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Yüksek Lisans Tezi (2.063Mb) T.C. NECMETTĠN ERBAKAN ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ TÜRKĠYE’DEN BAZI VICIA L. (FABACEAE) TAKSONLARININ KARYOTĠP ANALĠZLERĠ Hatice Kübra YILDIZ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dalı Haziran-2014 KONYA Her Hakkı Saklıdır TEZ KABUL VE ONAYI ................................. tarafından hazırlanan “…………………………………..” adlı tez çalıĢması …/…/… tarihinde aĢağıdaki jüri tarafından oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü ………………….................................... Anabilim Dalı‟nda YÜKSEK LĠSANS/DOKTORA TEZĠ olarak kabul edilmiĢtir. Jüri Üyeleri Ġmza BaĢkan Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. DanıĢman Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Üye Unvanı Adı SOYADI ………………….. Yukarıdaki sonucu onaylarım. Prof. Dr. Selman TÜRKER FBE Müdürü TEZ BĠLDĠRĠMĠ Bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranıĢ ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edildiğini ve tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanan bu çalıĢmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını bildiririm. DECLARATION PAGE I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Hatice Kübra YILDIZ Tarih:18.06.2014 ÖZET YÜKSEK LĠSANS TÜRKĠYE’DEN BAZI VICIA L. (FABACEAE) TAKSONLARININ KARYOTĠP ANALĠZLERĠ Hatice Kübra YILDIZ Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Anabilim Dalı DanıĢman: Doç. Dr. Esra MARTĠN 2014, 125 Sayfa Jüri Doç. Dr. Esra MARTĠN Doç. Dr. Bekir DOĞAN Yard. Doç. Dr. Osman KARABACAK Vicia cinsi Fabaceae familyasının Papilionoideae alt familyasının bir üyesidir ve ülkemizde Vicia, Cracca, Ervum ve Faba olmak üzere dört seksiyon ile temsil edilmektedir. Vicia cinsinin Türkiye'de yayılıĢ gösteren 66 türü, 27 alttürü ve 29 varyetesi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalıĢmada Vicia cinsinin Türkiye‟de doğal olarak yayılıĢ gösteren yedi taksonunun kromozom sayısı ve morfolojisi Görüntü Analiz Sistemi ile belirlenmiĢtir. ÇalıĢılan taksonların somatik kromozom sayısı 2n=12 (Vicia cassubica, V. noeana. var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. caesarea) ve 2n=14 (Vicia articulata, V. peregrina, V. villosa subsp. villosa) arasında değiĢmektedir. Taksonlara ait kromozom morfolojileri ise farklı tespit edilmiĢ olup karyotip formülleri; Vicia articulata‟da 7m, V. caesarea 4m+2sm, V. cassubica 6sm, V. noeana var. noeana 6sm, V. peregrina 5sm+2st, V. sativa subsp. sativa 5sm+1st, V. villosa subsp. villosa 7sm Ģeklindedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Görüntü Analizi, Karyotip, Kromozom sayısı, Vicia iv ABSTRACT MS THESIS KARYOTYPE ANALYSES OF VICIA L. (FABACEAE) SOME TAXA FROM TURKEY Hatice Kübra YILDIZ THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE OF NECMETTĠN ERBAKAN UNIVERSITY THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE / DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETIC Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra MARTĠN 2014, 125 Pages Jury Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra MARTĠN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bekir DOĞAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Osman KARABACAK The genus Vicia is located in Fabaceae and it is a member of subfamily Papilionoideae. It is represented with four sections that name are Vicia, Cracca, Ervum ve Faba in our country. The genus Vicia distrubuted in Turkey with 66 species, 27 subspecies and 29 varieties. In this thesis study naturally grown in Turkey Vicia genus‟s seven taxa and morphology are determined by Image Analysis System. Studied taxa‟s somatic chromosome number change between 2n=12 (Vicia cassubica, V. noeana var. noeana, V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. caesarea) and 2n=14 (Vicia articulata, V. peregrina, V. villosa subsp. villosa). Chromosome morphology of belongin to taxa‟s result are different and that‟s koryotype formulas are Vicia articulata‟da 7m, V. caesarea 4m+2sm, V. cassubica 6sm, V. noeana var. noeana 6sm, V. peregrina 5sm+2st, V. sativa subsp. sativa 5sm+1st, V. villosa subsp. villosa 7sm. Keywords: Chromosome Number, Image Analysis, Karyotype, Vicia v ÖNSÖZ ÇalıĢmalarım boyunca bana her konuda yardımcı olan, yol gösteren, ilgisini ve desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen çok değerli danıĢmanım Sayın Doç. Dr. Esra MARTĠN‟e sonsuz teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca tez kapsamı içerisinde kullanılan bitki materyallerini temin eden Sayın Prof. Dr. Musa DOĞAN, Sayın Doç Dr. Ahmet KAHRAMAN hocalarıma ve Dr. Okan Kaan BĠNZAT‟ a teĢekkürü bir borç bilirim. ÇalıĢmalarım sırasında yardımcı olan çalıĢma arkadaĢlarıma da teĢekkür ederim. Ayrıca hayatımın her aĢamasında ilgilerini, sevgilerini, maddi ve manevi desteklerini esirgemeyen, beni bugünlere getiren çok değerli aileme sonsuz sevgi ve teĢekkürlerimi sunarım. Hatice Kübra YILDIZ KONYA-2014 vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... vi ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ............................................................................................................. vii SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR ............................................................................ viii ġEKĠLLERĠN LĠSTESĠ ................................................................................................ ix ÇĠZELGELERĠN LĠSTESĠ ........................................................................................... x 1. GĠRĠġ ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ARAġTIRMASI ....................................................................................... 5 2.1. Fabaceae Familyasının Genel Özellikleri .............................................................. 5 2.2. Fabaceae Familyasının Kullanım Alanları ............................................................ 7 2.3. Fabaceae Familyasında Sitogenetik Ġncelemeler ................................................. 11 2.4. Vicia Cinsinin Genel Özellikleri .......................................................................... 15 2.5. Vicia Cinsinin Tehlike Kategorileri ..................................................................... 15 2.6. Vicia Cinsinin Endemizm Durumu ...................................................................... 16 2.7. Vicia Cinsinin Kullanım Alanları ........................................................................ 17 2.8. Vicia Cinsinde Yapılan ÇalıĢmalar ...................................................................... 19 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM .................................................................................... 26 3.1. Materyal ............................................................................................................... 26 3.2. Yöntem ................................................................................................................. 34 4. ARAġTIRMA SONUÇLARI VE TARTIġMA ...................................................... 35 4.1. AraĢtırma Sonuçları ............................................................................................. 35 4.2. TartıĢma ............................................................................................................... 45 5. SONUÇLAR VE ÖNERĠLER ................................................................................. 79 5.1 Sonuçlar ................................................................................................................ 79 5.2 Öneriler ................................................................................................................. 79 KAYNAKLAR .............................................................................................................. 80 EKLER ........................................................................................................................ 102 ÖZGEÇMĠġ ................................................................................................................ 125 vii SĠMGELER VE KISALTMALAR Simgeler ºC : Santigrat derece 137Cs : Sezyum-137 DD : Data Deficient (Veri Yetersiz) DNA : Deoksiribo Nükleit Asit DNaz : Deoksiribo Nükleit Asitin Parçalanmasını Sağlayan Enzim FTNIR : Fourier Transform Near Infrared FTIR : Fourier Transform Infrared EN : Endangered (Tehlikede) E : Endemik g : Gram HCL : Hidroklorik Asit IUCN : Dünya Doğayı Koruma Birliği ITS : Internal Transcribed Spacer kg : kilogram L : Litre LR : Lower Risk (Az Risk) LC : Least concern (En az endiĢe verici) M : Molar mm : Milimetre μ : Mikron N : Azot NaOH : Sodyum Hidroksit P : Fosfor ppm : Parts Per Million RNA : Ribo Nükleik Asit RNaz : Ribo Nükleik Asitin Parçalanmasını Sağlayan Enzim RAPD : Rastgele ArttırılmıĢ Polimofik DNA SDS-PAGE : Sodyum Dodesil Sülfat Poliakrilamit Jel Elektroforezi subsp. : Subspecies (Alt Tür) 1N : 1 Normal var. : Varyete Kısaltmalar Glasial Asetik Asit : (CH3COOH) Etil Alkol : (C2H5OH) 3:1 asetik alkol : 3 ölçek Absolü Alkol, 1 ölçek Glasial Asetik Asit viii ġEKĠLLERĠN LĠSTESĠ ġekil 3.1.1. Vicia caesarea‟nın genel görünümü (Binzat, 2012)………………………27 ġekil 3.1.2. Vicia noeana‟nın genel görünümü (Binzat, 2012)………………………...29 ġekil 3.1.3. Vicia peregrina‟nın genel görünümü (Binzat, 2012)……………………...30 ġekil 3.1.4. Vicia sativa‟nın genel görünümü (Binzat, 2012)…………………….……31 ġekil 3.1.5.
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