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A Study on Potential Phytopharmaceuticals Assets in Catharanthus Roseus L

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A Study on Potential Phytopharmaceuticals Assets in Catharanthus Roseus L International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2016 A Study on Potential Phytopharmaceuticals Assets in Catharanthus roseus L. (Alba) Priyanka Tolambiya and Sujata Mathur Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India Email: [email protected] Abstract— Herbal medicinal plants are boon for human catharanthus comes from the Greek for "pure flower" and being as treatment of existing and new diseases are being roseus means red, rose, rosy. It rejoices in sun or rain, or developed either direct or indirect usage of plants. But the seaside, in good or indifferent soil and often grows availability of such plants and their properties also play an wild. It is known as 'Sadabahar' meaning 'always in important role. Catharanthus roseus is a very important bloom' and is used for worship. These are perennial herbs medicinal herb in this direction as availability and its property both are fortunate thing for humankind. This (small shrub) with oppositely decussate or almost plant is used in treatment of several diseases like diabetes, oppositely arranged leaves. Flowers are usually solitary cancer, high blood pressure, asthma, inflammation, in the leaf axils. Each has a calyx with five long, narrow dysentery, brain imbalance, angiogenesis, malaria and other lobes and a corolla with a tubular throat and five lobes. It diseases that occur due to potent micro organisms. Though grows to 20-80 cm high and blooms with pink, purple, or it's a native of Madagascar but it is found most parts of the white flowers [3]. There are over 100 cultivars of C. world. It is also appreciated for its long flowering period roseus known [4]. throughout the year. Its roots, leaves, stems and flowers The main active constituents in plants are phenolic having active constituents to inhibit the growth of disease acids, flavonoids and alkaloids. These active substances and other micro organism. Extracts from the dried or wet flowers and leaves of plants are applied as a paste on perform a number of protective functions in the human wounds in some rural communities. The substances organism and are involved in important anti-oxidative, vinblastine and vincristine extracted from the plant are used anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti- in the treatment of leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The carcinogen activities [5]-[7]. Catharanthus roseus is fresh juice from the flowers of C. roseus is used to treat formerly known as Vinca rosea and main source of vinca various skin problems e.g. dermatitis, eczema and acne. alkaloids, now sometimes called catharanthus alkaloids. Therefore, the main active constituents present in this plant These are more than 130 alkaloids [8] including about are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and phenolic acid. As C. 100 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids [9]. Vinblastine and roseus has mammoth potential to heal many syndrome due vincristine are the dimers, formed by the coupling of to its phytopharmaceuticals assets and it's intact fractions i.e. root, leaf, stem and flower are drug compliant. Still Monoindole alkaloids such as catharanthine and further research is required to find main utility in healing of vindoline[10] mainly present in aerial part of plants used diseases arises due to deadly viruses. to treat cancer. Vincristine and vinblastine require both aerial and root parts of a plant to be synthesized [11]. Index Terms—medicinal plants, Catharanthus roseus, Catharanthus roseus as a source of valuable alkaloids alkaloids, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti- resembling those from Rauwolfia species. Roots of bacterial. Catharanthus have more ajmalicine (vasodilating) and serpentine (hypertensive) than even Rauwolfia serpentina. I. INTRODUCTION They also possess reserpine[12], [13]. The alkaloids Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the possess hypotensive, sedative and transquillising Madagascar periwinkle, is a species of apocynaceae properties. The root bark contains the alkaloid Alstonine family and endemic to Madagascar. Other English names which has been used traditionally for its calming effect occasionally used include Vinca rosea, Lochnera rosea, and its ability to reduce blood pressure. Yohimbine Ammocallis rosea, Cape periwinkle, rose periwinkle, rosy (Procomil) is an alkaloid with stimulant and aphrodisiac periwinkle and "old-maid". effects found naturally in Pausinystalia yohimbine [14]. C. Catharanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the roseus also shows the presence of this compound along dogbane family, Apocynaceae. Like genus Vinca, they with another flavonoid hirsutidin [15]. Prepare decoction are known commonly as periwinkles. There are eight of C. roseus leaves and drink early in the morning for 7 known species. Out of eight, seven are endemic to days its beneficial to diabetes patients. Madagascar [1]. Though one, C. roseus, is widely Catharanthus roseus contains significant amounts of naturalized around the world [2]. The eighth species, C. volatile and phenolic compounds including pusillus is native to India and Sri Lanka. The name caffeoylquinic acids and flavonal glycosides which are known to antioxidant activity. It has a important role in the body defense system that is acts as a antioxidants Manuscript received December 21, 2015; revised June 1, 2016. ©2016 Int. J. Life Sci. Biotech. Pharm. Res. 1 doi: 10.18178/ijlbpr.5.1.1-6 International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2016 against reactive oxygen species (ROS) [16]. B. Classification Catharanthus roseus also possess good antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and antiviral Kingdom Plantae potential [13], [17], [18]. Phylum Magnoliopsida II. TAXONOMY Class Annonidae Order Gentianales A. Description Family Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus is a long-lived (perennial) sub- shrub or herb, usually erect, 30-100 cm high and at least Genus Catharanthus somewhat woody at the base, sometimes sprawling. Species roseus White latex is present. Botanical Name Catharanthus roseus Stems are cylindrical (terete), longitudinally ridged or narrowly winged, green or dark red, pubescent at least when young. Leaves opposite, borne on short petioles, C. Vernacular names 2.5-9.0 cm long, usually elliptical to obovate (egg-shaped in outline but with the narrower end at the base), green Common name Periwinkle,Vinca with paler veins. The leaf tip is rounded to acute with a Hindi Sadabahar tiny point extending from the midrib. Stems and leaves usually with hairs (pubescent), sometimes hairless. Malyalam ShayamNaari, Usamalari Marathi Sadaphuli Bengali Nayantara Oriya Visayan Punjabi Rattanjot Sanskrit Nityakalyani Tamil Sudukattumallikai Telugu Billaganneru. Kannada Kempukesi, Kanigalu European Vinca branca Spanish Vinca rosada There are two major cultivars of Catharanthus roseus L., which are distinguishable on the basis of their flower colors, namely „rosea‟ (Pink) and „alba‟ (White) shown in Fig. 2, are commonly found in India. Figure 1. 1, flowering twig; 2, flower; 3, base and top of corolla tube in longitudinal section; 4, fruit; 5, seed.(Source: PROSEA) Flowers borne in leaf axils; either singly or paired on very short stalks (pedicels). Sepals 5, 2-6 mm long, narrow, usually with hairs (pubescent). Corolla with a (a) rosea (b) alba long narrow tube and lobes that spread perpendicular to Figure 2. Major cultivars of Catharanthus roseus the tube and almost flat.; corolla tube greenish, usually at least 2.2 cm long, with the inside of the mouth often dark pink or sometimes yellow, pubescent inside the throat III. PROPERITIES with rings of stiff hairs below the mouth and anthers; corolla lobes 5, pink to white or pinkish A. Alkaloids purple, 1.0-2.8 cm long, obovate. Anthers 5, attached to Catharanthus roseus has been found to contain as the inside of the corolla tube in the upper portion and many as 130 constituents with an indole or dihydroindole concealed within it structure. The principal component is vindoline ( up to The fruit is a follicle, 2.0-4.7 cm long, with numerous 0.5%); other compounds are serpentine, catharanthine, small black seeds. ajmalicine, akuammine, lochnerine, lochnercine and 2 International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2016 tetrahydroalstonine. Alkaloids present in various part of B. Traditional Catharanthus roseus are summarized below: In traditional medicine, Catharanthus roseus has been Leaf- Catharanthine, Vindoline, Vindolidine, used to treat a variety of ailments in Madagascar as well Vindolicine, Vindolinine, ibogaine, yohimbine, as in other parts of the world where the plant has raubasine, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Leurosine, naturalized. Folk Remedies and Traditional Uses of Lochnerine. Catharanthus roseus are summarized below: In India, the juice from the leaves is used to treat Stem- Leurosine, Lochnerine, Catharanthine, . Vindoline. wasp sting with [21] In Hawai‟i extract of boiled plant is used to arrest Root- Ajmalacine, Serpentine, Catharanthine, bleeding[21]. Vindoline, Leurosine, Lochnerine, Reserpine, In Cuba and Jamaica- Flower extract is used for eye Alstonine, Tabersonine, Horhammericine, wash in infants[21]. Lochnericine, echitovenine [19]. In Africa- Leaves are used for menorrhagia and Flower- Catharanthine, Vindoline, Leurosine, rheumatism. (Dobelis, 1997; Walts, 2004) [21]. Lochnerine, Tricin (Flavones). In Philippines-Decoction of leaves is used in diabetes Seeds - Vingramine, Methylvingramine [20]. and decoction of young
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