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Micro-Foundations for Innovation Policy WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 2 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 1 Micro-foundations for Innovation Policy WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 2 The series ‘Verkenningen’ comprises studies commissioned by the wrr that are deemed to be of such quality and importance that their publication is desirable. Responsibility for the contents and views expressed therein remains that of the authors. Scientific Council for Government Policy (wrr) Lange Vijverberg 4-5 P.O. Box 20004 2500 EA The Haque Tel. + 31 70 356 46 00 Fax+ 31 70 356 46 85 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.wrr.nl WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 3 SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL FOR GOVERNMENT POLICY Micro-foundations for Innovation Policy B. Nooteboom and E. Stam (eds.) Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2008 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 4 Front cover illustration: Wassily Kandinsky, Offenes Grün (1923), Roethel t. 11 n0. 704, p. 658 Cover design: Studio Daniëls, Den Haag Layout: Het Steen Typografie, Maarssen isbn 978 90 5356 582 7 nur 741 / 754 © wrr / Amsterdam University Press, The Hague / Amsterdam 2008 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmit- ted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 5 contents contents Preface 11 Executive summary 13 Contributors 15 1Innovation, the economy, and policy 17 Bart Nooteboom and Erik Stam 1.1 Introduction 17 1.2 Novelty, creativity, and innovation 18 1.3 Dimensions and measures of innovation 21 1.4 Innovation and the economy 25 1.5 What markets? 28 1.6 Innovation policy 37 1.7Outline of the book 42 2Innovation and macroeconomics 53 5 Gerard de Vries 2.1 Economic growth, productivity, and innovation 53 2.1.1 Introduction: The importance of economic growth 53 2.1.2 The contribution of innovation to economic growth 53 2.1.3 The contribution of labour to economic growth 56 2.1.4 Some figures 57 2.1.5 Conclusions 58 2.2 Productivity in the eu, us, and the Netherlands 58 2.2.1 International comparison 58 2.2.2 Explaining the productivity gap between the eu and us 62 2.2.3 Dutch innovative potential from an international perspective 64 2.3 Innovation in the market economy and innovation policy in the Netherlands 65 2.3.1 Innovation in the Dutch market economy 65 2.3.2 Innovation policy in the Netherlands 66 2.4 Conclusions 68 2.4.1 The urgency of reinforcing the growth potential of the Dutch economy 68 2.4.2Macroeconomic analysis and innovation policy 69 3Learning, discovery, and collaboration 75 Bart Nooteboom 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Evolution and learning 76 3.3Cognition 80 3.4 Cycle of discovery 82 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 6 micro-foundations for innovation policy 3.5Market failures (with a vengeance) 89 3.6 Open innovation 92 3.7 Conclusions 96 4Research, higher education, and innovation 103 Gerrit Kronjee and Bart Nooteboom 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 The relationship between knowledge and innovation 103 4.2.1 Effects of knowledge generation 103 4.2.2 Science in an innovation system 105 4.2.3 Social relevance as a measure for acquisition and transfer of knowledge 108 4.3 Sources of finance 110 4.4 Research in the higher education system and innovation 111 4.4.1 Financing university research 111 4.4.2 Effect of the structure of education 113 4.4.3Quality measurement of research and research policy 115 4.4.4 Programming and funding research in higher education 115 4.5 Research in the business sector and innovation 118 6 4.5.1 Fundamental research, the business community, and innovation 118 4.5.2 Sources of knowledge work 120 4.6 Specific innovative attempts in knowledge policy 121 4.6.1 European policy 121 4.6.2 Creation of technologically leading institutes (ttis) 122 4.6.3 Stimulating the immigration of knowledge workers 123 4.7 A policy recommendation: Promoting the generation and utilisation of knowledge in ‘third spaces’ 125 4.7.1 Basic assumptions 125 4.7.2A recommendation of ‘third spaces’ 126 4.8 Conclusions 129 5Entrepreneurship and innovation 135 Erik Stam 5.1 Entrepreneurship and innovation 135 5.1.1 Entrepreneurship defined 135 5.1.2 Entrepreneurial opportunities 137 5.1.3 Entrepreneurship as an organisational product 139 5.2 Entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth 140 5.2.1 Knowledge spillovers 141 5.2.2 Experimentation 143 5.2.3 Decentralisation 143 5.2.4 Competition 144 5.2.5 Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Empirical evidence 145 5.3 Entrepreneurship in the Netherlands 147 5.3.1 International comparison 147 5.3.2 Entrepreneurship in the Netherlands over time 150 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 7 contents 5.3.3 Entrepreneurship and innovation in the Netherlands: Summary 154 5.4 Entrepreneurship and innovation policy 154 5.4.1 New firm formation 156 5.4.2 Technology start-ups 156 5.4.3 Spin-offs and corporate venturing 158 5.4.4 High growth start-ups 160 5.5 Summary 161 6Barriers to innovation 173 Leo van der Geest and Lars Heuts 6.1 Introduction 173 6.1.1Economic and political losers 174 6.1.2 Market failures and coordination problems 175 6.1.3 Counterproductive policy 176 6.1.4 Case studies 176 6.2 Blowing in the wind 177 6.2.1 Netherlands must become a front runner 177 6.2.2 Obstacles to wind energy 178 6.2.3Political windiness 180 6.2.4 Conclusion 181 7 6.3Waiting for the bus 182 6.3.1Advantages of the Whisper 182 6.3.2 Bus stop 182 6.3.3Obstacles for the Whisper 183 6.3.4 Conclusion 184 6.4 Virtual patient 185 6.4.1 Advantages of the epd 185 6.4.2 Delayed progress 185 6.4.3 Obstacles for the epd 186 6.4.4 Conclusion 190 6.5 Energy neutral houses 190 6.5.1 From recycling house to energy neutral house 191 6.5.2 Advantages of an energy neutral house 191 6.5.3 Obstacles to energy neutral houses 191 6.5.4 Energetic authorities? 192 6.5.5 Conclusion 194 6.6 General conclusion 194 7Collaboration, trust, and the structure of relationships 199 Bart Nooteboom 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Trust in whom and what? 200 7.3 Trust and control 201 7.4 Conditions and the role of government 204 7.5Transparency and trust 207 7.6 Trust and network structure 210 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 8 micro-foundations for innovation policy 7.7 Conclusions 213 8Innovation and organisation 219 Bart Nooteboom and Robert Went 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2Deployment of people and the organisation of work 221 8.3 Ambidextrous organisation 225 8.4 Platforms 231 8.5 Innovation by lead users 233 8.6 Open source communities 235 8.7 Innovation in government services 239 8.8 Conclusions 242 9Innovation and creativity in organisations: individual and work team research findings and implications for government policy 249 Neil R. Anderson and Rosina M. Gasteiger 9.1 Introductory comments 249 9.2Defining innovation at work 250 9.3 Antecedents and facilitators of innovation 251 8 9.3.1 Individual-level antecedent factors: Individual and job characteristics 253 9.3.2 Work group level antecedent factors 257 9.4 The process of innovation 258 9.5 Conclusions 262 10 Inter-organisational networks and innovation 273 Marius T.H. Meeus, Leon A.G. Oerlemans, Patrick Kenis 10.1 Introduction 273 10.2 The importance of cooperation for innovation: Some empirical underpinnings 273 10.3 A framework linking innovation policy to effects of networks on innovation 275 10.4 The literature review 280 10.4.1 Method of literature review 280 10.4.2 Findings: Networks of inter-organisational relations and innovation 282 10.4.3 Summary: Main findings in the literature 291 10.5 Innovation policy and networks: The policy section 297 10.6 Some concluding remarks 304 11 Regional innovation policy 315 Ron Boschma 11.1 Introduction 315 11.2 Variety and regional development 316 11.3 System failures as basis for regional innovation policy 325 11.4 How to design regional innovation policy? 327 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 9 contents 11.5 Policy options 331 11.6 Conclusions 333 12 Conclusions for innovation policy: Opening in fours 343 Bart Nooteboom and Erik Stam 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Perspectives 344 12.3 Targeted industrial policies 347 12.4 Failures of governments, markets, and systems 350 12.4.1 Government failures 350 12.4.2 Market failures 352 12.4.3 System failures 354 12.5 Generation and utilisation of knowledge 356 12.5.1 Valorisation 356 12.5.2 Funding university research 358 12.6 Entrepreneurship 359 12.7 Organisation 361 12.8 Networks and regions 362 9 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 10 micro-foundations for innovation policy 10 WRR Verkenningen 18 - 3 07-04-2008 13:08 Pagina 11 preface preface This edited volume serves as a background study for the wrr (Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy) advice on innovation policy in the Netherlands.
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