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First World War Monuments in Des Moines, Iowa, and Nashville, Tennessee

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First World War Monuments in Des Moines, Iowa, and Nashville, Tennessee REMEMBERING THE BOYS: FIRST WORLD WAR MONUMENTS IN DES MOINES, IOWA, AND NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE by Graham Jack Henderson A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History Middle Tennessee State University May 2017 Thesis Committee: Dr. Bren Martin Chair Dr. Carroll Van West To the men and women who served in the First World War. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my family and friends for their support. The encouragement I received from them in my pursuit of continued education has been a driving force. I would like to thank those I served with as a member of C Company, 2 Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment "No Slack", 1st Brigade Combat Team "Bastogne", 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), for instilling upon me an uncompromising no quit attitude. Having the central tenets of, "No breather from work, No relief from combat, No request for respite, NO SLACK!," etched into my being, I knew that no matter how arduous the challenges of graduate school may be, I never had any doubt in my mind that I could take them on. NFS Brothers! Finally, I would also like to thank Dr. Bren Martin, Dr. Katie Sikes, and Dr. Carroll Van West for the personal attention they have given me over the last few years. I am indebted to them for not only the knowledge they have bestowed upon me, but the opportunities they have given me in order to become a well-rounded Public Historian. iii ABSTRACT Following the trend of widespread memorial construction following the Civil War, cities such as Nashville, Tennessee and Des Moines, Iowa built several monuments in remembrance of the First World War. This study goes beyond the examination of artistic styles to explore questions surrounding the local communities that created these monuments. Using Southern and Midwestern cities for comparison, this work uses monuments as objects of material culture to expose reflections of past communities and their struggles to collectively remember themes of national trauma, industrialized warfare, patriotism, racism, new American imperialism, and shifting cultural attitudes on death and commemoration. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I: "THE BOYS FROM TENNESSEE": FIRST WORLD WAR MONUMENTS IN NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE...............................................................8 Introduction..............................................................................................................8 Historical Background...........................................................................................11 First World War Monuments in Nashville, Tennessee..........................................14 Lieutenant James Simmons Timothy Monument..................................................15 Gold Star Monument..............................................................................................19 War Memorial Building.........................................................................................22 First Tennessee Infantry Monument......................................................................27 Hadley Park............................................................................................................29 Colonel Luke Lea Monument................................................................................31 Sergeant Alvin C. York Monument.......................................................................33 Conclusion.............................................................................................................42 CHAPTER II: "THE NEGRO SOLDIER": RACE AND MONUMENT BUILDING IN DES MOINES, IOWA, 1917-1922...................................................................................44 Introduction............................................................................................................44 Des Moines and the War........................................................................................45 Racism and the Training of African Americans in Des Moines............................53 Post-War Fallout and the Monuments of Des Moines...........................................66 Fort Des Moines Memorial Park............................................................................68 v CHAPTER III: "THAT LIBERTY SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THIS EARTH": FIRST WORLD WAR MONUMENTS IN DES MOINES, IOWA.................................75 Introduction............................................................................................................75 Merle D. Hay Monument.......................................................................................78 Gold Star Monument and the Gold Star Cemetery................................................86 Parks.......................................................................................................................98 CHAPTER IV: REMEMBERING OUR BOYS: CONNECTIONS BETWEEN FIRST WORLD WAR MONUMENTS......................................................................................109 Introduction..........................................................................................................109 Sergeant York Returns to America......................................................................116 Sergeant Alvin C. York Monument.....................................................................126 Merle D. Hay.......................................................................................................129 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................138 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................143 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Lieutenant James Simmons Timothy Monument...............................................15 Figure 2: Lieutenant James Simmons Timothy Monument Plaque...................................17 Figure 3: Gold Star Monument (Davidson County, TN)...................................................19 Figure 4: Gold Star Monument Plaque (Davidson County, TN).......................................21 Figure 5: War Memorial Building.....................................................................................22 Figure 6: "Victory" Statue.................................................................................................25 Figure 7: First Tennessee Infantry Monument...................................................................27 Figure 8: First Tennessee Infantry Monument (Front Plaque)..........................................28 Figure 9: First Tennessee Infantry Monument (Rear Plaque)...........................................28 Figure 10: Hadley Park Monument....................................................................................30 Figure 11: Colonel Luke Lea Monument...........................................................................31 Figure 12: Sergeant Alvin C. York Monument (Nashville, TN).......................................34 Figure 13: Fort Des Moines Monument (Close-up)..........................................................68 Figure 14: Fort Des Moines Monument (Sculpture)..........................................................69 Figure 15: Clayton Hall Education Center, Fort Des Moines............................................71 Figure 16: Fort Des Moines Monument.............................................................................74 Figure 17: Merle D. Hay Monument (Des Moines, IA)....................................................82 Figure 18: Merle D. Hay Monument Boulder (Des Moines, IA)......................................83 Figure 19: Gold Star Monument (Polk County, IA)..........................................................89 Figure 20: Gold Star Monument (Polk County, IA) (Close-up)........................................91 Figure 21: Gold Star Cemetery..........................................................................................95 Figure 22: Gold Star Cemetery Monument.......................................................................96 vii Page Figure 23: McHenry Park Sign..........................................................................................99 Figure 24: McHenry Park................................................................................................100 Figure 25: MacRae Park Sign..........................................................................................101 Figure 26: MacRae Park Interpretive Sign......................................................................102 Figure 27: Baldwin-Patterson Park Sign..........................................................................104 Figure 28: Rodney Crowley Playground Marker.............................................................105 Figure 29: Rodney Crowley Playground Entrance..........................................................105 Figure 30: Corporal James Bethel Gresham Monument Plaque......................................114 Figure 31: Corporal James Bethel Gresham Monument..................................................114 Figure 32: James Gresham Memorial Home...................................................................116 Figure 33: Alvin and Gracie York Burial Site.................................................................123
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