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Collezionar. Minchiate Origini E Datazione Del Gioco Dei Germini O Minchiate Fiorentine

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Collezionar. Minchiate Origini E Datazione Del Gioco Dei Germini O Minchiate Fiorentine Collezionar. minchiate Origini e datazione del gioco dei Germini o Minchiate fiorentine GIORDANO BERTI uello conosciuto co­ me Germini, o Min­ Qchiat e fiorentine, è dei giochi più affa­ uno scinanti che siano mai stati ideati. Le sue origini risalgono all'età rinascimentale ed è stato a lungo praticato nell'a­ rea geografica compresa fra l'Emilia e il Lazio, alla corte di Parigi, in qualche circolo vien­ nese e, con qualche variante, in Liguria e in Sicilia. Poi, sul finire dell'Ottocento, le Min­ chiate sono finite nel "riposti­ glio dei giochi vecchi", sop­ piantate da altri giochi rispon­ denti alle mode dell'epoca. Negli ultimi anni l'interesse nei confronti di queste carte si è risvegliato, grazie ad impor­ tanti mostre e alla ristampa di alcuni di mazzi. È così comin­ ciata la ricerca dei "pezzi origi­ 21 Trionfi dei tarocchi (la fra quelli permessi compare ché le opinioni si scontrano e nali" da parte dei collezionisti Papessa è stata eliminata), i anche il giuocho delle minchia- si confrontano con i più anti­ e degli studiosi che allo stesso Germini comprendono 12 te. Pare che in una lettera del chi frammenti di mazzi giunti tempo hanno approfondito le segni zodiacali, 4 elementi, 3 1466 indirizzata a Lorenzo il sino ai nostri giorni. E preci­ indagini storiche. virtù teologali e la Prudenza, Magnifico dal poeta fiorenti­ samente: che completa la serie delle no Luigi Pulci si accennasse 1) i Fogli Rosenwald (fine sec. UN MAZZO INCONSUETO virtù cardinali. alle Minchiate giocate a Fi­ XV); tre fogli intonsi conser­ Le Minchiate fiorentine sono Si ignora il momento e il luo­ renze, ma perso il manoscritto vati presso la National Gallery una variante del gioco dei go esatto in cui venne prodot­ originale non è possibile la of Art di Washington. Trionfi, i tarocchi tradizionali. to il primo mazzo di carte con verifica di... esattezza della ci­ 2) i Germini di Leinfelden Il mazzo è composto da 97 tali caratteristiche. Si sa che in tazione. Il gioco delle Min­ (metà sec. XVII); un foglio carte: 56 a semi italiani (Cop­ una "provvisione" del Comu­ chiate, dunque, sarebbe stato conservato allo Spielkarten pe, Denari, Spade, Bastoni) e ne di Firenze del 1477, insie­ praticato già nel Quattro­ Museum di Leinfelden (che 41 Trionfi, distinti con nume­ me con il giuocho de triomphj cento, ma non tutti i pareri possiede anche la copia di ri romani. In sostanza, oltre a ed altri passatempi popolari, degli storici concordano, poi­ uno dei tre Fogli Rosenwald). Carte da gioco 3) i Germini di Ronciglione chiare" -comune tra i giocato­ Nel corso del XVI secolo le nella pagina precedente, (fine sec. XVI); due fogli, ri bolognesi di tarocchi- ven­ Minchiate vengono spesso da sinistra: oggi in possesso di collezioni­ ga usato dal giocatore "di ma­ chiamate Germini; i due no­ La Luna sti privati ma in origine con­ no" per chiedere al suo com­ mi compaiono come sinoni­ dalle Minchiate mitologiche tenuti in un volume dell'Ar­ pagno di giocare il trionfo mi nel dizionario italiano/in­ di François de Poilly, chivio Notarile di Ronciglio­ più alto, e di restituire un glese di John Florio, A World Parigi, ca. 1730 ne, presso Viterbo. trionfo se fa la presa. o/Wordes (Londra, 1598) così (Parigi: Bibliothèque Nationale) Secondo Giuliana Algeri, i In sintesi, le Minchiate fio­ i due termini sono utilizzati Fogli Rosenwald sarebbero rentine sarebbero state inven­ indifferentemente ne Le Carte Bacco una rara sopravvivenza dei tate a Firenze agli inizi del parlanti (Venezia, 1543), una dalle Minchiate mitologiche tarocchi popolari ferraresi Cinquecento sulla base dei satira del "diabolico" Pietro di François de Poilly, mentre, secondo Michael Tarocchi bolognesi; ma il Aretino (1492-1556). Secon­ Parigi, ca. 1730 Dummett, alcuni elementi condizionale è d'obbligo. do alcuni storici, Germini è (Parigi: Bibliothèque Nationale) da sinistra: Leocentauro di Denari dalle Minchiate "Etruria ", Firenze, inizi sec. XIX Il Carro dalle Minchiate neoclassiche nelle pagine seguenti: Minchiate istoriche "A.M.R." Firenze, 1725 (Parigi: Bibliothèque Nationale) simbolici e iconografici, ma NE1 LE OPERE LETTERARIE probabilmente una defor­ della Città di Fiorenza, l'u­ soprattutto l'ordine delle carte, Il più antico riferimento cin­ mazione di Gemini, ossia nico esempio conosciuto di evidenziano la comunanza quecentesco al gioco delle Gemelli, la carta più alta nel­ Minchiate appropriate con delle Minchiate con la tradi­ Minchiate è contenuto nel la sequenza dei segni zodia­ cui l'autore utilizzò -secon­ zione bolognese, a cui si sareb­ Capitolo del Gioco della Pri­ cali. do un'usanza largamente bero ispirati i fabbricanti fio­ miera (Roma, 1526), una C'è pure chi ammette un diffusa con i tarocchi- i tri­ rentini. Non si può negare la scanzonata parodia letteraria, gioco di parole realizzato per onfi numerati per "cantare connotazione indecorosa delle composta dal poeta fiorentino assonanza con il latino ger­ le doti" di famose prostitute Minchiate: l'etimologia riman­ Francesco Berni (ca. 1497- mino: i trionfi aggiunti sareb­ fiorentine. Di Germini e da al membro virile, volgar­ 1535) per esaltare il gioco bero "germogliati" sul mazzo Minchiate parlano numerosi mente "minchia", da cui deriva della primiera, un antenato preesistente. poeti e letterati dei secoli un'infinità di sostantivi, agget­ del poker, e per denigrare, al­ E ancora: nel 1553 fu stam­ XVI e XVIII. Un parziale tivi e verbi comunemente usati lo stesso tempo, tutti gli altri pato a Firenze un anonimo elenco è stato stilato da S. nel Rinascimento e si annota giochi, compresi Tarocchi e poemetto in rima: / Germi­ Battaglia nel Grande Dizio­ ancora come il termine "smin- Minchiate. ni, sopra quaranta meretrici nario della Lingua Italiana. STORIA FISCALE Per la datazione dei mazzi di Minchiate non ci si può basa­ re unicamente sulle figure, poiché, data l'abitudine degli stampatori di tramandare di generazione in generazione le matrici xilografiche, oppure di cederle ad altri che, spesso, non si curavano neppure di modificare il retro della carta, l'epoca e il luogo di stampa di un mazzo sono sempre im­ precisi. Ma conoscendo le leggi fiscali e basandosi sui bolli che venivano posti obbligatoriamente su una carta prestabilita il mazzo si precisa puntualmente, salvo che, come talvolta poteva avvenire, il fabbricante non avesse deciso di... "evadere il fisco". La storia fiscale delle carte toscane comincia il 3 dicem­ bre 1619 quando l'ammini­ decretò una tassa sulla fabbri­ sione presentava: il bollo Nessun documento dell'ulti­ strazione medicea -al pari cazione e la vendita delle carte fiscale del Granducato di mo quarto del Settecento degli altri stati italiani coevi- da gioco, imponendo l'appo­ Toscana con la data di emis­ prova l'esistenza di una legi­ sizione di un sione e il nome del concessio­ slazione specifica relativa alla bollo stampato nario della privativa, e il dise­ produzione di carte a semi su una precisa gno del bollo del concessiona­ italiani, di Minchiate e di carta del maz­ rio, con la specificazione della Tarocchi. E' possibile quindi zo. L'esazione carta dei diversi tipi di mazzo che per un certo periodo sia sistematica delle -che doveva poi essere firmata restato in vigore lo stesso tasse sulle carte dallo stesso- sulla quale il bollo. cominciò solo bollo doveva essere posto. Dal II Granducato di Toscana, intorno al 1636, 1636 in poi si conoscono retto dal 1790 da Ferdinando affidando a un quasi tutti i concessionari III di Lorena (1769-1824) della privativa, con i loro venne trasformato nel 1801, "accessori". A partire dal 1 da Napoleone Bonaparte, nel gennaio 1781, sotto il Regno d'Etruria e affidato a Granduca "illuminato" Pietro Ludovico I di Borbone-Par­ Leopoldo di Lorena, il siste­ ma (1773-1803). Senza dub­ ma della privativa fu abolito e bio la nuova amministrazione l'amministrazione granducale realizzò un nuovo bollo fisca­ assunse il controllo diretto le, ma è noto solo quello in­ della raccolta delle tasse. Il trodotto il 24 maggio 1806 nuovo bollo fiscale consisteva che consisteva in un ottagono nel monogramma A.G. (cioè irregolare con al centro uno Amministrazione Granduca­ scudo incoronato partito in le) contornato dalla scritta due campi: a sinistra tre gigli BOLLO DELLE CARTE DI borbonici, a destra le sei palle TOSCANA. medicee; all'esterno dello 1631-1636 ? Borghigiani ? 1636-1640 Fortuna Lorenzo Neri 2 di Bastoni 1641-1645 Nave Jacopo di Cosimo Pavonazzi XXVI Scorpione e Francesco di Piero Borghigiani 1645-1649 ? Michele Landi e (?) Calici ? 1649-1654 ? Vandi, Borghigiani e Luti ? 1654-1656 Atlante Santi di Alessandro Molinelli (in subappalto ? a Giambattista da Trapani per Livorno) 1656-1658 Cervo e bottiglia blu sullo sfondo ornato con Giovanni Maria di Vittorio Calvani & XXIV Libra Pasquino di Antonio Donnini (a Firenze) fogliame 1656-1659 Leone rampante, con una pigna e una lettera ebraica Isach di Abram Lucena (a Livorno e Pisa) XVII Prudenza 1658-1663 ? Poggi e Resmini ? 1663-1668 ? Poggi e Saccatelli ? 1668-1673 ? Antonio Rossi XXVIII Sagittario 1673-1678 Leone rampante con un giglio Cristofano Afieri XXVI Scorpione 1678-1682 Cavallo marino con Cupido sullo sfondo e Giovan Domenico Molinelli XXXII Acquario monogramma SA. 1682-1687 Monogramma AP. Andrea Porri XXXCancer 1687-1692 idem idem idem eccetto III Papa 1692-1697 idem idem idem eccetto 0 Matto 1697-1701 Monogrammi A.P. e G.F.M. chiusi in una stella Andrea Porri & XXXI1 Acquario Giovan Francesco di Santi Molinelli 1702-1706 idem Andrea Porri & Giovan Francesco Molinelli XXIV Bilancia 1707-1711 Monogramma G.F.M. assieme a un Leone Giovan Francesco Molinelli XXXJ Pesci 1712-1716 idem idem XXXCancer 1717-1721 idem idem idem 1722-1726 Monogramma A.G.M. tra due leoni chiusi Anton Giuseppe Molinelli XXXI1 Acquario entro un giglio 1727-1731 idem idem idem eccetto II Imperatrice 1732-1736 idem Giovanni Francesco Gastone Molinelli e XXXII Acquario Pietro Xaverio Molinelli 1737-1741 Monogramma G.D.M.
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