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Tin, Arsenic, Zinc and Silver Vein Mineralization Many Vein

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Tin, Arsenic, Zinc and Silver Vein Mineralization Many Vein MINING GEOLOGY, 38(5), 407•`418, 1988 Tin, Arsenic, Zinc and Silver Vein Mineralization in the Besshi Mine, Central Shikoku, Japan Katsuo KASE* Abstract: Intense Sn-As-Zn-Ag vein mineralization was found at the 26th Level of the Besshi mine, of which deposit is a conformable massive sulfidetype (Besshi-type).The mineralization resulted in formation of such rare Sn minerals as rhodostannite, hocartite and a franckeite-like mineral, as well as common stannite and cassiterite. Pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, manganese carbonates, quartz, tourmaline and so on occur in associa- tion with these Sn minerals. The prominently polymetallic ores are composed of minerals that were formed at several stages during the mineralization sequence. The present microprobe analyses, combined with previous chemicaldata, indicate that the substitution of Ag for Cu is extensivein rhodostannite, whereas that of Zn for Fe is very limited. The substitution relationship of these elementsin stannite and hocartite is just the opposite to that found in rhodostannite. Divalent Sn may substitute for Pb in the franckeite-like mineral, which is considered to be mainly responsible for the extensive solid solution ob- served in this mineral. The mineralization may have taken place nearly simultaneously with contact metamorphism, which con- verted the massive pyrite ores and surrounding pelitic schists to massivepyrrhotite ores and biotite hornfels, respec- tively. A granitic intrusion, which is supposed to be hidden in the deeper part of the Besshi mining district, probably caused the vein mineralization and contact metamorphism. The geological situation and mineralogical characteristics of the vein mineralization are quite similar to those observedin the Sn deposits adjacent to Miocene granitic intrusives in the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan at Kyushu. The Miocene Sn metallogenicprovince in the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan at Kyushu should be extended eastward to the Besshi mining district in Shikoku. currence of high temperature Sn deposits has 1. Introduction been found so far (MIYAHISA,1973). Many vein-and skarn-type Sn deposits oc- Thin hydrothermal stibnite veins sometimes cur in the aureoles around the Miocene penetrate the conformable pyrite-chalcopyrite granitic intrusives in the Outer Zone of ores of the Besshi-type deposits occurring in Southwest Japan at Kyushu (described as in Shikoku (e.g., the Yuryo and Choshidaki the outer zone of Kyushu hereafter). They in- deposits, TAKEDAet al., 1973). Chalcostibite clude such deposits as Obira, Ho-ei, Mitate, and tetrahedrite occur occasionally in the reac- Matsuo, Osuzu and Suzuyama mines (Fig.1), tion zones formed between the stibnite veins and constitute a major Sn metallogenic pro- and massive ores. In the Besshi mine, stibnite, vince in Japan. In Shikoku which is located to chalcostibite and tetrahedrite are also known the east of the province, however, only quartz- to occur (YUI, 1971; UCHIDA et al., 1981). stibnite and quartz-cinnabar veins are known SHIMADAand TSUNORI(1962) found small as Miocene mineralizations (e.g., the. Ichino- amounts of stannite and arsenopyrite in kawa stibnite deposit), and no remarkable oc- specimens from the fault zones of the massive ores in the Besshi mine. Received on December 8, 1987, accepted on June 15, Intense Sn-As-Zn-Ag vein mineralization 1988 * Department of Earth Sciences is found at the 26th Level of the Besshi mine. , Faculty of Science, This vein mineralization resulted in formation Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 3-1-1, Okayama of such rare Sn minerals as rhodostannite, 700, Japan. hocartite and a franckeite-like mineral, as well Keywords: Rhodostannite, Hocartite, Franckeite, Besshi mine, Sn mineralization, Metallogenic province, Mio- as common stannite and cassiterite. This is the cene granite. first remarkable occurrence of Sn mineraliza- 407 408 K. KASE MINING GEOLOGY: Fig. 2 Geologic cross section of the massive sulfide deposit of the Besshi mine (partially modified from UCHIDAet al., 1981). 1: basic schist, 2: pelitic schist, 3: siliceous schist, 4: mineral deposit, 5: epidote amphibolite, and 6: fault. alternation of sulfide-rich and quartz-chlorite- rich layers. The total thickness of the ore-body is usually 2 to 3 m. Fig. 1 Locations of the Besshi mine, the major Sn The Besshi deposit was subjected to the mines in Kyushu (1 to 6), and the mines in Shikoku glaucophanitic regional metamorphism in the of which the deposits are related to the Sb mine- late Mesozoic. The metamorphic conditions ralization (7 to 9). observed in the Sambagawa metamorphic M.T.L.: Median Tectonic Line, 1: Obira , 2: Ho-ei, 3: Mitate, 4: Matsuo, 5: Osuzu, 6: Suzuyama, 7: rocks of the Besshi mining district correspond Ichinokawa, 8: Yuryo, and 9: Choshidaki. to a metamorphic facies transitional from the glaucophane schist facies to epidote-amphi- tion in Shikoku. This paper describes the bolite facies (BANNO,1961; KASE, 1972). The mineral characteristics of the Sn-As-Zn-Ag reagionally metamorphosed massive ores con- vein found at the Besshi mine and discusses its sist of pyrite with subordinate chalcopyrite, genetic relation to the Miocene Sn deposits oc- sphalerite and silicate gangues. Bornite some- curring in the outer zone of Kyushu. times occurs, constituting a pyrite-chalcopy- 2. Geology and Mineral Deposit rite-bornite assemblage. of the Besshi Mine Contact metamorphism was superimposed on the regional one at levels deeper than the The Besshi mine is situated about 10 km 18th L of the Besshi mine, which is probably south of Niihama, central Shikoku (Fig . 1). due to the thermal effect derived from a The conformable massive sulfide deposit of plutonic intrusion hidden in the deeper part of the mine occurs in the piles of pelitic and basic the mine (KASE, 1977). By this thermal effect, schists of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt , pyrite is converted to pyrrhotite. Polytypes with thin beds of siliceous schists at its hang- and Fe contents of the pyrrhotite change pro- ing-wall and footwall (Fig. 2) . The deposit ex- gressively with increasing depth from the tends about 1800 m along the strike (N40•KW- monoclinic type (18th L-25th L) to the Fe-rich N70•KW) and more than 2500 m down the dip hexagonal type with exsolved troilite (below (45•K-70•KN). It consists of two layers of 30th L) through the mixture of monoclinic massive sulfide ores and a layer of banded ores and hexagonal types. Pelitic schists are con- between them. The banded ores comprise thin verted to the biotite hornfels. Diopside, scap- 38(5), 1988 Tin, arsenic, zinc and silver vein mineralization in the Besshi mine 409 olite, wollastonite and cordierite appear in strongly contact-metamorphosed rocks with optimum composition at the deepest levels of the adits (IMAI, 1978). 3. Vein Mineralization Thin sulfide veins less than 1 cm wide develop densely in the eastern end of the ore- body at the 26th L of the Besshi mine. The vein mineralization is commonly accompanied with strong carbonatization and brecciation, hence making it difficult to define the original host rocks. Such carbonate-rich, sulfide- disseminated ores are called brecciated ores in this paper (Fig. 3-A). Sulfide veins develop also in siliceous schists at the hanging-wall and footwall sides of the massive ores, without displaying a remarkable wall rock alteration (Fig. 3-B). The veins frequently intersect mas- sive pyrrhotite ores. The full extent of the vein mineralization is not known, but it appears to extend further at depth. Sphalerite with abundant chalcopyrite dots, pyrite, arsenopyrite and stannite are the main constituents of the brecciated ores. They are followed by cassiterite, rutile, rhodostannite, Fig. 3 Photographs of ore specimens. A: brecciated ore (manganese carbonate-rich, sulfide- hocartite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyr- disseminated ore). White parts are dominantly made rhotite, galena and a franckeite-like acicular of kutnahorite and rhodochrosite, B: sulfide veins in mineral. Transparent minerals are dominantly siliceous schist. manganese carbonates such as kutnahorite and rhodochrosite, and quartz, with lesser tween 0.5 mm and 0.2 mm is relatively rare. amounts of tourmaline, fluorite and musco- The chalcopyrite dots and small inclusions of vite. All of these minerals occur together in a stannite are more abundant in the coarse-grain- small ore specimen. ed sphalerite. Discrete grains of stannite occur Arsenopyrite and pyrite in the brecciated with sizes ranging from 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm in ores are usually euhedral with grain sizes rang- diameter. Also, stannite occurs overgrowing ing from less than 0.1 mm to 1 mm across. on, or replacing, sphalerite and cassiterite. No Arsenopyrite commonly shows the cataclastic exsolution mineral can be observed in stan- texture, the cracks of which are usually filled nite. with stannite. Pyrrhotite is occasionally found Hocartite and rhodostannite occur in close in the cores of arsenopyrite grains. association with stannite in the brecciated In the brecciated ores, sphalerite always oc- ores. Hocartite involves frequently euhedral curs intimately associated with stannite and stannite (Fig. 4-B). The weak but distinct contains small inclusions of stannite as well as reflection pleochroism and anisotropism of abundant chalcopyrite dots, with an apparent hocartite observed under the microscope exsolution texture (Fig. 4-A). The grain sizes reveal that polysynthetic twinning is devel- of sphalerite are usually larger than 0.5 mm in oped in this mineral. The reflection color is diameter but grains smaller than 0.2 mm are evidently more brownish grey with a violet tint not uncommon. Sphalerite with grain sizes be- compared to that of stannite. Polishing hard- 410 K. KASE MINING GEOLOGY: Fig. 4 Photomicrograph (A) and back-scattered electron images (B, C and D), showing the mode of occurrence of sphalerite and rare Sn minerals. A: sphalerite with abundant chalcopyrite dots (cp), and inclusions of stannite (st) and arsenopyrite (asp), B: hocar- tite (ho) involving arsenopyrite and euhedral stannite, C: porous rhodostannite (rs) and closely associated stan- nite, and D: fibrous franckeite-like mineral (fr) replacing galena (gn).
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