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Robert Grosseteste and His Treatise on Lines, Angles and Figures of the Propagation of Light

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Robert Grosseteste and His Treatise on Lines, Angles and Figures of the Propagation of Light View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino Politecnico di Torino Porto Institutional Repository [Article] Robert Grosseteste and his Treatise on Lines, Angles and Figures of the Propagation of Light Original Citation: A.C. Sparavigna (2013). Robert Grosseteste and his Treatise on Lines, Angles and Figures of the Propagation of Light. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, vol. 2 n. 9, pp. 101-107. - ISSN 2305-3925 Availability: This version is available at : http://porto.polito.it/2515126/ since: September 2013 Publisher: Alkhaer Publisher Terms of use: This article is made available under terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Article ("Public - All rights reserved") , as described at http://porto.polito.it/terms_and_conditions. html Porto, the institutional repository of the Politecnico di Torino, is provided by the University Library and the IT-Services. The aim is to enable open access to all the world. Please share with us how this access benefits you. Your story matters. (Article begins on next page) 1Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy Abstract: Robert Grosseteste, an English philosopher and scientist, Bishop of Lincoln, is considered as the founder of the scientific thought in medieval Oxford. During the beginning of the XIII century he wrote several scientific papers concerning light and its propagation, where he based the description of some phenomena on the use of geometry. Here we will translate and discuss one of his scientific treatises concerning light, which is entitled De Lineis, Angulis et Figuris, seu Fractionibus et Reflexionibus Radiorum. Since to Grosseteste, the propagation of light had the main role in the creation of the world, the use of its geometry becomes a method to solve the complexity of the physical world. However, besides the use of geometry, we will find in this interesting text the description of some phenomena concerning the intensity of reflected and refracted light, which seems well-posed, even when compared with the modern Fresnel theory. Keywords: History of Science, Medieval Science, Optics. 1. Introduction everyday observations (the Latin “experimentum”). Robert Grosseteste was an English scientist and He made use of thought experiments and certain philosopher of the Middle Ages. He was born into an metaphysical assumptions, such as the assumption of Anglo-Norman family in the county of Suffolk in a principle of “least action”. We find this principle England. He became Bishop of Lincoln from 1235 for instance, in the treatise entitled De Lineis, AD till his death, on 9 October 1253. Considered one Angulis et Figuris, seu Fractionibus et Reflexionibus of the most prominent and remarkable figures of the Radiorum, which is the subject of this paper, and in thirteenth century, he was a man of many talents: the De Iride, another of his scientific treatises on the commentator and translator of Aristotle and other propagation of light. The empirical observation Greek thinkers, philosopher, theologian, and student remains the main factor for his discussion of Nature, of Nature [1]. Besides his scholar studies that sometimes gaining well-posed conclusions on produced several treatises on theology and physics, phenomena. However, Grosseteste is far from as Bishop of Lincoln, he made a great effort on employing an experimental method involving a rooting out abuses of the pastoral care. controlled experiment. Grosseteste is considered one of the three Oxonians Robert Grosseteste gave a relevant role to that played a relevant role in the revival of the studies mathematics in attempting to explain the physical on Optics in Western Europe [2]. After him there world. As told in [1], in his treatise On Lines, Angles were Roger Bacon and John Peckham, who and Figures, Grosseteste remarks that “the considered Grosseteste as an inspiration for their consideration of lines, angles and figures is of the scientific developments. Generally, Grosseteste is greatest utility since it is impossible for natural described as a thinker that played a key role in the philosophy to be known without them …. All causes development of scientific method. A.C. Crombie of natural effects have to be given through lines, [1,3] describes Grosseteste as the first in the Latin angles and figures, for otherwise it is impossible to West to develop an account of an experimental have knowledge of the reason, the “propter quid”, method in science, giving a special importance to concerning them.” [1,4] In the treatise, On the Nature mathematics in explaining the physical phenomena. of Places, a continuation of the treatise On Lines, However, this Crombie’s claim that Grosseteste had Angles and Figures, Grosseteste remarks that “the used experimental methods is the subject of a diligent investigator of natural phenomena can give considerable debate. In fact, Reference 1 is telling the causes of all natural effects, therefore, in this way that the Grosseteste’s method was quite different by the rules and roots and foundations given from the from that of a modern controlled experiment. power of geometry”. Undoubtedly, Grosseteste saw a Grosseteste, in his writings, derived his conclusions key role for geometry in the explanation of natural on the basis of a mix of considerations, appealing to phenomena. And this emphasis on the importance of authorities such as Aristotle or Averroes, and on geometry and mathematics was a stimulus to thinkers Amelia Carolina Sparavigna (Correspondence) [email protected], [email protected] +39-011-564-7360 Robert Grosseteste and his Treatise on Lines, Angles and Figures of the Propagation of Light in the Oxford of the fourteenth-century, who of Nature without them. They are valid for the entire established the basis for the beginnings of a universe and, unconditionally, for all its parts. They mathematical physics, studying in particular light and apply in connecting properties, such as in straight and optics [3]. circular motions. And they apply in action and passion (reaction), and this is so, whether in the matter or in the Grosseteste imagined the light having even a capacities of perception; and this is so again, whether fundamental role in the creation of the world [5]: it in the sense of sight, as it is occurring, or in any other was the light propagating in the space and dragging sense in the action of which it is necessary to add on the matter, that originated it from a point at the other things to that which is producing the vision. beginning of times. The light is then the central Then, since we have discussed elsewhere of those subject in the Grosseteste’s thought, such as the things pertaining to the whole universe and to its parts optical phenomena described by geometry. We can in an absolute sense, and of those which are tell therefore that his approach to the complexity of consequent to straight and circular motions, now we the physical world was based on the assumption of have to tell something concerning the universal action, some models, models that could be solved with when it is receiving a lower nature; this universal geometry; however, the solutions of them are always action is a player able of various features, so far as it subjected to the experience of occurring phenomena. happens when it is descending to act in the matter of the world; moreover, other things can be questioned, 2 . Geometrical optics that can educate us to proceed “ad majora”. As previously told, Grosseteste is usually referred for his use of geometry in optics, for instance in the Therefore, all the causes of the natural effects must be reflection and refraction of light. However, besides the given by lines, angles and figures, because it is geometry, A.C. Crombie in [6] is remarking that impossible to know in another manner the “propter Grosseteste developed an analysis of the powers quid” in them. It is clear the following: a natural agent propagated from the natural agents. This analysis is propagates (multiplies) its power from itself to the found in four related essays written most probably in patient, the person or thing that undergoes some the period from 1231 to 1235 AD. The treatises on action, that is, whether it is acting on sense or on Optics are De Colore [7], De Iride [8], the De Lineis, matter. This virtue is sometimes called “species”, Angulis et Figuris, and the treatise entitled De Natura sometimes “likeness”, and it is the same, in any way Locorum. Crombie shortly commented the De Lineis, we call it; and the same thing is instilled in the sense Angulis et Figuris telling that according to Grosseteste and in the matter, or vice versa, when heat makes “the same power produced a physical effect in an warm to the touch and gives itself to the cold body. inanimate body and a sensation in an animate one. He For, it does not act through deliberation and choice; established rules for operation of powers: for example and therefore in one way it acts, whatever it is the power was greater for shorter and straighter the occurring, whether it is a perception or something else, line, the smaller the incident angle, the shorter the animated or inanimate. But, because of the diversity of three-dimensional pyramid or cone; every agent the objects of action we have different effects. multiplied its power spherically. Grosseteste discussed Moreover, in the perception, this received power the laws of reflection and refraction (evidently taken produces, in some way, a spiritual and noble effect; on from Ptolemy) and their causes, and went on in De the other hand, when acting on the matter, it produces Natura Locorum to use Ptolemy’s rules and a material effect, such as the sun produces, through the construction with plane surfaces to explain refraction same power, different effects in different objects of its by a spherical burning glass” [6].
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