Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Yaarit Kutsher - [email protected] Michal Fisler - [email protected] Adi Faigenboim - [email protected] Moshe Reuveni – [email protected] - Corresponding author Plant Science Institute, ARO, Volcani Center, 68 Hamakabim Rd, PO Box 15159 Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel, Tel. 972-3-968-3830 Abstract It is widely known that during the reproductive stage (flowering), plants do not root well. Most protocols of shoot regeneration in plants utilize juvenile tissue. Adding these two realities together encouraged us to studied the role of florigen in shoot regeneration. Mature tobacco tissue that expresses the endogenous tobacco florigen mRNA regenerates poorly, while juvenile tissue that does not express the florigen regenerates shoots well. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesis reduced shoot regeneration as well as promoted flowering and increased tobacco florigen level. In contrast, the addition of NO (by way of NO donor) to the tissue increased regeneration, delayed flowering, reduced tobacco florigen mRNA. Ectopic expression of florigen genes in tobacco or tomato decreased regeneration capacity significantly. Overexpression pear PcFT2 gene increased regeneration capacity. During regeneration, florigen mRNA was not changed.