Parenting and Childrearing: An Overview In addition to individual reunions with their loved Science Institute, vol. 18, pp. 175–180. Nashville, ones, Union soldiers were also welcomed home by the TN: Fisk University, 1945. nation as a whole in the first mass victory parade in Jackson, Maria. Interview recorded December 13, 1938. the country’s history. Known as the Grand Review of In The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, the Armies, it took place on two successive days, May 23 edited by George P. Rawick, Suppl. Series 2, vol. 1, and 24, 1865, in Washington. On the first day, 80,000 pp. 267–274. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, infantrymen from General Meade’s Army of the Poto- 1972–1979. mac marched down Pennsylvania Avenue twelve abreast, Lee, Robert E. Letter to his daughter, December 25, along with pieces of artillery and a seven-mile-long line 1861. Available online at http://www.stratford of cavalrymen. On the second day, 65,000 men from hall.org/decdoc/letter.html. General Sherman’s Army of Georgia passed in review, the Phelps, Elizabeth S. The Gates Ajar. Boston: Fields, infantrymen followed by the medical corps and civilians— Osgood, & Co., 1868. black families who had escaped from slavery. Within a week Pindar, A. ‘‘Goober Peas.’’ New Orleans: A. E. both armies were officially disbanded. The Grand Review Blackmar, 1866 [sheet music]. A MIDI file is was so moving to the participants, however, that it was available at http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/lyrics/ repeated by 40,000 surviving veterans 50 years later—in gooberp.htm. 1915, when Europe was in the midst of a new war that the Root, George F. ‘‘Just before the Battle, Mother.’’ Text United States would enter within two years (New York in the public domain. A MIDI file is available at Times, August 16, 1915). http://civilwarpoetry.org/union/songs/ justbefore.html. BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘‘To Repeat Grand Review: 40,000 Veterans of Civil Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American War Will March on Fiftieth Anniversary.’’ New York People. New Haven and London: Yale University Times, August 16, 1915, p. 10. Press, 1973. de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America, tr. Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. George Lawrence, ed. J. P. Mayer. New York: Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. Doubleday, 1969 [1835]. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Wiggin, Kate Douglas. Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. Commitment in American Life. Berkeley, CA: Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin & Co., University of California Press, 1985. 1903. Carter, Paul A. The Spiritual Crisis of the Gilded Age. Rebecca J. Frey DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1971. Chesnut, Mary Boykin Miller. A Diary from Dixie, edited by Isabella D. Martin and Myrta Lockett n Parenting and Childrearing Avery. New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1905. de Cre`vecoeur, J. Hector St. John. Letters from an PARENTING AND CHILDREARING: American Farmer. New York: Penguin Books, 1981 AN OVERVIEW [1782]. Debra Newman Ham Durham, Tempe Herndon. Interview in Slave MOTHERHOOD Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United Jenny Lagergren States from Interviews with Former Slaves: FATHERHOOD Typewritten Records . , vol. 14, pp. 284–290 Adam J. Pratt Washington, DC: Federal Writers’ Project, 1941. Gable, Christopher R. Railroad Generalship: CHILDREN AND CHILDREARING Foundations of Civil War Strategy. Fort Megan Birk Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and EXTENDED FAMILY General Staff College, 1997. Debra Newman Ham Gilmore, Patrick. ‘‘When Johnny Comes Marching Home.’’ Boston: Henry Tolman, 1863 [sheet PARENTING AND CHILDREARING: music]. A MIDI file is available at http:// AN OVERVIEW kids.niehs.nih.gov/lyrics/johnny.htm. Grant, Ulysses S. Letters of Ulysses S. Grant to His Father In addition to their horror over the tragic cessation of and His Youngest Sister, 1857–78, edited by Jesse young lives, Civil War parents had to face increased Grant Cramer. New York: Putnam, 1912. difficulty in every type of childrearing role. Many young Holmes [no first name given]. The Unwritten History of people had to take on adult roles years before they were Slavery: Autobiographical Accounts of Negro ready. Parents watched as hundreds of thousands of Ex-Slaves. Interview in Fisk University Social teenage sons went off to war with Union or Confederate GALE LIBRARY OF DAILY LIFE: AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 135 Parenting and Childrearing: An Overview troops. Far more deadly than guns and mortar were the Josiah. She wrote, ‘‘I know our cause is worthy of every diseases that fell eleven of every twelve who died in the and any sacrifice . but I am not mistress of my fears.’’ military camps. In the southern war theaters, Confeder- Another schoolgirl diary once more points to a loss ate parents tried to protect their children from Union of youth and growing bitterness because of the violence soldiers and armaments, as well as from the ravages of a and changes around her. Kept by sixteen-year-old Alice devastated economy, while more than five thousand Williamson in 1864 in Gallatin, Tennessee, and held by members of the enslaved population dubbed ‘‘contra- the Atlanta History Center, the thirty-six page diary band of war’’ sought means to escape with their children describes the violent occupation of the area by Union to the Union lines. The wives and children of men who forces led by General Eleazar A. Paine and details her joined the United States Colored Troops, especially disgust of Union sympathizers, African American sol- from the border states, sometimes had to face the wrath diers, and ambitious contrabands who also wanted to of their owners against themselves and their offspring. In be educated. It is obvious that Williamson’s parents were both the border and southern states, some whites trying to keep her in school, but by the time that her attempted to kidnap, sell, or illegally apprentice African journal closes, the school has shut down and she spec- American children so that they could retain them as ulates that her teacher is going to teach the contrabands. unpaid laborers. Families themselves fought for custody Williamson accuses General Paine of a number of atroc- of orphans or struggled through separation and custody ities. She stated that on March 11, Paine battles, and almost all parents wanted their children to went up the country a few miles to a Mr. Dalton’s be educated. whose son came home from the Southern Army the day before and had the same day taken the Amnesty Diaries and Reminiscences Oath. Riding up to the door he enquired of Mr. A ten-year-old girl, Carrie Berry, whose diary is at the Dalton if his son was at home but before he Atlanta History Center, vividly captured the horrors and answered his son came to the door. Old Nick then told him to get his horse and go with him. After complexities of the war experience for childrearing. The insulting the father he carried his son a half mile away child’s diary clearly shows that her mother was attempt- and shot him six times. Bidden to rise and go home, ing to train her in household tasks and send her to the young man has never been heard of since. (Alice school and church, in spite of the violence near their Williamson Diary) home. It was impossible for her mother or father to return her home to normalcy amidst the warfare sur- This account is most likely untrue because the gen- rounding them. Young Carrie explained that on Mon- eral would almost certainly have had an enlisted man day, August 1, 1864, she had to care for her younger shoot him, if he had wanted him shot. sister ‘‘but before night we had to run to the cellar’’ for On June 5, Williamson reported that ‘‘the Tennes- cover during an assault. She later reported, ‘‘We did not seans set fire to the contraband school.’’ By June 10, she is feel safe in our cellar because the shells fell so thick and relating that fast.’’ She stated that they could ‘‘hear the canons and The country is overrun with Yanks: they are muskets very plane [sic], but the shells we dread. One camped in the woods in front of us and have has busted under the dining room which frightened us already paid us several visits killed sheep, goats very much. One passed through the smoke-house and a and chickens Our new yankees are very neigh- piece hit the top of the house and fell through but we borly. They come over to see us every few minutes were at Auntie Markham’s, so none of us were hurt. We in the day. Some came today and demanded their stay very close in the cellar when they are shelling.’’ dinner at two o’clock but did not get it. They Wednesday, August 3, was Carrie’s birthday. She wrote, went off cursing us for being d__n rebels. ‘‘I was ten years old, But I did not have a cake times were On September 16, she lamented, ‘‘Todays paper too hard so I celebrated with ironing. I hope by my next brings sad news, Atlanta has certainly been taken: Sher- birthday we will have peace in our land so that I can have man has ordered every man, woman and child from that a nice dinner’’ (Carrie Berry Diary, August 1, 1864– place. .’’ (Alice Williamson Diary). January 4, 1865). In her 2000 article ‘‘‘Of Necessity and Public Benefit’, An African American Perspective Southern Families and their Appeals for Protection,’’ Amy Susie King Taylor was a teen, a wife, a mother, a laundress E. Murrell looks at letters from a South Carolina woman and a nurse during the Civil War.