DOCSLIB.ORG

Child Labour in an Industrial Town

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Child Labour in an Industrial Town CHILD LABOUR IN AN INDUSTRIAL TOWN: A STUDY OF CHILD WORKERS IN BIRMINGHAM, 1750 to 1880 by MARY NEJEDLY A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for West Midlands History School of History and Cultures University of Birmingham July 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract There has been extensive historical research into child labour in industries such as textiles and coal mining, but there has been little focus on children employed in Birmingham industries such as pin making and button making. This thesis illuminates the extent and nature of child labour in Birmingham and the significant contribution made by child workers to industrialisation between 1750 and 1880. It draws attention to the importance of children’s earnings for family incomes and suggests that some families migrated to the town in search of paid employment for their children as well as adults. The attitudes of employers, Poor Law officials, parents and children towards early work are explored, finding that child workers were regarded as an integral part of the Birmingham economy. This thesis provides a case study of child labour and child workers in an industrial town. It uses a wide range of primary sources to highlight the experiences of thousands of child workers who were not bound as apprentices to employers, but engaged on a daily or weekly basis. It challenges the view that the employment of children in manufacturing was a relatively short-lived phenomenon during the early stages of industrialisation, arguing that child workers were widely employed in Birmingham’s factories and workshops until the 1870s. It highlights the strategies adopted by labouring families to provide their children with access to basic schooling, and identifies the specific threats to children’s health from industrial employment. Finally, this thesis argues that nineteenth-century migration schemes which sent poor children to work on Canadian farms represented an international dimension to the history of child labour. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank the staff of the Record Offices of Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire, together with staff at the National Archives and the British Library for their help and assistance with my research. The majority of my research for this study was undertaken at the Wolfson Research Centre at the Library of Birmingham, and I am particularly grateful to the archives staff for their valuable contributions. My greatest debt is to my supervisor Dr Malcolm Dick for his academic expertise, unfailing support, guidance and encouragement throughout this research. His insightful comments and enthusiasm for the subject have been inspiring. Thanks are also due to Professor Carl Chinn and Professor Jonathan Reinarz for their generous advice and helpful suggestions for possible local sources. I am grateful to the editor of Family and Community History for publishing an article based on aspects of this research, and to the anonymous reviewers for their very helpful comments. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their on-going support and keen interest in my research. I am especially grateful to Steve, Rob and Kate for their love and patience. ii Contents Page Abstract i Acknowledgements ii List of Tables vi List of Figures viii Abbreviations ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Literature review 3 Attitudes towards childhood and children 17 Methodology and sources 21 The testimony of children and children’s agency 23 Structure of the thesis 28 Chapter 2 Parish apprentices and the old Poor Law 30 Parish apprenticeship in rural and industrial parishes 32 Child labour and the changing demands of industry 39 Gender differences in child labour 46 Age of starting work 52 The experiences of pauper children – case studies 54 Conclusion 60 Chapter 3 Birmingham workhouse children 63 An asylum for pauper children 64 An infant manufactory 66 Concerns about education and health in the infant asylum 70 Changes in attitudes towards child labour 72 Industrial schools and district schools 73 A blueprint for industrial schools 74 Making a profit from child labour 76 Children’s health and closure of the asylum 80 Leaving the infant asylum 83 Parish apprentices from Birmingham 84 Life after the infant asylum 86 iii Conclusion 88 Chapter 4 The industrious child worker 90 Birmingham industry and child labour 93 Child workers and the division of labour 95 ‘The unhappy pin headers’: a case study of the pin industry 98 Intensification of children’s work in the pin industry 101 The demand for child workers: diversity in child labour 105 Intensification of children’s work in various industries 108 Gender differences in employment 110 The age of starting work 114 Child labour and the changing demands of industry 115 ‘The forlorn little button girls’: a case study of the button industry 118 Demand for child workers in 1860s Birmingham 120 The experience of child workers in 1860s Birmingham 121 Conclusion 125 Chapter 5 Child labour and the family economy 127 Male incomes, family incomes and expenditure in Birmingham 128 Children at work, at school or ‘at home’ 137 Children’s earnings and family budgets 139 The importance of clothing 142 Case studies: George Jacob Holyoake and Will Thorne 143 Conclusion 147 Chapter 6 Education, industrialisation and child labour 150 Access to schooling for children of working families 151 Duration of schooling 161 The costs of schooling 166 The benefits of schooling 170 Strategies for combining schooling with child labour 173 Conclusion 182 Chapter 7 The health and ill-health of child workers 184 Working conditions and child health 187 Industrial diseases and chronic conditions 196 Industrial injuries and child workers 203 Ill-treatment and violence towards child workers 208 Conclusion 216 iv Chapter 8 Set adrift: Birmingham’s child migrants 219 Child saving 221 Admission to the Birmingham Emigration Homes 226 Experiences of life in Canada 233 Conclusion 241 Chapter 9 Conclusion 244 Child workers and the Birmingham economy 245 The importance of children’s earnings 247 The impact of early work on education and health 248 Changes in attitudes and children’s agency 250 Study outcomes and recommendations 252 Appendices 255 1. Occupations of Parish Apprentices in Birmingham 255 2. Parish Apprentices from Knowle, Warwickshire 256 3. Children’s Emigration Home – Entrance Book Boys 260 4. Children’s Emigration Home – Entrance Book Girls 264 5. Our “Gutter Children” by George Cruikshank 267 Bibliography 268 v List of Tables No. Title Page 2.1 Comparison of destinations – three Warwickshire 33 Parishes, 1750-1835 2.2 Comparison of destinations – three Worcestershire 36 Parishes, 1750-1835 2.3 Comparison of destinations – three Staffordshire 37 Parishes, 1750-1835 2.4 Destinations of Parish Apprentices from three 40 Warwickshire Parishes 2.5 Apprentices occupations by gender – three 47 Worcestershire Parishes 2.6 Apprentices occupations by gender – three 49 Staffordshire Parishes 2.7 Apprentices occupations by gender – three 50 Warwickshire Parishes 2.8 Children apprenticed in Birmingham by three 53 Warwickshire Parishes 2.9 Payments to Shakespear family by Knowle 55 Overseers, 1765-1774 2.10 Payments to Bayliss family by Knowle Overseers, 56 1765-1767 3.1 Children resident in the Birmingham Asylum for 76 the Infant Poor, 1845-1847 3.2 Children in the Birmingham Asylum for the Infant 86 Poor, 1851 4.1 Gender differences in employment (Birmingham 111 New Meeting Sunday Schools, 1841) 4.2 Boys in employment/or at school (Birmingham 113 Educational Association Survey, 1857) 4.3 Girls in employment/or at school (Birmingham 113 Educational Association Survey, 1857) 5.1 Average weekly wages – Birmingham, 1842 129 vi 5.2 Comparison of average national weekly wages with 131 average wages in Birmingham, 1841-1845 5.3 Average weekly wages in Birmingham metal trades 134 (1866) 5.4 Birmingham Education Society Survey 1867 (Boys) 138 5.5 Birmingham Education Society Survey 1867 (Girls) 138 5.6 Details of families interviewed in 1867 140 5.7 Details of 80 families headed by women 1867 140 6.1 National Society and British Society Schools in 155 Birmingham 6.2 Requests to Boulton & Watt for recommendation 168 to National School, 1813 6.3 Birmingham Educational Association Survey 1857 175 6.4 Percentage of employed children at Sunday School 176 by age 6.5 Percentage of unemployed children at Sunday School 176 by age 6.6 Occupations employing the largest number of children 177 and average age of starting work (Birmingham Educational Association Survey, 1857) 7.1 Industrial injuries at Birmingham General Hospital 206 (April to June 1862) 8.1 Age on entry to the Birmingham Emigration Homes, 227 1878-1879 8.2 Reasons for admittance to the Birmingham Emigration 228 Homes, 1878-1879 8.3 Destinations of children admitted to the Birmingham 232 Emigration Homes, 1878-1879 vii List of Figures No. Title Page 5.1 Weekly wages at R. Heaton & Sons 134 1st March 1861 viii Abbreviations BAH Birmingham Archives & Heritage BPP British Parliamentary Papers SCRO Staffordshire County Record Office TNA The National Archives VCH Victoria County History WCRO Warwickshire County Record Office WoCRO Worcestershire County Record Office ix Chapter 1 Introduction My first job came when I was only a little over six years of age; it was turning a wheel for a rope and twine spinner at Rob’s Rope Walk, Duddeston Mill Road, Vauxhall, Birmingham.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download (2216Kb)
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/150023 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications ‘AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF FORMS AND PROPORTIONS’: INDIAN INFLUENCE ON BRITISH GARDENS AND GARDEN BUILDINGS, c.1760-c.1865 Two Volumes: Volume I Text Diane Evelyn Trenchard James A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Warwick, Department of History of Art September, 2019 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. iv Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… vi Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………. viii . Glossary of Indian Terms ……………………………………………………....... ix List of Illustrations ……………………………………………………………... xvii Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1. Chapter 1: Country Estates and the Politics of the Nabob ………................ 30 Case Study 1: The Indian and British Mansions and Experimental Gardens of Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal …………………………………… 48 Case Study 2: Innovations and improvements established by Sir Hector Munro, Royal, Bengal, and Madras Armies, on the Novar Estate, Inverness, Scotland …… 74 Case Study 3: Sir William Paxton’s Garden Houses in Calcutta, and his Pleasure Garden at Middleton Hall, Llanarthne, South Wales ……………………………… 91 2. Chapter 2: The Indian Experience: Engagement with Indian Art and Religion ……………………………………………………………………….. 117 Case Study 4: A Fairy Palace in Devon: Redcliffe Towers built by Colonel Robert Smith, Bengal Engineers ……………………………………………………..….
    [Show full text]
  • Oxfam and the Rise of Development Education in England from 1959 to 1979
    Oxfam and the rise of development education in England from 1959 to 1979 Donald Geoffrey Harrison University of London Institute of Education Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration This thesis of 81,998 words is based on personal research and is entirely my own work. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Don Harrison London September 2008 Abbreviations of key organisations and terms ACDE -Advisory Committee on Development Education CEWC - Council for Education in World Citizenship CIIR- Catholic Institute for International Relations CND - Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CPAG- Child Poverty Action Group CRC - Community Relations Council CWDE - Centre for World Development Education DANGO - Database of Archives of Non-Governmental Organisations DCSF - Department for Children, Schools and Families DE- Development Education DEA- Development Education Association DEC - Development Education Centre DES - Department of Education and Science DfES - Department for Education and Skills DfiD- Department for International Development EEC - European Economic Community EIU- Education for International Understanding FAO- Food and Agriculture Organisation FCO - Foreign and Commonwealth Office FFHC - Freedom from Hunger Campaign GCE- General Certificate of Education LNU - League of Nations Union NADEC- National Association of Development Education Centres NGO - Non-Government Organisation NUT- National Union of Teachers ODA- Overseas Development Administration ODI- Overseas Development Institute ODM - Ministry of Overseas Development OWT - One World Trust PGWG - Parliamentary Group for World Government RVA - Returned Volunteer Action SCEIU- Standing Conference on Education for International Understanding SCF I S.C.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Schools Week New Years Honours List 2021
    Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Irene LUCAS-HAYS CBE For services to training, to education and to young people Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Amanda Jane BENNETT Executive Principal, Greetland Primary Academy, Calderdale and CEO, Great Heights Academy Trust. For services to education in West Yorkshire John BRADSHAW Lately headteacher, London East Alternative Provision. For services to education in London Emma BRADSHAW Executive principal, Alternative Learning Trust. For services to education in the alternative provision sector Cassandra Anna BUCHANAN Executive headteacher, Charles Dickens Primary School, Southwark, London and trust leader, the Charter Schools Educational Trust. For services to education Joanne Louise HEATON Chief executive officer, Northern Lights Learning Trust, Hartlepool. For services to education in north east England Christine Ann HILL Headteacher, Westminster School, Rowley Regis. For services to children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities Robert William LAWSON Chair of governors, Education Partnership North East. For services to education in Sunderland Linda Mary MAGRATH Chief executive officer, Laurus Trust. For services to education in Greater Manchester Darryl Sean Ewing MORGAN Headteacher, Ridgeway School, Farnham. For services to children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities in Surrey Hunada NOUSS Chair, audit and risk committee, Education and Skills Funding Agency. For public service Angela Joanne O'BRIEN Primary director, Spencer Academies Trust and lately principal of Wyndham Academy. For services to education June Miriam PALMER Headteacher, Mayfield School, Torquay. For services to children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities Asiyah RAVAT Executive principal, Star Academies.
    [Show full text]
  • Birmingham Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education
    Birmingham Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education Annual Report 2013-2014 www.faithmakesadifference.co.uk S:A:C:R:E 2009-2010 - 1 - Contents 1. SACRE meetings 1 Full Council meetings during 2013/2014 4 The statutory role and responsibilities of SACRE 4 Functions of Officers 2. The Birmingham Agreed Syllabus Developments 2 3. Website and updates 3 4. Collective Worship 4 5. GCSE Results 5 6. DVDs Supporting the Agreed Syllabus 6 7. Determinations for Collective Worship 7 8. SACRE Membership to September 2013-14 9 Committee A Committee B 7 Committee C 8 Committee D 8 Co-option(s) to SACRE 8 Officers in Attendance SACRE Working Groups 9. Appendices 11 9.1: Appendix 1 – Birmingham SACRE Collective Worship 11 Strategy S:A:C:R:E 2013-2014 1. MEETINGS Full SACRE meetings during 2013- The statutory role and 2014 responsibilities of SACRE: 30th September 2013 • To advise the Local Authority (LA) 5th December 2013 upon such matters connected with 10th February 2014 religious worship in community 18th June 2014 schools as the authority may refer to the council or as the council may see fit. For SACRE membership (see appendix) • To advise the LA upon such matters After 8 years of service, Guy Hordern connected with religious education to stepped down as Chair and in May 2012 be given in accordance with the Councillor Dr Barry Henley BSc MSc DBA agreed syllabus in community schools MCIM FCMI took over the role. Dr Henley as the authority may refer to the is a deputy Chair of Governors at council or as the council may see fit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Provided Schooling for Working Class Children
    THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROVIDED SCHOOLING FOR WORKING CIASS CHILDREN IN BIRMINGHAM 1781-1851 Michael Brian Frost Submitted for the degree of Laster of Letters School of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Birmingham, 1978. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. SYNOPSIS This thesis considers the development of 'provided 1 schooling for working class children in Birmingham between 1781 and 1851. The opening chapters critically examine the available statistical evidence for schooling provision in this period, suggesting how the standard statistical information may be augmented, and then presenting a detailed chronology of schooling provision and use. The third chapter is a detailed survey of the men who were controlling and organizing schooling during the period in question. This survey has been made in order that a more informed examination of the trends in schooling shown by the chronology may be attempted. The period 1781-1851 is divided into three roughly equal periods, each of which parallels a major initiative in working class schooling; 1781-1804 and the growth of Sunday schools, 1805-1828 and the development of mass day schooling through monitorial schools, and 1829- 1851 and the major expansion of day schooling.
    [Show full text]
  • English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records
    T iPlCTP \jrIRG by Lot L I B RAHY OF THL UN IVER.SITY Of ILLINOIS 975.5 D4-5"e ILL. HJST. survey Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/englishduplicateOOdesc English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records compiled by Louis des Cognets, Jr. © 1958, Louis des Cognets, Jr. P.O. Box 163 Princeton, New Jersey This book is dedicated to my grandmother ANNA RUSSELL des COGNETS in memory of the many years she spent writing two genealogies about her Virginia ancestors \ i FOREWORD This book was compiled from material found in the Public Record Office during the summer of 1957. Original reports sent to the Colonial Office from Virginia were first microfilmed, and then transcribed for publication. Some of the penmanship of the early part of the 18th Century was like copper plate, but some was very hard to decipher, and where the same name was often spelled in two different ways on the same page, the task was all the more difficult. May the various lists of pioneer Virginians contained herein aid both genealogists, students of colonial history, and those who make a study of the evolution of names. In this event a part of my debt to other abstracters and compilers will have been paid. Thanks are due the Staff at the Public Record Office for many heavy volumes carried to my desk, and for friendly assistance. Mrs. William Dabney Duke furnished valuable advice based upon her considerable experience in Virginia research. Mrs .Olive Sheridan being acquainted with old English names was especially suited to the secretarial duties she faithfully performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Southside Virginian
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/southsidevirgini1198283 THE SOUTHSIDE VIRGINIAN OCTOBER 1982 VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 Reprinted May, 1991 THE SOUTHSIDE VIRGINIAN Volume 1 October 1?82 Number 1 Contents 1 From the Editors 2 Brunswick County Will Book 2 3 Amelia County Tithable List for 1737 15 Urquhart Family Cemetery, Southampton County 22 Account Book of Estates put into the Hands of the 23 Sheriff's Office, Nansemond County, 18^0- 1845 Register of Births and Deaths of William Browne and 24 Ann his wife of "Cedar Fields", Surry County. Some Importations from Lunenburg County Order Books 25 Wills from Southampton County Loose Papers 26 ^ Removals from Delinquent Tax Lists 30 Greensville County Powers of Attorney 31 Black Creek Baptist Church, Southampton County, ^3 Register of Births Queries 48 Lyndon H. Hart, J. Christian Kolbe, editors Copyright 1982 The subscription price is $15.00 per annum. All subscriptions begin with the October issue of the volume. Issues are not sold separately. Correspondence should be addressed: Box 118, Richmond, Virginia 23201. This is a reprint. For subscription information, contact: The Southside Virginian, P.O. Box 3684, Richmond, VA ' 23235. I FROM THE EDITORS The Southside Virginian is a genealogical quarterly devoted to to research in the counties of Southside Virginia, including the counties of Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Southampton, Surry, Sussex, Prince George, Chesterfield, Dinwiddle, Powhatan, Greensville, Amelia, Nottoway, Brunswick, Cumberland, Prince Edward, Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Halifax, Henry, Pittsylvania. The purpose of this quarterly is to promote scholarly genealogical research in Southside Virginia by making available to its subscribers transcriptions and abstracts of county, church, and cemetery records.
    [Show full text]
  • INSPECTION REPORT ST PAUL's SCHOOL for GIRLS Edgbaston
    INSPECTION REPORT ST PAUL’S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Edgbaston, Birmingham LEA area: Birmingham Unique reference number: 103531 Headteacher: Miss Angela Whelan Reporting inspector: Dr K C Thomas 3390 Dates of inspection: 20 - 23 January 2003 Inspection number: 249606 Short inspection carried out under section 10 of the School Inspections Act 1996 © Crown copyright 2003 This report may be reproduced in whole or in part for non-commercial educational purposes, provided that all extracts quoted are reproduced verbatim without adaptation and on condition that the source and date thereof are stated. Further copies of this report are obtainable from the school. Under the School Inspections Act 1996, the school must provide a copy of this report and/or its summary free of charge to certain categories of people. A charge not exceeding the full cost of reproduction may be made for any other copies supplied. INFORMATION ABOUT THE SCHOOL Type of school: Comprehensive School category: Voluntary aided Age range of pupils: 11 to 19 years Gender of pupils: Female School address: Vernon Road Edgbaston Birmingham Postcode: B16 9SL Telephone number: 0121 4540895 Fax number: 0121 4564803 Appropriate authority: The governing body Name of chair of governors: Mrs Mary Browning Date of previous inspection: 29 September 1997 St Paul’s School for Girls - 4 INFORMATION ABOUT THE INSPECTION TEAM Aspect responsibilities Team members Subject responsibilitie (sixth form) s (sixth form) 3390 Kenneth Thomas Registered Special What sort of school is it? inspector educational
    [Show full text]
  • Education on Relationships and Sexual Health
    Education on Relationships and Sexual Health A report from Overview & Scrutiny Birmingham City Council, 07 April 2009 Contents Glossary 3 Preface 4 Summary 6 Summary of Recommendations 9 1 The Review Process 12 1.1 Reasons for Review 12 1.2 Terms of Reference 12 1.3 Membership of Review Group 13 1.4 Methodology 13 2 Background 15 2.2 The Facts 15 3 What is Sex and Relationship Education (SRE)? 19 3.2 What is Taught? 20 3.3 Who is Responsible for Setting SRE Policy? 21 3.4 The Government Review of Sex and Relationship Education 22 3.5 Other Local Authorities 23 3.6 “Are You Getting It?” The UK Youth Parliament 24 3.7 Results of the Teacher SRE Survey 24 3.8 Sex and Relationship Education within Birmingham 25 4 Evidence received 29 4.1 Witnesses 29 4.2 Health Education Service (HES) 29 4.3 Looked After Children 32 4.4 School Age Parent Support Team 34 4.5 The Role of the Youth Service 35 4.6 The Governor Support Unit 37 4.7 School Governor Survey Results 37 4.8 SRE within Birmingham Schools 39 4.9 Faith Schools 41 01 Birmingham City Council, 07 April 2009 4.10 Role of External Agencies in Supporting SRE 43 4.11 The School Nursing Service 45 4.12 Young People’s Survey 46 4.13 Evaluation and Monitoring 48 5 What is Effective SRE? 50 5.2 Characteristics of Effective SRE 50 6 Findings and Recommendations 51 6.1 Action on Teenage Pregnancy 51 6.2 Focus on “Relationships” 51 6.3 Syllabus and Cultural Sensitivity 52 6.4 Role of the Health Education Service (HES) 54 6.5 Content 55 6.6 Delivery 56 6.7 Supporting Young People’s Development in Life
    [Show full text]
  • BUCKINGHAMSHIRE POSSE COMITATUS 1798 the Posse Comitatus, P
    THE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE POSSE COMITATUS 1798 The Posse Comitatus, p. 632 THE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE POSSE COMITATUS 1798 IAN F. W. BECKETT BUCKINGHAMSHIRE RECORD SOCIETY No. 22 MCMLXXXV Copyright ~,' 1985 by the Buckinghamshire Record Society ISBN 0 801198 18 8 This volume is dedicated to Professor A. C. Chibnall TYPESET BY QUADRASET LIMITED, MIDSOMER NORTON, BATH, AVON PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ANTONY ROWE LIMITED, CHIPPENHAM, WILTSHIRE FOR THE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE RECORD SOCIETY CONTENTS Acknowledgments p,'lge vi Abbreviations vi Introduction vii Tables 1 Variations in the Totals for the Buckinghamshire Posse Comitatus xxi 2 Totals for Each Hundred xxi 3-26 List of Occupations or Status xxii 27 Occupational Totals xxvi 28 The 1801 Census xxvii Note on Editorial Method xxviii Glossary xxviii THE POSSE COMITATUS 1 Appendixes 1 Surviving Partial Returns for Other Counties 363 2 A Note on Local Military Records 365 Index of Names 369 Index of Places 435 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editor gratefully acknowledges the considerable assistance of Mr Hugh Hanley and his staff at the Buckinghamshire County Record Office in the preparation of this edition of the Posse Comitatus for publication. Mr Hanley was also kind enough to make a number of valuable suggestions on the first draft of the introduction which also benefited from the ideas (albeit on their part unknowingly) of Dr J. Broad of the North East London Polytechnic and Dr D. R. Mills of the Open University whose lectures on Bucks village society at Stowe School in April 1982 proved immensely illuminating. None of the above, of course, bear any responsibility for any errors of interpretation on my part.
    [Show full text]
  • School Noticeboard
    1 School Noticeboard Edition 21: Thursday 2 March 2017 Inside this issue (click on links below): From the Director 2 Whistleblowing and Confidentiality 3 Fair Funding For All Schools: Letter from Councillor Brigid Jones 4 Local Authority Headteacher Briefings: March 2017 5 Agreed Term Dates 2018/19 5 School Safeguarding Information 5 Learning Lessons From Serious Case Reviews 6 Keeping Birmingham at the Heart of Water Safety 6 Supervision for Designated Safeguarding Leads Half Day Training 7 Early Years Noticeboard 8 EYFSP, KS1 and KS2 assessment arrangements 8 National Careers Week: 6-10 March 2017 8 CEIAG Network Meeting: Wednesday 29 March 2017 9 Paperless Invoicing To Birmingham City Council 9 Travel Assist: Applications for free bus passes 10 Teaching Awards 2017 10 Services for Education training courses 11 Link2ICT training courses 13 Free CPD: How to improve the health and wellbeing of pupils and teachers 14 Handsworth Association of Schools Open Day: 10 March 2017 15 Junior Peacemakers 15 Global Learning Network 15 Teachers’ Open Day At Black Country Living Museum 16 IT and Business Training Available 16 How to ensure technology has an impact on learning 17 2 From the Director Dear Colleagues, Hope you all had a restful and well-deserved half-term break. I am pleased to be back after succumbing to evil man ‘flu. Good to be back on the road and visiting schools again. Happy St David’s Day or Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Hapus for yesterday! The half-term week was marked by news of the departure of our Chief Executive, Mark Rogers. There has been extensive media coverage locally and nationally.
    [Show full text]
  • 2012-13-Birmingham.Pdf
    Birmingham Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education Annual Report 20122012----20132013 www.faithmakesadifference.co.uk S:A:C:R:E 2009-2010 - 1 - Contents 1. SACRE meetings 1 Full Council meetings during 2012/2013 The statutory role and responsibilities of SACRE: Functions of Officers 2. The Birmingham Agreed Syllabus 2007 Developments 2 3. Website and updates 3 4. Films and Collective Worship 4 5. GCSE Results 5 6. DVDs Supporting the Agreed Syllabus 6 7. Determinations for Collective Worship 7 8. SACRE Membership to September 2012-13 9 Committee A Committee B Committee C Committee D Co-option(s) to SACRE Officers in Attendance SACRE Working Groups 9. Appendices 11 10. Appendix 1 – Determination Application Form 12 11. Appendix 2 – SACRE Constitution 14 S:A:C:R:E 2012-2013 1.MEETINGS The statutory role and responsibilities of SACRE : Full SACRE meetings during 2012-2013 • To advise the Local Authority (LA) upon such matters connected with • 15 th October 2012 religious worship in community • 21 st November 2012 schools as the authority may refer • 13 th February 2013 to the council or as the council may • 19 th June 2013 see fit. • To advise the LA upon such SACRE membership (see appendix) matters connected with religious for the 2012/2013 municipal years was education to be given in approved by the City Council. accordance with the agreed syllabus in community schools as After 8 years of service, Guy Hordern the authority may refer to the stepped down as Chair and in May council or as the council may see 2012 Councillor Dr Barry Henley BSc fit.
    [Show full text]