The Interaction of Cytokinin and Strigolactone in Controlling Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis Thaliana
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Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development 2018
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Meeting Report Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development 2018 Jan Petrasek 1, Klara Hoyerova 1, Vaclav Motyka 1 , Jan Hejatko 2 , Petre Dobrev 1, Miroslav Kaminek 1 and Radomira Vankova 1,* 1 Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (M.K.) 2 CEITEC–Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-225-106-427 Received: 15 February 2019; Accepted: 18 February 2019; Published: 20 February 2019 Abstract: The international symposium “Auxins and Cytokinins in Plant Development” (ACPD), which is held every 4–5 years in Prague, Czech Republic, is a meeting of scientists interested in the elucidation of the action of two important plant hormones—auxins and cytokinins. It is organized by a group of researchers from the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants at the Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences. The symposia already have a long tradition, having started in 1972. Thanks to the central role of auxins and cytokinins in plant development, the ACPD 2018 symposium was again attended by numerous experts who presented their results in the opening, two plenary lectures, and six regular sessions, including two poster sessions. Due to the open character of the research community, which is traditionally very well displayed during the meeting, a lot of unpublished data were presented and discussed. -
Florigen Family Chromatin Recruitment, Competition and Target Genes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.04.934026; this version posted February 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Florigen family chromatin recruitment, competition and target genes 2 Yang Zhu1, Samantha Klasfeld1, Cheol Woong Jeong1,3†, Run Jin1, Koji Goto4, 3 Nobutoshi Yamaguchi1,2† and Doris Wagner1* 4 1 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 415 S. University Ave, 5 Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 6 2 Current address: Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 7 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0192, Japan 8 3 Current address: LG Economic Research Institute, LG Twin tower, Seoul 07336, 9 Korea 10 4 Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefecture, 7549-1, Kibichuoh- 11 cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama, 716-1241, Japan 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] 13 † equal contribution 14 15 16 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.04.934026; this version posted February 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 17 Abstract 18 Plants monitor seasonal cues, such as day-length, to optimize life history traits including 19 onset of reproduction and inflorescence architecture 1-3. -
Endogenous Levels of Cytokinins, Indole-3-Acetic Acid And
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Endogenous levels of cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in in vitro grown potato: A contribution to potato hormonomics Martin Raspor 1,6*, Václav Motyka 2,6, Slavica Ninković 1, Petre I. Dobrev 2, Jiří Malbeck 3, Tatjana Ćosić 1, Aleksandar Cingel 1, Jelena Savić 1, Vojin Tadić 4 & Ivana Č. Dragićević 5 A number of scientifc reports published to date contain data on endogenous levels of various phytohormones in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) but a complete cytokinin profle of potato tissues, that would include data on all particular molecular forms of cytokinin, has still been missing. In this work, endogenous levels of all analytically detectable isoprenoid cytokinins, as well as the auxin indole- 3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) have been determined in shoots and roots of 30 day old in vitro grown potato (cv. Désirée). The results presented here are generally similar to other data reported for in vitro grown potato plants, whereas greenhouse-grown plants typically contain lower levels of ABA, possibly indicating that in vitro grown potato is exposed to chronic stress. Cytokinin N-glucosides, particularly N7-glucosides, are the dominant cytokinin forms in both shoots and roots of potato, whereas nucleobases, as the bioactive forms of cytokinins, comprise a low proportion of cytokinin levels in tissues of potato. Diferences in phytohormone composition between shoots and roots of potato suggest specifc patterns of transport and/or diferences in tissue-specifc metabolism of plant hormones. These results represent a contribution to understanding the hormonomics of potato, a crop species of extraordinary economic importance. -
Auxins Cytokinins and Gibberellins TD-I Date: 3/4/2019 Cell Enlargement in Young Leaves, Tissue Differentiation, Flowering, Fruiting, and Delay of Aging in Leaves
Informational TD-I Revision 2.0 Creation Date: 7/3/2014 Revision Date: 3/4/2019 Auxins, Cytokinins and Gibberellins Isolation of the first Cytokinin Growing cells in a tissue culture medium composed in part of coconut milk led to the realization that some substance in coconut milk promotes cell division. The “milk’ of the coconut is actually a liquid endosperm containing large numbers of nuclei. It was from kernels of corn, however, that the substance was first isolated in 1964, twenty years after its presence in coconut milk was known. The substance obtained from corn is called zeatin, and it is one of many cytokinins. What is a Growth Regulator? Plant Cell Growth regulators (e.g. Auxins, Cytokinins and Gibberellins) - Plant hormones play an important role in growth and differentiation of cultured cells and tissues. There are many classes of plant growth regulators used in culture media involves namely: Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, 6 BAP (6 Benzyladenine), IAA (Indole Acetic Acid), IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid), Zeatin and trans Zeatin Riboside. The Auxins facilitate cell division and root differentiation. Auxins induce cell division, cell elongation, and formation of callus in cultures. For example, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is one of the most commonly added auxins in plant cell cultures. The Cytokinins induce cell division and differentiation. Cytokinins promote RNA synthesis and stimulate protein and enzyme activities in tissues. Kinetin and benzyl-aminopurine are the most frequently used cytokinins in plant cell cultures. The Gibberellins is mainly used to induce plantlet formation from adventive embryos formed in culture. -
A Genetic Framework for Regulation and Seasonal Adaptation of Shoot Architecture in Hybrid Aspen
A genetic framework for regulation and seasonal adaptation of shoot architecture in hybrid aspen Jay P. Mauryaa,b, Pal C. Miskolczia, Sanatkumar Mishraa, Rajesh Kumar Singha, and Rishikesh P. Bhaleraoa,1 aUmeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; and bDepartment of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India Edited by Ronald R. Sederoff, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, and approved April 14, 2020 (received for review March 14, 2020) Shoot architecture is critical for optimizing plant adaptation and time–related transcription factor RAV1 has been validated in productivity. In contrast with annuals, branching in perennials branching in trees (17–19). However, information on branching native to temperate and boreal regions must be coordinated with control in perennials is fragmented, and there is a significant gap seasonal growth cycles. How branching is coordinated with in our knowledge of how branching is controlled and integrated seasonal growth is poorly understood. We identified key compo- with seasonal growth cycles in perennial trees (20). Therefore, nents of the genetic network that controls branching and its using functional genetic approaches, we elucidated the genetic regulation by seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. network that mediates control of branching and its regulation by Our results demonstrate that branching and its control by sea- seasonal cues in the model tree hybrid aspen. These studies re- sonal cues is mediated by mutually antagonistic action of aspen veal the key role played by the mutually antagonistic action of orthologs of the flowering regulators TERMINAL FLOWER 1 LAP1 and TFL1 in mediating control of branching and its re- (TFL1)andAPETALA1 (LIKE APETALA 1/LAP1). -
The Complex Origins of Strigolactone Signalling in Land Plants
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/102715; this version posted January 25, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Article - Discoveries The complex origins of strigolactone signalling in land plants Rohan Bythell-Douglas1, Carl J. Rothfels2, Dennis W.D. Stevenson3, Sean W. Graham4, Gane Ka-Shu Wong5,6,7, David C. Nelson8, Tom Bennett9* 1Section of Structural Biology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley CA 94720-3140 3Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 4Department of Botany, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada 5Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 6Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 7BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China. 8Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA 9School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK *corresponding author: Tom Bennett, [email protected] Running title: Evolution of strigolactone signalling 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/102715; this version posted January 25, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ABSTRACT Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of plant hormones that control many aspects of plant growth. -
The Effect of Crosstalk Between Abscisic Acid (ABA) And
Genetic Manipulation of the Cross-talk between Abscisic Acid and Strigolactones and Their Biosynthetic Link during Late Tillering in Barley Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät I Biowissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, vorgelegt von Herrn M.Sc. Hongwen Wang geb. am 10.02.1985 in Gaomi, China Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Nicolaus von Wirén 2. Prof. Dr. Klaus Humbeck 3. Prof. Dr. Harro J. Bouwmeester Datum der Verteidigung: 27.04.2017, Halle (Saale) Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Genetics of tillering in barley ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Functional role of abscisic acid in branch or tiller development ...................................... 4 1.3 Abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism ...................................................................... 5 1.4 Functional role of strigolactones in branch or tiller development .................................... 7 1.5 Biosynthetic pathway of strigolactones ............................................................................ 8 1.6 The cross-talk between abscisic acid and strigolactones biosynthetic pathways ........... 10 1.7 Aim of the present study ..................................................................................................11 2. Materials and methods ........................................................................................................ -
Counteractive Effects of Sugar and Strigolactone on Leaf Senescence of Rice in Darkness
agronomy Article Counteractive Effects of Sugar and Strigolactone on Leaf Senescence of Rice in Darkness Ikuo Takahashi 1, Kai Jiang 2 and Tadao Asami 1,* 1 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; [email protected] 2 SUSTech Academy for Advanced and Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-3-5841-5157 Abstract: Plant hormones strigolactones (SLs) were recently reported to induce leaf senescence. It was reported that sugar suppresses SL-induced leaf senescence in the dark; however, the mechanism of the crosstalk between SLs and the sugar signal in leaf senescence remains elusive. To understand this mechanism, we studied the effects of glucose (Glc) on various senescence-related parameters in leaves of the rice. We found that sugars alleviated SL-induced leaf senescence under dark conditions, and the co-treatment with Glc suppressed SL-induced hydrogen peroxide generation and membrane deterioration. It also suppressed the expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes upregulated by SL, suggesting that Glc alleviates SL-induced senescence by inhibiting the oxidative processes. SLs can adapt to nutrient deficiency, a major factor of leaf senescence; therefore, we suggest the possibility that Glc and SL monitor the nutrient status in plants to regulate leaf senescence. Keywords: leaf senescence; plant hormone; rice; reactive oxygen species; strigolactone; sugar Citation: Takahashi, I.; Jiang, K.; Asami, T. Counteractive Effects of 1. Introduction Sugar and Strigolactone on Leaf Leaf senescence is a major developmental stage of the leaf and is accompanied by Senescence of Rice in Darkness. -
What Are Strigolactones and Why Are They Important to Plants and Soil Microbes? Steven M Smith
Smith BMC Biology 2014, 12:19 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/12/19 QUESTION AND ANSWER Open Access Q&A: What are strigolactones and why are they important to plants and soil microbes? Steven M Smith Abstract crops. The scientific (Latin) name for these witchweeds derives from Striga, a mythical witch apparently with or- What are strigolactones? Strigolactones are signaling igins in ancient Rome but known in several parts of compounds made by plants. They have two main southern and central Europe. The witch Striga was functions: first, as endogenous hormones to control thought to be filled with hatred towards others, espe- plant development, and second as components of cially children, feeding on their life essence, or consum- root exudates to promote symbiotic interactions ing them without remorse. Striga species are members between plants and soil microbes. Some plants that of the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae), most mem- are parasitic on other plants have established a third bers of which are parasitic on other plants. function, which is to stimulate germination of their The lactone part of the strigolactone name refers to seeds when in close proximity to the roots of a the chemical structure. In chemistry, a lactone is a cyclic suitable host plant. It is this third function that led to ester-thecondensationproductofanalcoholgroupandacar- the original discovery and naming of strigolactones. boxylic acid group in the same molecule. In fact, strigolac- tones have two lactone rings (Figure 2). Members of the What are strigolactones? strigolactone family differ in the chemical modifications to the core structure and in their stereochemical (three- Strigolactones are signaling compounds made by plants. -
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Hormonal Control of Shoot Branching in Salix Matsudana
Article Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Hormonal Control of Shoot Branching in Salix matsudana Juanjuan Liu 1 , Bingbing Ni 1, Yanfei Zeng 1, Caiyun He 1 and Jianguo Zhang 1,2,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (B.N.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (C.H.) 2 Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 January 2020; Accepted: 29 February 2020; Published: 2 March 2020 Abstract: Shoot branching is regulated by axillary bud activities, which subsequently grow into branches. Phytohormones play a central role in shoot branching control, particularly with regard to auxin, cytokinins (CKs), strigolactones (SLs), and gibberellins (GAs). To further study the molecular basis for the shoot branching in Salix matsudana, how shoot branching responds to hormones and regulatory pathways was investigated, and potential genes involved in the regulation of shoot branching were identified. However, how these positive and inhibitory processes work on the molecular level remains unknown. RNA-Seq transcriptome expression analysis was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying shoot branching. In total, 102 genes related to auxin, CKs, SLs, and GAs were differentially expressed in willow development. A majority of the potential genes associated with branching were differentially expressed at the time of shoot branching in S. matsudana, which have more number of branching. -
Florigen Governs Shoot Regeneration
Florigen Governs Shoot Regeneration Yaarit Kutsher Agricultural Research Organization Michal Fisler Agricultural Research Organization Adi DORON-FAIGENBOIM Agricultural Research Organization Moshe Reuveni ( [email protected] ) Agricultural Research Organization Research Article Keywords: reproductive stage (owering), protocols of shoot regeneration in plants, tobacco origen mRNA Posted Date: April 30th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-450479/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/16 Abstract It is widely known that during the reproductive stage (owering), plants do not root well. Most protocols of shoot regeneration in plants utilize juvenile tissue. Adding these two realities together encouraged us to study the role of origen in shoot regeneration. Mature tobacco tissue that expresses the endogenous tobacco origen mRNA regenerates poorly, while juvenile tissue that does not express the origen regenerates shoots well. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO) synthesis reduced shoot regeneration as well as promoted owering and increased tobacco origen level. In contrast, the addition of NO (by way of NO donor) to the tissue increased regeneration, delayed owering, reduced tobacco origen mRNA. Ectopic expression of origen genes in tobacco or tomato decreased regeneration capacity signicantly. Overexpression pear PcFT2 gene increased regeneration capacity. During regeneration, origen mRNA was not changed. We conclude that origen presence in mature tobacco leaves reduces roots and shoots regeneration and is the possible reason for the age-related decrease in regeneration capacity. Introduction Plant regeneration by rebuilding new organs (organogenesis) results from new organ formation through dedifferentiation of differentiated plant cells and reorganization of cell division to create new organ meristems and new vascular connection between the explant and the newly regenerating organ 1,2. -
Lecture Outline
The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth Vegetative phase change is required to allow a shoot to be able to produce flowers English Ivy (Hedera helix) A shoot is only competent to flower once it has passed from the juvenile to Adult the adult phase, a transition sometimes marked by gross morphological Juvenile leaf Adult leaf changes Juvenile The vegetative (juvenile to adult) phase transition is controlled by the relative abundance of microRNAs 156 and 172 Acacia koa Reprinted with permission friom Huijscer, P., and Schmid, M. (2011) The control of developmental phase transitions in plants. Development 138: 4117-4129. The nature of the flowering signal was elusive for decades Conversion of meristem vegetative to floral Environmental cues “Florigen” Julius von Sachs Mikhail Chailakhyan (1832-1897) (1901-1991) a.k.a. The “Father of Plant Physiology”. He was the first Proved the existence of a florigenic compound and to propose the existence of a chemical compound demonstrated that it is a small molecule, produced in capable of inducing flowering leaves and translocated to the shoot apex via the produced in leaves of illuminated plants phloem; he named it “florigen” Credits: Romanov, 2012 Russian J Plant Phys 4:443-450; Redrawn from Ayre and Turgeon, 2004 Several physiological pathways regulate flowering These are called ‘enabling pathways’ as they regulate floral competence of the meristem Vernalization Photoperiodic Autonomous GA-dependent pathway pathway pathway Where is florigen? FLOWERING Molecular repressors LOCUS C (FLC) of flowering, also Note: This model called ‘anti-florigenic’ corresponds to signals, maintain the Arabidopsis but many of its modules have vegetative state of counterparts in other the meristem species Vegetative Florigen Flowering Adapted from Reeves, P.H., and Coupland, G.