In search of the egalitarian syndrome: cultural inertia in Croatia?
IVAN BURIĆ, Ph.D.* ALEKSANDAR ŠTULHOFER, Ph.D.*
Article** JEL: Z13 doi: 10.3326/fintp.40.4.1
* The authors would like to thank the Ipsos Agency for the data that have made this work possible. They also wish to thank Velimir Šonje, Željko Ivanković, Danijela Dolenec, Vojmir Franičević and other colleagues who took part in two roundtables held in Zagreb, in April 2016, at the Economic Institute and Matica hrvatska. We are par- ticularly grateful to Slavica Singer and Nataša Šarlija, who put at our disposal county-level TEA data. Last but not least, we are indebted to two anonymous reviewers of the journal, whose remarks and critical suggestions helped us to remove at least some of this paper’s shortcomings. ** Received: June 1, 2016 Accepted: October 5, 2016
The article was judged the best paper in the regular category in the annual competition for the Prof. Dr. Marijan Hanžeković Prize for 2016.
Ivan BURIĆ Department of Communication Studies, Centre for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Borongajska cesta 83d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Aleksandar ŠTULHOFER Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected]
------Marginalije o društvenoj o Marginalije (2002). Županov, 1993:192 Županov, (1977), and slowly they disappear. , 1970). He continued to use the theoretical model dur model theoretical the use to continued He 1970). , Sociologija i samoupravljanje i Sociologija Županov ( Od komunističkog pakla do divljeg kapitalizma Naše teme Naše (1995), Values are a long lasting phenomena: they come into being slowly a long lasting phenomena: are Values Poslije potopa published the journal the published The theory is based on the proposition that Yugoslav society at the end of end the at society Yugoslav that proposition the on based is theory The
first systematically presented the basic propositions of the EST in the paper “Egalitarizam i indus i “Egalitarizam paper the in EST the of propositions basic the presented systematically first 1 century and Croatian society at the beginning of the new millennium in th (1983), INTRODUCTION Županov 1977:46). 1 trijalizam” instance for See career. scholarly entire his ing krizi society. the 20 pre that societies peasant pre-modern of pattern socio-cultural particular a herited vented effective social and economic development. Županov called this pattern the egalitarian syndrome and conceptualised it as a “cluster of cognitive perspec tives, ethical principles, social norms and collective viewpoints” (Županov, 1 Egali It seems that Croatian sociologists share the view that the Josip Županov’s tarian Syndrome Theory (EST) is the most important theoretical concept to have been locally developed (Fanuko, 2011; Lalić, 2005; Sekulić and Šporer, 2005). Županov developed the EST at the end of the 1960s and then for the next thirty years systematically used it in his analyses of Yugoslavfirst and then Croatian suggest that the widespread prevalence of the egalitarian syndrome development. socio-economic may for the country’s problem be a Keywords: Egalitarian syndrome, Županov, scale construction and validation, cultural inertia, socioeconomic development and occupation, age, but significantwere not of predictors participants’ the sup port for egalitarian syndrome. Significant negative associations were observed between the acceptance of values associated with the egalitarian syndrome and county-level development and competitiveness scores, GDP and early entrepre neurial Although our activity. study was not designed to test the causal relation findings the development, socioeconomic and egalitarianism radical between ship hypothesized hypothesized (negative) association with indicators of social development. Using data from a 2015 national probability survey, this study aimed to provide addi tional validation of the multidimensional measure of the egalitarian syndrome, including age and gender invariance testing, as well as to explore the hypothe sized negative association with county-level development indices. The findings assumptions. Rural education vs. theoretical urban residence, support Županov’s Abstract In 1970, Josip Županov his presented Egalitarian Theory Syndrome (EST) to ac count for the suboptimal country’s socioeconomic development. The theory was operationalized only recently (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015), which enabled an as sessment of the persistence of egalitarian syndrome, as well as the testing of its
financial theory and ivan burić and aleksandar štulhofer: practice in search of the egalitarian syndrome: cultural inertia in croatia? 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) 362 financial theory and ivan burić and aleksandar štulhofer: practice in search of the egalitarian syndrome: cultural inertia in croatia?
363 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) ------or a anti-entre . This is the norm of egalitar of norm . The fifth dimension is dimension fifth The . anti-intellectualism the enrichment phobia, the state perspective perspective of finite good anti-entrepreneurship, anti-innovativeness anti-innovativeness anti-entrepreneurship, the anti-entrepreneurial sentiment anti-entrepreneurial the . It is expressed in the negative attitude to private entrepre , and it consists of consists it and , and , which is derived from the moral obligation characteristic of . The seventh and final dimension is The norm prohibits marked income differences by restricting 2 anti-creativity In the paper we provided a longer (27-item) and shorter (15-item) version of the egalitarian syndrome scale syndrome egalitarian the of version (15-item) shorter and (27-item) longer a provided we paper the In 2 (SEMA), a measure to be used in a wide range of social research studies. a population-based sample and to offer some empirical support for claim of the Županov’s persistence and effects of the egalitarian syndrome in contemporary Croatian society. Our intention to offer a valid measure of egalitarian syndrome, suitable for use in syndrome, suitable a valid measure of egalitarian to offer Our intention impor was It research. additional required projects, science social of range wide a in SEMA-15) and (SEMA-27 scales syndrome egalitarian two the validate to tant needed reducing to a 5-dimensional model to (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015). achieve a good fit to the data Carried out in a large-scale student sample, the analyses confirmed the possibility possibility the confirmed analyses the sample, student large-scale a in out Carried of operationalising the egalitarian syndrome as a higher order latent construct. According to the findings, original Županov’s model, with its seven dimensions, two versions of a composite indicator of the egalitarian syndrome (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015). Accepting Županov’s theory as Accepting Županov’s one of medium range, and prompted by criticism that Županov failed to verify his model empirically (cf. Dolenec, 2014), earlier paper in the authors an presented an operationalisation of the EST and offered Later, Later, in post-socialist Croatian it society, was responsible for a series of transi development. tional problems and deviations in socio-economic Županov had the idea that the composite of these dimensions slowed changes. modernising of down scope the reduced the and/or society Yugoslav of development intellectual levelling intellectual and 1970; 1977; 1983). such (Županov, negative attitude to intellectual work as ownership complex ownership and knowledge professional to attitude negative a implies It anti-professionalism. EST the of dimension sixth the calls Županov standards. professional autonomous high earnings. The fourth dimension of the egalitarian syndrome is the is syndrome egalitarian the of dimension fourth The earnings. high preneurial obsession neurship and consists of three sub-dimensions: pre-industrial societies that enjoins the (re)distribution of wealth, for social differ social for wealth, of (re)distribution the enjoins that societies pre-industrial the is three number Dimension possible. as small as be to ences ian distribution. cognitive component of the egalitarian syndrome for it directs national policy to ward an egalitarian distribution of social wealth. The second dimension redistributive ethic is the This cluster consists of seven dimensions, or rather, seven different manifestations manifestations different seven rather, or dimensions, seven of consists cluster This of egalitarian stances, values or perspectives (Županov, 1970). He calls the first dimension of the egalitarian syndrome the
------- - - - - “lives
. If we If . 4 Some of the 3 as “a doctrine accord that assumes equality of equality assumes that economic egalitarianism At the time of writing, it seems as if 5 substantial egalitarianism substantial (Županov, 2002). In this concept Županov refers to refers Županov concept this In 2002). (Županov, claim that “in our business organisations there is an inbuilt state orientation” is still , 1983:66). political capitalism political Županov’s Županov Dolenec theory criticises as Županov’s an attack on social solidarity and equality (Dolenec, 2014). How Because of the theme and the tone of the many discussions of the dominant Croatian economic problems, We might recall just We the volume of debate that in both the public and academic circles in 2014 was set off ing ing to which it is desirable that everyone has an equal quantity of money and wealth” (Frankfurt, 2015:6). sociol (prescriptive) engaged of idea the rejected he for normative, the with concerned not was he Although grew and arose that inequalities the where particularly inequalities, social to sensitive very was Županov ogy, in the 1990s were 1995; concerned 2002; One (Županov, 2011). can object that the understanding of egali oretically conflictive (pl. 34). For Županov then the egalitarian syndrome is radical egalitarianism (Županov, (Županov, egalitarianism radical is syndrome egalitarian the then Županov For 34). (pl. conflictive oretically of interpretation Scanlon’s with comparable 1994), and fates” (Scanlon, 1997:1), definition or of Frankfurt’s 5 the ever, theory of the egalitarian syndrome is not a general theory of egalitarianism not and, a accordingly, distinguished clearly Županov start the from that note to important is It egalitarianism. of idea the of critique egalitarian from positions) social for competition the in start equal (an chances or positions of egalitarianism Fur syndrome. egalitarian the of point focal the is latter the that pointing 1970:33), (Županov, rewards of ism its to attention Drawing Županov. for solution ideal the not was position of egalitarianism the even thermore, sup he 35-37), pp. 1970, (Županov, failure personal a as interpreted often is poverty for conservatism, inherent ported it primarily for its stabilising role – unlike egalitarianism of rewards, which he found radical and the It would also be interesting to verify Županov’s proposition that social crisis radi crisis social that proposition Županov’s verify to interesting be also would It calises egalitarianism 1983:60). (Županov, 3 it seems that relevant ( 4 in state institutions. by the government initiative to introduce outsourcing set aside the doubt as to whether the labour market reform described is really nec really is described reform market labour the whether to as doubt the aside set essary, one relevant research question would be the assessment of the extent to which the existing socio-cultural context works as a barrier to the adjustment to market and labour relations. the local and global dynamics of labour problems that make the EST still relevant or, at least, worthy of a scholarly update. scholarly a of worthy least, at or, relevant still EST the make that problems For example, Županov dealt with the topic of flexibility of work and the attitude about Disputes 2002). Županov, (see values its and EU the to Croatia of citizens of the need for the labour market to be more flexible and for corresponding changes in labour legislation have for several years been a component part of the development social for many directions desirable the of analyses and discussions use it to tackle current phenomena, such as the irrationality of territorial organisa territorial of irrationality the as such phenomena, current tackle to it use tion, wide-spread corruption and the “jobs for the boys” system, hypertrophy of transfers state on citizens of dependence excessive agencies, and institutions state spending) and so on. exaggerated government (and, consequently, There are several other salient places in engagement Županov’s with transitional some of the more important aberrations of the transition, such as the connection of connection the as such transition, the of aberrations important more the of some state motivated politically and clientelism) (political elites economic and political paternalism, resulting in the state having too great a share in GDP. propositions of political capitalism, as seen largely by refer Županov, to some of the key problems that Croatian society is currently facing. If his core concept at least partially explains some of the outcomes of transition, then we can probably It is well known that the demise of communism did not result in Županov giving up on Instead, his he theory. applied it to an analysis of the process of post-com seem time that of insights his of Several 2002). 1995; (Županov, transition munist relevant for the current situation as well. This is the case, for example, with the of concept
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365 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) ------and 8 ). , we would like to encourage (and assist) 7 http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2015/14-01-01_01_2015.htm Are the effects of the social crisis and a high level of social openness – 6 STUDY AIMS AND AIMS AND STUDY HYPOTHESES It should be noted that without confirming model invariance, the second study aim can not be achieved. This seems to be indicated by Fanuko when he argues that in his later works Županov seemed to be forg According to the 2007 CBS data, Gini coefficient of income inequality was 0.28 and the relative risk of pov of risk relative the and 0.28 was inequality income of coefficient Gini data, CBS 2007 the to According dition” (Fanuko, 2011:132). 8 phenomenon the measuring in good equally is developed measure the that confirmation empirical the Without phenomenon, the of persistence cultural of assessment the groups, age different in syndrome) egalitarian (the age cohorts, would be impossible to carry out. which involves comparisons among different ing a more general sociological paradigm. Fanuko says that Županov “abandoned the relatively firm frame stand the from system social global the analysing of adventure the on out set and sociology industrial of work stressed that analysis Marxist the abandoned he admission, own his to According sociology. cultural of point change and social conflict for the sake of theorising about a society based on a continuity of the cultural tra erty gap At was the 24.9%. end of the crisis, in 2014, the Gini coefficient had risen to 0.30 and the relative risk of poverty gap to 27.9%/(cf. http://www.dzs.hr/hrv/publication/2009/14-1-2_1h2009.htm 7 tical sense (i.e., thinking of possible social consequences of the egalitarian syndrome), the questions seem into highly account relevant. Taking the findings related to internal and external validity of sub- the SEMA and distribution egalitarian of norm the primarily are syndrome egalitarian the of values core the dimensions the anti-entrepreneurial sentiment. 6 neousness of dismissing Egalitarianisms, the like EST executioner. as roses, egalitarianism’s have different follow the to leads egalitarianism of conceptualization the of pluralism The none. have sometimes Or scents. At first glance, the question actually is measure? ing trivial as, question: what strictly methodo does SEMA logically speaking, the measure indicates the five dimensions shown in figures 1 and in 2. a However, prac tarianism in contemporary moral philosophy has gone far beyond the simple dichotomy that Županov used; Sen (1983), Walzer (1997), Scanlon (1971), Rawls of works the in egalitarianism of concept the example, for (1992) or Dworkin This (1981a, pluralism 1981b) of differ substantially. ideas about egalitarianism, as well erro the to points transition, post-communist during inequalities social rising of criticism strong Županov’s as ian system in the post-socialist period 1993; (Županov, 2011), we test out in the paper the two following hypotheses: (1) the cultural inertia or persistence of the The second goal relates to the analysis of the possible persistence of the egalitar ian syndrome in contemporary Croatian theses about the persistence (i.e., Županov’s resistance to change) of the egalitar society. Taking our departure from sample to replicate confirmatory factor analysis carried out in a student sample. also analyse age and gender invariance of the model. We objective is to provide further validation of the complex measure of the egalitarian the of measure complex the of validation further provide to is objective syndrome. Building upon the validation presented in Štulhofer and our Burić, 2015), here previous we use paper a probability-based general (cf. population 1.1 first the mentioned, already have we As objectives. interlinked two has paper This cial development, compatible to Swidler’s (1986) interpretation of culture as a tool a as culture of interpretation (1986) Swidler’s to compatible development, cial box for individual and collective action nomic development. the role of culture in Croatian socio-eco future assessments of generators of social development. generators Acceding to paradigmatic Županov’s point of departure in the consideration of so enhanced by membership in the EU – reflected in the strengthening of egalitarian of strengthening the in reflected – EU the in membership by enhanced prop fundamental the to connected closely is question this to answer The values? osition of the according EST, to which value systems can work as barriers to or Croatia is beginning to emerge from the several years of crisis that was manifested manifested was that crisis of years several the from emerge to beginning is Croatia in a deterioration of most social indicators, as well as by an increase in social in equality. ------In In accordance In choice of settlement of choice In , was employed. At the 10 9 market research and public Ipsos The cultural inertia or persistence of the egalitarian hypothesis. syndrome Possible consequences hypothesis. of the egalitarian syndrome SAMPLE AND PROCEDURE METHOD Four categories were constructed: settlements with populations up to 2,000; from 2,001 to 10,000; from The following regions were defined: Zagreb and surrounds (Zagreb City and Zagrebačka County), Northern Croatia (Krapinsko-zagorska, Varaždinska, Koprivničko-križevačka, Virovitičko- Bjelovarsko-bilogorska, Croatia Varaždinska, (Krapinsko-zagorska, podravska and Međimurska counties), Slavonia (Požeško-slavonska, Brodsko-posavska, Osječko-baranjska Ličko-senjska and Karlovačka (Sisačko-moslavačka, Banovina and Lika counties) Vukovarsko-srijemska and counties), Istria, Hrvatsko primorje and Gorski kotar (Istarska and Primorsko-goranska counties), Dalmatia (Zadarsko-kninska, Šibenska, Splitsko-dalmatinska and Dubrovačko-neretvanska counties). 10 10,001 to 100,000 and populations of over 100,000. stratification by six regions,defined as sets of counties size. settlement by stratified was sample the stage, second in which the research was carried out, the primary sampling units of choice, in each stratum the probability proportional to size sampling method was used, 9 2 2.1 probability- national a using out carried were paper this in presented analyses The standard the was survey The years. 15-88 aged respondents 1,000 of sample based monthly omnibus research conducted by the opinion agency. Two-stage stratified sampling design was used. At stage one, (2) with Županov’s understanding of the negative consequences of the egalitarian syndrome, we expect a negative correlation between county development indica syndrome at county level. tors and the average acceptance of the egalitarian population have changed considerably since 1970, testing of the above correlation above the of testing 1970, since considerably changed have population per greater the Considering levels. income and education for controlling requires sonal benefit to be obtained from the acceptance of egalitarian norms, aexpected be should higher syndrome egalitarian the with associated values of acceptance status. among participants with lower socio-economic (1) absence of longitudinal data, the hypothesis can only (and with serious limita tions) be tested by treating respondents of ages different as representing different generations (ignoring the distinction between age and cohort effects). indicate would scores scale syndrome Positive egalitarian the and age between correlation the of structures income and educational the Since inertia. cultural of presence the pattern (Zarate, Marquez Shaw, and Biagas, 2012). Such resistance to change is usually counter-productive, for the inherited cultural tools often perform sub-op timally in new circumstances. Županov considered the called complex the egalitarian syndrome an inherited and of persisting cultural barrier to so values he cial and economic development. egalitarian egalitarian syndrome hypothesis, and (2) the hypothesis about negative conse syndrome. egalitarian of the quences (val patterns cultural inherited of persistence the or inertia cultural define can We ues, standards, collective habits, etc.) as long-lasting of effects a specific cultural
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367 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) - - - - , our sample can be 11 educational level (ranging from 12 MEASURES The occupation indicator consisted of the following eight categories: 1 – independent professionals (private professionals independent – 1 categories: eight following the of consisted indicator occupation The The size of county sub-samples ranged from 18 (Ličko-senjska County) to 182 participants (Zagreb City). lectuals (teachers, engineers, state-employed physicians, etc.); 3 – senior management, senior supervisors, directors (public or private sector); 4 – middle management (public or private sector); 5 – clerks; 6 – skilled manual workers; 7 – unskilled and low-skilled workers; 8 – farmers and fishermen. For analytical purposes, we collapsed categories 1-3, 4 and 5, and 7 and 8. Category 6 (skilled manual workers), the most populous one, was reference category. 11 The average sample size at the county level was 30 (SD = 15.1). 12 practice lawyers, dentists and physicians with private practices, freelance artists, etc.); 2 – experts and intel partial primary education to post-graduate degrees) and personal income in the preceding month (from no earnings to 12,000 kn or more). Because of negative The analyses included the following sociodemographic indicators: gender, age, settlements urban, vs. inhabitants, 2,000 to up settlements (rural, residence of place with more than 2,000 inhabitants), occupation, developed by Carter (2005). and Yeqing The scale had satisfactory reliability in α = 0.83). this study (Cronbach’s To To explore convergent validity of the two versions of the scale aversion egalitarian risk the of syndrome version short a used we SEMA-15) and (SEMA-27 scale According to the operationalisation presented in our earlier study (cf. appendix in appendix (cf. study earlier our in presented operationalisation the to According 27 included syndrome egalitarian the of measurement 2015), Burić, and Štulhofer 1970). (Županov, items that cover the seven original dimensions participants were residing in urban settlements. 2.2 or university education. Comparable proportions of the surveyed individuals were individuals surveyed the of proportions Comparable education. university or living in small (up to 2,000 inhabitants) and medium-sized settlements (2,000- 10,000 inhabitants), 39% and 35% of the sample, respectively. In total, 64% of below the age of 30. With respect to education, participants school constituted a majority (54%). Somewhat fewer than with a third of participants a secondary (30%) reported partial or completed primary education, while 17% had a college Women constituted a slight majority in the sample Women (52%). Participants older than 50 were the largest age group (44%), followed by men and women between 30 participants were (24%) sample the of quarter a About (32%). age of years 40 and sampling design and the size of county-level sub-samples of the national but not county populations. considered representative Post-hoc weighting was applied to correct for differences graphic in characteristics (age, core education, and the sociodemo proportion of urban vs. rural in habitants) between the sample and national population. Taking into account the followed by random selection of households relative to the chosen address (the method). random walk meaning meaning that the likelihood of the choice of a unit (an individual settlement) cor responded to its size (population above the age of 15). Household selection was based on random selection of addresses using the random starting point method, ------. (February 25, 2016). The 2016). 25, (February The composite indicator is calcu 13 . http://www.konkurentnost.hr/Default.aspx?sec=93 , the IRC was constructed by the National Competi 14 https://goo.gl/wWvbsr ANALYSIS The TEA measures early entrepreneurial activity expressed as 15 solute fit, should be equal to or less than 0.05; https://razvoj.gov.hr/o-ministarstvu/regionalni-razvoj/indeks-razvijenosti/112 (1) SMRM (Standardized root mean square residual) value, a measure of ab STATISTICAL STATISTICAL More methodological details can be found at: See: http://www.gemhrvatska.org/. See: 13 DI county scores are available at: 14 15 In line with advances in the interpretation of goodness of fit indicators in struc tural equation modelling (Byrne, 2009; Hair et al., 2009; Hu and Benter, 1999), we use the following criteria, recommended by Kline (2010), model fit: when assessing sample (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015), is replicated here using the identical approach identical the using here replicated is 2015), Burić, and (Štulhofer sample (confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihoodstrength (ML) estimator).of confirmatory factor analysis lies The in its ability to fit a theoretically de fined model to empirical data by taking into account measurement error (Byrne, Anderson, 2009; Milas, 2009). Black, Babin and 2009; Hair, than 42 months) in the population of 18-64 year-olds. In the analyses presented county-level scores. TEA here, we used the 2014 and 2015 2.3 The multidimensional model of egalitarian syndrome, developed using a student ity) indicator developed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project, in which Croatia participates since 2002 (Singer, Peterka, 2016). Šarlija, Pfeifer and Oberman the proportion of novice entrepreneurs (defined as individuals who started their business not more than three months before the survey) and fewer new but three than entrepreneurs more for wages and salaries out paying been have who (those competitiveness as a set of institutions, policies and factors that determine level the of productivity in a given country, as well as on the EU gional competitiveness as the ability to create definitionan attractive and sustainable living of re and business environment available are rankings, of form the in expressed scores, IRC The Council. tiveness (total early-stage we entrepreneurial at used activ TEA county the level. Finally, we used county GDP, 2000-2013 difference in county GDP, the Development In in 2000-2013 county difference GDP, we used county GDP, develop the assess To (IRC). Competitiveness Regional of Index the and (DI) dex Minis the by developed was DI the self-governments, regional and local of ment try of Regional Development and EU Funds. indica economic and social fundamental several of average weighted the as lated tors. Based on a conceptualisation Economic of Forum, the World which defines skew and multimodality, education and income were transformed into categorical categorical into transformed were income and education multimodality, and skew quartiles). income into and into terciles categorized was (education variables To assess possible consequences of the egalitarian syndrome we calculated the average SEMA-27 score by county. For the indicators of regional development,
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369 40 (4) 361-382 (2016)
- - - - - = 395;
(84) 2 χ = 6.3; ∆df p = > 11; 0.85) 2 = 12.3; ∆df = 16; p > 0.72). 2 = 1190; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.05 (90% CI /confi SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 1190;
(311) 2 χ than 0.95. parsimoniousness, should be equal to or less than 0.05; to or less be equal should parsimoniousness, of interest is usually compared with the independence model, in which la tent variables are unrelated), should be as close as possible to or greater (2) RMSEA (Root mean square error of approximation) value, a measure of (3) CFI (comparative fit index) value,a measureof incremental fit (the model CONFIRMATORY TESTING OF THE EGALITARIAN SYNDROME THE EGALITARIAN TESTING OF CONFIRMATORY RESULTS 15-item model (Model B) to test gender and age invariance. No significant gender significant No invariance. age and gender test to B) (Model model 15-item were differences found either in the measurement (∆χ or in the structural part of the model (∆χ those observed in model A. those observed in model In the next step, we carried out two multi-group confirmatory analyses of the the previous case, this reduced model also indicated an acceptable fit: acceptable an indicated also model reduced this case, previous the of Saturations 0.94. = CFI 0.07); – 0.06 = IP (90% 0.06 = RMSEA 0.04; = SRMR the first-order constructs with the second-order construct were comparable with In an effort to develop a shorter composite scale of the egalitarian syndrome scale, syndrome egalitarian the of scale composite shorter a develop to effort an In in As 2). (figure items 15 only with B) (Model model re-specified the tested we next five lower-order latent dimensions with a higher-order latent dimension (the egal (the dimension latent higher-order a with dimensions latent lower-order five itarian syndrome) are markedly higher in this range from 0.75 to 0.98. general population sample and and Mullen, 2008.): dence interval/ = 0.05 – 0.06); CFI = 0.92. In comparison with the testing of the same model in a student sample (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015), the saturations of 3.1 An attempt to replicate the Coughlan27-item (Hooper, data to version fit acceptable of an in resulted multilevel 1) figure egalitarian cf. A; syndrome (Model model software packages. 3 were explored by zero-order and rank-order correlation analyses. were explored by zero-order and rank-order All analyses were carried out using the IBM-SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 statistical scale scores with the composite indicator of risk aversion (Carter 2005). In the assessment and of the cultural inertia hypothesis, Yeqing, multivariate linear re gression analysis was used. Possible consequences of the egalitarian syndrome Sattora-Bentler test), the assumption of invariance is rejected. Sattora-Bentler test), Convergent validity of the egalitarian syndrome scale is tested by correlating the cluded variables are fixed across groups (men/women; younger/older participants) participants) younger/older (men/women; groups across fixed are variables cluded collected by determined are variables among relations which in that model the and the (using significant statistically is models two these of fit in difference a If data. The model’s The gender model’s and age invariance is tested using two multi-group analyses that enable a comparison between the model in which all relations among the in - - - - - e44 e2 .65 .93 syndrome Egalitarian .81 .87 > 0.44), con 0.44), > e47 p Intellectual = 9.9; ∆df = 11; 11; = ∆df 9.9; = egalitarianism 2 .98 χ Finite good e7 .86 .73 .75 e46 .90 1.00 e43 .56 .97 .73 .91 .68 .32 .31 .46 .54 .56 Anti-intellectualism obsession .99 Anti-entrepren. = 16.1; ∆df = 16; = ∆df 16.1; = OD5 OD6 OD7 2 e3 χ ethic .68 levelling .60 Intellectual .90 .65 .55 .83 Redistributive .78 .82 e12 e13 e14 .46 .43 .37 e8 e9 e10 .63 e45 .60 .58 ANII2 .66 ANTII3 ANTII4 Egalitarian distribution .79 .65 Anti-professionalism .81 .61 .68 .39 .44 .33 .37 .63 .42 .71 phobia e40 e41 e42 .69 .69 AKI2 AKI5 AKI6 sentiment RE2 RE3 RE1 .73 Enrichment .79 .65 Anti-entrepren. Social property .51 .53 .47 .48 .43 .63 e36 e37 e38 .70 .77 .71 APR4 APR5 APR6 e16 e17 e15 EN3 EN4 EN8 .75 .69 .76 .61 .61 .57 .50 .32 .38 .59 .37 .48 .48 .58 .56 e32 e33 e34 FB3 FB4 FB5 e18 e19 e20 DVK1 DVK3 DVK7 APM3 APM5 APM7 1 e30 e25 e26 e27 e28 e29 e22 e23 e24 igure > 0.53) or the structural part of the model (∆ model the of part structural the or 0.53) > viduals aged 15-27 years. Again, the group comparison analysis did viduals not aged ascertain 15-27 years. (∆ measurement the in either differences significant statistically p firming that the model measures the egalitarian syndrome equally well in genera and socioeconomic conditions. political tions socialized in substantially different Age invariance was tested by dividing the sample in two large groups that were socialized in different political and economic systems (socialist and planned system vs. democratic The and firstmarket-oriented group system). con centrally- sisted of persons aged 60 years and older, while the second group included par indi i.e., (1989), system socialist the of collapse the after born were who ticipants F A) (Model syndrome egalitarian model of the Confirmatory .39
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371 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) - = 0.37, SEMA-27 r e5 – by aggregating syndrome Egalitarian e1 16 .94 .81 .88 .66 e4 .76 .98 Intellectual .90 e2 egalitarianism Finite good Aggregated values were divided were values Aggregated 17 .95 e3 .58 .69 .58 .64 .57 .73 .68 obsession .29 ethic .48 .41 .33 Anti-entrepren. .81 .32 .46 .53 Redistributive AKI5 APR5 ANTII3 .65 OD5 OD6 OD7 .58 Egalitarian .34 distribution .60 .65 .80 .42 .33 .35 < 0.001), with higher acceptance of the egalitarian e18 e19 e20 p e6 e7 e8 .69 FB3 .36 .63 .42 .66 .79 DVK1 APM5 RE1 RE2 RE3 .47 .44 .62 = 0.35, e15 e16 e17 EN3 EN4 EN8 e9 e10 e11 SEMA-15 r e12 e13 e14 2 ACCEPTANCE OF VALUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EGALITARIAN SYNDROME WITH THE EGALITARIAN ASSOCIATED VALUES OF ACCEPTANCE VALIDATION OF THE EGALITARIAN SYNDROME SCALE THE EGALITARIAN OF VALIDATION igure < 0.001; Bearing in mind these are nested models, the high correlation between the longer and shorter versions of For a list of the SEMA-27 and SEMA-15 items see the appendix in Štulhofer and Burić (2015). 16 17 the scale (r = -0.97) was expected. In the whole sample, the average SEMA-27 score was 3.87 (SD = 0.69; median value = 3.89). Considering the theoretical range of the scale (1-5), where 1 indi cates complete rejection and 5 complete acceptance of the egalitarian syndrome, syndrome being associated with higher risk aversion. syndrome being associated with higher 3.3 by the number of items included to obtain scales ranging from 1 to 5. As expected, As 5. to 1 from ranging scales obtain to included items of number the by both scales statistically significantly correlated with risk aversion ( p association with risk aversion. First we developed two egalitarian syndrome scales syndrome egalitarian two developed we First aversion. risk with association – the longer (SEMA-27) and the shorter version (SEMA-15) B. and A Models in included items the of values 3.2 validity Convergent of the egalitarian syndrome scale was tested by exploring its F B) (Model syndrome egalitarian of the model Respecified - - - - < 0.001). p = 0.12; r TESTING THE CULTURAL INERTIA HYPOTHESIS INERTIA THE CULTURAL TESTING egalitarian syndrome, an additional test was carried out using multivariate logistic multivariate using out carried was test additional an syndrome, egalitarian regression analysis. Dependent variable was group membership (0 = individuals vs. rural Occupation, years). 30 to up aged individuals = 1 older; or years 60 aged urban dwelling, education, income and SEMA-27 were entered in the model as independent variables. Confirming the robustness of the above reported findings, ment and clerks reported significantly lower levels of egalitarian syndrome than skilled manual workers. Moderation effect of age was not confirmed. All effect 13% only explained model regression the and -0.19) – -0.10 = (β small were sizes of variance in the acceptance of the egalitarian syndrome. To rule out the possibility of a discontinuous relationship between age and the between education and SEMA-27 (not The shown age in and the educationtable). variables. interaction term was built using mean-centred As shown in table 1, education and urban residence were significantly and nega tively correlated with the criterion. In addition, higher-status occupations were positively associated with the outcome, as professionals, upper middle manage gender, age, gender, urban vs. rural dwelling, education, personal income, and occupation (represented by three dummy variables). Since current occupation was asked for, those and retired unemployed, the omitted by size sample reduced indicator last the we variable, dependent the on influence indirect an has age if explore To school. in also tested moderating effect of age, linear and quadratic, on the association 3.4 but small a in resulted syndrome egalitarian the of persistence the of test bivariate A significant correlation between the SEMA-27 scores and age ( control To for possible confounders, multivariate regression analysis was carried were variables Independent 1). (table variable dependent the as SEMA-27 with out tarian syndrome. At county level, the highest average SEMA-27 scores were found in the Brod- Posavina (4.60), Lika-Senj (4.56) and (4.38) Bjelovar-Bilogora The counties. three were syndrome egalitarian the of acceptance lowest the by characterized counties counties. Istria (3.61) and Sisak-Moslavina (3.64) the Međimurje (3.45), The average scores of the five lower-level dimensions of SEMA-27 varied from 4.06 (SD = 0.69) in the case of the anti-entrepreneurial obsession to 3.68 (SD = 0.95) in the case of the finite good perspective. The anti-entrepreneurial obsession,the egalitarian intellectual and 0.98) = SD 3.97, = (M distribution egalitarian of norm egali the of dimensions accepted most three the were -0.76) = SD 3.74, = (M ism the average score points to a dominant acceptance of the egalitarian almost syndrome. remained average national the 5), and (1 values extreme the omitting After unchanged (3.84). Almost a fifth (18%)of respondents were characterised bywe a which average, the above deviation standard one to equal or than greater result syndrome. with the egalitarian of values associated strong acceptance consider a
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373 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) - a / / / / B/β SE 0.13 = 662 (0.09) (0.05) (0.09) (0.12) (0.08) (0.08) (0.09) (0.12) (0.07) (0.05) (0.00) N 0.05 / 0.03 0.00 / 0.03 -0.07 / -0.05 -0.10 / -0.07 -0.08 / -0.05 -0.01 / -0.01 -0.19 / -0.11* -0.13 / -0.10* -0.21 / -0.16* -0.26 / -0.15* -0.46 / -0.19*** > 0.08). ) p reference value reference ) ) reference value) reference reference value reference reference value reference 2 1 quartile (highest income levels) quartile tercile quartile tercile (best educated) quartile (lowest income levels; tercile (least educated; rd th st nd rd st nd able SE = standard error. SE = standard Unskilled workers and farmers Adjusted R Middle management and white collar workers Skilled workers ( Occupation Experts and senior management 3 4 1 2 3 Income 1 2 Urban residence Education Residence Rural residence ( Gender Age a * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. T Socio-demographic predictors/correlates of the acceptance variable = SEMA-27) (dependent syndrome of the egalitarian the odds of belonging to one of the two contrasted age groups were not signifi ( scores SEMA-27 with the associated cantly - - - 1 (F) 0.34 0.09 0.41 0.43 -0.36 -0.36 (0.35) (0.35) (0.25) (0.43) (-0.39) (-0.34) 1 = 0.24 – 0.26). – 0.24 = (E) 0.18 0.19 0.31 -0.59 -0.31 (0.27) (0.15) (0.31) r (-0.58) (-0.31) e not applicable). 1 (D) 0.63 0.84 -0.67 -0.19 (0.85) (0.86) (-0.74) (-0.14) 1 (C) 0.65 -0.66 -0.27 (0.67) (-0.11) (-0.70) = -0.39 – 0.62), the norm of egalitar of norm the 0.62), – -0.39 = r 1 (B) 0.39 -0.79 (0.34) including the City of Zagreb) (-0.82) r ( not including the City of Zagreb r 1 (A) -0.34 (-0.30) 1 27 SEMA- = -0.41 – -0.50) and intellectual egalitarianism ( egalitarianism intellectual and -0.50) – -0.41 = r - (2014) (2015) a a 2 GDP changes GDP (2000-2013) development index (2013) County-level County-level (2013) County GDP County GDP index of competitive ness (2013)* County-level County-level TEA TEA County-level POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF THE EGALITARIAN SYNDROME PERSISTENCE SYNDROME EGALITARIAN THE OF CONSEQUENCES POSSIBLE able Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients; other values represent zero-order correlation coefficients. correlation zero-order represent values other coefficients; correlation rank Spearman’s (F) (D) (E) (C) (A) (B) SEMA-27 Index of early entrepreneurial activity. Index of early entrepreneurial Note: The analysis includes the total population of counties (p-values ar a * T the and (SEMA-27) syndrome egalitarian of acceptance the between Associations selected indicators of county-level development found with anti-entrepreneurial obsession ( obsession anti-entrepreneurial with found ( distribution ian tions was as hypothesized: higher SEMA-27 scores corresponded to lower SI and SI lower to corresponded scores SEMA-27 higher hypothesized: as was tions 2014 and TEA 2015 scores, a lower competitiveness ranking, lower county GDP and weaker growth. GDP Effect sizes varied from small provide to moderate. To of dimensions five the between correlations the explored we insight, detail more a the empirically revised egalitarian syndrome model and the DI, IRC, and TEA 2015 scores (not presented in tables). Overall, the strongest associations were Index, the Index of Regional Competitiveness and the 2014 and 2015 TEA index). TEA 2015 and 2014 the and Competitiveness Regional of Index the Index, Bearing in mind the socio-economic specificity of the capital, theanalysis was and without the city of Zagreb (n = 20). carried with (n = 21) significantly was syndrome egalitarian the of acceptance the 2, table in seen is As associa these of direction The indicators. development county all with correlated 3.5 To address the hypothesized negative association between the egalitarian syn drome and socioeconomic at development county level we inspected correlations between the SEMA-27 average county values and several indicators of county development levels (per capita GDP change GDP, 2000-2013, the Development
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375 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) ------. 19 strongly suggests the persistence of the egalitarian syndrome. egalitarian the of persistence the suggests strongly 18 DISCUSSION Because of the lack of appropriate indicators, this study can not answer the question whether the of effect Županov also indicated this line of research when he hypothesized about the radicalization of the syndrome the of radicalization the about hypothesized he when research of line this indicated also Županov 18 occupational status is due to professional or class socialisation (habitus). 19 1983:60). in the period of economic stagnation (Županov, underlying the egalitarian syndrome, it would be worthwhile testing how the post- the how testing worthwhile be would it syndrome, egalitarian the underlying socialist transition processes and the related social costs have regenerated or in tensified the syndrome traditional agrarian community. Accordingly, one of the next steps in the analysis Accordingly, traditional agrarian community. of the persistence of egalitarian syndrome should be directed toward social cate better understand the social mechanism To gories scores. with the highest SEMA should be sought in agrarian societies, characterized by scarcity and low levels of levels low and scarcity by characterized societies, agrarian in sought be should economic development (Županov, 1970; 1977), we can look at the individual- level predictors as micro markers of a degree of (structural) distance from the cordance with the dominant enthusiasm with democracy and new market values). cordance with the dominant enthusiasm Bearing in contention mind that Županov’s the germ of the egalitarian syndrome egalitarian syndrome might thus have increased among the younger generations (as generations younger the among increased have thus might syndrome egalitarian a reaction to the rising uncertainty and the well-publicized irregularities in the pri vatization process) and simultaneously decreased in the older generations (in ac It is possible that social and economic changes during the 1990s had differential, hypoth the out wiping values, egalitarian radical on influence generation-specific, esized differences between younger and older age cohorts. The acceptance of the generations, and that the differences in acceptance were related to the effects of (in of effects the to related were acceptance in differences the that and generations, part trans-generational) socialisation in rural communities, education and profes socialisation, sional It should be noted that the absence of significant multivariate association between age and SEMA-27 is consistent with the cultural inertia hypothesis. The fact that the acceptance of values associated with the syndrome was similar in different enon. It was education, occupation (social status) and urban residence that par distribution of the egalitarian syndrome. tially explained the the majority of participants in a nationally representative sample. Second, belong Second, sample. representative nationally a in participants of majority the egalitar the of acceptance of level the predict to failed cohort age specific a to ing phenom sociocultural this of persistence or inertia cultural to point syndrome, ian The presented analyses offer at least two important among syndrome insights. egalitarian the with First, associated values we of acceptance wide-spread found a both versions of the egalitarian syndrome scale (SEMA-27 and SEMA-15), which which SEMA-15), and (SEMA-27 scale syndrome egalitarian the of versions both is a precondition for their use across different social groups, validity. convergence scales’ and explored the ings provide strong empirical support for theoretical Županov’s As contribution. hypothesized, the egalitarian syndrome appears to be a multi-dimensional socio cultural phenomenon. Furthermore, we established gender and age invariance of 4 syn egalitarian of model multi-dimensional the replicated successfully study This drome constructed using a student sample (Štulhofer and Burić, 2015). The find
------, 2016). , . 23 (February 29 (February Insights into national in 22
21 among 141 countries, listed behind all the th discussion also touches on the issues related to social capital. Županov’s place out of the 60 countries according to the perception of th https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/reportpdf/gii-full-report-2015-v6.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/croatia/news/docs/2016/20160229_eb-84-nr-croatia.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/croatia/news/docs/2016/20160229_eb-84-nr-croatia.pdf The egalitarian syndrome, as Županov described it, is primarily a col 20 Available at: at: Available Available at: Available We owe this insight to one of the anonymous reviewers. We Using more contemporary terms,
20 21 22 23 (March 1, 2016). novation and creativity levels are not, it would seem, very much different at the beginning of the twenty first According century. to a 2015 study into global in novativeness, Croatia was ranked 40 Europe and many of Eastern European countries Western countries of EU citizens were in favour of stimulating private investment with public money citizens. – compared to less than a half of Croatian Županov 1977), 1970; (Županov, Industrialism” and “Egalitarianism article the In at creativity and innovativeness of levels low to attention of amount fair a devoted the time that he saw as factors of social inefficiency. Croatia was in 54 social status of the entrepreneur (Singer et Also al., suggestive 2016). is the con entrepre of terms in 2011: and 2002 between out carried analyses GEM of clusion The countries. developed, similarly other, behind lagging is Croatia activity, neurial Eurobarometer study carried out in autumn 2015 showed that over a half of the development is backed up by the findings that county-level development indica tors were negatively correlated with the egalitarian syndrome. Given the central place that anti-entrepreneurial sentiments, redistribution ethic and anti-intellectu alism have in the syndrome, the relationship is hardly surprising. If these persistent, sets of values will continue to impede entrepreneurial that activity showed and, that findings conse study 2015 GEM the with line in is This growth. quently, Although fragmentary and lacking in robustness, the findings related to the sec ond hypothesis tend to support Županov’s focus on negative links between the acceptance of values associated with the egalitarian syndrome nomic development. and socioeco central thesis that the egalitarian Županov’s syndrome is a sociocultural brake on lective feature, or, to put in more contemporary terms, a value set generated by structural characteristics typical of Croatian society at a lower level of modern development (e.g., the predominance of rural and uneducated population). In this sense, future research should focus on community-level or contextual indicators of radical egalitarianism. in predicting the acceptance Although at first sight problematic, the fact that the socio-demographic character socio-demographic the that fact the problematic, sight first at Although vari the of tenth a than more little a explained have subjects research the of istics ance in egalitarian syndrome is in accord with the thesis that we are dealing with or experiences individual by explained fully be cannot that phenomenon cultural a interests.
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377 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) ------Before a 25 In such context, the acceptance of egalitarian syndrome was functional, a 24 THE DIRECTION OF CORRELATION OF DIRECTION THE For example, independent and critical experts and intellectuals were often accused as “technocrats”. The role of state and political elites has been recently explored by Nistotskaya, Charron and Lapuente (2015). Lapuente and Charron Nistotskaya, by explored recently been has elites political and state of role The 25 framework institutional of quality the between relationship the of assessment empirical robust a provide They (operationalized as the perceived quality of government) and small and medium-sized entrepreneurial activ ity in 172 regions of the EU. public resources and economic activities reinvigorated the old mores. 24 values – a new toolbox (Swidler, 1986). However, before these new cultural tools cultural new these before However, 1986). (Swidler, toolbox new a – values could replace the old, high costs of post-communist transition (amplified by the war-related destruction and losses) and the perpetuation of political control over of radical egalitarianism come under pressure. Under changed social conditions, the old values were not capable of directing and facilitating everyday actions. It seems logical that the changed “rules of the social game” required a new set of tition. useful set of values to navigate in When daily socialism life. collapsed and Croa acceptance the system, market-oriented democratic, a into turned was society tian communities (Županov, 1980), was enthroned by the communist party as the dom the as party communist the by enthroned was 1980), (Županov, communities of equality socialist the with compatible fully was it as partially value, social inant all credo and in part because it was a useful tool for eliminating political compe narration. For example, fragmentary verification might be attempted through ret rospective analyses of the reaction to social costs of post-communist transition 2000). (Štulhofer, The egalitarian syndrome, inherited from pre-modern agrarian The authors of this paper are in favour of a specific combination of the rival inter rival the of combination specific a of favour in are paper this of authors The pretations. Although we have no evidence to support the hypothetical scenario that follows, we find it a theoretically plausible and to a certain extent verifiable how Županov was able to describe the phenomenon decades before it was suppos was it before decades phenomenon the describe to able was Županov how edly generated. nomic development is the cause rather than the consequence of the egalitarian syndrome, substantial similarities (i.e., a considerable overlap) is to be expected between the two models of development. Otherwise, it would be hard to explain (based on different variants of planned and market-oriented economy) that Croatia that economy) market-oriented and planned of variants different on (based socio identical less or more a produce years more and 50 past the in experienced cultural toolbox for everyday existence. Put if differently, inadequate socio-eco 1991-1995 war, and the associated social costs. Although both interpretations and are the associated social 1991-1995 costs. war, compatible with our findings, the plausibility of the second interpretation seems dependent on its ability to explain how could various models of development They may be taken to indicate the persistence of the egalitarian syndrome al or, ternatively, they may be used to argue that the egalitarian syndrome is a conse quence (and not the cause) of the post-communist transition, which included the drome. True drome. True confirmation of the hypothesiswould require a comparison with an seem data such no Unfortunately, era. communist the in completed dataset earlier ways. two in interpreted be can results study’s this Hence, 1990). (Bernik, exist to 4.1 Strictly methodologically speaking, our findingsdid not confirmbut rather failed to reject the hypothesis of cultural inertia or the persistence of egalitarian syn
------26 STUDY LIMITATIONS STUDY CONCLUSIONS Here we are concept approaching of Sztompka’s civilizational incompetence (Sztompka, 2000), which is 26 social former the in citizens the of adaptation the down slowed that barriers socio-cultural of set a as defined ist countries to new economic and social circumstances created by the demise of communism. This kind of cultural wall, erected and internalized during the communist era, contains rules, norms, values, habits and symbols, which are for the most part dysfunctional in a post-communist setting. Adding to our previous study, we have offered the first systematic operationalisa systematic first the offered have we study, previous our to Adding tion of Županov’s theory and provided evidence suggesting that the egalitarian socioeconomic devel syndrome remains a phenomenon relevant for the county’s sociological Županov’s confirm here presented findings multivariate The opment. imagination, as well as his empirically-informed theory building skills. In addi tion, the assessment of the relationship between the egalitarian syndrome and the the analysis. Finally, although certainly not least important, reci of norm the and trust our solidarity, social as such – study constructs important several omitted procity – which would enable an assessment of the potentially critical link be tween the egalitarian syndrome and cooperativeness. 5 approach to this issue. Another important restriction pertains to correlations between the acceptance of egalitarian syndrome and the regional development indices. Non-representative ness and small size of county-level subsamples reduced validity and reliability of might be stronger predictors of the acceptance of egalitarian syndrome than indi vidual characteristics. Future studies should explore the extent to characteristics (e.g., the which proportion of individuals local living in rural settlements, the proportion of highly educated individuals and social mobility rates) predict the acceptance of values associated with the egalitarian syndrome, compared to indi analytic ideal the be would modelling regression Multilevel characteristics. vidual of different age cohorts or generations is substantially inferior longitudinal to or data) cross-sectional to repeated (using cohorts age of comparison the dynamic panel assessment of change. Unlike these, our approach can not tease Third, apart general. in the changes cultural or culture generation-specific ageing, of effects act. individuals which in context social the account into take to failed analysis our As already mentioned, the characteristics of local communities and social groups nomic development and cultural patterns highly relevant for both. patterns highly and cultural nomic development 4.2 This findingsstudy’s need to be balanced against severalmethodological limita tions. First, cross-sectional nature of the study makes any causal inferences im possible. Second, our treatment of participants of age different as representatives new toolbox was tested in practice, we went back to the old and familiar one. According to this hypothetical narrative, the acceptance of the egalitarian syn drome observed in this study may be both the cause and the consequence of the is scenarios two these of which of Irrespective development. suboptimal country’s emphasis on the linkage between socioeco the more realistic, we findŽupanov’s
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379 40 (4) 361-382 (2016) ------For example, if the 27 It should be noted that the outcome of planned missingness are values that are missing completely at random. at completely missing are that values are missingness planned of outcome the that noted be should It 27 plore associations between the acceptance of radical egalitarianism, attitudes to ward market institutions and participation in various economic activities. understanding of social justice, perception of good governance and participation in various types of political activities. The third direction would be related to the ex further to worthwhile be may It activity. entrepreneurial and economy market ing associations between the egalitarian syndrome and Another direction would be research into links civic engagement, and corruption. trust, cooperativeness, between the egalitarian syndrome and political preferences, political ideologies, the EST represents a theoretical construct that has one possible Consequently, structure-action research successfully dichotomy. direction would integrated the investigat by behaviour socioeconomic and capital social of analysis the on focus Finally, we would like to propose three broad lines of research in which the use of use the which in research of lines broad three propose to like would we Finally, the Weproposed basescales ourmight proposalbe onbeneficial. firm belief that 3-form design is employed (cf. Graham, Olchowski Taylor, and Allision, 2006), only 21 of the SEMA-27 items would need to be included in the questionnaire. In would be reduced to 12. the case of SEMA-15, the number of items missing values which can be relatively straightforwardly imputed using FIML (full FIML using imputed straightforwardly relatively be can which values missing sup that packages software statistical in method likelihood) maximum information port structural modelling (Allison, 2003; Arbuckle, 2013). cial research, we would like to remind the reader of the useful and still underuti lized strategy of planned missing data. The practice enables generating by 2009) (Graham, questionnaire the in included be to items of a number reduction of the The proposed egalitarian syndrome scales, SEMA-27 and SEMA-15, enable rigor enable SEMA-15, and SEMA-27 scales, syndrome egalitarian proposed The Croatia. in development socioeconomic of determinants cultural the of analysis ous Although SEMA-15, being a relatively brief measure, seems usable in general so and Weizel, 2011) or with the phenomena that favour development, such as coop as such development, favour that phenomena the with or 2011) Weizel, and norms. civic engagement and respect for erativeness, social capital, studies can explore if the acceptance of values associated syndrome is systematically linked with with developmentally problematic phenomena the egalitarian Newton Delhey, trust; of radius short a or norms of infringement corruption, (e.g., In contrast to normative approach, which in our opinion marks the most recent critique of the theory Županov’s (Dolenec, 2014), we advocate empirical assess ment. Equipped with the proposed measures of the egalitarian syndrome, future association association between the syndrome and development, do not diminish the theory. medium-range Županov’s vance of the rele five county-level developmentdevelop societal to obstacle an is syndrome egalitarian the that claims indicators Županov’s offer empirical some ment. In our unresolved view, issues, such as support the question about the direction of to - - - the egalitarian syn how drome affects socioeconomic development, if at all, these conceptual additions will have to elucidate at least some of the causal mechanisms (Hedström, 2005) that underlie the relationship. The ultimate answer to the question of whether Županov’s theory, developed more developed theory, Županov’s whether of question the to answer ultimate The than forty years ago, can assist us in understanding contemporary socioeconomic explica theoretical New empirical. primarily be will country this in development tions, even revisions, will likely also be needed and will follow after more em pirical work becomes available. To provide answers to
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