Ghana J. Sci. 56 (2016), 25 – 37

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ghana J. Sci. 56 (2016), 25 – 37 Ghana J. Sci. 56 (2016), 25 – 37 ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF THE USE OF NATURAL DYE PLANT SPECIES IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST-SAVANNA TRANSITION ZONE OF GHANA F. BAA-POKU* AND L. ENU-KWESI (F.B.-P.: Department of Environmental Management and Technology, Koforidua Polytech- nic, P. O. Box KF 981 Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana; L.E.-K.: Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon) *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Ethnobotanical studies were carried out in the United Nations University People’s Land-Use and Environmental Change (UNU/PLEC) demonstration sites of Gyamfiase-Adenya, Sekesua-Osonson and Amanase-Whanabenya with detailed floral inventory undertaken in the Gyamfiase-Adenya dem- onstration site. Ethnobotanical knowledge gathered from focus group discussions indicated that, a number of plant species were used traditionally as food colours and dyes for clothing. These includ- ed Alchornea cordifolia, Carica papaya, Citrus sinensis, Combretum mucronatum, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, Mangifera indica, Lonchocarpus cyanescense and Morinda lucida. The use of these species for food colouring was widespread among females than among males. Food colouring was also found to be a common household practice although it was not commercialised. Floral inventory in the Gyamfiase-Adenya site indicated that Albizia zygia, Bombax buonopozense, Ceiba pentandra, Cola gigantea, Morinda lucida, Rauvolfia vomitoria and Terminalia ivorensis are left as standard trees in-situ on farms in traditional agro-forestry. Out of seven species screened initially as sources of materials for food colouring and dyes for clothing, Morinda lucida and Combretum mucronatum were predominant in the area. Whilst Combretum mucronatum was readily available in the fallows, Morinda lucida was found in each of the different land-use types (farms with annual crops, fallows and tree crop farms). Local communities with the support of district assemblies should be encouraged to maintain and pursue other effective and sustainable methods in the harvesting of these plants. Introduction purposes (Yujing, 2014). Traditional knowl- Plants have been used for various purposes edge of local people also plays a major role including food, housing, medicine, dyes, in the identification of natural resources for clothing, and leatherworks among others. commercialisation (Anon, 2005). Jansen The use of dye plants in enhancing food and &Cardon (2005) also recognised the impor- clothing in communities, however, is a prac- tant role in economic growth. ITDG (2003) tice that has existed for several decades. The further notes that, in most developing coun- practice, though widespread, is more com- tries, the diverse sources of dyes produced mon among indigenous communities in re- from natural dyes contribute to improved mote areas, where dyes derived from plants livelihood, particularly, through its use and are used both for colouring food products commercialisation. and clothing, as well as for other cultural Even though synthetic dyes have been 26 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 56 commonly used on commercial basis in demographic characteristics of the people in Kenya, the use of natural dyes is still an the selected communities. The ethnobotani- old practice. Musyoki, Luvana & Kitheka cal uses of dye plant species in the transi- (2012) in a study that documented the trees tion zone and the sustainability methods of and other plant species used as sources of harvesting dye plant species in the selected natural dyes and tannins, identified some communities have also been discussed. plant sources for dyes and tannins. Some of these include Commiphora holtiziana (Hag- Experimental gar), Acacia bussei, L. inermis L (Elan) and Location Commiphora campestris Engl, among many The study was conducted in the United Na- others. tions University’s People Land Use and In Ghana the most popular use of plant Environmental Change (UNU/PLEC) dem- dyes in the forest zone is for the preparation onstration sites at Sekesua-Osonson (in the of saffron dyes from the bark of Bombax Krobo area), Gyamfiase-Adenya (Akwapim brevicuspe (onyinakobin) and Lannea wel- North) and Amanase-Whanabenya (Akwap- witschii (kumanini) for dyeing funeral cloths im South), all in the southern forest-savanna (kuntunkuni) and for stamping the adinkra transition zone of Ghana. The main sites se- signs and symbols (Abbiw, 1990). Dyes de- lected for the study included: Sekesua – Os- rived from plants in forests are usually non- onson; Gyamfiase – Adenya; and Amanase toxic and edible, and have, thus, been used – Whanabenya. as food colour in both traditional cooking Sekesua – Osonson. Sekesua – Osonson and formal commercial catering (Abbiw, UNU/PLEC, Ghana, demonstration site 1990). Throughout southern Ghana, forests is situated in the Eastern Region of Ghana serve as sources of food, especially during within the southern forest-savanna transition seasonal food shortages and other periods of zone. The ecosystem of the site provides the hardship (Falconer, 1992). Forests contrib- right environment for the growth of different ute to all aspects of rural life providing food, crops and other plants adapted to humid and fodder, fuel, medicine, building materials dry conditions. The characteristically high and household items, as well as many more agro-diversity observed reflected the cultur- intangible benefits such as cultural symbols, al imprint of migrant Krobo cocoa farmers ritual artefacts and sacred sites. The southern (PLEC News and Views, 2003) despite the forest – savanna transition zone of Ghana, system of monoculture that was also evident within which the study was carried out, is in the area. known to contain very diverse plant species Gyamfiase – Adenya. This site is about with a vegetation zone which contains most 70 km inland from Accra, the capital of of the country’s valuable timber species. Ghana and is in the Eastern Region. It is The paper provides a compilation of a situated off the main Mamfe – Adawso road. comprehensive inventory of forest species in The inhabitants are mainly natives and set- three communities of southern forest-savan- tler farmers. Gyamfiase has a sacred grove na transition zone of Ghana including the estimated to be about 20 ha in size. Apart VOL. 56 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 27 Fig. 1. Map of the study area from the Gyamfiase village, there are about equatorial climatic region with two rainfall four other villages namely Bewase, Adenya, maxima. The mean annual rainfall is be- Obom and Otwetiri that surround the Gyam- tween about 1250 and 2000 mm. The first fiase sacred grove (Gyasi et al., 2004). rainy season is from May to June, with the Amanase – Whanabenya. This town is in- heaviest rainfall in June, and the second habited by a mixture of the offsprings of mi- rainy season is from September to October. grant Akuapim and Siade/Shai people, and a The dry seasons are quite pronounced. The growing component of recent migrant Ewe highest mean monthly temperature of about settler farmers. Landholding arrangements 30 °C occurs between March and April and are both the mosaic and linear huza type. the lowest of about 26 °C in August. Aver- Average annual rainfall ranges between age monthly relative humidities (RH) (based 1,200 and 1,450 mm. The main food crops on figures recorded each day at 12 noon) are grown in this area include cassava, maize, highest (75-80%) during the two rainy sea- plantain, cocoyam and oil palm. Apart from sons and lowest (70-80%) during the rest of farming, people in the area also indulge in the year (Dickson & Benneh, 2004). cassava processing, distillation of local gin (akpeteshie) and extraction of oil from fruits Vegetation and soils and kernels of oil palm (Gyasi et al., 2004). Akwapim is in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana. This vegetation zone Weather and climate contains most of the country’s valuable tim- The study area falls under the wet semi- 28 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 56 ber trees species. The moist semi- deciduous pants were involved in the study. The FGD forest is distinguished by trees in its upper was ideal because it helped to extract de- and middle layers exhibiting deciduous char- tailed qualitative information from partici- acteristics during the long dry season when pants. A focus group discussion guide was the influence of the harmattan is greatly felt. used to obtain information on the partici- The deciduous habit of the trees, in this belt, pants’ beliefs and perception on the follow- is by no means as strong and definite as ing: Knowledge of use of plants for dyes, among the deciduous trees of the temperate cosmetics and insecticides, use of plant parts zone. Trees of the lower layer of this forest for various purposes, sustainability of the remain evergreen during the dry season and harvesting techniques, and plant propaga- so do most of the young trees of the species tion and availability. which belong to the two uppermost layers. This may be due to the generally moist con- Description of field floral inventory ditions under the lower tree storey. A detailed floral inventory was carried out Due to the rapid expansion of the cocoa at Gyamfiase-Adenya. The area was divided industry in this vegetation zone, very little of into four cells comprising Cell A, Cell B, Cell the original forest remains and most of what C, and Cell D (Fig. 1). Each cell consists of is left is secondary forest. The size of trees a number of communities which also serves in the secondary forest depends on how long as the boundary of the cell. The boundary it has been abandoned by farmers for the of Cell A starts from Kwamoso, through to soils to recover (MEST, 2002). The principal Gyamfiase Adenya Junction, Gyamfiase soils, which cover nearly the whole area, are Adenya, Bewase and back to Kwamoso. forest Ochrosols, i.e. highly coloured soils. Cell B starts from Gyamfiase Adenya Junc- They develop over the same kinds of highly tion, through Mampong Nkwanta, Otwitiri, weathered parent materials.
Recommended publications
  • The Effects of Linear Developments on Wildlife
    Bibliography Rec# 5. LeBlanc, R. 1991. The aversive conditioning of a roadside habituated grizzly bear within Banff Park: progress report 1991. 6 pp. road impacts/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ Banff National Park/ aversive conditions/ Icefields Parkway. Rec# 10. Forman, R.T.T. 1983. Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function. Ekologia 2 (4):375-87. corridors/ landscape/ width. Rec# 11. McLellan, B.N. 1989. Dymanics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. III Natality and rate of increase. Can. J. Zool. Vol. 67 :1865-1868. reproductive rate/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ British Columbia/ gas exploration/ timber harvest. Rec# 14. McLellan, B.N. 1989. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. II.Mortality rates and causes of death. Can. J. Zool. Vol. 67 :1861-1864. British Columbia/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos/ mortality rate/ hunting/ outdoor recreation/ gas exploration/ timber harvest. Rec# 15. Miller, S.D., Schoen, J. 1993. The Brown Bear in Alaska . brown bear/ grizzly bear/ Ursus arctos middendorfi/ Ursus arctos horribilis/ population density/ distribution/ legal status/ human-bear interactions/ management/ education. Rec# 16. Archibald, W.R., Ellis, R., Hamilton, A.N. 1987. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River valley, British Columbia. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 7:251-7. grizzly bear/ Ursus / arctos/ roads/ traffic/ logging/ displacement/ disturbance/ carnivore/ BC/ individual disruption / habitat displacement / habitat disruption / social / filter-barrier. Rec# 20. Kasworm, W.F., Manley, T.L. 1990. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in northwest Montana.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum
    CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF KINKÉLIBA (COMBRETUM MICRANTHUM), A WEST AFRICAN MEDICINAL PLANT By CARA RENAE WELCH A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry written under the direction of Dr. James E. Simon and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January, 2010 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum), a West African Medicinal Plant by CARA RENAE WELCH Dissertation Director: James E. Simon Kinkéliba (Combretum micranthum, Fam. Combretaceae) is an undomesticated shrub species of western Africa and is one of the most popular traditional bush teas of Senegal. The herbal beverage is traditionally used for weight loss, digestion, as a diuretic and mild antibiotic, and to relieve pain. The fresh leaves are used to treat malarial fever. Leaf extracts, the most biologically active plant tissue relative to stem, bark and roots, were screened for antioxidant capacity, measuring the removal of a radical by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, anti-inflammatory activity, measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and glucose-lowering activity, measuring phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in an H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Radical oxygen scavenging activity, or antioxidant capacity, was utilized for initially directing the fractionation; highlighted subfractions and isolated compounds were subsequently tested for anti-inflammatory and glucose-lowering activities. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the crude leaf extract were fractionated leading to the isolation and identification of a number of polyphenolic ii compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae)
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] 38 Pharmaceutical Crops, 2013, 4, 38-59 Open Access Phytochemical Constituents of Combretum Loefl. (Combretaceae) Amadou Dawe1,*, Saotoing Pierre2, David Emery Tsala2 and Solomon Habtemariam3 1Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon, 2Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, P.O.Box 55 Ma- roua, Cameroon, 3Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Cen- tral Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Abstract: Combretum is the largest and most widespread genus of Combretaceae. The genus comprises approximately 250 species distributed throughout the tropical regions mainly in Africa and Asia. With increasing chemical and pharma- cological investigations, Combretum has shown its potential as a source of various secondary metabolites. Combretum ex- tracts or isolates have shown in vitro bioactivitities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, anti-inflammatory, anti-snake, antimalarial and antioxidant effects. In vivo studies through various animal models have also shown promising results. However, chemical constituents and bioactivities of most species of this highly diversified genus have not been investigated. The molecular mechanism of bioactivities of Combretum isolates remains elusive. This review focuses on the chemistry of 261 compounds isolated and identified from 31 species of Combretum. The phytochemicals of interest are non-essential oil compounds belonging to the various struc- tural groups such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenanthrenes and stilbenoids. Keywords: Combretum, phytochemistry, pharmacology, terpenoids, polyphenolic compounds, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity. INTRODUCTION is sometimes persistant, and especially in climbers it forms a hooked wooded spine when the leaf abscises.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation Biology of Tortoises
    The Conservation Biology of Tortoises Edited by Ian R. Swingland and Michael W. Klemens IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5 IUCN—The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC 3. To cooperate with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the in developing and evaluating a data base on the status of and trade in wild scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biological flora and fauna, and to provide policy guidance to WCMC. diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species of 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their con- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna servation, and for the management of other species of conservation concern. and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, sub- vation of species or biological diversity. species, and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintain- 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: ing biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and vulnerable species. • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of biological diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conserva- tion Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitor- 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum Indicum Against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long–Evans Rats
    molecules Article Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum against Oxidative Stress and Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Long–Evans Rats Md. Shaekh Forid 1, Md. Atiar Rahman 2,* , Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi 3, Md. Nazim Uddin 4 , Tapashi Ghosh Roy 5 , Milon Chandra Mohanta 6 , AKM Moyeenul Huq 7,* and Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria 8,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, School of Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh; [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh 3 Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; [email protected] 6 Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; [email protected] 7 Citation: Forid, M.S.; Rahman, M.A.; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh Aluwi, M.F.F.M.; Uddin, M.N.; Roy, 8 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, T.G.; Mohanta, M.C.; Huq, A.M.; UPM Serdang, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia Amiruddin Zakaria, Z. * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.R.); [email protected] (A.M.H.); [email protected] (Z.A.Z.); Pharmacoinformatics and UPLC- Tel.: +880-3126-060011-4 (M.A.R.); +880-1906-790224 (A.M.H.); +60-1-9211-7090 (Z.A.Z.) QTOF/ESI-MS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Combretum indicum Abstract: This research investigated a UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS-based phytochemical profiling of Com- against Oxidative Stress and bretum indicum leaf extract (CILEx), and explored its in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antidiabetic Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in effects in a Long–Evans rat model.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrones De Endemismo Y Disyunción De Los Géneros De Euphorbiaceae Sensu Lato: Un Análisis Panbiogeográfico
    Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México 77: 21-33, 2005 DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1710 Bol.Soc.Bot.Méx. 77: 21-33 (2005) SISTEMÁTICA Y FLORÍSTICA PATRONES DE ENDEMISMO Y DISYUNCIÓN DE LOS GÉNEROS DE EUPHORBIACEAE SENSU LATO: UN ANÁLISIS PANBIOGEOGRÁFICO MARTHA MARTÍNEZ-GORDILLO1 Y JUAN J. MORRONE2 1 Herbario “FCME”, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. Postal 70-181, México 04510, D.F., México. Correo-e: [email protected]. 2 Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. Postal 70-399, México 04510, D.F., México Correo-e: [email protected]. Resumen: Se analizaron los patrones de distribución de los géneros de Euphorbiaceae bajo un enfoque panbiogeográfico, emplean- do el método del análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE). Se obtuvieron cuatro trazos generalizados, que unen las regiones siguientes: (1) Neotropical-Afrotropical (determinado por los géneros Amanoa, Caperonia, Conceveiba, Manprounea, Pogonophora, Savia y Tetrorchidium); (2) Australiana Templada-Australiana Tropical-Neoguineana-Oriental (determinado por los géneros Actephila, Baloghia, Choriceras, Petalostigma y Sauropus); (3) Australiana Templada-Australiana Tropical- Neoguineana-Afrotropical-Neotropical (determinado por los géneros Acalypha, Alchornea, Cleidion, Drypetes, Margaritaria, Microstachys, Omphalea y Phyllanthus); y (4) Neoguineana-Oriental-Afrotopical (determinado por los géneros Glochidion, Macaranga, Microdesmis y Shirakopsis). Dos trazos generalizados se superponen en la región Afrotropical, la cual es identifica- da como un nodo. Palabras clave: biogeografía, distribución, endemismo, Euphorbiaceae s. l.,PAE, trazos generalizados. Abstract: Distributional patterns of the genera of Euphorbiaceae were analyzed under a panbiogeographic approach, using the parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) method.
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988
    - Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !.
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Combretaceae Family
    Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 58(2), September - October 2019; Article No. 04, Pages: 22-29 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article Review on Combretaceae Family Soniya Rahate*, Atul Hemke, Milind Umekar Department of Quality Assurance, Shrimati Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Dist-Nagpur 441002, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 06-08-2019; Revised: 22-09-2019; Accepted: 28-09-2019. ABSTRACT Combretaceae, the family of flowering plants consisting of 20 genus and 600 important species in respective genus. The two largest genera of the family are Combretum and Terminalia which contains the more no. of species. The members of the family are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Most members of the trees, shrubs or lianas of the combretaceae family are widely used medicinally. The members of this family contain the different phytoconstituents of medicinal value e.g tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Most of the species of this family are used as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antifungal. The biological activities of the some members of this family yet not found. Apart from the medicinal value many members of the Combretaceae are of culinary and ornamental value. Keywords: Combretaceae, Tannins, Flavonoid, Terminalia, Combretum. INTRODUCTION species of Combretum have edible kernels whereas Buchenavia species have edible succulent endocarps. he family combretaceae is a major group of Chemical constituents like tannins are also found in fruits, flowering plants (Angiosperms) included in the bark, leaves, roots and timber in buchenavia and order of Myrtales. Robert Brown established it in T terminalia genera. Many of the species are reputed to 1810 and its inclusion to the order is not in dispute.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic and Ameliorative Effects of Active Compounds of Combretum Molle in the Treatment and Relief from Wounds in a Diabetes Mellitus Experimental Model
    coatings Article Therapeutic and Ameliorative Effects of Active Compounds of Combretum molle in the Treatment and Relief from Wounds in a Diabetes Mellitus Experimental Model Reham Z. Hamza 1,*, Shaden E. Al-Motaani 2 and Tarek Al-Talhi 3 1 Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif—P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia 2 General Department of Education, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif—P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Foot ulcers are one of the leading causes of severe and high mortality in diabetics. It is known that wound healing in diabetics is a very complicated process due to the direct severe effect of diabetes mellitus on blood vessels, causing difficulty in wound healing. Many methods of treatment have recently been employed for novel dressings for the promotion of tissue regeneration and rapid wound closure. Combretum molle is composed of chemical compounds, such as lignin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. Twenty male rats that were 4 months of age were divided into a I-a diabetic foot ulcer group as the control group and a II-a diabetic group (wound + Combretum molle). This study investigated the antioxidant and excellent healing effects of the extract of Combretum molle in repairing Citation: Hamza, R.Z.; Al-Motaani, skin damaged by diabetes. This was confirmed by elevated antioxidant enzymes in the animals’ S.E.; Al-Talhi, T. Therapeutic and tissues in diabetic rats treated with this extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Fl. China 11: 241–244. 2008. 28. ALCHORNEA Swartz, Prodr. 6
    Fl. China 11: 241–244. 2008. 28. ALCHORNEA Swartz, Prodr. 6: 98. 1788. 山麻杆属 shan ma gan shu Qiu Huaxing (丘华兴 Chiu Hua-hsing, Kiu Hua-shing, Kiu Hua-xing); Michael G. Gilbert Caturus Loureiro; Cladodes Loureiro; Stipellaria Bentham (1854), not Klotzsch (1848). Trees or shrubs, dioecious or monoecious; indumentum of simple hairs. Leaves alternate; stipules small, deciduous; leaf blade simple, junction with petiole usually with 2–4 glands, mostly with 2 stipels, margin crenate or dentate; pinnately veined and shortly petiolate or palmately veined and long petiolate. Inflorescences terminal and/or axillary, branched or unbranched, male often axillary, female and bisexual terminal; bracts small, usually with 2 basal glands; flowers sometimes sessile. Male flowers fascicled; calyx closed in bud, 2–5-partite, valvate; petals absent; disk absent; stamens 4–8; filaments shortly connate; anthers 2-locular, introrse; pistillode absent. Female flowers usually 1 per bract; sepals 4–8, imbricate, sometimes 1–4-glandular; ovary 2- or 3-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles 2 or 3, free or basally connate, simple, usually long. Fruit a capsule, 2- or 3(or 4)-locular, smooth or muricate. Seed globose, usually tuberculate. About 50 species: tropical and subtropical regions; eight species (three endemic) in China. 1a. Leaves pinnately veined, stipels absent, petiole 0.5–3 cm; male inflorescence terminal, paniculate ............................. 1. A. rugosa 1b. Leaves with 3 basal veins, stipels present at base of leaf blade, petiole 2–20 cm; male inflorescence cauliflorous or at leafless node, unbranched, or if terminal then bisexual. 2a. Capsules verrucate or tuberculate. 3a. Branchlets villous; female sepals lanceolate, 2–2.5 mm; capsule subglobose, villous, verrucate .............
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
    BALTIC FORESTRY PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF AFRICAN COMBRETACEAE R. BR. BASED ON /.../ A. O. ONEFELY AND A. STANYS ARTICLES Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Sequence ALFRED OSSAI ONEFELI*,1,2 AND VIDMANTAS STANYS2,3 1Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Erasmus+ Scholar, Institute of Agricultural and Food Science Vytautas Magnus University, Agricultural Aca- demy, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. 3Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, LT-54333 Kaunas district, Lithuania. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Phone number: +37062129627 Onefeli, A. O. and Stanys, A. 2019. Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Se- quence. Baltic Forestry 25(2): 170177. Abstract Combretaceae R. Br. is an angiosperm family of high economic value. However, there is dearth of information on the phylogenetic relationship of the members of this family using ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Previous studies with electrophoretic-based and morphological markers revealed that this family is phylogenetically complex. In the present study, 79 sequences of rbcL were used to study the phylogenetic relationship among the members of Combretaceae of African origin with a view to provide more information required for the utilization and management of this family. Multiple Sequence alignment was executed using the MUSCLE component of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Version X Analysis (MEGA X). Transition/Transversion ratio, Consistency index, Retention Index and Composite Index were also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum parsimony (MP) and Neighbor joining methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of South African Tortoises with Emphasis on Their Apicomplexan Haematozoans, As Well As Biological and Metal-Fingerprinting of Captive Individuals
    CONSERVATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN TORTOISES WITH EMPHASIS ON THEIR APICOMPLEXAN HAEMATOZOANS, AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL AND METAL-FINGERPRINTING OF CAPTIVE INDIVIDUALS By Courtney Antonia Cook THESIS submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (Ph.D.) in ZOOLOGY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Prof. N. J. Smit Co-supervisors: Prof. A. J. Davies and Prof. V. Wepener June 2012 “We need another and a wiser and perhaps a more mystical concept of animals. Remote from universal nature, and living by complicated artifice, man in civilization surveys the creature through the glass of his knowledge and sees thereby a feather magnified and the whole image in distortion. We patronize them for their incompleteness, for their tragic fate of having taken form so far below ourselves. And therein we err, and greatly err. For the animal shall not be measured by man. In a world older and more complete than ours they move finished and complete, gifted with extensions of the senses we have lost or never attained, living by voices we shall never hear. They are not brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendour and travail of the earth.” Henry Beston (1928) ABSTRACT South Africa has the highest biodiversity of tortoises in the world with possibly an equivalent diversity of apicomplexan haematozoans, which to date have not been adequately researched. Prior to this study, five apicomplexans had been recorded infecting southern African tortoises, including two haemogregarines, Haemogregarina fitzsimonsi and Haemogregarina parvula, and three haemoproteids, Haemoproteus testudinalis, Haemoproteus balazuci and Haemoproteus sp.
    [Show full text]