1 1_,nfantr R 1982ENOVEMBER-DECEMB ti Infantr ti

A Department of the Army Publication November - December 1982 Volume 72, Number

62d Year ARTICLES

13 TOMORROWS RIFLE Captain Noyes B. Livingston 16 SQUAD TRAINING Editor Major David J. Ozolek CPT Michael D. Bollinger 19 THE ASSAULT Captain Paul L. Conway Deputy Editor 24 FAME IS A.,FLEETING THING Albert N. Garland L. VanLdanialsawald,

Associate Editor FORUM AND FEATURES Marie B. Edgerton 6 auf010A11:BAM•,' Editorial Assistant Dooktiii rski;Malbne - 8 A NEGLECTED SKILL Mary H. Wolstenholm CaptaintDerek,1*vey 10 UNDPROBEOPM PLATOON Business Manager Lieutenant MfebaSljS. Hackney M. Lena Biskup 11 N100,031NPOON , - Cakt,0'HàrryFgyeg III Contributing Artists Mary Ann Norton Charles Willis 4 Jeanette Heller 29 wiNi*OROIN9:, Robert Hunter Lieutenant Colonel lichard A. Dixon 31 JUNGLE RAPPELLING SGT Charles R. Pagan Master Sergeent pave Goldie 33 CD TRAINING'- Lieutenant Kenneth W. Arnold 34 ADVANCE PARTY Sergeant First Class Steve L. Overholser • • ••••••••• 36 PERSONNEL INVENTORY • * 4,4•••4,• ••••• ••• • •••• Major Joseph A. Verrett •••••• • • • •• • • -•• •W • 38 JFCC

01101. Captain Guy C. Swan Ill DEPARTMENTS P•• ••110si 2 COMMANDANT'S NOTE •••• )••••• 3 INFANTRY NEWS 4i/4/0•••••• 40 ENLISTED CAREER NOTES ..6000 ..eelle 44 OFFICERS CAREER NOTES r••••••••• ••••• 47 BOOK REVIEWS 80 LETTERS ....:..e...•„•• • • FRONT COVER

With this issue we complete our 62d year of service to the United states Inlantr we look forward to the challenges of the coming years as the Infantryman prepares,0 dcY what he has always done — fight, or prepare to fight, on the ground, for the ground.,3 i 9•••• USAIS ,

Commandant MG Robert L. Wetzel

Assistant Commandant ri BG Kenneth C. Leuer --sc, '>'

Deputy Assistant Commandant - • ••-•••-•-•----- COL Ronald O. Mullenix

Command Sergeant Major ni CSM Joseph C.R. Gagnon

DEPARTMENTS

Command; Tactics, and Doctrine COL Michael J. Morin

Ranger: "COL Robert A Turner.,

4 ,Weapone);'',Ounnery, alli011eintenance COL NealLO.3 Christensen

?pirtEctit* s

Cembet 14,veiOpmeritei, Stanjaiy T. Skaite

Training COL Daniel S. Rickard

Training Developments , ..„ ; INFANTRY: Publisii,anygnAtly, kt.tpell'icitte'l States 4,1,1,14,,Jrti# ,Pi Sâ 4, triclei current information on in • COL Robert H. Edwards • lantry organization,s0'filOril;eq610,tnank,'itiofics, and #3041044.-11, aIadIrtJudos riaisp;ant historical articles and ' serves as a forum tot210,issiohal,IffeesA Unless otheal,IP;tilitifi'Oth Iiiii4,bt aX,'0!e those of the authors and not necessenly theseilif,,i1;te,c3opartment of ()dense or anyjtlemrellt the4t44.0.se Of lisnds for printing 'WAN- rFlY was approved 22 .itily't 551 by Headquarters, Difser'tniiisi'01 the '.,etarnTyhhe-Flenorible John 0. Marsh, Jr., THE SCHOOL BRIGADE ., 3ecretary, Official distribution: three copies to each infantry and Ventfrielefediinit and to appropriate stall agen• ' alas and service schools.' COL Robert S. Rose , SUBSCRIPTIONS: One year, 410.00; two years, $19.00. Single copy. $2,50. A foreign (non-APOI subscriber 1.11LAI add $3.00 per year for postage on each subscription. Payment must be made either by United States curren- cy. by international money order, or by a check or draft drawn on a bank in the'United States. One.year subscno- NCO Academy ' 'dons are not refundable. Two.year subscriptions are refundable, but service and handling charges will be 4: deducted. The expiration date of a subscription is shown Jn the first four-digit nc'enber on the address label's first CSM Willie W. Snow line Itha lust two digits indicate the month, the last two digits, the year). Please notify your postmaster and INFAN• ,y TRY promptly of any change of address. „ CORRE5PONOEN0E7 Address all correspondence to Editor, INFANTRY Magazine, Boo 2005, Fort Banning, Cleorgia 31905. Please furnish complete return address, Queries are eneYitered promptly. Manuscripts are „,i. ,Atnowledgad within 30 days. Telephones: Editorial Office — 404-544:4951 IALITOVON 784-49511; Business t 'lime — 4041545.5997 (AUTOVON 835-5957) POSTMASTER: Second-class postage paid at Columbus, Georgia and at Pensacola, Florida, Send Form 3579 to

-1,,, CirculationMember of theOepartment, U.S. military INFANTRY services, Magazine, see Section Box 158.4, 2005, Postal Fort ServiceBenning, Manual, Georgia U.S. 31905. Postal For Service forwarding Publication to a ,.,,Number: 370630. ISSN: 0018.9532 Commandant's NOTE

/ • , • MAJOR GENERAL SAM WETZEL

LEADERSHIP AT THE LIEUTENANT LEVEL

Leadership has been the heart and soul of the military profes- numerous leadership positions during the course, ,10fikspa0 sion since men first organized and armed themselves to defend leader through platoon leader. These posiOns arelrgOttis041 their homelands. There is certainly nothing new, therefore, in and tactical field training, in both blank aridlive;fi:re300tc)s-q. the notion that the proper exercise of leadership is absolutely Before they are allowed to graduate and report to theirtrst.0 essential to the well-being of both small and large military units. of assignment, the students must demonstratOhe *4100* Of The Infantry School is in the vanguard of those who believe troop-leading procedures, the proper technical attd 4ptic,A0,9- that outstanding leadership is a positive force that can enable the Army to succeed in all its operations, including combat. In pertise, key and to the developing ability to the make leadership,#14,of:VI decisions.The fulfilling our responsibility to promote leadership, we begin at in 10BC is proper feedback and counseling. The C'atr the beginning — with the students of the Infantry Officer Basic — usually one captain and two senior Nq0CP0, Course. It is during this branch qualification process that the — give the students this feedback and çouflseling',At,et ,Qni tone of leadership development is set and that the enduring pleting a leadership position, each stge,100,coUl00 tiSk MO, values and solemn responsibilities of our profession are instilled. actual performance, on his demotistiated strengths ?8:11'.• It is here that we try to see that our prospective platoon leaders weaknesses, and on what he needs to do16,improve• , have the soldierly qualities, that they embody the Army ethic, The format for the performance counseling is derma from and that they can exercise the principles of leadership. the Leadership Assessment and Development Prograin:that is The I6-week Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) includes used by ROTC and OCS. Thus, the performance counWing;for- in its curriculum 201 hours of classroom instruction and 727 mat and the terminology remain consistent and well-understood hours of field and range training. Some aspect of leadership by the students throughout their Military Qualification training is present in each of these hours. (MQS) I and It training. In developing and evaluating the students' leadership In addition to receiving counseling on his leadership posi- abilities, the IOBC curriculum uses all of their training — tions, each student is counseled on his total performance n physical, mental, and interpersonal skills and professional IOBC during the sixth, eleventh, and sixteenth weeks of the knowledge. For example, to graduate, students must pass the training cycle. Furthermore, the students of each IOBC platoon Army Physical Readiness Test, complete a I2-mile road march conduct peer ratings in these same time periods; the results of in three hours or less, and be able to function effectively, with these ratings are discussed during the counseling sessions. Thus, little sleep, during high-intensity field training exercises up to II throughout the course a student officer is periodically presented days in length. They must demonstrate their proficiency in dis- an overall evaluation of his individual performance, his group mounted drill and command voice as part of the IOBC "School relationships, and his leadership ability, with recommendations of the Leader" program. In addition, the students are required for improvement. to present satisfactory periods of instruction on physical train- The Infantry School has a solemn and explicit contract to i• ing and soldier's manual tasks and to complete all the 11B itiate in this course a developmental process that will give our I, - MOSC soldier's manual tasks themselves through skill level 4. fantry units platoon leaders who are filled with a sense of pride To further their knowledge of military leadership and to build and professionalism, confident in their ability to perform their 1 upon the knowledge they gained during their precommissioning skills in combat and motivated to command high-performance training, the students are given 29 hours of classroom leadership units. instruction in subjects such as decision-making, planning, and Good leadership that is based on strength, knowledge, com- counseling. This instruction includes six hours of counseling mon sense, and sensitivity is the truest measure of a unit's workshops in which the students conduct soldier counseling overall combat readiness. The Infantry School enthusiasticallY and, in the process, refine the interpersonal skills and techniques accepts and actively exercises its critical responsibility to Iry )J they have learned in the classroom. the Infantry leaders of the future. Because the ultimate goal of IOBC is to turn out a qualified Practice combined arms! Infantry platoon leader, the students are required to serve in THE 4TH AIRBORNE TRAIN- select stand a good chance of suc- paratrooper's switchblade knife used ING BATTALION at Fort Benning, ceeding. timing World War Georgia, trains thousands of soldiers Students must have in their posses- The uniforms in the display are all each year to become paratroopers. sion when they arrive at Fort Benning authentic, from an 18th century The training is tough and demanding, a copy of their medical records, with Massachusetts militia uniform to the and it calls for soldiers with a high certification that they are qualified "pinks and greens" used in the 1940s degree of motivation and physical for airborne training, and a copy of to the camouflaged battle dress ,onditioning. their official orders. Students who do uniform of today. To qualify to attend the Basic Air- not have these items with them will In addition to the essential military borne Course, a soldier must not be admitted to the course. equipment such as entrenching tools, volunteer, must have 12 months of Any student who arrives at Fort powder horns, battle streamers, active duty service remaining upon Benning in top physical condition and rations, drums and horns, and gas completion of the course, must meet with a high degree of motivation and masks, there are artifacts that the physical qualifications for an eagerness to learn stands a good highlight the human or personal side parachute duty established in AR chance of graduating from the Basic of a soldier's life. These include such 40-501, and must be less than 36 years Airborne Course. items as coffee cups, playing cards, of age at the date of application. barber equipment, a soap dish, a , (Field grade officers, warrant officers hymnal, a prayer book, and photo- in the ranks of WO 3 and 4, and A NATIONAL INFANTRY MU- graphs from home. - enlisted personnel in the rank of SEUM exhibit recently installed in the The backdrop for the display sergeant/specialist 5 or higher may Pentagon has as its theme "Two Cen- features an award-winning photo- obtain wavers for age with favorable turies of Proud History." The ex- graph of the famous Fort Benning recommendations from medical doc- hibit, which will remain on display "Follow Me" statue. tors.) near the office of the Secretary of the In other news from the Museum, In addition, enlisted personnel Army through November, includes the annual Infantry Museum road must have completed basic and ad- almost 200 items showing the devel- race was held for the second time this vanced individual training or the opment of weapons, uniforms, and year with the proceeds going to the equivalent, and must not have lost equipment used by the infantryman National Infantry Museum Society more than 30 days under Section 972, over the past 207 years. Fund to be used for the renovation of United States Code, during their cur- Firearms from the flintlock musket the Museum's third floor. rent enlistment. of the Revolutionary War to the MI6 Additional information about the All applicants must achieve the used in Vietnam are on display, along Museum and the Museum Society I following scores on the Army Phy- with edged weapons ranging from and its various projects, including sical Readiness Test (APRT): Men swords and bayonets to a rare next year's road race, may be ob- must do 45 pushups, 45 situps, and tained from the Curator, National complete the two-mile run in 15:59 Infantry Museum, Fort Benning, for a total of 206 points. Women POSTAL REGISTRATION 1, Date of Filing: 30 September 1982. Georgia 31905, telephone must do 21 pushups, 32 situps, and 2. Title of Publication: INFANTRY Maga- 404/544-4762 or AUTOVON run two miles in 17:55 for a total of zine. 784-4762. 3. Frequency of Issue: Bimonthly. 218 points. 4. Location of Known Office of Publica- Commanders who select personnel tion: U.S. Army Infantry School, ATTN. to attend the Basic Airborne Course ATSH-SE-IM, Fort Denning, Georgia .31905. should refer to AR 614-110 and AR THE DISTINGUISHED DOUGH- 5. Location of the Headquarters of the 614-200 for additional information Publication: U.S. Army Infantry School, BOY Award is presented each year regarding the selection and processing ATTN: ATSH-SE-IM, Fort Benning, Georgia to an individual who has been in- 31905. , of volunteers for airborne training. 6. Publisher and Editor: Captain Michael O. strumental in improving the morale I They are reminded that airborne Bollinger, INFANTRY Magazine, U.S Army and welfare of the infantryman, training is not for everyone; they Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia Bill Mauldin, famed author and 31905 should make sure the students they cartoonist, is the 1982 recipient of the award and was honored at the Na- 4 tional Infantry Ball, which was held in Washington, D.C. on 13 Novem- ber 1982. The award, established in 1980, is a • brass-plated, World War I doughboy )1mi helmet mounted on a walnut base eg that is decorated with crossed rifles. ▪ The previous honorees were Bob Hope in 1980 and H. Ross Perot in 1981. The nominating committee, which is chaired by the Chief, Infantry Branch, MILPERCEN, realizes that individuals who deserve to be recognized may have been overlooked during the nominating process. Ac- cordingly, any infantryman may nominate a candidate for the 1983 award. The following criteria are used in selecting the recipient: • The award is presented to an in- Regions Test Center, Fort Greely, Evaluation Command installations dividual, not to an organization, in Alaska. and activities in the United States and recognition of that person's direct The Center is one of nine Test and the Republic of Panama. efforts to aid the infantryman. • The award is not presented posthumously except when the recipient dies after being selected. • Active duty military members are not eligible for the award. • Civilian executives who are active in the defense establishment are not eligible for the award. • The recipient must not be directly involved or affiliated with an organization that has defense indus- try contracts. • The recipient does not have to be present to accept the award. The final selection is made by the Commander of the U.S. Army Infan- try Center and School at Fort Benning. The name of any individual who meets the above criteria and who has rendered great personal service to the morale and welfare of the Infantry- man should he submitted to HQ M I LPERCEN, ATTN: DAPC-OPE-I (Major Warren), 200 StovaJ1 Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22332 as soon as A FIRE SUPPORT TEAM VE- The test program included possible. HICLE (FIST-V) is shown as it automotive, durability, environ- undergoes engineering design testing mental, and mission performance A SOLDIER TESTS A decon- at Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. testing. tamination apparatus in sub-zero temperatures at the Army's Cold IN SEPTEMBER 1981, Army Ex- Surveillance, air defense, mortar, tension Training (AFT) distributed a and artillery ground-based radars are series of new publications, the Exten- all detectable by TEAMPACK. Some sion Training Materials (ETM) of the improvements it has over the catalogs, which were identified as DA earlier systems of its type are im- pamphlets in the 350 series. These proved reliability, better crew protec- catalogs listed the available extension tion, and growth features that will training materials. There were 77 dif- enable it to be used well into the tcrent books for specific ARTEPs future. and TOEs. A consolidated listing of MOSs (DA Pamphlet 350-100) was three, with a minimum amount of also distributed to TDA units. training, to shoot a complete ARMY ENGINEERS AT THE All of these [TM catalogs have 12-rocket load accurately, reload Chemical Systems Laboratory, Aber- been updated and distributed to the quickly, and fire again. Its surface-to- deen Proving Ground, are developing field. Some additional catalogs to surface unguided rockets have a a portable decontamination ap- support new ARTEPs have also been range of more than 30 kilometers (18 paratus for use on Army vehicles. distributed. The new editions were miles) and can deliver a massive Known as the XM13, the portable distributed in the same way they were amount of firepower against enemy decontamination apparatus is de- distributed last year. forces. signed to dispense a standard Units that did not receive the initial The launch vehicle has a sophis- chemical decontamination solution. distribution of the ETM catalog ticated fire control computer and a It permits the field soldier to cover should advise the Army Training position-determining system that selected surfaces of a vehicle with a Support Center (ATSC), ATTN: make it the most accurate artillery decontaminant, scrub with a brush, ATIC-AET-10, Fort Eustis, Virginia rocket system in the world today. and continue his mission. 23604. Requests for additional copies The lightweight apparatus consists should be addressed to U.S. Army of a prefilled decontaminant con- AG Publications, 2800 Eastern tainer, a manual pump, a hose Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland THE FIRST PRODUCTION wand, and an attachable brush. It 21220. The following information UNIT of the Artny's new AN/MSQ- weighs less than 60 pounds when should be included: unit name and 103A TEAMPACK radar monitoring filled. address; unit identification code system was recently completed. Army officials expect the XMI3 to (U1C); unit ARTEP, TOE, IDA; and The TEAM PACK system is housed be fielded in 1984 after a series of point of contact (person and in a ballistically protected shelter and developmental, operational, and pro- telephone number). duction tests.

A GEORGIA ARMY NATIONAL GUARD unit, the 48th Infantry A TOTAL SHORT RANGE AIR Brigade, recently received 51 M901 DEFENSE (SHORAD) system was ,mproved TOW vehicles (ITVs) and recently shown for the first time as 70 M60A3 tanks. The brigade was part of a series of field training exer- one of the National Guard units to cises by the 9th Infantry Division. obtain new, tactical equipment. It The overall system is composed of was selected to get the new equipment a towed Chaparral surface-to-air because in the event of mobilization it missile system, a shoulder-fired Saber will become the third maneuver beamrider missile, a towed light brigade of the 24th Infantry Division, Sergeant York (DIVAD) 40mm gun, a part of the Rapid Deployment and a truck-mounted platoon coordi- Force. nation center that has a Sergeant York gun radar and a fire control system. It has been designed as a THE ARMY RECENTLY AC- lightweight system for rapid deploy- CEPTED the first of more than 300 is then mounted on an XM-1015 ment by future Army light infantry multiple launch rocket systems that it tracked vehicle. The system can be divisions. plans to buy in the coming months. mounted on an M35 utility truck, a This is a highly mobile automatic light armored vehicle, a jeep, and on rocket system that permits its crew of other types of vehicles. 6 _J\13E1,1-JJ JJL

1 / L17

ForumandFeatures 13eileigE A Teanri

DANDRIDGE M. MALONE

War sure isn't a game, but thinking but an essential part, a part that other In essence, this team-building about games can sure help you learn individuals depend upon to get their leadership strategy says: about war. work done, and that the whole team • Convince each team member that Think about a football team — depends upon to get its work done. the other team members and the team think about what it does, and how it The second requirement of the as a whole are dependent on him. operates. Now see if you can come up strategy is that a leader must do and • Convince him that much of the with a half-dozen examples that show say things daily to convince the indi- whole business of reward and punish- how a, football team is something like vidual team members that their ment, for him, is tied to the output or a unit on the battlefield. That ought performance of the team he belongs to give you a pretty good idea of how to. teamwork works, on either the play- Building the complex kind of team ing field or the battlefield. that a battlefield requires is tough. A How do you build a team? Let me leader sure can't get it by asking for it lay Out for you, first, an overall team- or by just giving an order. It takes building strategy, and second, a time, and thinking ahead, and the number of specific how-to's for doing sixth principle of leadership: Know what one of those principles of your soldiers and what's inside each leadership tells you do to — train one. your men as a team. Beyond the general strategy, there Fire team leaders build teams out is no step-by-step procedure that is of their subordinate individual sol- very practical for company-level diers. Squad leaders and above build wants, needs, hopes, and goals are leaders to use. But there are about ten teams Out of subordinate leaders and tied to the team's performance, out- good team-building techniques that their teams. In either case, there is put, and work. Each individual team have come from experience and one simple overall leadership strategy member will usually operate in his research. They've been around for a for building a team. It is an overall own best interest. He'll do what he couple of thousand years and they'll way of operating, not a specific how- thinks is best for him. That doesn't work for captains, lieutenants, and to, and it has two requirements. sound too admirable, but it's a fact of sergeants. A leader must constantly, on a day- human nature. In building a team, Use drills.. The best way to build to-day basis, do things and say things what a leader has to do is to convince the kind of team a unit needs is the that will convince each individual each team member that the best way way that's probably already obvious team member that he is a part of a for him to get what he wants is — use drills. Dismounted drill is whole team — not just any old part, through what the team does. good, but the best drills for the kind of teamwork a unit needs most are as much work in half the time. Bet on covered with acetate and filled in with 1 spelled out in the ARTEPs. If a unit it. And if you're as smart as I think a grease pencil, but it is the main tool can't get out in the woods, then it you are, you'll let the team know you for building and maintaining team- should walk through an ARTEP on bet. work. The First Sergeant and the pla- an open field. (I wonder if a unit Leave teams together. Whenever toon leaders will be making the pri- could have an ARTEP parade?) If a there are formations, leave teams mary recommendations about who unit can't do that, then it should try a together. "Break off and fill it in goes where, but the C.O. will be mak- blackboard, or a terrain model, or a back there!" may make the platoon ing the decisions. Never move a name map. formation look better, Lieutenant, around, Captain, without first think- Drills must always be critiqued, but what you're breaking up is a team ing about the effect on teamwork and and the performance of the team, and and teamwork. How units work is the team. When you move names how each individual team member more important than how they look. around in an attempt to even out contributed — or failed to contribute And you're supposed to be a special- strength figures, you may be doing SaJninalpunUln.104 — to the team's performance must be ist in unit work. the same thing the Lieutenant does discussed. The specific places where Whenever you, Sergeant, as the when he evens up his platoon forma- the coordination and the timing of in- leader, must form your men, brief tion. The board may look better, but dividuals and teams worked and your men, move your men, work the unit may work worse because didn't work should also be pointed your men, critique your men, feed you've unintentionally destroyed out. your men, or billet your men, do it some of its teamwork power, some of Use stress. High stress and heavy the same way you're going to have to that "extra." pressures applied to the whole team fight your men on the battlefield. Do Each time you move a name, what will build teamwork. That's a fact. it as a team. You can tell your troops, you're really moving is a man, and The trick is to do it right. Events, ex- "Everyone be down at the motor you're moving him out of his family. ercises, and activities that are extreme pool at 1300 to clean the tracks." More importantly, when you move challenges, and that demand a hard- That's the way a Boy Scout leader him, you're moving a part of some- core, all-out effort by the team and might try to do it. It may (or may not) thing bigger. If that something bigger by each team member, will build get them all there by somewhere is a smooth-functioning team — a teamwork. Add danger and that around 1330. And, Sergeant, if you fighting machine — then what you teamwork gets even stronger. The do it that way, you've just lost one of may be doing is pulling Out the car- high stress of battle puts teams those valuable day-to-day opportuni- buretor. And a carburetor can't be together so well — sometimes in just ties to keep working on teamwork. In- replaced with an oil pump. As a gen- a few hours — that they continue to stead, form your soldiers as a squad eral rule, hold manning board moves have annual get-togethers for years in the company area, march them to to an absolute bare minimum, and after the war is over. the motor pool, in step, stand them at always consider first the effect on In training, a unit should get as ease, give them their instructions with that team of which the soldier is a close to battlefield stress as it can. If something like a 3- or 4-minute ver- part. you don't have a war, Captain, try a sion of the five-paragraph field order Talk team language. There is a sim- 100-mile road march; or run 10 miles (including standards in the mission ple, guaranteed way all leaders can with weapons, helmets, and LBE; or part), supervise the fire team leaders, build teamwork. They should simply climb a mountain; or run a super- keep the whole squad at it until the start using the team words — we, us, rough, non-stop, day-and-night, whole job is done, form them up and our — instead of the three in- 24-hour battle drill over the worst ter- again, critique their performance as a dividual words — 1, me, and my. rain you can find. Do any or all of team, march the whole squad back to When a leader starts leading by exam- these high stress events as a team. the company area, and only then turn ple with his language, his followers Then later, start listening for the them loose to be individuals. will follow. And they'll start talking bragging and the war stories. About If you as the leader can keep your and thinking more about us than "Us." It'll work. Guaranteed. subordinates working and living as a about me. The first two letters in U.S. Work by teams. Get tasks done by team in their day-to-day activities, Army are US. The last two are teams, rather than by "details." You, those ARTEP drills will automatical- "My." Think about it. It isn't a bad First Sergeant, can do a lot about ly come out far better, and so will philosophy. this. Next time the battalion hits you that thing that we call The Company Build team reputation. Any man up for "a 10-man detail and one when it fights on the battlefield. worth a damn will work hard to live NCO," check into the chain first, but Move men on manning boards, not up to his reputation. So will a team. then send a fire team with its own names. Up on the wall in the orderly Whenever a team does something that team leader instead of a detail. room or the C.O.'s office, there's a is both unusual and good, and when Chances are good that half as many manning board. It probably looks the members do it as a team, all the men, working as a team, can do twice like nothing more than a chart leadership of the whole unit should know about it. When this happens squad members to believe that for Want to build teamwork in your three or four times, the word will get them the squad's mission is the most company, Captain? Well, one thing back to the team. At that point, important thing there is, If you do that's always different in any unit is they'll find out that they do have a want them to feel this way, then all the unit's history. Send a letter up reputation to live up to. you've got to do is show them that for through channels and find out what Reward or punish the team. When- you, the squad leader, the platoon's your company did in the last war or ever a leader supervises a task that re- mission is the most important thing two. Then sit down some time and tell quires a high degree of teamwork, there is. the troops about their team at war, like maybe an ARTEP, then he If you're a squad leader, never and how it fought in wars in the past. should try to gear his supervision, complain about the platoon's mission No lectures, just a talk and some critique, reward, and punishment to or the platoon leader in front of your stories, Do this two or three times, what the team does, more than to followers, If you do, they're going to covering two or three wars, and what the individuals do. He should follow your example and complain watch what happens with teamwork. do it in such a way that each indivi- about the squad's mission and about There now, you've got a simple dual can see clearly that what he you. Do you want your followers to strategy and some simple how-to's wants most '(or maybe wants least) cooperate, work together, and trust for building a team. All of them are depends more on what the team does each other? Then show them, by ex- easy, common-sense things to do than on what he does. ample, that that's exactly how you Will they work? Well, let's go back to Punishing a whole team is extreme- work with other squad leaders. From where we started, to the football ly effective, but it should be done the motor pool to the battlefield, in game. Find a team that nearly always very carefully. A whole team should any situation, followers will do as wins. Read up on it a little, how it be punished when all the hand-offs their leaders do. Good or bad.That's works inside, and what the coach are too sloppy or too slow, when the plain chemistry of followership. does. What you'll find is the strategy there's no trust among the parts, or Emphasize differences, Find out and most of these same how-to's. 1 when all the parts get to thinking what makes one team different from more about me than about us. the others, and keep emphasizing DANDRIDGE M. MALONE, a retired Infantry Col- Set the example. Next to drill, the those differences. It may be the kind onel, has published numerous articles, books, and best thing for building teamwork is of work they do, or where they do it, technical reports. He holds a master's degree in social psychology from Purdue University and has that all-powerful, all-purpose leader- or when they do it — whatever makes completed several military schools, including the ship tool that has been discussed so them different from other teams. Armed Forces Staff College. In addition to his In- many times — the fifth principle of This is another way of telling team fantry leadership assignments, he also served in leadership: Set the example. It's not either staff or faculty assignments at the U.S. Ar- members that their team is something my Command and General Staff College, the U.S hard to do, If you're a squad leader, special, something different, some- Military Academy. and the U.S. Army War College for example, you probably want your thing important.

4 Neglected Skill

CAPTAIN DEREK HARVEY

When a new infantry lieutenant think that administration is very im- of administration that he will encoun- reports to his first assignment, he portant, because in too many cases, ter. One reason for this lack of em- may know quite a bit about how he is administration is a neglected skill. phasis may be simply a lack of re- supposed to help his company win in Although the infantry officer basic sources — time, money, and instruc- battle, but he often knows very little course gives a brief overview of the tors. But another reason may be that about another important concern — subject, it does not adequately pre- administration is difficult to teach; It administration, He may not even pare a lieutenant in the many aspects not only encompasses a wide varlet) ability to accomplish its map! mis- Some ot the more seasonal duties of complex tasks, hut he typical heti- 9 tenant, at this stage in his military sions. In fact, his major missions may might include voting officer or proj- career, has no reference point trum profit from improved administration, ect officer for the Combined Federal which to gauge its relative impor- because sloppy administration can Campaign or the Army Emergency tance. He finds this reference point produce some pretty negative results: Relief Drive only through experience in his unit, The company can have poor morale For all of these, a lieutenant needs and it is therc that he must learn from long hours, late personnel ac- a good sound grasp of such adminis- about administration. tions, or pay problems; it can require trative fundamentals as writing, organ- Most of the responsibility for over- crash programs to pass inspections, izing, and understanding how to use seeing this aspect of a lieutenant's which also cause more work, increase files and regulations. Although files professional development, therefore, pressure, and further affect morale. and regulations may seem unimpor- falls on the unit commander, and this Without good administration, crisis tant to some people, anyone inspect- in itself can be a problem. If a com- management becomes the norm, unit ing them can get a pretty good indica- SO.1111001 mander is to impress on a lieutenant problems may surface at higher levels tion of how well that unit is meeting the important role the latter is expect- that could have been taken care of at its other requirements. ed to play in the unit's administra- lower levels, and the quality of life in As much as possible, a company tion, he must first take a look at his a unit can deteriorate. In addition, a commander should see that all of his own attitudes toward the subject. unit may get a bad reputation from lieutenants receive the same oppor- Some commanders, for example, the quality of its administrative prod- tunities and duties. If he does not, tend to belittle the importance of a ucts. their experience levels will differ con- lieutenant's role in company adminis- The unit's annual general inspec- siderably. Sometimes a commander is tration. Too many also vocally con- tion and the numerous other inspec- tempted to give certain tasks to the demn staff requirements in general, tions it goes through are all easier to same lieutenant each time, because he perceiving such requirements as intru- prepare for and to undergo when the knows that lieutenant will always do a sions on efforts and resources they many administrative areas have been good job. Or he may avoid giving any feel should be devoted to what is real- properly managed, organized, and additional duties at all to an especial- ly important — training and mainte- emphasized on a continuing basis. ly hard-charging lieutenant because nance. They may even ask aloud, he has more important things for that "Just what the hell is important lieutenant to do. But both of these around here anyway?" The answer, SOLDIERS' WELFARE approaches are wrong; they deny of course, is that it is all important, others an opportunity to prove they and that is the attitude each com- Especially important are the many are just as capable. mander must convey to his new lieu- areas of administration that let the A company commander has a tenants. soldiers know that the system is func- tough job, but there are definite But beyond a positive attitude, how tioning and that their leaders have a rewards that come from dedicating does a commander go about seeing sincere interest in their welfare — himself to educating and developing that his lieutenants learn what they such things as finance, pay, counsel- his lieutenants in administrative need to know? First, he should con- ing, letters of indebtedness, personnel tasks. The net result will be better, sider starting an informal on-the-job actions, leaves, weight-control pro- more capable subordinates who can training program so that the lieuten- grams, legal affairs, re-enlistment, then relieve him of some of his pres- ants can develop the skills and knowl- promotion, and equal opportunity. If sures and concerns. edge they need to cope with their these matters are handled well, the In addition, the entire unit will be various duties. Then the commander results will be worth far more than better off because of improved mo- should demonstrate the importance the time that has been invested in rale, respect for the chain of com- of administration by emphasizing it, them. And when a lieutenant be- mand, a better quality of life, more and he should show an interest in comes able to answer administrative unit cohesion and pride, and im- what the lieutenants are doing by ask- questions with authority, to recognize proved inspection results. Finally, ing questions, inspecting, and teach- and take care of problems, and to ini- those outside the unit. looking in will ing, and by requiring briefings from tiate actions, he will be better able to see a more professional unit that has them on the status of their various take care of his soldiers. its act together. programs. This interest will demon- Another sensitive area of adminis- strate better than anything else the tration involves such duties as fire or CAPTAIN DEREK HARVEY, an infantry of ficer who importance of good, clear, well-organ- building inspector, safety officer, recently completed the Armor Officer Advanced ized, and responsive administration. maintenance officer, weight-control Course, formerly served on several assignments at If he uses sound management prin- monitor, and education officer — Fort Itenning, including tours as executive officer of an Infantry Training Group company arid of a ciples, a commander can do all of this duties that are usually assigned to a Ranger company. He is a 1977 ROTC graduate of without adversely affecting his unit's unit's lieutenants as additional duties. Arizona State University. 10 Understrength Platoon

LIEUTENANT MICHAEL S. HACKNEY,

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Understrength rifle platoons are unit integrity, One way he can do this machinegun and is the command not a rarity in today's Army. In fact, is shown in the accompanying chart. track's air guard. When mounted he they are commonplace. In Europe, The platoon's headquarters section operates the command track radios. for example, many mechanized infan- consists of the platoon leader, the During dismounted operations, the try platoons have only 18 to 25 men in platoon sergeant (who rides in a company and platoon net radios are them, and the five- or six-man squad squad APC), and the command track carried by the platoon leader and the is usual. But the basic TOE for a crew, which consists of the crew RTO (armed with an MI6 rifle), or by mechanized infantry platoon in leader, the radio-telephone operator the driver if the RTO must employ Europe calls for 4 MI13 APCs, 4 (RTO), and the driver. When possible the M60 machinegun in support of Dragon trackers (one for each vehi- during dismounted operations these the platoon's operations. cle), 4 caliber .50 and 5 M60 machine- men also supplement the squads. The driver carries an MI6 rifle and guns, 6 M203 grenade launchers, 32 Their responsibilities, generally, are serves as the assistant caliber .50 MI6 rifles, plus radios, night vision as follows: machinegunner. Dismounted, he acts devices, and a mass of other equip- The command track leader, usually either as an RTO or as a squad auto- ment. a corporal or a sergeant, mans the matic rifleman. He should be the The problem for a platoon leader caliber .50 machinegun and carries a most capable driver in the platoon, in this situation is to know how to Dragon tracker. He is responsible for since he must perform vehicle and combine the men he has with all this the command track vehicle and its equipment maintenance with only equipment in the most effective way crew. When dismounted, he becomes limited supervision. so that the platoon can carry out its the second team leader for one of the The five- or six-man squad does missions. He must tailor his platoon squads. His individual weapon is an have many of the capabilities of a full to allow the utmost individual and MI6 rifle. strength squad both in movement and squad flexibility while maintaining The RTO is responsible for an M60 firepower. But because the small

• • •

Platoon Leader-M16 Platoon Sergeant—M16 Command Track Leader— Squad Leader—M16 cal. 50 MG, M16, Team Leader—M203, Cal. 50 MG Dragon Tracker Dragon Gunner—M203 , Dragon Tracker RIO— M60 MG, .45 cal, Machine Gunner— M60 MG, .45 cal or M16 Driver—M16, asst cal.50 MG Driver—M16, asst cal. 50 MG Auto Rifleman—M16

Note: Platoon Sergeant rides on a squad track. also be able to fire the Dragon (rpm reduced because of its small size, par- squad must depend heavily on ex- 11 ploiting the full effects of its the V DM, and, when dismounted, he ticularly the number of Dragon machineguns, Dragons, and M203s, a must know how to fire the Dragon missiles, 40mm rounds, and machine- squad leader must make sure his men from the M60 machinegun tripod. gun belts; and the platoon leader and are trained to use the various weapon The M60 maehinegunner must be squad leaders with their radios are systems. prepared to operate in most situations not as mobile and tend to tire more The team leader is usually a cor- without an assistant gunner. He also easily than if they had someone else poral or a sergeant. If his vehicle has serves as the vehicle's rear security to carry those sets. one, the team leader must be capable and air guard. Understrength mechanized infan- of firing the Dragon system from the The automatic rifleman rounds out try platoons can perform many mis- vehicular Dragon mount (VDM). He a six-man squad. He carries an M 16 sions ranging from dismounted• carries an M203 grenade launcher rifle and serves as an assistant Dragon patrols and ambushes to mounted when dismounted. He and his driver or M60 gunner as the situation re- attacks. But the platoon leaders must S811111384NMLtin.104 are also responsible for operating the quires. know how to adapt their small units vehicle's caliber .50 machinegun and In a dismounted situation, the team to the changing situations in which For maintaining the vehicle. leader should be on the ground, and they will find themselves. By properly The driver carries an MI6 rifle, the driver should man the caliber .50 tailoring their platoons and deploying assists with the caliber .50 machine- machinegun. If additional automatic their most potent assets, they can use gun, and mans that weapon in sta- fire is needed, the automatic rifleman the inherent flexibility of the tionary or defensive positions when can be given the platoon's fifth M60 mechanized platoon to its fullest the team leader is away from the vehi- machinegun, which is usually carried advantage. cle. When dismounted, he carries a on the command track.

Dragon missile and assists another The small squad does have other LIEUTENANT MICHAEL S HACKNEY, a 1979 squad member in operating an M60 definite limitations: The Dragon ROTC graduate of the University of Alabama, has machinegun. gunners and the team leaders cannot served as a mechanized infantry platoon leader and an antitank platoon leader He is now a brigade S3 The Dragon gunner carries the fire their primary weapons and their Air in the 3d Armored Division He has completed Dragon system and is the primary M203s at the same time; the amount the Airborne and NBC Officer courses M203 gunner for the squad. He must of ammunition the squad can carry is Modernized Line

CAPTAIN HARRY F. NOYES III

It is a pity the Maginot Line has What I am proposing is that ultra- from the Maginot Line in two given fixed linear fortifications such a modern technology — in the form of respects: bad name, because new technology a semi-automated complex of anti- • It would require relatively few now makes it possible for such for- tank guided missiles and antiperson- troops and small amounts of equip- tifications to contribute immeasur- nel mines — be combined with such ment and money. Thus, it would sup- ably — perhaps decisively — to the ultra-traditional shelters as holes in plement, not compete with, the con- defense of western Europe against the ground to create a thicket of ventional mobile forces upon which Soviet attack. depth that any Soviet invasion force our defenses would primarily and Needless to say, I do not envision a would have to penetrate. quite properly depend. literal reconstruction of the pre- This proposed new line, which for • It would not generate a defensive World War II French system of con- want of a better term we can call the mentality. Because it would never be crete caverns and heavy guns. "Modernized Line," would differ intended as the primary means of defending western Europe, its very since any dismounted attack would claims we hear dila anyone can !earn 12 nature would discourage any such diminish the enemy's momentum in to use modern ATGMs in a few notion. It would be a low-cost, attri- the crucial early hours of an invasion. hours. Certainly a soldier who can tional barrier that would deprive the In favored locations, the bunkers fire from the safety of a remote Soviet invaders of their most impor- might also control command-detona- bunker does not need the same kind tant offensive advantages — the fast ted antitank mines emplaced in the of "steeling" he would require to start and early momentum — and roads, and the use of remote-con- face suppressive fire. In fact, this thus expose them to early counter- trolled antiarmor guns and rotary might be an ideal way to use inex- attack by armored and mechanized cannon should not be ruled out. perienced draftees or individual ready infantry forces. If well-designed, such a line could reservists who had not been given The Modernized Line would con- start knocking off enemy vehicles as much recent training. It would also be sist of a belt of concealed, unmanned soon as they crossed the border and a good way to use established light in- ForumandFeatures antitank guided missile (ATGM) could continue doing so for many fantry units whose training and positions several kilometers deep and kilometers into the interior. In fact, discipline were not in question but running all along NATO's eastern once the fact of an invasion was clear- whose equipment might not suit them border, with its heaviest concentra- ly established, there would be no for an effective role in a NATO con- tions facing the most likely invasion reason why emplacement close to the tingency. routes. The widest,possible variety of border could not reach well across it The demands of such a system concealment modes would be used — to destroy follow-up vehicles. More- would not require a lot of money. For building basements, phony struc- over, remote-controlled strongpoints the most part, it would call for off- tures, parked vehicles, haystacks, could be constructed at key locations the-shelf technology and off-the-shelf tree-top nests, and camouflaged or far behind the border, using the same hardware. It would require thousands pop-up ground sites. technology to inflict additional of AIGMs, a lot of electronics, and a Each ATGM would be controlled substantial quantity of shovels and m.•••Milml•V• from a distance by soldiers sheltered concrete. Nevertheless, the require- in bunkers hundreds of meters from This proposed new line would ments would be small compared to the actual emplacements. Coaxial most modern defense programs, and television cameras would survey the supplement, not compete with, the potential return on the investment defended terrain and provide the conventional mobile forces. would be high — the destruction of gunner with aiming information, large numbers of invading vehicles at while a redundant system of wire and slight cost in friendly lives, while secure radio links would carry the punishment on the foe as he pene- quite possibly crippling the enemy's proper firing commands. trated deeper into friendly country- timetable and exposing him to Fire-and-forget technology would side. decisive counterblows. The deterrent improve the system's effectiveness, In addition, it would be technically potential alone probably would be but there is no reason why the soldiers feasible to use a slightly modified ver- worth the cost. could not control wire-guided missiles sion of the same concept to create a Given the imbalance NATO defen- through their TV monitors, if neces- new kind of maneuver force. For ex- sive forces face in Europe, such a sary. The effectiveness of the gunners ample, prefabricated strongpoints remote-controlled defensive line should be very high, because suppres- using the same technology could be seems to be an option that is at least sive fire would have virtually no taken to threatened areas by truck worthy of serious study. While it psychological effect on their remotely and swiftly dug in, using normal should never be regarded as the prime situated and well-protected shelter. engineering resources, as the enemy ingredient in NATO defenses, it Only a direct hit on a TV camera or a approached. could provide a major economy-of- weapon, or rapid and effective smoke One of the advantages of the pro- force means to redress some of the dispersal, would save the target. posed system would be its require- imbalances. At a low cost in men and Ground laser designators could also ment for relatively small numbers of materiel, it could slow down an in- be used to make the system even soldiers. One soldier could control a vading force and made it pay a heavy better. large number of ATGMs, for exam- price, and thus reduce the pressure on The ATGM emplacements could be ple, especially if fire-and-forget the main battle forces. protected from dismounted infantry technology was employed. Too, each assault by thickets of command- soldier might be made responsible for CAPTAIN HARRY F. NOYES III, originally commis- detonated antipersonnel mines on all several geographically separated con- sioned through U.S Air Force ROTC at the Univer- sity of the South, is now an Army Reservist serving sides, which could also be controlled centrations that would be unlikely to as Public Affairs Officer of the 300th Military from the bunkers. In any case, even a acquire targets simultaneously. Police Prisoner of War Command in Michigan He successful infantry assault would Such soldiers would not need to be also holds a master's degree from the University of Hawes and has completed the Information Office. represent a victory for the system, highly trained, if we can trust the Basic Course at Fort Benjamin Harrison. ••••

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The United States infantryman has fought on many How should an infantry rifle be made to meet these battlefields over the years, always doing his best on each high expectations? First of all, it cannot I;le encumbered with whatever rifle he happened to have at the time. And with a carrying handle. We have all seen the classic exam- his potential battlefield continues to change and expand. ple of a soldier running in training, one hand on his Through the use of thermal energy, ground surveillance helmet and the other clutching his MI6 by the carrying radar, night vision devices, and intrusion warning sYs- handle, like a commuter with his lunch pail chasing a terns, detection and engagement ranges are increasing in departing bus.. The handle makes the weapon easy to distance but decreasing in time. As a result, the U.S. in- carry, but not easy to fire quickly. fantryman will no doubt eventually get a new rifle to A rifle must be built to fit naturally in a carry that carry into battle — and he will need it. lends itself to an attitude and position of readiness. The His present rifle, the M I6A I, is a good weapon. It is firing hand must grasp the small of the stock near the well made, lightweight, and accurate at battlefield trigger, and the off hand must grab it slightly forward of ranges. It is handy to shoot, and it disassembles easily. In its center of balance. A soldier should have to move only fact, it is almost everything a marksman or a service sup- one hand to point and fire his weapon, not both. port soldier could ask for. Unfortunately, though, it is Likewise, while a pistol grip may be necessary for a not designed to fill the basic requirements of the soldier light machinegun, it is a liability on a rifle. Given a rifle who has to stake his life on it, the infantryman. So we with a pistol grip, a soldier cannot drop to the ground in- need to begin thinking now about what kind of rifle we to the prone position without removing one hand from would like to have to replace it. We must not leave it to his weapon to break his fall. If he does not use the pistol chance, as we have sometimes done in the past. grip, but holds onto the stock to let the butt of the rifle No matter how much warfare changes, though, the in- strike the ground instead, he must release his hold before fantryman's war will still be brutal and intimate, and his he can reach the grip and shoot. The same soldier cannot rifle must be designed with that in mind. He must also cease firing and jump up to rush forward without remov- believe in its capabilities and should be encouraged to use ing his firing hand completely from his weapon to grab it. Besides shooting rapidly and accurately every time it is the stock and push off with it. It is extremely difficult to called on, an infantryman's rifle must be able to double hold onto a pistol grip and get up another way. as a club, a spear, or a crutch. It may also have to help Once up and running, this soldier cannot fire his make a litter, form part of a hasty ladder, or scoop Out a remaining rounds and then lunge effectively at his oppo- hurried fighting position. In short, it must function when nent with his bayonet, or follow up with a butt stroke, everything else has failed. without completely losing hold of his rifle with his 14

strongest hand, Although bayonet fighting may be a in the MI6 — to blow contaminants into the rifle's action relatkely small thing,when it is all an infantryman has or gas and excess lubricant into the firer's eyes. The bolt left, it is oerything, and close combat is no place for would lock fully until it was withdrawn by the operating changing hands or coming in second best. mechanism, instead of using a delayed blowback princi- ple, so varying qualities of ammunition could be used. TECHNIQUES The barrel would be heavy enough to support a bayonet, and its bore and chamber would be chrome-plated to resist corrosion and wear. A pistol grip also discourages the use of several impor- tant shooting techniques. With such a grip, a soldier's The rifle would share many of the beneficial features arm follows the angle of his firing hand when he is of the M16 and its contemporaries. The receiver would be holding onto his rifle, causing his elbow to press against split into an upper and lower group held together by the side of his body while he fires. This eliminates the takedown and pivot pins. This would allow placing the shoulder pocket that the weapon's butt is supposed to fit into to lessen the effect of recoil, steady the weapon, and keep it from slipping off his shoulder. Without a good No matter how much warfare changes, the shoulder pocket, it is hard for a soldier to maintain a firm infantryman's war will be brutal and inti- stock weld with his cheek, to make his head move with the rifle as it recoils, and to keep his eye aligned with the mate, and his rifle must be designed with sights. that in mind. A rifle should have a semi-pistol grip to improve marksmanship and to allow the soldier to hold it while running, leaping, and crawling and still have his firing rear sight at the back of the receiver, instead of at the hand in position to pull the trigger. It should also have a front, by doing away with a bolt cover like the one found semi-straightline stock with a raised comb. The gas on the AK. This placement would permit using a rear cylinder and operating rod should be above the barrel to sight aperture and a longer sight radius. reduce muzzle climb when the rifle is fired. Because the The lower receiver group would incorporate a sturdy small of the stock would drop to form the semi-pistol integral magazine well and a winter trigger guard that grip, the rifle cannot have a buffer behind the receiver as would swing forward against the magazine when re- the MI6 does. There are many existing weapon designs, leased. It would accept MI6 aluminum or nylon magazines such as the FN-FAL, the AK, the ARI8, the SG 540, and and would have all the weapon's controls accessible from the Valmet Iv162, that can be modified to fit a traditional the firing position. The selector lever would be rifle stock. manipulated with the firing hand thumb, and the In a rifle of this type, there would be no gas tube — as magazine catch button would be worked by the trigger finger. The bolt catch would be released by the thumb of the loading hand after a loaded magazine was inserted. When the firer pulled back on the charging handle to lock the bolt to the rear, the bolt catch would be engaged with the firing hand thumb.

EJECTION

The upper receiver would have a covered ejection port on its right side and a charging handle fixed to the bolt carrier on its left. There would be no bolt forward assist on the receiver as the charging handle could be pushed forward to close the bolt. Placing the charging handle on the left side would allow the action to be cycled from a 15

1- • firing position without the firer moving his firing hand or examine and test during the process of developing our the weapon, as must be done with the MI4 or MI6. The own rifle. It is important to keep in mind that our charging handle would be at the left front of the receiver rifleman does not need the most sophisticated design pos- where it would not strike the non-firing hand. Its motion sible, one such as the Austrian STG 77, the French MAS, would be hidden from the firer's view by its speed and by or the Swedish MKS, but he does deserve an infantry the rear sight's elevation drum, which would also be on weapon that fits the conditions under which he must the left. fight. The rifle would be a little longer and slightly heavier This proposed rifle is offered to support, not replace, than the MI6. It should fire at a moderate cyclic rate the squad and platoon automatic weapons. It would first from the closed bolt position with the bolt remaining serve the rifleman with aimed semiautomatic or limited open after the last round was ejected. Automatic fire burst fire, Its adoption would result from the recognition should be limited by a 3- or 4-round burst control mecha- that infantry combat is more than a "mad minute" nism. It would have a concave recoil pad to hold it in fought by individuals. An updated yet traditional rifle place during automatic fire, and it would accept an MI6 would reaffirm the infantryman's role and signal a return clothespin biped. to the tactics of soldiers fighting together. Fire superiori- The new rifle's flash suppressor, sling swivels, ty would become the product of superior fire by the unit, bayonet, bayonet—stud, and front sight assembly would not random fire by its members. be the same as those on the MI6. Its rear sight would be If we begin now to plan for the rifle of the future, similar to the one on the MI4. The fiberglass stock would perhaps when the time comes for a quick decision on a be made like the MI6's, and the easily gripped triangular replacement for our present rifle, we will have the right handguards would be held on with a slipring in the same one waiting in the wings. way. The stock should not be constructed to fold or col- lapse because that feature would make it less rigid. In ad- CAPTAIN NO YES B. LIVINGSTON III is a corn pany commander in the 49th Armored Division, dition to the standard 20- and 30-round MI6 magazines, Texas Army National Guard He served four a short magazine that fits flush with the bottom of the years as a U S Navy enlisted man during the magazine well should be issued for civil disturbance and 1960s and is also a former enlisted man in tne Texas Army National Guard A graduate of ceremonial duties. Southwest Texas State University, he was com- Many excellent weapons made by friendly nations, and missioned from the Texas State OCS in 1975 some by not so friendly ones, are available that we can / • vJ 4j (1,,,A064.•-t. I

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,,,,Ar? PR\ ict,• • s'N, ;s; ,e1 1,) • e ;' .•t \ 'e •-• I n an age of increasing specialization, consolidated Another drawback to consolidated training is that it (raining conducted at the company or battalion level, or takes away from a squad leader the responsibility for 11 even higher, occupies more and more of the training time training his squad. If a task is taught at a higher level, it is available to an infantry unit. In an effort to ensure that almost impossible to hold a squad leader accountable for the limited number of experienced specialists assigned to his squad's performance of that task during subsequent his unit will have the greatest effect on training his sol- applications. A possible danger is that, since he is not diers in their critical skills, the commander devises a likely to be held responsible for that particular task, the training program in which the best qualified trainers squad leader may neglect it to concentrate instead on within the unit teach their specialty to as wide an audi- functions that will directly affect what he sees as his ence as possible. designated responsibility. He may neglect, for example, This approach may appear to solve many of a unit's important technical functions that are often taught at short-term training problems. But by removing the battalion level, such as Dragon gunnery, even though responsibility for training from the junior leaders in the these functions may be essential to the accomplishment chain of command, this over-reliance on consolidated of the squad's overall combat mission. After all, the training may actually cause more long-range problems squad leader may reason, they have experts at battalion than it solves. to handle Dragon training. Consolidated training ignores two key military leader- The counter-argument here is that the squad leader ship maxims: that the leader is responsible for everything may indeed lack the necessary training and experience to his unit does or fails to do, and that any mission is best conduct instruction for his squad on such a technical accomplished at the lowest practical level. These maxims weapon as the Dragon. But if the battlefield of the next are satisfied best when training is conducted at platoon war turns out to be as it is now envisioned — a decen- level, or even better, at squad level. Because such training tralized one with small units fighting independently — also offers a unit an opportunity to develop leadership at that same squad leader is not going to have an opportuni- the lowest and most important levels, the quality of its ty to consult the battalion's Dragon experts for advice. training improves in the process. And if he has not gained the skills necessary to direct the One of the problems with consolidated training is that use of all of his weapons in training, he certainly will not it demotes the subordinate leader from his position of be able to develop these skills under-the added pressure of leadership and makes him a kind of administrative assist- combat. ant. In that role his primary responsibility is to get his The responsibility of the senior leaders of a company troops to a centralized training location and then to check and of a battalion, then, is not just to direct the training occasionally to make sure they are at least moderately at- of the individual soldier. It is to ensure that their junior tentive during the instruction. Sometimes he may be leaders develop all the skills they need to conduct the called upon during the practical exercise portion of the training the squad has to have to accomplish its combat instruction to serve as an assistant instructor, supervising mission. This approach to readiness requires the estab- part of the class. But even then there may not be any of lishment at the company level of a comprehensive non- his own troops in the group. Often he is even further commissioned officer development program in which the demoted and becomes, like his soldiers, just another stu- junior NCO first masters the various squad tasks so that dent. he can later teach them to his men. Within this training structure, the company officers and the battalion experts can most effectively pass on the technical information RESPONSIBILITY they have mastered in the schools they have attended by imparting their knowledge to a cadre of leaders who will This demotion can seriously diminish a squad leader's deliver it in small classes to the individual soldier. effectiveness, for while the MTOE sees him as a staff sergeant with perhaps six to ten years of experience, he is much more likely to be a junior sergeant, or perhaps even IMMEDIATE RESULT an acting sergeant who recently was just a member of the squad himself. But if he is to function effectively as a true The immediate result of this approach to training is squad leader, in the eyes of his men at least, he must be that the squad leader truly serves as the leader, totally vested with the authority to lead the squad as well as with responsible for his squad's performance in every aspect the responsibility for leading it. Unless he is given an op- of training. He is given the opportunity to train his own portunity to develop and display his leadership talents, he troops and must always be ready to account for their per- will probably continue to be a peer to them rather than a formance. Since he brings to the squad the knowledge he leader. Besides, denying him the chance to plan and con- has acquired both through his own experience and duct a significant portion of his squad's training also through his unit's NCO training, he comes to be regarded denies him the opportunity to sharpen the leadership as an authority on the subject. Then, as the unit's trainer skills he needs to become a senior NCO, and it presents and leader, he can personally see that his squad meets the an obstacle to the development of the squad as a func- standards of performance he and his commander have set tioning team. for it. He cannot use the familiar excuses for squad failure, when, for the most part, he and he alone has con- have established are met. Additionally, they must design 18 ducted his squad's training. and conduct the training of the junior NCOs and monitor A corollary benefit of this approach to training is that their effectiveness as trainers and leaders. The squad- a person never masters a subject as thoroughly as when level approach to training thus allows the officers and he is required to teach it. In consolidated training this NCOs to return to the traditional relationship in which benefit is offered only to the few instructors who do the the officers plan and inspect the unit's activities, and the actual teaching. But in most cases, these instructors are NCOs implement those plans and prepare the unit for the already masters of the task, and most of them have little commander's inspection. contact with the soldiers who routinely perform the task. Finally, conducting training at the squad level develops But if each squad leader becomes a proficient Instructor in the subject, the unit's expertise is greatly expanded, 1 and a qualified instructor is always available for the If a squad leader is to function as a true soldiers who must perform the skill in which he has been leader, in the eyes of his men at least, he trained. must be vested with the authority to lead Another advantage of squad-level training is that it enables a unit to tailor its training to the different levels the squad as well as with the responsibility of training the squads need. Consolidated training for leading it. assumes that all the students share a common starting point and that all will master the task at the same rate. Further, such training is necessarily oriented toward the a sense of squad identity and teamwork. Too often in the lowest level. But the various squads usually do not start modern Army, the members of a squad live apart and, with identical training or experience, and nothing is more except for formations and field duty, have little more than an administrative identity as a squad. But when most of their daily activities involve squad exercises under a strong, central leadership figure, a sense of com- One of the problems with consolidated mon purpose emerges from the training and carries over training is that it demotes the subordinate into all aspects of unit activities. The squad becomes a leader from his position of leadership and functioning body, aware of its strengths and weaknesses, confident in its abilities, and held together by an esprit Makes him a kind of administrative assist- that is derived from effective small-unit leadership. ant. For some tasks consolidated training may be a prac- tical approach, and large-scale unit training is logically required for such missions as the rifle company in the boring to a soldier than to be dragged through training assault. But if a commander wants to develop among his that he has already mastered. Likewise, nothing is more junior leaders the leadership necessary to ensure the suc- frustrating to a conscientious soldier than undergoing cessful completion of their small-unit missions under all training that assumes he is qualified in a skill he has not conditions, and if he wants to guarantee the most effec- 1 yet mastered. The person best able to assess a squad's tive training of his soldiers in their individual skills, he strengths, weaknesses, and state of readiness is its squad must place his squad leader firmly at the functioning leader. Therefore, he should be the one who ultimately center of his unit's training program. decides, within the limits specified by his unit com- mander, how much time he should spend on each of the unit's training objectives and what approach will be most MAJOR DAVID J. OZOLEK, now assigned to the effective in training his troops. National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California, was formerly an Assistant Professor of English at This training philosophy does not reduce the role the the U S Military Academy He holds under- company commander and the platoon leaders play in graduate and graduate degrees from John Carroll University and has completed the Infantry Officer directing the unit's training. They must establish the ob- Advanced Course He also previously served as jectives and the standards that the squads must meet, an advisor on Vietnam and as a platoon leader and provide the squad leaders with the assets they need to a company commander at Fort Carson achieve those standards, and see that the standards they Thethe infantryman's enemy and either pilmary destroy mission or capture is to turn close Hut v, tlit ith is easier said than done, because the assault — at:11.1;015 closing with the enemy — may be the most di( ticult task an infantryman is called on to do. Ile must lease whatever protective cover he has had, expose him sell to the enemy's fire, and move directly against his foe's post- tion, often a stoutly defended position. Mechamied in- fantry units have the additional problem of deciding whether the situation calls for them to dismount, and it it does, when and where they should do it. It takes a lot °I courage, discipline, teamwork, and leadership to do all these things and do them right. Unfortunately, though, too many of our infantry squads and platoons are not given the kind of assault training they will need to carry out this most difficult ot all missions. In fact, far too many of our infantry leaders neglect the small details that can greatly influence their soldiers' chances of surviving an assault. As a step toward remedying this situation, these leaders must fit st understand the tactics of an assault, and then they must see, that their units receive adequate training in carrying o'ut these ,tactics. ,Irt' Europç, the average Soviet-style defensive position fOorisIsts 44 a series of mutually supporting strongpoints. -11.,,e,se have',, ,both individual and crew served weapon posi- jpns lifiketT,by communication trenches, and they usually ,,: dug.O,tit places behind the forward trench lines in iilyAlch ariOred carriers and tanks can be positioned. Ilin, tlic, -tit.4efensive positions are protected by mine- lOrds, 11020 wire obstacles, and antiarmor ditches 1.glieci torbhannel an assaulting force into defensive fire

••6:hiCs:hii-,kin'i of defensive position can be adapted to fit most , ant;lAnd,-. of terrain and it can be a tough nut to rici,L RCW#techanized 'infantry units can crack it if they e;-i4o#1,ei0Mmon sense and follow the principles laid Ayn.ik,:tii3O1P;rfield manuals as 71-1, 71-2, and 7-7, , , ofexattIPI.,, .. we teach our mechanized infantry units 0;•ieThairir,knotinted during an assault, unless the terrain tohibits-.„ 4 Or the defender's antiarmor fire cannot be -Sup'pressed,,,But, ., .- common sense tells the commander that th,absenCe;or presence of mines probably will be the 1:119-'St important factor he will have to consider in deciding 'whether his Unit should dismount. Certainly it would be a suicidal gesture on his part to order his vehicles into an , enemy minefield that was covered by fire. ' Even a suspicion that a minefield might be present un- doubtedly will slow a mounted assault- And because a minefield cannot be suppressed by fire, most mechanized infantry final assaults against defended positions will be dismounted ones. In these cases, the infantrymen will have to dismount a considerable distance from their ob- jective and remain there until the defensive minefield can be breached. If the situation develops favorably, the car- riers might be used to move the infantrymen up to the minefield gaps. At the same time, me defending force's fires must be 3 uppressed; if its members are too stunned or frightened to shoot back accurately they will lose the edge their 20

prepared positions have given them. Keeping the oppos- the strongpoint, may constitute the most important part ing force down until the assault platoon gets into the of a fire suppression plan. TOWs may be useful for defensive trenches is especially crucial. knocking out bunkers and dug-in armored vehicles when Artillery fire is particularly useful in this regard. It can the firing starts, but the smoke, dust, and haze raised by drive the defenders into their dug-outs, kill or wound the fires of the other weapons may reduce their accuracy, those above ground, cut through some of the wire at least with the current equipment. They may be better obstacles, and use smoke to give the assault force some used in overwatch positions to protect the flanks of the concealment. Unfortunately, artillery fires must be lifted assault unit, or as reinforcements once the strongpoint when the assault unit gets within 200 to 300 meters of the has been taken. first enemy trenches. Mortars can be used to thicken artillery fires, to lay smoke, and to hinder enemy movement in areas that the ASSAULT FORCE artillery units cannot easily reach. They can also be used to cover the assault troops when the artillery fires must be The assault force should be no larger than a platoon. lifted; mortar fires do not have to be lifted until the first Thus, if a company team of two rifle platoons and a tank troops get to within 100 meters of the enemy's trenches. platoon is sent against a strongpoint, the tank platoon Tank guns and other armor-protected weapons, firing can be the direct fire suppression force; one rifle platoon directly on the point where the assault troops will enter can breach the obstacles and minefields while its carrier

I weapons help the tanks with suppressive fire; and the The platoon leader may be able to position some of his other rifle platoon call act as the assault force. Once it M60 machincguns to cover his assault, but it is not likely has completed its mission, the breaching platoon should that he will find many good machinegun positions close 2 1 be prepared to reinforce the assault platoon. to the defender's trench line. Accordingly, he should send The assault platoon must get into the enemy's trench only one or 1 wo of his machineguns with the assault line as fast as possible. Every second it delays from the squads and keep the others on the carriers to be brought Lime the suppressive fires lift until the first man enters the up later. Extra LAWs should be taken along to be used trenches gives the defenders more time to recover from against bunkers. (The Dragons, which are not assault the shock of the fires. weapons, should remain on the carriers along with extra The assault unit must move rapidly through the breach equipment such as tripods and field telephones.) Thus, in the obstacles and then fan out to move against the each dismounted soldier in the assault squads should defenders in the trench line. All the soldiers who are not carry his individual weapon, some loaded 'rifle rushing should fire at known or suspected enemy posi- magazines, hand grenades or M203 rounds, possibly a tions to their front. If the enemy's fire is light, a straight- LAW, an entrenching tool and some water, but little else. forward charge into the first trench line may be the best Semi-automatic fire should be stressed, because clear- way to get the platoon into the enemy's position. Once in- ing trenches can use up tremendous amounts of ammuni- side the trench line, the platoon should use the standard tion in a short time, and resupply may be slow. trench-clearing procedures shown in Field Manuals 7-7 Suppressive fire must be closely controlled during the and 7-8. assault. Although indirect fire will be shifted by the com- 22

pany team commander before the assault platoon gets in- practice fire and movement and trench-clearing drills. side the strongpoint, the assault platoon leader should To begin with, as a basis for these drills, the soldiers also have a signal for lifting it. A flare is ideal for this must be well trained in the individual skills they will need purpose. on the battlefield. They must know, for example, how to Control of direct fire is more difficult. Tank fire can be wear their load-bearing equipment properly, with shifted or lifted altogether by flare signal, but the best everything tightly secured. (Follow almost any platoon way to control the supporting machineguns is by simple during a live-fire exercise, and you will probably pick up SOPs, such as the following: dozens of items of individual equipment.) • The assault platoon marks its position by throwing Many soldiers do not know how to change their rifle smoke grenades as it moves forward, and the machine- magazines quickly. They need to work on this relatively gunners aim 50 to 100 meters on either side of the smoke. simple skill every chance they get so that they need only a • The assault platoon fires 40mrn smoke rounds either quick glance to make sure the magazines are properly in- to identify specific machinegun, targets or to mark the serted into their rifles. And they should not waste time platoon's safety limits. trying to put their empty magazines back into their am- Depending on the size of the strongpoint, the assault munition pouches; during live-fire exercises they can platoon may be able to secure only a small part of it, stuff their empty magazines in the pockets of their field especially if it has to drop off teams to secure com- pants or inside their shirts. munication trenches. Other platoons will have to be sent Above all else, each soldier must be taught to think for in to keep the attack going and to completely reduce the himself during an assault, because his squad leader can- strongpoint. not think for him. If a soldier is not well trained in the Meanwhile, the assault platoon should organize itself proper assault techniques, he will tend to lie still until his to defend its position. Squad and fire team leaders should leaders tell him what to do. redistribute ammunition and account for their men. The Fire and movement training, also called battle drill, is platoon's carriers should rejoin the platoon as soon as probably the single most crucial element in assault train- possible, bringing up more ammunition and other sup- ing. It can be done either in garrison or in the field during plies and equipment. collective training. Although these tactical concepts are neither new nor Initially, a platoon leader should pick a piece of open complex in design, they are not simple to do, and infantry terrain — a parade field is ideal — close to his barracks platoons, to maintain their proficiency, must constantly area. He should review the individual skills and then have his squads practice battle drill exercises, separately at first tillery ranges can be used, but any movement forward of and then together, with the squad leaders moving their the firing points is usually forbidden. This type of firing units on his command. might be combined with a mounted firing exercise to give 23 As the platoon improves, the platoon leader should the soldiers practice in firing from their carriers while move his unit to more difficult terrain and add blank am- they move along. munition and pyrotechnics to his exercises. Although the After the platoons have completed their additional training should be done as often as possible, no one train- weapons training and have mastered the battle drills, the ing period should last for more than three hours. live-fire assault exercises can be held. They can be as sim- Trench clearing is another of the skills that a unit has ple as or as elaborate as the senior commander wishes. to work on. As mentioned earlier, Field Manual 7-7 All of them, though, should include two main features: covers trench clearing in detail. And while units can build They should emphasize fire and movement, and they sand tables or outline mock trenches with engineer tape, should feature some kind of fire support. Thus, an ex- these expedients are not as good as having a full-scale, cellent live-fire problem can be run with a unit's orgahic Soviet-style strongpoint available. Although a strong- mortars as the only available fire support weapons. At point of this kind is expensive and takes time to build, the same time, they must not overdo fire support, once built it becomes a tremendously effective training because it can require the various unit commanders to aid. Squads and platoons can practice their trench- spend most of their time planning for and controlling the clearing techniques on it as well as their other assault ex- fire support means instead of paying attention to the ac- ercises. The use of opposing forces and MILES can also tual assault. do much to increase realism during the training exercises. Leaders should not expect things to work well the first Field Manual 7-7 also describes methods that can be time they conduct assault live-fire exercises. Most pla- used to clear minefields and other obstacles. Here, again, toons tend to move hesitatingly and with long pauses be- platoons can practice these skills almost anywhere. For tween firing. Some soldiers run out of ammunition example, tin cans can be buried in minefield patterns, and before they reach their objective, while alters fire only clearing squads can be required to find and mark them. sporadically. A number of soldiers always seem to fum- To make the best use of the available time, each squad ble with their magazines as they try to reload their rifles. can be given a lane to clear. This exercise is well worth But with appropriate attention to individual skills and doing at night. And, if possible, demolition ranges with some practice in battle drills and trench clearing in should be run jointly with engineer units. advance, assault live-fire exercises can be executed suc- Finally, live-fire assault exercises are necessary to give cessfully — and they should be. the platoons the "feel" of an actual assault. In most The assault, in the past, has received less attention than cases, some additional weapons training will probably be it deserves, and all infantry commanders must do a better needed before the actual exercises take place. job in training their soldiers to carry out this most dif- For instance, a unit's caliber .50 machinegunners must ficult of all infantry tasks. If they do not, their soldiers know how to fire accurately at medium to long ranges — simply will not know how to do it when the time comes. 500 to 1,000 meters — if they expect to be able to lay down any effective kind of suppressive fire when the time comes. Unfortunately, most posts do not have adequate machinegun ranges, and in peacetime our machinegun- CAPTAIN PAUL L. CONWAY, now assigned to the Military Traffic Manage- ment Command, Transportation Terminal Group, Europe, previously served ners rarely fire at ranges over 400 meters. with armor and mechanized infantry units in the 1st Cavalry Division. He is a Tank gunnery ranges (especially those for Tables VI- 1972 ROTC graduate of Utah State University and has completed the infan- try Officer Advanced Course end the Airborne, Ranger, and Motor Officer VIII) are excellent for this kind of training. The APCs courses. He also wrote "Rifle Marksmanship," which appeared in the July- should be in hull-down positions when their guns are August 1978 issue of INFANTRY, fired, and they should change positions frequently. If tank gunnery ranges are not available, mortar and ar-

The quiet darkness of the night was suddenly shat- The urgent need to show the American flag, to march tered as a storm of incoming artillery shells shrieked and units of big, young, eager American soldiers before the then exploded with deafening crashes, throwing up mass- eyes of a war-weary, partially demoralized, exhausted 25 es of dirt and stone. Flares popped and small arms fire France had been recognized early by the War Depart- erupted along with the crunching detonation of hand ment. To that end, the Department had hurriedly typed grenades. Wild screams and yells — in both German and up plans and orders to quickly combine existing Regular English — joined the racket. It was 0230, 4 November Army units into the 1st Infantry Division — the Big Red 1917, and a German combat patrol was attacking the out- One — and to ship it to France beginning in June 1917. post line of Company F, 16th United States Infantry. The division's four infantry regiments were to be the first The fight lasted about 10 minutes before the German contingent, since their 12,400 bayonets would be flash- patrol withdrew, reaching its own lines seconds before ing, visible evidence that American combat troops soon Allied artillery fire came crashing down just in front of would be available to shore up depleted British and the American position. Minutes later, American officers French divisions. and noncommissioned officers began sorting out the As the long troop trains neared Hoboken and then damage: a sergeant and 10 men were missing, 11 others stopped, Gresham, Enright, and rookie Hay, along with were wounded, and three were dead. Corporal James B. their companions aboard the trains, most likely peered Gresham's jugular vein had been severed; Private First from the windows, eyes straining to catch sight of the Class Thomas Enright had been shot through the heart; glimmering lights of New York City in the distance. and Private Merle D. Hay's skull had been crushed by a With darkness on 9 June, the men were ordered off the rifle butt. cars and into ranks, and then marched along ill-frequent- Within 48 hours, and for some years afterward, the ed and sparsely inhabited side streets to the docks. By 10 names of Gresham, Enright, and Hay would be recog- June, all were aboard transports, which, surrounded by nized by a generation of Americans that now has almost puffing and tooting tugs, were soon pulled from the piers disappeared. As the first Americans killed in action in out into the river and down into New York's lower bay. World War I, they were accorded heroes' treatment. To- Sixteen days later, on 26 June, the transports backed day, they are virtually unknown. down in speed and came to a stop off St. Nazaire, Their story really begins on 6 April 1917. On that day France. The word came down that Company K, 28th In- the United States had declared that a state of war existed fantry would be the first unit to land. with Imperial Germany. At the time, the loth Infantry The Americans were slow in getting ashore, because Regiment was in garrison at Fort Bliss, Texas, its ranks there weren't enough docks available to hold them. In far below an authorized war strength total of 3,100. Still, fact, it would take from the 26th till the 30th before all its levels of conditioning and training were probably pret- were ashore. The first landings were made, to the surprise ty solid, because the unit had just returned from duty of the American soldiers, with little or no fanfare, with General John J. Pershing chasing the forces of Pan- crowds, or celebrations. The local citizens simply didn't cho Villa in Mexico. Gresham and Enright had taken part know they were coming! in that expedition. (Gresham, who listed his hometown as If Gresham, Enright, and Hay, and the rest of Com- Evansville, Indiana, had enlisted in the Regular Army at pany F, 16th Infantry, had any ideas about lots of time Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, in April 1914. Enright, off to see the sights of Paris and the French countryside, born and raised in Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, a suburb of they received a rough shock. A rigid, exhausting training Pittsburgh, had joined in November 1915.) schedule began at once. There was only one short break Enright, apparently, had come from somewhat unfor- in the schedule, and that came on 4 July. tunate circumstances. Both his mother and father had died by the time he was 14, so the elder of his two sisters took him in, and he lived with her until he joined the TRAINING Army, Exactly when young Merle D. Hay of Glidden, Iowa, The training plan adopted by General Pershing, now • joined the loth Infantry is not clear. The extant records commander of the American Forces in France, called for show that he enlisted at Fort Logan, Colorado, on 11 the 1st Division to spend its first month in acclimatization May 1917. A post-war newspaper account said that Hay and in training the individual soldiers, many of whom, and a number of his hometown buddies had volunteered like Hay, barely had had time to learn how to march in the initial rush. If Hay was sent directly to the 16th In- before they found themselves in France. Squad, platoon, fantry at Fort Bliss, it is probable that he had been barely company, and rudimentary battalion drills also had to be uniformed when the regiment was ordered to move by crammed into that first month. During the second , train on 3 June for Hoboken, New Jersey, bound for month, the battalions would be fed into the lines, under France. French control, for actual combat indoctrination, and in The move was done with much secrecy, and it was dark the third month the division would undergo division-level ' on the evening of 8 June when the long line of sleeping training. cars squeaked to a halt outside the city. If there had been In that first month, then, much had to be done. The any doubt in anyone's mind as to where the train was division had arrived not only lacking in training at all headed, it was gone now. levels but lacking in everything except the fine Springfield

, rifles the infantrymen carried on their shoulders. In fact, down from division headquarters on 23 October; the bat- Pershing's entire force, for the rest of the war, would be talion was to begin moving I November and was to like a poor, third cousin borrowing for its day-to-day ex- replace the 1st Battalion in the line the next night. istence from the French and the English. The sector had remained quiet during the period the Not only did men like Private Hay have to be taught first battalions had held the lines. There had been occa- the rudiments of drill and rifle marksmanship, he and his sional rifle shots and sporadic artillery exchanges as each corporals, sergeants, and company officers had to learn side checked and rechecked their gunnery registrations. how to operate and maintain a whole bag of non- The first American soldier had been wounded on 23 American weapons — the heavy French Hotchkiss October, but happily had survived. No German raids or machinegun that was fed by strip clips, the tinny-looking attacks had marred the quiet. French Chauchat light machinegun, the British-style Mills bomb or fragmentation grenade, the stubby little 37mm or one-pounder infantry cannon. RELIEF 1 New tactics had to be learned: how to dig a trench and defend it, how to survive a pre-attack bombardment, It was unusually dark and cold the night of 2 how to clear away barbed wire, how to maintain cohesion November as the 2d Battalion moved up through muddy in an over-the-top infantry attack, how to wear and use zigzag communications trenches to relieve the 1st Battal- the gas mask, and many other aspects of then-modern ion. By midnight, the relief was accomplished. trench warfare. Squad leader Gresham no doubt had as For the men of Company F, the war was beginning for much to learn as did assistant squad leader Enright and real. The tiring training days lay behind them; they were rookie Hay and the rest of Company F. All suspected now to be tested under fire, even if they were in a so- they'd be going into the line before Thanksgiving. called quiet sector where battered divisions were sent to To some it came sooner, on 20 October. The first bat- rebuild and recover. talions of each of the division's four regiments were Quickly and quietly, Company F deployed onto a small ordered into the lines, sandwiched between and support- bald hilly salient or bulge in the trench line near the little. ed by veteran French units. village of Bathelement. The position was called the "Ar- The men of Company F, part of its regiment's 2d Bat- tois center of resistance." The Americans, when daylight talion, knew their chance would soon come, probably in came, would be able to sneak a look at the distant Rhine- a week or ten days. As it turned out, there wasn't that Marne canal. But at this moment the men of Company much of a wait: The warning order to the battalion came knew almost nothing of their surroundings. The first platoon was led into a trench called Est, fac- guard were to remain above. These hugged the shelter of ing northeast. Fifteen men were singled out in groups of the trench walls, hardly able to venture a look over the five and assigned to three sentry posts called P 1, P2, and top in the face of the heavy shelling. 27 P3, which were 100 yards ahead of Est trench. The trench The German fire shifted and began falling on the itself was garrisoned by 20 men, divided into three flanks and the rear of the company's position, effectively groups. The second and third platoons were placed in isolating the American platoon in an intense box barrage. trenches called the Boyau Nord position, facing north. Now different-sounding explosions were heard out front Both flanks were covered by French machinegun detach- in the protective barbed wire. Perhaps some of the ments, and artillery fire support would come from Americans recognized them as coming from explosive French units with the 1st Division's batteries helping out. charges on long poles that were shoved under the wire Control was strictly French; American tactical command supports and detonated — bangelore torpedoes, they stopped at the company level. were called. The relief completed and the positions manned, the The next thing the stunned Americans heard and saw men began adjusting themselves physically and mentally was a shower of German potato-masher hand grenades to their first hours in the trenches. They pulled their long landing at Est trench and on the Boyau Nord position. heavy woolen overcoats about their bodies to ward off Seconds later, dark forms in huge helmets leaped into the the cold. Many.tried to get some sleep in dugouts or hud- American trenches at the junction of Boyau Nord and Est dled on the firestep at the bottom of the trench. Only trench. The few Americans at that point were over- those on sentinel duty stayed awake, their eyes straining whelmed. to pierce the blackness ahead, ears alert for any unusual The Germans then broke up into smaller groups and noise in no man's land out front. started fanning out right and left, fighting their way But no doubt many of those huddled in the trench or in westward up 13oyau Nord and southward to Est trench. the dugouts slept only a fitful sleep, a half-doze, their The stunned Americans fell back. The.German party nerves keyed for instant reaction. Not a man in the trench working westward came upon an American sentinel, probably Private Hay, and killed him. , seen one, for that matter, other than a few prisoners By now, though, the Americans were recovering, and working in the rear areas. Feelings that night were no rifle-toting 'Yanks swarmed out of their. dugouts in the ' doubt a mixture of apprehension and anxiety, of fear and area directly behind. They stormed forward and the Ger- 1 i had ever pulled a trigger at a live German, or had even , I,;• determination. man raiders, not interested in this, began to withdraw. Then, at about 0230, the world seemed to explode Out in front, the three sentry parties had taken cover ' about them. Company officers and sergeants yelled to the when the shelling began. Now, as the shelling shifted to men to take cover in the deep dugouts; only the men on the flanks and rear, the men came out of their dugouts and began making their way toward the noise of fighting vania Station, each escorted by a soldier in uniform from in Est trench. They stumbled into the Germans who were Company F, 16th Infantry. 28 returning, prisoner-laden, toward their own lines. A Word of the event had begun to spread. The Governor flurry of firing broke out — but then it was all over. of Indiana requested that Gresham's body be allowed to American and French artillery fire began to crash into the rest in state in the State Capitol for 24 hours before the open ground in front, but it was too late. After another final burial in the Locust Hill Cemetery in Evansville. ten minutes the night was again black and quiet. Enright's remains were transported to Pittsburgh where the body lay in state at the local memorial hall before being transferred to St. Paul's Catholic Church CEREMONY for services. A grand parade of veteran and civic groups then escorted the hearse to nearby St. Mary's Cemetery. The next day there was a full ceremony for the burial The city of Pittsburgh officially renamed Prema Street — of the three dead Americans. Later, the French would Enright's boyhood address — Enright Street, and a local erect a monument to the men in the village of Bathele- theater was also given his name. Today, both are gone. ment. Hay's remains went to his home in Glidden, Iowa. The Word of the deaths had passed with amazing speed. By reinterment service there was attended by veterans of the 5 November, the next of kin had received the news in Civil War, the Spanish-American War, and World War I, telegrams from the War Department. Newspapers seized following a period of lying in state in the local American on the story, and there was an immediate outcry to bring Legion headquarters. A wreath of flowers from General the bodies of the three fallen men home for interment. Pershing decorated the grave site. But it was not until 1921 that the War Department Today there are probably few people who have ever began the repatriation of war dead whose next of kin heard of the names of Gresham, Enright, and Hay. wished their remains brought home. In the case of Fame is a fleeting thing. Tragic fame is even more Gresham, Enright, and Hay, the choice, unamimously, fleeting. was to bring them home. The three bodies were shipped from Antwerp, L. VanLoan NAISAWALD, a retired U.S. Army Belgium, on the U.S. Army Transport Wheaton on 19 Reserve colonel, is editor of Army R, 0 & A June 1921. Thirteen days later the ship docked at Magazine. He is a graduate of the Virginia Mili- Hoboken and telegrams were sent advising the next of kin tary Institute and holds a Master's degree from the University of North Carolina. He has written of their arrival and that the remains were being shipped three books and numerous articles for publica- to addresses provided by the War Department. The three tion. caskets were then readied for shipment from Pennsyl- 29

solo Wintet Teaining

LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD A. DIXON

The objective of winter training is sion training by cutting the time they these, skiing, is the only task that to teach soldiers to shoot, move, and have to devote to CW1 without risk- requires a winter environment for communicate in the cold and the ing cold weather injury in the process. skill training. The others can be • snow. But before mission training can This means that their CWI must be taught in any climate any time the be conducted in winter, the soldiers preparatory training, training that equipment is, available. And units have to accomplish certain basic should be conducted well in advance that do not have winter equipment on individual and collective tasks that of the unit's scheduled mission train- hand can plan to draw some early are usually lumped together under the ing. enough to conduct their preparatory ' heading of winter survival training or The problem is that while the con- training. ' cold weather indoctrination (CWI). tent of mission training is spelled out A good example of how this works An understanding of the difference in the appropriate soldier's manuals is the way the 205th Infantry Brigade ' between winter mission training and Iparate) of the U.S. Army Reserve CWI is a vital first step in planning prepares for its annual training. The effective winter training. Without a Units have to learn how to live brigade is scheduled for winter train- clear differentiation between them, in the cold before they can ing in February 1983, and even in the • means may become the end. Minnesota where it is stationed, the When that happens, units can find learn how to fight in it. unit will not have had enough winter themselves spending precious field weather before that time for com- training time learning how to live in prehensive cold weather training. To the cold instead of learning how to and ARTEPs, laying out a program prevent wasting mission training time fight in it. of instruction for CWI is not as clear at annual training, therefore, the unit The best winter training, obvi- cut, because there is no single source began training in all the CWI tasks ously, is conducted by Active Army document for developing a CWI pro- except skiing in August 1982. units stationed in areas that have a gram of instruction. As an example of the performance- distinct winter season. Unfortunate- Cold weather indoctrination oriented training conducted during ly, many Army units, both Active and should consist of eight tasks: Fitting, the 205th's monthly training assem- Reserve Component, are stationed in adjusting, and wearing individual blies, during the first hour of each the southern half of the United States cold weather clothing and equipment; assembly, a rifle squad is required to and have to travel farther north to hygiene and first aid; leadership; move its loaded ahkio outside, set up conduct winter training. The chal- maintenance; ahkio loading and haul- its tent and yukon stove, then lenge for the commanders of these ing; bivouac routine (tent drill); dismantle, load, and store the loaded units is to find a way to conserve mis- snowshoeing; and skiing. The last of ahkio. By the time the soldiers have 30

Trainin

to do these tasks in the snow, they This means particular care must be to don their outer clothing. will have a set procedure for doing taken during mission training in The other technique involves them. defense, ambushes, and any other establishing, as a standing operating The following training and evalua- training that requires troops to be procedure, the rule that, whenever tion outline should prove useful to relatively inactive for long periods of units are ordered to halt, they are any unit that is preparing for winter time. Leaders at all levels need to placed on 30-minute standby. This training: • understand that "stand-around means that when they are ordered to Task 1: Fitting, adjusting, and time" must be eliminated. move again, they have 30 minutes to wearing cold weather clothing and Two leadership techniques not get ready. This will prevent units equipment. Individual clothing and found in the manuals are worth atten- from remaining at the ready while equipment should always be issued at tion. Overheating is always a prob- exposed to wind and weather. Too the unit's home station and issued lem Soldiers tend to wear too much often troops remain immobile in an early enough to make sure the troops clothing, particularly while they are exposed position for long periods of have enough training in fitting and on the move. This is because when time because their leaders expect wearing their clothing before they are they start out they are usually cold orders to move immediately. The exposed to a cold environment. The enough to wear their full kit. But, 30-minute-standby rule allows for the first fitting session, should be during then, as they warm up from the exer- preparation of field expedient wind the initial issue of clothing, and tion of moving, they either are not shelters and perhaps for the serving leaders need to check each marl on given an opportunity to strip down or of hot drinks. more than one occasion later for are not inclined to do so. Once they Task 4: Maintenance. The care and proper fit and wear of his clothing. begin to perspire, their chances of maintenance of weapons and other Task 2: First aid and hygiene. becoming cold casualties increase TOE equipment, as well as special These subjects must be taught early dramatically. One way a leader can winter equipment, must be taught with refresher training just before the prevent this is to have the men move before deployment. unit's winter deployment. Buddy out at a rapid rate for five minutes, Task 5: Ahkio loading and hauling. systems, in which two soldiers check then stop and remove their outer The ahkio, loaded with squad tent, each other, should be established garments and adjust their harnesses. stove, shovels, axe, and so on, is early and checked periodically. From this point on, the troops should called the ahkio group. The composi- Task 3: Leadership, The best move at a steady pace that is just fast tion of the load and the location of trained soldiers can become casualties enough for them to keep warm with- the items on the ahkio should be stan- if their leaders place them in situations out overheating. During breaks, dardized. The ahkio group should be where they are needlessly exposed. leaders should require their soldiers stored intact for ready access by the assigned squad or section. Soldiers durable and can be used anywhere. Brigade in Minnesota usually limit ski should practice loading, unloading, The older wood and gut shoes are proficiency to their scouts. 31 harness rigging, and hauling tech- more easily damaged, but they, too, Victory on the wipter battlefield niques prior to field deployment. can be used on lawn grass, with care. presupposes the ability to use the Task 6: Bivouac routine (tent drill). Task 8: Skiing. Attempts to teach environment as a force multiplier. Units should practice establishing skiing on anything besides snow on The enemy understands this very bivouac sites until all its procedures straw, for example — have proved well; he is trained and equipped to use are standardized and can be ac- largely ineffective. For units not winter conditions to provide a strong complished quickly with no wasted stationed in northern areas, ski train-. advantage over a less prepared force. motion. At least half of this training ing is generally impractical. Although The measure of our projected success should be at night. The important the ability to ski provides a distinct during winter operations is how well soloNbululoil things that should be stressed are that mobility advantage for well-trained our units can conduct their ARTEP there should be no wasted motion, troops who can travel light, as long as tasks in the cold and the snow. And that every member should have troops are required to hand-haul how well they conduct their ARTEP assigned tasks, and that everything ahkio loads, the maneuver advantage tasks may be dependent upon how should be in its place. During winter, of skiing is lost anyway. Snowshoes well they have conducted their pre- the time between an ordered halt and are better than skis for hauling paratory cold weather indoctrination. the establishment of a warm shelter is ahkios, and under these conditions LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICHARD A. DIXON is critical, and all troops should learn to skis are effective for local security commend advisor to the 205th Infantry Brigade stay busy durihg that time to prevent patrolling and not much else. The {Separate), USAR, and formerly served as Brigade chilling. program described in TC 90-11-1 re- S3 with the 172d Infantry Brigade (Separate/ in quires about two weeks for training Alaska. A 1961 ROTC graduate of the University Task 7: Snowshoeing. Snow- of Washington, he has completed the Command shoeing takes little practice to master to proficiency on skis. Even units arid General Staff College course. He has written and can be taught on grass. Standard such as the- 172d Infantry Brigade in other articles for publication on subjects dealing issue magnesium shoes are very Alaska and the 205th Infantry with winter warfare.

Jungle Rappelling

MASTER SERGEANT DAVE GOMM

Rappelling operations have become canopy foliage, and often they can- thing from wrapping a rope around a a routine part of virtually every infan- not. log and letting it unroll as the log try unit's training program in recent In the past, units based in the descended to just dropping a care- years. But one problem still faces United States but undergoing jungle fully coiled rope out the door. But each rappel mission — how to deploy training with the 193d Infantry none proved entirely dependable. the ropes safely. This problem can be- Brigade's Jungle Operations Training The Branch's cadre began experi- come catastrophic if the mission is to Center (JOTC) at Fort Sherman in menting on its own but could not find rappel into an area covered by dense the Republic of Panama have had a workable solution. Eventually, a vegetation, such as the jungles of their jungle training severely senior instructor, Sergeant First Class Panama. hampered by tangled ropes. As a Carold D. Frady, by integrating his Rappelling is an effective means of result, the Jungle Warfare Branch of parachuting background with his rap- inserting troops rapidly in a jungle. the JOTC set out to find a solution. pelling experience, did come up with But it can be effective only if the Many rope deployment systems a solution to the problem. ropes can get through the triple had been tried at the JOTC — every- The rope deployment bag issued as entanglement. Here are the instruc- 32 tions for making it: • Using a flat piece of canvas about 48 inches long and 18 inches wide, bar-tack to it two parallel strips of type III nylon the length of the canvas. • Next, turn up the bottom 9 inches, sewing it along the sides to form a pocket (see illustration). Put Trainin rocks or a partially filled sand bag in the pocket to make sure the robes deploy fully. Two pounds of rocks are enough to ensure that the ropes deploy properly through the trees. (In open areas, the bag can be used without this added weight.)

Step 1. Starting at the bottom of bag, Stop 4. With final center locking stow closest to weight pocket, coil ropes six in place, roll bag from bottom to top. to eight times.

a component part of the stability • Fold the rope in an S-fold and I operations (STABO) extraction stow it in the retainer band, working system proved to be an excellent start- from side to side making sure the ing point. (A salvaged deployment folds do not extend past either side of bag from a military parachute also the bag. proved efficient, but it was more • Place six to eight folds of rope in bulky.) A device similar to a para- each retainer band, working toward chute deployment bag was fabricated the top of the bag. Then form a bite and tried out in a field evaluation. in the climbing ropes 24 inches below After several modifications, the the first snaplink and stow it in the device evolved into an easily con- top center retainer band. structed, inexpensive deployment • After the bag has been inspected, system that facilitated rappel mis- roll the bag, going from bottom to sions into the thickest jungle without Step 3. Repeat the process of coiling and stowing until only 18 inches re- main before the lower snap-link.

• Tack the two parallel nylon strips every two inches, and secure retainer bands (type 64 rubber bands work fine) between each tack, similar to those on a ID-bag. • Prepare the ropes in the normal rappel configuration and stretch them to full length. Place the bag at the loose ends of rope opposite the snap- links. • Make sure all the rubber bands are present along the stowing lines of the bag and then form a bite in the two running ends of the rappel ropes, and place the bite in the center retainer band just above the stow Step 2. Slip stack of coils into retainer Step 5. Secure top flap of bag with bands on each side. pocket. tape. top, leaving the snapiinks exposed. have to pack, roll, and tape the bag in operation should try this system. It is Secure the top flap of the bag with 10 minutes. worth the small cost in time and 33 tape. Because of the effectiveness and money, This bag proved so successful that ease of packing, transporting, and the JOTC now requires the troops MASTER SERGEANT employing rappelling ropes with this DAVE OOLDIE is assigned that come from the United States to system, many units in the United to the Public Affairs Office mn use it for all their jungle rappel mis- States, including the 10Ist Airborne of the 193d Infantry Bri- ma. gade in Panama. He has sions. In the JOTC program of in- Division (Air Assault), have adopted previously served with the struction, each soldier must be able to it for all of their rappelling missions, 19th ADA Brigade and as attach climbing ropes to the bag and regardless of the terrain. director of public relations S-fold them so that no folds are stick- for the Golden Knight, the Anyone who has experienced rope Army's parachute team. ing out of the sides of the bag. They entanglements during a rappelling C 10 Training

LIEUTENANT KENNETH W. ARNOLD

Unlike most of the Army's infantry offense. They also learn how to care CD operations, it is important for a brigades, the 193d Infantry Brigade for and use CD equipment, from flak squad to be able to change its forma- in the Republic of Panama has the vests to face shields, which are invalu- tions rapidly while remaining under additional mission of protecting able aids to a unit during an actual the full control of its leader. And be- American citizens and key installa- CD operation. cause a CD operation can start at any tions in the event of civil unrest in its Once the soldiers have mastered the time, a squad leader must train his area of responsibility. This additional use of the riot baton, the squad soldiers in those tasks that will enable mission challenges the leadership of leaders teach them how to use the them to react quickly and effectively. the Brigade's various organizations, M16AI rifle, with and without a These include practicing alert pro- and particularly that of its infantry bayonet, in CD situations. Great cedures, inspecting personnel and companies. emphasis is placed on this aspect of equipment frequently, issuing orders, Like other infantry missions, suc- the training program, for rifles are and conducting rehearsals. cessful civil disturbance (CD) opera- used in a CD operation only when the The third phase of training moves tions result from organized training greatest possible force is required. from the squad to the platoon level. and practice. The Brigade's CD train- When a squad leader determines At this stage, the basic formations are ing program, therefore, has been that his soldiers have mastered their the platoon line; the platoon line with designed to build on the basic soldier- individual skills, and with his platoon general, close, or lateral support; pla- ing skills, beginning with the in- leader's permission, he begins train- toon echelon right (left); platoon dividual soldier and concluding with ing at the squad level. This second echelon right (left) with general, the company organization. Other phase of training builds on the close, or lateral support; platoon types of units as well might find a soldiers' individual skills to develop wedge; and platoon wedge with gen- similar program useful. an effective maneuver force that can eral, close, or lateral support. Great In the first phase of the program, use the three key CD formations — stress is placed on coordinating the individual soldiers, instructed by their squad time, squad echelon right squads as they move through the squad leaders, learn the three uses of (left), and squad wedge. various formations. the riot baton: rest, defense, and Because of the fluid nature of most In addition, the platoons are trained to establish observation posts, operations. Platoon coordination is aspects of CD training can be com- to conduct patrols in built-up areas, developed by using six company for- bined to form a cohesive force. As a to integrate civil authorities into the mations: company line in depth; com- result, this force can be used effec- operations, to evacuate casualties, pany line in mass; company line with tively in a CD operation that calls for and to react properly to sniper fire general or lateral support; company an organization capable of reacting and to bomb threats. echelon right (left) with general or quickly and efficiently to changing Emphasis is also placed on the lateral support; company echelon situations. strict discipline that will be needed by right (left) in depth with general or all of the soldiers if they are commit- lateral support; and company echelon LIEUTENANT KENNETH ted to a CD operation. This training right (left) in mass with general W. ARNO.LD is assigned to cannot be geared toward one opera- support. the 193d Infantry Brigade tion; it must be a continuation of the In addition, all of the company's in the Republic of Panama, discipline that has already been elements must be trained to construct where he has served as a weapons platoon leader developed in garrison. A unit cannot and emplace barricades and road- and e company executive be controlled in a CD situation unless blocks, in particular on erecting triple officer. A 1979 ROTC it is a disciplined unit, responsive to concertina personnel barriers. This graduate of Middle Ten- nessee State University, the control of its leader. can be done if each squad is trained to he has completed the Air- The final phase of training lay wire, and it also gives the com- borne, Air Assault, and In- fantry Mortar Platoon develops the coordination that will be pany commander the flexibility to lay courses. needed between the platoons and the wire at several different locations at various other elements of the com- the same time. pany that will support them in CD With positive leadership, the many

Advance Party

SERGEANT FIRST CLASS STEVE L. OVERHOLSER

During the past few years I have save time during the emplacement of the members of an advance party had an opportunity to observe and a platoon's mortars. must be well trained in their respon- evaluate many mortar platoons both The purpose of an advance party is sibilities. Their training should in- in training and in testing. Of all the to locate, secure, and prepare mortar clude such things as the proper size ARTEP tasks, the methods of positions for the platoon so that when and depth of a baseplate hole for emplacement used by the various pla- the latter arrives at a selected position ground-mounted mortars, the use of toons seem to vary the most. What is it can emplace its mortars with little directional stakes, the laying of wire standard operating procedure for one difficulty. The advance party's (preferably a hot-loop), positioning platoon seems taboo for another, and actions often determine how suc- and preparing the aiming circle, and our current field manuals have little cessful the platoon will be in occupy- security. to say about standardization. This is ing a position. And through its level Our current doctrine calls for the probably good in a way, for it allows of proficiency, the advance party can advance party to consist of at least experience and imagination to dictate provide a degree of momentum that is one man from each squad, one man method. But there are certain tech- essential either during an ARTEP or from the fire direction center (PDC), niques, including the proper use of an on a battlefield. and either the platoon leader or the advance party, that can be used to To do its job properly, therefore, platoon sergeant. From experience, though, I have found it better to have return and lead the platoon to the align two aiming stakes at each 35 two men from each squad involved in new position or, using pre-arranged mortar position four to five meters preparing a firing position. This code words, he can radio for the pla- apart in the direction of fire. When number allows for an equal distribu- toon to displace. In the latter case, the squads arrive, the squad repre- tion of the workload, a more the platoon sergeant leads the platoon sentatives direct their drivers to align thorough and speedy preparation of to the new position. the right sides of their vehicles with the firing position, and the immediate At the new location, the advance the aiming stakes, coming as close to establishment of local security. party takes care of security matters them as possible. This places the Although the mode of transporta- first. Then each man is assigned a mortars in the general direction of tion may vary from unit to unit, it is specific task. Thus, if the mortars are fire and usually does away with the saioN6ululoil best to use the FDC vehicle for the ground-mounted, the platoon leader need for a subsequent large shift advance party whenever possible. shows one of the men from each when the reciprocal lay begins. This vehicle not only has enough squad where to dig his baseplate hole There are other less conventional room for the soldiers and their equip- and points in the general direction of methods that can be used to cut ment, it also provides an FDC that fire. He lets the FDC representative emplacement time. For example, can be immediately operational when know where to park his vehicle, and after the baseplate holes have been the platoon arrives. the proposed location of the guns for dug, and before the platoon arrives, the laying of wire. He then prepares the squad representatives can be the aiming circle for operation. directed to place one aiming stake 100 ALERT For mechanized mortar units, the meters out in the general direction of platoon leader uses his compass to fire and another on the forward left When the platoon leader receives his warning order, he should alert the platoon sergeant to form the advance party and prepare it for movement. The members of the party should col- lect their equipment and store it in the FDC vehicle where it can be checked by the platoon sergeant. Their equip- ment should include shovels, picks, aiming stakes, and a TA-I or TA-3I2 (where appropriate) for each gun squad, plus an aiming circle, com- munication wire, a TA-3I2, and plot- ting equipment for the FDC. Although the platoon leader may conduct his reconnaissance with or without the advance party, it is preferable for him to take the party with him. The party can then ac- complish many of the preparatory functions that are conducive to an expeditious and orderly emplace- ment. The platoon leader's recon- naissance should include the selection of a position, the location of the FDC, some local security positions, a physical or map selection of alternate or supplemental sites, the designation of ammunition holding areas, and alternate routes of movement. He should accomplish these things in ac- cordance with the established tactical doctrine, the existing tactical situa- tion, and his own common sense. After the reconnaissance has been completed, the platoon leader can edges of the baseplate holes. concealed and camouflaged. At that even with Army National Guard 36 Using the aiming circle, the platoon point he returns to the mortar posi- mortar platoons, which normally get leader then lays the crosshairs on the tion to perform his normal duties. only about 16 hours of mortar train- baseplate stakes and announces and At the same time, the remainder of ing each year before their two-week 0 records that deflection for each the squad mounts the mortar in the annual training period. I have seen 0 general direction of fire, and the these platoons start out taking 15 mortar. the He platoon, then relays by radio thisto information or other gunner refers his sight to the aiming minutes to emplace their mortars, c means, and the gunners place that in- circle and performs reciprocal lay and then, given 30 minutes of training formation on their sights when they according to the guidelines in the ap- in these techniques, reduce that time b. displace. This prevents the possibility propriate field manual. If the squad to four minutes or less. that the gunners will have to make uses the alternate method mentioned Although these methods are not large deflection changes after their above, though, the mortar is unique, they are not used on a large aiming points have been identified. In mounted with the deflection on the scale. Besides the apparent motive of fact, experience has shown a subse- sight called in earlier. This enables the drastically reducing time and avoid- quent change of 10 mils or less to be gunner to sight in on the aiming circle ing confusion on emplacement, the the rule. Of 'course, experience and with a deflection that incorporates a proper use of an advance party pro- imagination should be the major con- large initial shift. His next reading vides stability of operations, an equal siderations in using this system. should change no more than 10 mils, workload distribution, and security, After the advance party has com- corresponding to a small deflection all of which allow a mortar platoon pleted its preparatory tasks, the posi- change. leader to concentrate on what he does tion is ready to be occupied. Each After the gunner announces "zero best — plan. squad representative then becomes a or one mil, mortar laid," he then guide for his squad. For ground- turns his sight to the previously posi- SERGEANT FIRST CLASS STEVE L. OVERHOLSER mounted mortars, he directs his tioned 100-meter stake, emplaces the has served as platoon sergeant of a 4.2-inch mor- squad's vehicle to the emplacement near stake, and slips the black scale tar platoon and o weapons platoon end as a drill either to 2800 or to that announced sergeant at Fort Knox. He has completed the Infan- site and, after the squad's equipment try Mortar Platoon Course and is now assigned to has been off-loaded, guides the by the FDC. Readiness Group Selfridge in Michigan. vehicle to a pre-planned area to be These techniques work very well, Personnel Inventory

MAJOR JOSEPH A. VERRETT

When an officer takes command of assets inventory (PM). that a PAT be conducted: a company, one of his first tasks is to The PAI is a unit level physical ac- • Within five working days before conduct a joint property inventory counting of enlisted, warrant, and a change in unit commanders. with the outgoing commander. But he commissioned personnel by grade, • Fourteen calendar days before a must also conduct another important name, and Social Security number unit is inactivated, discontinued, inventory at the same time — an in- (SSN), compared and reconciled with moved to another installation, or ventory of the soldiers assigned to the the information on the SIDPERS temporarily reduced to zero strength. unit. Just as a commander would Personnel Strength Zero Balance • By direction of commanders in never sign a hand receipt for property Report (PZB-C27) and the Personnel the chain of command. he had not seen or counted, neither Data Card — SIDPERS (DA Form • When a unit's strength variance should he assume all the people are 2475-2). is two percent or more. there without conducting a personnel Army Regulation 680-31 requires • Within 30 days after a unit is acti- vated and personnel are assigned to it. 37 • Within a year of a previous PA!. (When a PAI is performed, for what- 1ever reason, the annual PAI require- ment is considered satisfied for that , unit.) A PAL that is required because of a change of commanders is normally conducted jointly by the departing soloNbulupul and incoming commanders. When a joint PAI is not possible because of the delayed arrival of the new com- mander, the departing commander and a designated acting commander should conduct a joint interim PAL A final PAL is then required within 15 calendar days after the permanent commander arrives. Units that are organized under the consolidation of administration at battalion level (CABL) concept , receive assistance and supporting documents from the Personnel Ad- ministration Center (PAC). The PAC provides the unit's SIDPERS person- nel data cards, the latest SIDPERS PZB-C27 report, and copies of the Personnel Asset Inventory (DA Form 3986). absent (hospital, leave, performing command channels and the SIDPERS Before the PAI is conducted, the essential duties), assigned but not yet office to the Military Personnel unit should check the personnel data joined soldiers, and soldiers absent Strength Monitor (MPSM) at divi- cards to make sure that a card is on without leave. Routine pass requests sion, installation, or major army hand for each soldier assigned to the should be deferred for the date the command level. When a PAL is con- 1 unit by written or verbal orders PAL is held. ducted because of a change of com- (subsequently confirmed in writing), The new commander should recon- mand, the Form 3986 must be ap- regardless of his duty status. The next cile the information on these docu- proved by the MPSM before a final step is for the unit to match the per- ments with an actual physical count clearance can be given to the depart- sonnel data cards to the PZ,B-C27 of the soldiers, and should also verify ing commander. This clearance can report. Thus, everyone listed on the each soldier's name, grade, and be given by telephone. personnel data cards should also be Social Security number with that By following these procedures, a listed on the PZB-C27. Reassignment shown on each soldier'sidentification new commander, as well as a depart- gains and losses reported after the card. Appropriate SIDPERS transac- ing commander, can ensure a smooth "as of" date on the PZB-C27 report tions should be prepared at the same transition and an accurate accounting must be added or deleted, for this time to update the automated files. of a unit's most important asset — its provides an updated roster of person- The departing commander must soldiers. nel assigned to the unit on the date of complete and sign Section I (Com- the PAL Special procedures are indi- mander's Evaluation) of the DA cated in the regulation for accounting Form 1986 in four copies. The new MAJOR JOSERK A. VER- for attached personnel. commander must complete and sign REIT, now assigned to Headquarters, U.S. Army, On the day of the PA!, the depart- Section II (Authentication by New Europe, was formerly a ing commander holds a muster for- Commander) of the same form and personnel instructor at the mation of all the soldiers assigned to he may either concur with the report Infantry School. A gradu- ate of Southern University the unit who are present for duty. or state his reasons for not concur- of New Orleans, he has Orders and other documentation ring. served in numerous assign- should be available to verify the The completed Form 3986, with at- ments, including platoon leader, company com- recorded status of persons officially tachments, must be sent through mander, and S3 Air. 1

't 38 J FCC

Trainin CAPTAIN GUY C. SWAN

In the air-land battle of the future, current Army weapon systems; com- AAGS). The students are shown how teamwork among the services in plan- bat operations, doctrine and mis- the various sophisticated Army and ning and coordinating air-ground sions; fire support assets; and Army Air Force command and control sys- operations will be crucial. A unique aviation. Military symbols, map over- tems work together to provide timely course of instruction offered at Hurl- lay techniques, and communication air support for ground operations.• burt Field, Florida, helps officers and procedures are also covered. In addi- The focus is on the Tactical Air senior noncommissioned officers tion to being an excellent review for Control Party (TACP), because it is from all the armed services to prepare the Army students, this block of in- here that most of the initial • for that teamwork. struction helps to familiarize the coordination takes place between The Joint Firepower Control other students, many of whom will Army commanders and Air Force Course (JFCC), a two-week course serve as forward air controllers supporting units. With the TACP as a sponsored by the U.S. Air Force's (FACs), with the Army's battle con- basis, the instructors cover the Air Air-Ground Operations School cepts and terminology. Force command and control system, (AGOS), is ta-ught by selected Army, following a sample request for air Air Force, and Navy officers, all of support through the TACS system. whom are thoroughly professional in- The course's second week includes structors with wide experience in OVERVIEW instruction in such subjects as tactical various kinds of military operations. air reconnaissance, controlling and Like the instructors, the students A similar overview of Air Force requesting tactical airlift, beacon come from varied military back- organization and missions focuses on bombing techniques, fighter tactics, grounds and tend to be highly operational doctrine, aircraft, and forward air control procedures. motivated and professional. In fact, a weapons, and communications. The There is also a good discussion of the good deal of the learning that takes Air Force instructors use the primary employment of the Joint Air Attack place during the course comes out of missions of tactical air operations as a Team (JAAT), which calls for the the informal exchanges between the framework for all the subsequent simultaneous use of Army attack students. This also makes for some classes — interdiction, counter-air, helicopters and Air Force fighter lively conversations and promotes close air support (CAS), tactical air aircraft to defeat heavily armored interservice respect and confidence. reconnaissance, tactical airlift, and threat formations. Much of the first week's instruc- special air operations. The students then get, an oppor- tion focuses On four main topics — A parallel look at the threat forces tunity to visit the 33d Tactical Fighter Army organization, Air Force is also presented. Through a series of Wing (F-15) at Eglin AO, and are organization and missions, threat classified briefings, the students get a also given an orientation anAir Force capabilities, and the functions of the comprehensive picture of threat air, special air operations and unconven- Tactical Air Control System/Army land, and sea capabilities and of tional warfare. The special operations Air Ground System (TACS/AAGS). threat doctrine and strategies. briefing Includes a static display of In the discussion of Army The first week's instruction con- the AC-130H Spectre gunship of the organization, the emphasis is placed cludes with several detailed periods 1st Special Operations Wing. The on combat units below corps level. on the Tactical Air Control System/ AC-130H is a modified C-I30 cargo The students are briefly exposed to Army Air Ground System (TACS/ aircraft that carries twin 20mm Vul- 39

saioN6up!DJI

can cannons, a 40mm cannon, and a have learned about U.S. air and Ground Operations School, Hurlburt 105mm Army howitzer. ground operations, threat Field, Florida 32544. The training highlight of the week capabilities, and the TACS/AAGS is an eight-hour planning conference system. • CAPTAIN GUY C. SWAN The Mint Firepower Control now commanding a during which the Army students in company in the 9th h• the course act as an armored cavalry Course is a tremendously valuable fantry 6 Division at Fort squadron staff conducting a covering tool, and commanders at all levels Lewis, recently completed the JFCC. A 1976 gradu• force operation with the Air Force should use it to prepare themselves ate of the U.S. Military students playing the roles of air and their units to fight the air-land Academy, he has also liaison officers (AL0s) and FACs• battle. More information on the completed both the Armor 'course and on the other courses and the Infantry Officer This exercise presents a rapidly Advanced Courses, changing tactical scenario in which offered at AGOS can be obtained the students must apply what they from the Commandant, USAF Air 40

••••

50

IA Om BRANCH CHIEF'S COMMENTS ly as possible in providing the ra- Form 2 are the SIDPERS trans- 1, tionale for a decision. actions that update the Enlisted As the new Chief of Infantry To make good assignments, we Master File (EMF) at M1LPERCEN, Branch, I want to assure you that all have to review each soldier's Career and that unless a SIDPERS trans- of us here will continue to work hard Management Individual File action takes place at the local level, to meet the needs of all Infantrymen. (CM1F). This file, maintained at the EMF will not contain the most In doing our personnel management MILPERCEN, is used for assign- current information on him. and assignment tasks, we will use not ments and professional development When the system nominates a only current Army priorities and poli- for the ranks of staff sergeant and soldier for a particular assignment, cies, but also some good common above. (The CM1F should not be con- the Centralized Assignment Pro- sense in the decision-making process. fused with the Official Military Per- cedure (CAP III) retrieves informa- In that regard, our goal is to place the sonnel File (OMPF), which is main- tion from the EMF. It is therefore im- right soldier into the right job at the tained at Fort Benjamin Harrison and perative that the individual soldier •,' right time. used for all boards, such as for pro- make sure his DA Form 2 carries all It is imperative that all of you get motions and QMPs.) the pertinent information concerning involved in your own careers. Obtain When reviewing a soldier's CMIF, his duty position, his primary MOS, a copy of your fiche record from Fort the assignment managers check his his last tour overseas and when he Benjamin Harrison and review it returned, his preferences, any Skill carefully. Make sure it is accurate and Qualification Identifier (SQI) — such up to date, because decisions on pro- as "P" for Airborne, "X" for Drill motions, assignments, and schools Sergeant, "S" for Special Forces, are based in large measure on the in- "V" for Rangers. Any Additional formation on it. Skill Identifiers (ASI) the soldier may Infantry Branch will continue to have should also be included. The use this Career Notes section to pass EMF can maintain up to four ASIs on information of interest and con- on an individual, and the soldier must cern to all of you. ensure that the one he is most current "All the way!" in is listed first. All these factors have an effect on a LTC RICHARD C. PAHLAND DA Forms 2 and 2-1 and his prefer- CAP III assignment nomination. The ence statement (DA Form 2635) to see system assigns point values to each of if he meets the criteria for a particular these items. When there is an open RIGHT SOLDIER, RIGHT JOB assignment and if the assignment requisition for a particular assign- would be beneficial to his career. ment, all eligible soldiers are consid- The Infantry Branch manages as- If the information on the CMIF is ered for the vacancy and the most eli- signments and professional develop- to be useful, it must be kept current. gible (the one with the most points) is ment for about 72,000 soldiers, in- It is the job of the soldier's servicing nominated. cluding Rangers, Special Forces, and MILPO to forward to Infantry Then a roster of the job vacancies Drill Sergeants. We try to accomplish Branch copies of his DA Forms 2 and and of the individuals nominated to this by merging the needs of the Army 2-1 annually. It is the soldier's fill them is sent to the assignment with the needs of the individual and responsibility to make sure the managers and the professional devel- the priority of the assignment. All MILPO does this and to see that we opment NCO, and they screen each possible consideration is given to pro- are aware of any changes in his soldier's CM1F to determine whether fessional development, personal re- preferences by sending us an updated he is in fact the best qualified and quests, and common sense, but there copy of his preference statement. whether the assignment will benefit are times when the overriding ration- Also, the individual soldier must en- his career and the needs of the Army. ale for a decision has to be the sure that his DA Form 2 is updated at Branch personnel then decide where Army's policies and priorities. In least twice a year. He must also be and when Infantry soldiers are these cases, we will respond as quick- aware that the entries on the DA assigned. INF-A NT rt BHA N C 4

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SFC Robert J. Hayes • 51 -5 1 1B/C/H/M, E6/7 Chet 51,70 1 1C/H Career Advisor -•'•••, • - Aiakinment.Teemr.,' ,

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I Robert T. Davis Rosie E, Plummer Carver E. Poindexter Jackie Cohen E1-5 1 1 C/H COWS E1-5 1 1 B/M CONUS E1-4 11 B/C/H/M Overseas E5 11 BiC/H/M Overseas Assignment Manager Assignment Manager Assignment Manager Assignmentnt Manager Special Forces and Ranger Assignments and Applications (202) 325 or AUTO VON 221-9429/8340 43

rop Edward O. Kinsley Theresia H. Palmer SF/Hanger Chief, SF/Ranger Ca rear Advisor Assignment Team

Atit Frances Rawlings, Ranger Assignment' Manager

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'HOtr_rt 4) RN:4PP:fikrA' , e,asti,,o0p?!,rxt,s;pm•-athi,est, ve,it reld•prit,,;:trainingi,or,,hiStruc- A . tiToy!'07(e;',6.5,..!,,?i;:i,4Sir itti, kin for 56-"da'yStOf-more are also sub- A .?,w4,-,,,:-•--,,,A--yeuniss'ilow . - , The 'following ''dh• '4:411 pith in. jea• to 'theAPRTI-:::Siudentic,,iiio fail atkei, Ittaxpe my,P 'S',:slel•-..,Reacti- ina.perfect Scores for.in-enjpitier,40.'•-; to'achieve the minimutn standards on ''' ' ' . ness'-',-Test4APR ,a's 4ptiy,e;?rmy (The number to the right: of the Slash the test may 'be.issued a completion soldierVP--;,,,,!,' 4:40- al(e•,,, ••••iii,,4,\,..i!,,,,t heAtc v'e V,irw,, Ilkch•consists , , ••• :is the perfect score.). certificate in lieu ,Of-'a graduation cer- rt,„•• tificate. •• - • •,, 04i•V'i, • /al'A ,'4•V'. W,,,0,"-Inile,, 'Ai“'-',,,r-er''-'4,WiciO/f!-,,r, 1-,,ut,11 ushups,.,•'nd •;•'-? •"•••: ' • • • - AGE PUSHUPS SITUPS TWO-M!LERUN:',„' Reservists 4Oindolder, for trtifi;r00ejeikP • 17-25 , 40/68 40/69 , :417:55/13:05,a ‘ iitcatli'Yell-idtirin.g will continue to 'fake the' f,4i,, •,,„,,,,,,,,..t.,,,v,w, ''.e,•••v•It.,• - :1_1-'!! ••• , 1., 41 • • t, 26-30 • ',"38/66 38/67 '- 4;18:30/1340 - !', Itic,, Pt.,• .1 A; •,,,!:y1!,..! r,aln 1 lig 3i-35 '33/61 36/65-', 4'11910/1420- march, but the 'platfls for these men Pe,r,114'• .• t.''',41•?i,,•;4'41414't•,4i.'?..,v,e,•';',7t,':'••' '36-39 32/60 34/63 .d Ainitt 4,efspiti,lt(Vthage'of 40 eventually to run the tvo-mile event •,•••,z,,-,,,,,,,,,m•,,,.,,,r,..,,„.!„-ttkt:till'AP,*T4,1,;•,7af•',,l'eit ,, , "once a . ,,''-, of the, APRT:after complete medical easka,94Folgfat,t1r,l'a,•,-.score • of at Army Reservists who are attending '', screening. • ' -., ti;4:0A,t,•17i110:?'''0,-?',i'llf•I''',,o ,: •:;:'''„' 41'r' .,,,:.',.,,y,l',.:: 'Ifiqi..A1;11:',W,VAW•'1,,11N:ki:'''.'•'''i - 44

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0 4.4 UP. golb4 BRANCH CHIEF'S NOTES This is the year of progress for In- these modules cover the historicall fantrymen. One of our aims is to in- development of staffs, the organiza- On behalf of Infantrymen every- crease the Infantry officer's par- tion of Army divisions, staff roles where, I want to extend our thanks to ticipation in the combined arms team. and relationships, quantitative skills, the outgoing Branch Chief, Colonel Simultaneously, we are trying to iden- decision-making processes, threat James Sullivan. He never lost sight of tify top-notch officers to serve as in- forces, weapon system review, and a the individual officer while satisfying structors at our service schools. The tactics overview. I the Army's assignment requirements. assignment officers (whose pictures Phase II is divided into six 1 He will be missed. are included in these notes) are deter- segments: staff techniques, training, In my first notes as Branch Chief, I mined to do their part. I encourage budget, preparation for combat would like to depart from the each officer to contact them and to operations, mobilization and deploy..., customary personnel management in- evaluate my comments in light of his ment, and a European tactical opera- ; formation to share some initial im- own experiences in dealing with them. tions scenario. Each of these), pressions, acknowledging at the same Recently, Infantry Branch has segments provides the students with a),, time that first impressions can be received several inquiries concerning focal point for the staff interactive' deceiving. the Combined Arms and Services process. They are tied together with This is my rookie season at Staff School (CAS') and Specialty an overall general scenario that runs MILPERCEN, and I'm learning the Code 28. The following explanations throughout the course. I personnel management system by should provide answers to the more Currently, the resident phase is .‘ matching my past experiences on the commonly asked questions. being conducted at Fort Leaven- receiving end against what I see on worth,Kansas. It has not been decid- the transmitting end. Ultimately, LTC JOHN F. CONNOLLY ed whether this phase will also be of- each infantry officer will have to fered eventually in Europe. The pro- judge the reliability of my views on posed implementation plan to bring CAS' the basis of their dealings with their CAS' to full operation is: Four 1 particular assignment officers. courses will be conducted in calendar I Like any human endeavor, assign- The Combined Arms and Services years (CY) 1983 and 1984, and five ing an officer (and his family) is a Staff School (CAS') is designed to courses will be conducted in CY 1985. complex business. Each assignment train Active and Reserve Component The size of each class is intended to must pass the test of common officers to function as staff officers at increase from the present enrollment 1 sense. There are no secrets in brigade, division, and installation of 240 officers to 600 in CY 1985. 1 Infantry Branch or elsewhere in level. The course consists of two These scheduled increases are depen- MILPERCEN. Computers are used phases. Phase I, the nonresident por- dent, of course, upon favorable to generate information, but an In- tion, involves about 140 academic budgeting in future years. . fantry officer actually makes the hours of correspondence studies and To be eligible to attend CAS', an assignment. culminates in an open-book com- officer must have completed an of- I am honestly impressed by the prehensive examination. Phase II is ficer advanced course. He will usually openness of the entire assignment the resident phase in which students attend between his seventh and ninth process. Assignment officers are attend for nine weeks in a temporary years of service, but not always. charged with satisfying Army re- duty status, usually between Infantry officers will be quirements while taking the best ad- assignments. automatically scheduled to attend vantage of each officer's inherent The course teaches the officer what CAS' by Infantry Branch. The abilities, aptitudes, and interests, and staffs are, what they do, and how scheduling is based on each officer's also of his family needs. Each officer they perform. Phase I of the cur- date of availability or date of return can influence the process, and so can riculum is divided into a series of from overseas. CAS' will not be pro- his commander. The key to the self-paced modules intended to grammed immediately after an of- system is a realistic appraisal of where provide the student the background ficer advanced course. Officers will he can contribute most to the Army's knowledge and skills he needs to be .notified of resident class dates mission. negotiate the resident phase. Some of through their chains of command, INFANTRY BRANCH TEAM 45

SaiONAa3910

LTC John Connolly Branch Chief

'

:I 74,

- 114Tc LYiln Hunt - - ' f1/4114.1 6(11,1y Warren Additional SC _N;f5„c%1,1 and ROTC t". affd:FtyTC :

, ,— • ••• 40:Aitizzutti JileirY,Young ' W14.4'81 C.:157'i Additional CPT S 11 Overseas 64;,Cphtroller '014rA'aiiii•fi.c'ed Course

CPT Ron Thompson LT, SC 11

CPT Steve Smith Elaine Martin CPT Mick Bednarek CPT, Sc 11 COWS LT, SC 11 Accessions Infantry Branch Rep and Nominative ';Fort Banning, Georgia , normally one year in advance, and Plans Officer, has been renamed RESERVE COMPONENT 46 will receive their initial nonresident Operations, Plans, and Training Of- NOTES instruction packets soon thereafter. ficer; SSI 54B, Combat Development Beginning with the July 1983 class, Officer, has become ASI 7Y (SSI 54B 1983 PROMOTION BOARDS only officers of year groups 1976 and has been eliminated); and SSI 54C, later will be scheduled for attendance Force Development Officer, has had The U.S. Army Reserve's manda- by Infantry Branch. This is necessary ASI 7X, Manpower and Force tory promotion boards for 1983 have to make sure these year groups Management Functions, added to it. been established and will convene at achieve the best participation. At Officers who formerly held SC 28 the Reserve Components Personnel O present, CAS' is not a prerequisite have had their records reviewed, and and Administration Center (RCPAC) for CSC. new additional specialties have been in St. Louis as shown below: Questions or problems associated assigned. Almost 84 percent of the APLEOARD CONVENES with CAS attendance may be combat arms officers have been 1LT to CPT 11 Jan 83 CPT to MAJ 8 Mar 83 directed to any of the captains' redesignated SC 54 and the rest have MAJ to LTC 7 Sep 83 assignment officers within Infantry received other OPMS specialties that Warrant Officers 14 Jun 83 Branch. match their qualifications and train- Officers will be considered if they ing. Officers who were qualified in are eligible for promotion on or SC 28 were also awarded ASI 7Q to before the following dates: SC 28 ABOLISHED document those skills. Warrant Officers 31 Aug 84 MILPERCEN's Combat Arms 1LT to CPT The Officer Personnel Manage- Division has sent letters of notifica- CPT to MAJ 15 May 84 ment System (OPMS) lost one of its tion to officers who held SC28 inform- MAJ to LTC 31 Dec 84 specialty codes effective 1 September ing them of their new specialty com- Officers are advised to pay close at 1982. SC 28, Training Developments, binations, and it has also changed tention to the promotion material has been eliminated from the OPMS. Officer Record Briefs to reflect the they receive from RCPAC and to stay The training function has been ab- new specialties. in touch with their Personnel* sorbed by SC 54, which has been Any officer who wants to change Management Officers. They should renamed Operations, Plans, Train- his specialty combination, should also be careful not to confuse these ing, and Force Development. write to HQ, MILPERCEN, ATTN: boards with the unit vacancy boards In other changes to these two DAPC-OPE-I, 200 Stovall Street, that will be conducted by the three specialty codes, Special Skill Iden- Alexandria, VA 22332. continental U.S. armies (CONUSAs). tifier (SSI) 54A, Operations and 47

WHY WE WERE IN VIETNAM. 1980. 659 Pages). Reviewed by Major C.T. Guthrie, Fort Lewis, Washing- By Norman Podhoretz (Simon and John C. Spence III, United States Ar- ton. sotallAamloos Schuster, 1981. 240 Pages. $13.50). my Reserve. Dick Wilson has written an excel- Reviewed by Lieutenant Colonel R.J. The editors, both of whom are lent narrative history of the Sino- Rinaldo, Fort Eustis, Virginia. political scientists, have compiled a Japanese War that lasted from 1937 Based on the results, the United collection of scholarly essays that to 1945. From the Marco Polo bridge States involvement in Vietnam was a treat the phenomenon of war and incident near Beijing to the Japanese disaster. Nevertheless, to those of us human conflict. The essays are of surrender in September 1945, Wilson who served there and who have kept uniformly high quality and range describes the events of this conflict up with some of the literature that has from an analysis of Konrad Lorenz's between these two Asian giants in a appeared since the end of the war, the theory of human aggression to the in- thorough and comprehensive man- nobility of our purpose in being there ternational law aspects of the control ner. Personalizing his presentation, in the first place is without question. of force. the author relies heavily on diaries This book, therefore, is anti- The interested reader, whether his and other materials that were climactic. It will not give us our pa- background is social psychology, an- prepared by people who actually par- rade or draw applause from a gather- thropology, sociology, political ticipated in the events described in the ing at our alma maters. Nor will it get science, or international relations will book. us any free drinks at the local bar. find that this book is a valuable re- It is a book for the military historian, Still, it's nice to see our version of the source for the study of war as a sys- the tactician, the Asian specialist, truth published. tem. The military professional will and the general reader. Using photo- Podhoretz, a neo-conservative find especially valuable essays in the graphs and maps of selected battles, editor of Commentary magazine, tells book's seventh part, which is called Wilson narrates the events of the war why we went in, why we stayed in, Decisionmaking Inquiries. from the perspective of a neutral and why we withdrew. His conclu- The essays are written in a sophisti- observer. He does not attempt any in- sion, in a nutshell, is that our partici- cated and scholarly manner and depth analysis of the events he writes pation was not immoral. A corollary assume a background of professional about. Rather, his stated goal is to is that the war was not conducted by experience on the part of the reader. describe the events as objectively as brutes bent on sadism. This does not detract, though, from possible, allowing the reader to inter- Despite its virtues, and despite the the book's intrinsic value as a re- pret them. author's brisk writing style, the book source guide. For the most part, Wilson succeeds is boring, perhaps because the issue Given the ever-changing technolo- admirably, although there are times has finally become boring. And that gy of war and the changing nature of when he appears to sympathize with is good in my view. world politics, the professional mili- the Chinese cause. An interesting and We know that our nation and our tary officer of the 1980s and 1990s valuable contribution to Asian his- military services must look to fresh should have a sophisticated aware- tory, this. book should receive your challenges freed from the myths and ness of war as a system. Falk and Kim careful attention. shibboleths about national security impart to the reader such a sophisti- policies that were generated in the cated awareness. wake of Vietnam. It is well to remem- COMBAT MOTIVATION, by ber, though, that noble purpose re- Anthony Kellett (Kluwer Boston, mains ingrained in the American way WHEN TIGERS FIGHT. By Dick 1982, 368 Pages. $38.00). Reviewed of war — and ignoble causes should Wilson (The Viking Press, 1982. 269 by Colonel George G. Eddy, United take heed. Pages. $16.95). Reviewed by Major States Army, Retired. This is a book whose title should NOTE TO READERS: All of the books men- arouse the considerable interest of THE WAR SYSTEM: AN INTER- tioned In this review section may be pur- everyone who is concerned with what DISCIPLINARY APPROACH. chased directly from the publisher or from causes some men to fight and others Edited by Richard A. Falk and your nearest book dealer. We will fprnish a to defect from combat. Yet when you publisher's address on request. Samuel S. Kim (Westview Press, realize that the book's preface is the most interesting and comprehensively easily to simple or unidimensional 48 for digging into abstruse files. arrayed part of the entire book, you explanations, and that it varies from From the clear and informative in- have to come away still thirsty for a soldier to soldier, from situation to troductory chapters that deal with the rousing conclusion that never situation, and from time to time. state of the fleet and its organiza- appears. Thus, combat motivation is not tional and personnel problems, the There is a paradox here. In the amenable to policies that generalize entire present and authorized array of book you will find a fairly compre- the influence of particular factors or U.S. naval strength is pictorially dis- hensive digest of important and use- stress their unique roles, nor is it played, from the mighty capital ships ful material — not original research amenable to policies that fail to rec- to the workhorse auxiliaries and ser- BookReviews — and yet it is lacking an effective ognize the different levels of willing- vice craft, from battleships and car- recapitulation to aid in its practical ness and commitment among the sol- riers to aircraft, weapons, and elec- application. diers at whom they are directed. tronic systems. The coverage is com- At the outset, the author declares plete and reveals a high degree of pro- that his effort is to be descriptive fessionalism. rather than prescriptive, and he cer- THE SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT OF Particularly interesting is the in- tainly sticks to his theme. While there THE U.S. FLEET. 12th Edition. By depth review of the Coast Guard and is much to catch one's attention, Norman Polmar (Naval Institute the Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- especially the case histories, those Press, 1981. 421 Pages. $24.95). istration, both of which are valuable genuinely concerned with combat Reviewed by Rear Admiral George L. adjuncts to the defense establish- motivation must laboriously cull Phillips, United States Navy, Retired. ment. Though separate in administra- from the 19 chapters material that is Norman Polmar's prolific pen is tion, these services are usually taken substantive and worthy of application well applied in this masterful over- into the Navy in time of war, and they in the functional selection and battle view of the naval forces of the United have a distinguished record of ser- preparation of both regulars and non- States. It is a volume that surely will vice, readiness, reliability, and regulars. be scanned by the Pentagon planners, competency. The author feels that combat moti- for it provides succinct details of our The author writes from an authori- vation is far too complex to lend itself tools of seapower without the need tative background of consulting and

NOW BACK IN PRINT

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1967

INFANTRY MAGAZINE

ALL QUERIES TO THE BATTERY PRESS. PO BOX 3107. UPTOWN STATION, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 37219. analytical work for the Department pation Proclamation, the Northern their economic penetration but placed of Defense on a full spectrum of blockade, all are included in this third greater emphasis on the manipulation 49 naval matters. His book is recom- volume of the publisher's magnificent of internal Afghan political forces mended as a reference volume that photographic series on the American through the Marxist-Leninist contains all the answers. Civil War. People's Democratic Party of Af- A project of the National Histori- ghanistan. And from 1978 on, events cal Society, this particular volume in Afghanistan unfolded with an SIX ARMIES IN NORMANDY, concentrates on the war in the east be- almost certain inevitability. by John Keegan (Viking, 1982. 365 tween September 1862 and July 1863 The strength of this book lies in the Pages.) Reviewed by Lieutenant and on the great land battles that, for author's discussion of Soviet calcula- sma!Aolfloos Colonel Richard P. Dexter, United all practical purposes, determined the tions and miscalculations of the cost States Army. war's final outcome. Each of the of their Afghan adventure and U.S. Combining the empathy for the seven short narratives is comple- policy options that are available to common soldier of an Ernie Pyle, the mented by numerous photographs, counter continued Soviet occupation psychological insight to human reac- the captions of which are used to sup- of the country. tion under fire of an S.L.A. Mar- plement and expand the overall story. This informative book argues that shall, and the analytical narrative As in the other published volumes Soviet aggressive intentions have been style of a Barbara Tuchman, John in the series, many of the photo- restrained only by the limitations of Keegan, a noted British military graphs have never been published Soviet capabilities. It is highly recom- historian, reexamines one campaign before. The other three volumes are mended for the specialist and for the of World War 11 through the experi- scheduled for publication in 1983 and general reader. ences of soldiers from six armies of 1984. different origin who participated in RECENT AND RECOMMENDED 'the campaign as allies or adversaries. AFGHANISTAN: THE SOVIET The immediate story centers on the INVASION IN PERSPECTIVE, by VICTORY IN BANGLADESH, by Major period between 6 June and 25 August Anthony Arnold (Hoover Institution General Lachman Singh. Dehra Dun: Natraj 1944, but the author's focus encom- Press, 1981. 126 Pages). Reviewed by Publishers, 1982, 320 Pages, $19.95. ( passes a much broader time frame as Colonel• James B. Motley, Office of THE "AMAROC NEWS": THE DAILY he blends in the national heritage of the Secretary of Defense (Interna- NEWSPAPER OF THE AMERICAN the various participants and con- tional Security Policy). FORCES IN GERMANY, 1919-1923, by structs an intriguing story of certain Alfred E. Cornebise. Southern Illinois Univer- This concise, well-written book, set military units involved in the first sity Press, 1981. 272 Pages. $24.95. in nine chapters, traces Soviet- three months of bloody combat in the Afghan relations from 1919 to the DER ERSTE WELTKRIEG, by Anton Normandy campaign. Wagner. 2. Auflage. Vienna: Verlag Carl present, with emphasis on the events Ueberreuter, 1982. 420 Pages. oS 95. The author always ends his books that led to the Soviet invasion of with a note for the future. Circum- December 1979. The author, a former AUSTRALIA AT WAR, 1939-1945, by John stances have changed, he feels, and Robertson. David and Charles, 1981. 269 intelligence analyst, contends that the high technology has made some of Pages. $31.50. Soviets have maintained a long-term the old rules obsolete. But as his own pattern of aggressive intentions KENTUCKY FIGHTING MEN, 1861-1945, countrymen learned in the recent by Richard G. Stone, Jr. University Press of towards Afghanistan first through fighting in the Falklands, certain clas- Kentucky, 1982. 126 Pages. $6.95. economic penetration, then through sic principles of land warfare used by political subversion, and, finally, by A TALENT TO SURVIVE: THE WARTIME infantrymen for centuries still apply. EXPLOITS OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL military invasion and occupation. This book is must reading for all The death of Stalin in 1953 ushered RICHARD BROAD, M.C. By Rex Woods. professional soldiers and private citi- Londov: William Kimber, 1982. 205 Pages. in an era of more flexible and sophis- zens who are genuinely concerned ticated Soviet foreign policy. Accord- about the future and want to learn VIETNAM WAR LITERATURE: AN ing to the author, during the period ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF how to face it by reading the lessons IMAGINATIVE WORKS ABOUT 1953-1963 economic aid proved to be of the past. AMERICANS FIGHTING IN VIETNAM. By an effective tool for the Soviets in John Newman (Scarecrow Press, 1982. 117 their drive to establish a dominant in- Pages). THE IMAGE OF WAR, 1861- fluence in Afghanistan. But despite '865: VOLUME HI, THE EMBAT- growing Soviet influence, the leaders BRITISH DEFENSE DIRECTORY, VOLUME I, NUMBER 1, MARCH 1982, TLED CONFEDERACY, Edited by of Afghanistan were not prepared to Published by Brassey's Publishers Limited. William C. Davis (Doubleday, 1982. give up the country's non-aligned Published quarterly at an annual rate of 464 Pages. $39.95). status. $307.50. Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- For the next fifteen years — PRELUDE TO FAME. By Bertram Ratcliffe, cellorsville, Gettysburg, the Emanci- 1963-1978 — the Soviets continued Hippocrene Books, 1982. 112 Pages. $14.95. 50

0 gm gm 0

ASSAULT EQUIPMENT modern battlefield. (An excellent fective the foot soldier can be against series of articles on Soviet military all types of forces. Dear Sir, forces appears in the August 1982 Light infantry needs to be a much We have received numerous replies issue of Military Review, Soviet more significant part of our total and inquiries in response to our arti- forces are highly mobile and will forces, and the time to make it such is cle, "Attack of A Desert Strong- make numerous penetrations to get to now! With the current interest in point" (INFANTRY, July-August our rear areas for exploitation. physical fitness, with the ever- 1982, page 25). Several questions Without a strong and efficient increasing cost of weaponry, and with have been posed in regard to the mechanized combined arms force, we a very strong possibility that our Con- availability of the items of equipment will not be able to counter such an stitution may be amended to require a described in the article, especially enemy thrust quickly and change on a balanced budget, we had better get on tank minerollers and M157 projected rapidly moving battlefield. with organizing and equipping light demolition charges. We do not have to look only at a infantry units as soon as possible. As the article mentions, the tank European battlefield to see this type minerollers are now being used by of action. In the Middle East, for ex- ROBERT H. WHITE selected units in USAREUR, and ample, some nations also have forces LTC, Field Artillery there are presently 360 "updated" structured along Soviet lines. Fort Eustis, Virginia (product-improved) M157s in the Ar- Mechanized infantry also enables my's inventory. Eighty-five were sent us to exploit and pursue in offensive to Europe, while smaller numbers missions, which is vital if we are to RIFLE ZERO were designated for Korea. The M157 destroy enemy command, control, projected demolition charges do exist and communications, and logistical Dear Sir, in the inventory and have for a facilities. I am writing in regard to an article number of years. I would be the last to say we should in the May-June 1982 issue of IN- The real problem is the ability of let go of light infantry. I gained a FANTRY entitled "Rifle Zero," by units to obtain and train with either deep appreciation for its need in Captain Everett D. Mayfield. I find the M173 demolition charge or the Korea. Light infantry is needed in that I must take exception to a training device, the M174. many potential trouble spots around number of statements in the article. the world, and it must be equipped First, I also have served as an CPT WAYNE J. SABO and trained to go. But for the Army enlisted Marine. I have not fired in CPT EDWIN L. KENNEDY, JR. to return to a predominantly light in- competition as the captain has, but I Fort Benning, Georgia fantry force would be using 1940s have been a basic rifle marksmanship doctrine on the 1980s battlefield, instructor for basic training at Fort Dix for the past two years. I have STRONG AND EFFICIENT RICHARD D. DUBOIS taught preparatory marksmanship, CPT, Infantry zeroing, field fire, zero/timed fire, Dear Sir, Fort Bragg, North Carolina record fire, and target detection. I have carefully read "Keep It The thing about the article that I Light," by Major John P. Gritz (IN- disagree with is his concept of zeroing FANTRY, July-August 1982, page HATS OFF and the reasons for it. Here are my 6). The author makes some in- counterpoints: teresting points and brings out the Dear Sir, • Zeroing is the mechanical process spirit in all Infantrymen. As an Infan- Hats of to Major John P. Gritz for of adjusting a rifle's sights so that tryman myself, I appreciate his argu- his article, "Keep It Light," and to the rifle will hit a target at the dis- ment, but I find too many faults in INFANTRY for publishing it in the tance the rifle is zeroed for. his analysis to allow the article to pass July-August 1982 issue (page 6). • West European service rifles are without criticism. As a field artilleryman who was not ordinarily zeroed by the soldiers Soviet tactical doctrine has been drafted into the U.S. Army Special who use them. Yet those same changing to meet the needs of the Forces in 1964, I learned just how ef- soldiers achieve significantly higher qualification scores than our soldiers apply marksmanship fundamentals, soldier, or any other soldier in the do. and so can the firer. Feedback is the squad, can effectively use the weapon 51 • Every rifle is slightly different, best learning device. If the soldier he grabs at effective combat ranges. and thus each rifle will have a slightly does it right, he hits the target. IF he There are a lot of marksmanship different sight setting when it is cor- does it wrong he misses. And the myths in the field. And there are an rectly zeroed than another rifle will marksmanship trainer trying to awful lot of soldiers out there who have. diagnose shooter problems doesn't cannot shoot. We need to change • If an experienced firer zeroes a have to worry about where the rifle that. Our lives and our country de- rifle so that the shot groups are is hitting compared to where the new pend on our doing it right the first centered in the circle of the new zero soldier is aiming. The trainer knows time. target, then any other experienced that the rifle will hit the target if it is MICHAEL D. SETTLES firer can pick up the same rifle, fire correctly aimed, if it is held steady, SSG, USA shot groups at the new zero target, and if the firer practices breath and Fort Dix, New Jersey and hit inside the zero circle. (I have trigger control. proved this in practice to skeptical This is a theory that I feel should be drill sergeants here at Fort Dix.) completely tested. I have personally GOOD SHOT, BUT • Stock weld varies from position pre-zeroed rifles for problem firers, to position, even with the same firer. then I have taught them to shoot on Dear Sir, Soldiers must be experienced enough the basis that if they hit the target I have just read the May-June 1982 in different positions to hit targets they are right, and if they miss, they issue of INFANTRY and I was consistently from the positions they are wrong. especially interested in Captain are most likely to use in combat, in- My final point about zeroing, and, Everett D. Mayfield's article, "Rifle cluding different stock welds. t think, the key one, is this: If a Zero." My next contention, I'm afraid, soldier is on the battlefield and his ri- Many times I have been sent to the has little support: I feel that novice fle breaks, he has to pick up any rifle range to fire for qualification with a firers should not zero weapons until he can reach — perhaps one from a rifle I have never seen before, much after they can hit what they shoot at. fallen squad member — and im- less zeroed. The weapon I fire on the It works this way: Experienced firers mediately engage enemy soldiers who range is often not the weapon that is zero weapons and periodically check are trying to kill him. Is he going to specified on my weapon card. It is the weapon zeros. The new firer is issued stop and zero that other rifle now? rifle that is next on the rack as the ' a rifle that is already known to be No. But if, while the squad was in its unit armorer hands them out. At the able to hit the target. When a novice last assembly area, somebody made range, I have rarely been given time is consistently hitting the target, the sure that all the squad's weapons and ammunition to zero my weapon trainer can see that he has learned to were correctly zeroed, then that properly.

A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE COMBINED ARMS TEAM-1

- ••• I fired in civilian competition for the emphasis placed on infantry; that the line for exploitation by the 5 2 many years, starting with small-bore is, the rise of the chariot might have cavalry. Neither Wellington's ar- rifles at age 13 and working up to the caused a decline in the use of infan- tillery nor his cavalry stopped National Match course with an MI try. In other words, the rise of a dif- D'Erion's or Jerome's attacks; the I. Garand. I have also fired at moving ferent (or novel) weapon system British Infantry did! And the author targets under field conditions during could and usually did cause the might have mentioned the fact that many hunting trips. In short, 1 am a decline of infantry. But proper usage the British Foot Guards (with good shot, and no one can tell me increases with time, training, and assistance from the 52d Light Infan- otherwise. Yet I am wearing only a understanding of how to best employ try) stopped and then turned back the Marksman badge on my uniform French Guard. because I have never been allowed to As to World War 1, the infantry's show what I can do. You can imagine decline during the middle of that war what this does to my pride. was due to the fact that most of the I hope Captain Mayfield's article combatants' pre-war armies were will strike a responsible chord in the devastated and the raw recruits had hearts of those who conduct marks- not received proper or sufficient manship training and qualification training. The result was the great firing. frontal attack bloodbaths. The suc- cessful German Sturmtruppen attacks( PAUL F. ADAMS in 1918 were due to training, albeit in SSG, USAR the new tactic of small infantry unit Tucson, Arizona infiltration. Finally, as to the French column, one tactical formation consistently INFANTRY UPS AND DOWNS infantry (or any other weapon defeated the column — the British system, for that matter). two-rank line — through superior Dear Sir, Two of the examples Lieutenant morale, discipline, training, and I am writing in response to "Infan- Harris uses are not correct, as I see it. firepower. As Napoleon once said, try: A Prevailing Theme," by Lieu- At Waterloo, Napoleon was declining "The moral is to the physical as three tenant Peter W. Harris, USN (IN- in his tactical abilities, and he was is to one." FANTRY, July-August 1982, page faced by a soldier who was rising in 16). his abilities. Napoleon used his ar- FRANK W. LESLIE The best reason for the rise and tillery to weaken the enemy line so SSG, USA decline in the use of infantry could be that his infantry columns could break 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment

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U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1982-546.080/0 From The Editor

The calendar year is once again coming to a close, and with it, INFANTRY closes out another year, its 62d. During this special time of year, not only are there preparations for such time-honored holidays as Veterans' Day and Thanksgiving Day, it's time to review the past year with an eye to making things better during the next year. This is also the one "authorized" time when the Editor can blow INFANTRY's horn — arid get away with it. It's been a good year for INFANTRY. Artistically, we excelled internationally: The cover of our January-February issue was accepted for display at the CREATIVITY '82 show and for inclusion in the CREATIVITY 12 Annual. The CREATIVITY show is a major international award show for visual professionals. We were also able to maintain an excellent number of paid subscribers, which has insured, in part, our Subscription Service Fund's financial good health. Finally, my small staff of dedicated individuals did a superb job in producing the six issues, and in handling the routine office matters in a professional and timely manner. They are, indeed, a committed lot. Of course, one can't have roses without accepting the thorns. We continue to need new material and new subscribers. We ask all of our dedicated writers to continue to WRITE. For those of you who have never submitted an article for publication, we encourage you to join the discussion, to air your views, and to share your thoughts. We will help you in any way that we can to publish your manuscript. Many of our readers seem to feel that because INFANTRY is sent to every Infantry unit in the Army, they do not need a personal subscription. We think the answer lies somewhere between professional branch pride and staying actively abreast of our profession. INFANTRY contains the most current combined arms information available at the company level. We will continue to do our part in keeping it an instrument for stimulating professional thought and for broadening your knowledge base. To all who have supported and read INFANTRY throughout the year, our sincere thanks. All of us at INFANTRY wish you and yours a healthy and joyous Holiday Season. We look forward to serving you in 1983.

MDB

OUTSIDE BACK COVER: Arctic Test Center, Fort Greely, Alaska, 1974, by Lieutenant Mark McFaul. (United States Army Art Collection)