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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Untersuchungen zur Pfadfinderbewegung in Österreich und Frankreich Cornelia Oberndorfer angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 190 347 299 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Lehramt UF Französisch UF Psychologie/Philosophie Betreuer: o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz An dieser Stelle möchte ich einigen Personen, die mir im letzten Jahr des intensiven Arbeitens an meiner Diplomarbeit eine Unterstützung waren, meinen Dank aussprechen. Besonderer Dank gilt meinem Betreuer o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Georg Kremnitz, der mir bei Fragen hinsichtlich des korrekten wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens sowie bei Fragen zu meinem Thema zur Seite stand. Ich möchte weiters den österreichischen und französische Pfadfinderverbänden, sowie dem österreichischen Institut für Pfadfindergeschichte danken, welche mir durch ihre Kommunikationsbereitschaft und die Bereitstellung verschiedener Dokumente die Recherchearbeiten wesentlich erleichterten. Weiters danke ich meiner Familie und meinen Freunden für ihre Unterstützung. Mein Dank gilt an dieser Stelle auch Alexandra Kleibl und Iris Klozyk für ihre Unterstützung und Motivation. Bedanken möchte ich mich besonders bei Iris Meyer, die mir während der Arbeit an meiner Diplomarbeit und während des ganzen Studiums nicht nur als Studienkollegin sondern auch als Freundin zur Seite stand. Im Allgemeinen möchte ich allen danken, die mich im Laufe des letzten Jahres unterstützend begleitet haben. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung........................................................................................ 1 2. Allgemeines zur Pfadfinderbewegung................................................... 3 2.1. Der Gründer der Pfadfinderbewegung............................................... 3 2.2. Die Gründungszeit der Pfadfinderbewegung....................................... 8 2.3. Die Pfadfinderbewegung von heute................................................... 13 2.3.1. Aufbau und Struktur der Pfadfinderbewegung.................................. 14 2.3.2. Definition der Pfadfinderbewegung................................................. 16 2.3.3. Ziele der Pfadfinderbewegung....................................................... 17 2.3.4. Die Methode der Pfadfinderbewegung............................................. 20 2.3.4.1. Lernen pfadfinderischer Werte.................................................... 21 2.3.4.2. Lernen durch pfadfinderische Erfahrung....................................... 24 2.3.4.3. Lernen in Kleingruppen.............................................................. 29 2.3.4.4. Lernen eines natürlichen und naturverbundenen Lebens................ 34 2.3.4.5. Internationales Lernen.............................................................. 36 2.3.5. Inhalte der Pfadfinderbewegung.................................................... 37 3. Die Pfadfinderbewegung in Österreich und Frankreich............................ 39 3.1. Wesen und Struktur der Pfadfinderbewegung in Österreich und Frankreich............................................................ 39 3.1.1. Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs (PPÖ)............................ 39 3.1.2. Le Scoutisme Français (SF)........................................................... 46 3.1.2.1. Les Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs de France (EEdF).............................. 49 3.1.2.2. Les Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs Israélites de France (EEIF)................ 53 3.1.2.3. Les Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs Unionistes de France (EEUdF)............. 55 3.1.2.4. Les Scouts et Guides de France (SGdF)........................................ 57 3.1.2.5. Les Scouts Musulmans de France (SMF)....................................... 61 3.1.3. Vergleich der österreichischen und französischen Pfadfinderverbände.. 64 3.2. Gründung und Entstehung der Pfadfinderbewegung in Österreich und Frankreich............................................................ 67 3.2.1. Geschichte der Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs................ 67 3.2.1.1. Wegbereiter und erste Ansätze pfadfinderischer Erziehung............. 67 3.2.1.2. Österreichs Versuch einer ersten Pfadfindergruppe (1910).............. 70 3.2.1.3. Die Entstehung des ersten Pfadfinderkorps (1911 – 1913).............. 71 3.2.1.4. Der österreichische Pfadfinderbund (1914 – 1930)........................ 74 3.2.1.5. Die Pfadfinderbewegung in der Zeit um und während des 2. Weltkriegs (1930 – 1945)...................................................... 76 3.2.1.6. Pfadfinder Österreichs (1945 – 1976).......................................... 79 3.2.1.7. Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs (1976 – 2010)............. 82 3.2.2. Geschichte der Pfadfinderverbände Frankreichs............................... 84 3.2.2.1. Die Protagonisten im Aufbau des französischen Pfadfindertums (1910 – 1911).......................................................................... 84 3.2.2.2. Der misslungene Versuche der „Ligue d'éducation nationale“ (1911 – 1920).......................................................................... 87 3.2.2.3. Die katholische Kirche und ihre Beziehung zu den Pfadfindern (1920 – 1960).......................................................................... 90 3.2.2.4. Der Dachverband „Scoutisme Français“ (1940 - 1960)................... 93 3.2.2.5. Pädagogische Erneuerungen in den Verbänden des „Scoutisme Francais“ (1960 – 2010)........................................... 96 3.2.3. Vergleich der österreichischen und französischen Pfadfindergeschichte 99 3.3. Pädagogische Projekte der Pfadfinderverbände in Österreich und Frankreich...............................................................................101 3.3.1. Pädagogisches Projekt der PPÖ......................................................102 3.3.1.1. Die acht Schwerpunkt und die Erziehungsziele der WOSM..............102 3.3.1.2. Stufenziele der PPÖ...................................................................103 3.3.1.3. Pfadfinderische Methoden und Inhalte der PPÖ.............................107 3.3.2. Pädagogische Projekte der Verbände des „Scoutisme Français“..........110 3.3.2.1. Pädagogisches Projekt der EEdF..................................................110 3.3.2.2. Pädagogisches Projekt der EEIF..................................................115 3.3.2.3. Pädagogisches Projekt der EEUdF................................................118 3.3.2.4. Pädagogisches Projekt der SGdF................................................. 122 3.3.2.4. Pädagogisches Projekt der SMF...................................................128 3.3.3. Vergleich der pädagogischen Projekte.............................................131 4. Schluss............................................................................................132 5. Résumé en français...........................................................................137 6. Literaturverzeichnis...........................................................................152 7. Abbildungsverzeichnis........................................................................162 8. Abkürzungsverzeichnis......................................................................165 Anhang ..............................................................................................166 Lebenslauf........................................................................................... 174 1. Einleitung Seit meiner Kindheit widme ich einen großen Teil meiner Freizeit der Pfadfinder- bewegung. Mit sieben Jahren begann ich als Wichtel in der Pfadfindergruppe Laa/ Thaya und durchlief in den Jahren danach die darauf folgenden Altersstufen. Ungefähr vor sieben Jahren habe ich begonnen mich selbst in der Pfadfindergruppe zu engagieren, absolvierte Ausbildungsseminare in den Stufen d e r Guides/Späher und Caravelles/Explorer und leite seither eine Gruppe von Mädchen im Alter von 10 bis 14 Jahren. Als ich im Rahmen meines Studiums ein Auslandssemester in Nizza absolvierte, beschschloss ich für mich, den Schwerpunkt Weltweite Verbundenheit zu leben und Kontakt mit einer französischen Pfadfindergruppe aufzunehmen. Mit offenen Armen wurde ich in der Gruppe 3ème Nice St. Michel, einer Gruppe der Scouts et Guides de France aufgenommen und betreute fortan für die Dauer meines Aufenthaltes eine Gruppe von Jugendlichen im Alter von 14 bis 17 Jahren. Auf diesem Wege gewann ich während meines Auslandssemesters nicht nur viele neue Freunde und Freundinnen, sondern lernte auch die französische Pfadfinderbewegung kennen, was mich bemerken ließ, dass es sowohl viele Parallelen aber auch einige große Unterschiede zwischen den französischen Pfadfindern und den Pfadfindern in Österreich gibt. Basierend auf der Frage nach den Parallelen und Unterschieden hinsichtlich Struktur, Entstehung und Pädagogik zwischen den französischen und österreichischen Pfadfinderverbänden entschloss ich mich also zu dieser Arbeit. Diese Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei wesentliche Teile. Während der erste Teil allgemeine Informationen über die Pfadfinderbewegung gibt, behandelt der zweite Teil die Pfadfinderbewegung im Speziellen in den Ländern Österreich und Frankreich. Im zweiten allgemein gehaltenen Kapitel der Arbeit werden zunächst Gründer und Gründungsgeschichte der Pfadfinderbewegung betrachtet. Darauf folgt eine Beschreibung der Pfadfinderbewegung aus aktueller Sicht. Neben Mitgliederzahlen und der Darstellung der Organisationsformen gibt dieses Kapitel aber auch eine Wesensbestimmung der Pfadfinderbewegung, die
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