STUDY OF THE CRETACEOUS FOSSIL INSECTS OF CHINA BY
C. PING Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China, Nanking; and Fan Memorial I nstitute of Biology, Peking.
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INTRODUCTION The Cretaceous insect" of China are very little known. To study their tax onomy and distribution involves a threefold interest: First, during the Mesozoic era the Asiatic continent was larger than it is today according to the geologists, so the part of the continent, where China is today, may be expected to have a very rich insect fauna; secondly, as few fossil insects of the Mesozoic era described by former workers were from other regions of Eastern Asia than from China proper, namely Siberia, and Turkestan, it is interesting to note how much relationship existed among these insects distributed in the different regions on this part of the continent; thirdly, Mesozoic insects as a whole have not been so much studied as those of other eras, any so addi tion to such knowledge is considered to be of interest. Former authors like Brauer, Redtenbacher and Ganglbauer have described a number of fossil insects belonging to the Middle Jurassic period from the Ust Balei Basin in the Irkutsk region: of Orthoptera, Paraple1f,rites gracilis, Pesudohumbertiella grandis; of Blattoidea, Ophismoblatta sibirica, O. macl-tlata; of Coleoptera, Trinarcho pais czekanowskii, C arab lcera prisca; of Per laria, M esonemoura maaki, M esoleutra gracilis. PLatyperia platypoda; of Odonata, Palmophlebia syntestoides, Samar1-tra gigantia, S. minor, S. pulla, S. augustata, S. r01mdata; of Plectoptera, Mesobaetis sibirica, M esoneta antiqua (both of nymph stage); of Panorpatae, AI esopanorpa har tungi; of Diptera, ill[ esopsychoda dasyptera, N ematocera. From the same re~ion Hand lirsch described three Coleopterous insects: Dogeria sibir£ca, M emptus braueri, 111. redtenbacheri; and Oppenheim described two: Phragmatoecites damesi and PaLfe cossus jurassicus. (r) 5 (r) 6 P almontologia 5 inica 5er. B.
Martynov in a recent paper described thirteen beetles discovered in Jurassic slates in Eastern Karatau, Turkestan; Carabopteron pttnctato-lineatum, Carabopteron punctatum, !v! esocupes primitivtts, M esodascilla jakobsoni, Semenoviola obliquo-trttn cata, T erstts crassicornis, Lithostoma expansttm, N itidulina eclavata, N ecromera baekmanni, Parandreki" parvula, A rchmorrhynchus tenuicornis, Ettmolpites jurassicus. From probably Lower Cretaceous beds in different localities of Eastern Siberia a few insects have been recorded by Reis. These are: Ephemeropsis orienta/is Eichward and Phacelobranchus braueri Handl. from Turga; E. trisetalis Eichw. from Towega River, Nertschink; E. orientalis Eichw. from Konduyewskaya on the Turga in Nertschink; E. 1niddendorji Hand1. from Byrka; Carabid (gen. & sp. ?), Phryganid (gen. & sp. ?), Libellulid (gen. & sp. ?), from the deposits on the Witim River. In addition to the above, Heer records Elateroides sibiricus Heer. Cockerell is of the opinion that the above mentioned four species of fossil Mayflies described by Eichwald and Handlirsch are all synonymous. Very recently the Lower Cretaceous insects of China have been studied by Grabau and Cockerell. The former author described four species from the shales of Laiyang, Shantung. which are Sinoblatta laiyangensis, Laiyangta paradoxijormis, Pro teroscarabmus yeni, and Samarura gregaria, and the latter author recorded the following insects from Mongolia: Ephemeropsis trisetatis Eichwald, E. malanurus Cockerell. (?) Cymatophlebia mongolica Cock., Chironomopsisgobiensis Corck., Coleoptera (gen. & sp. 7). The specimens which I have studied and described in this paper were collected by the Staff of the Geological Survey, Peking, from two regions in China. Those from Laiyang, Shantung, were collected by Mr. H. C. Tan and Mr. H. S. Wang and those from Pei-piao, Jehol, were collected by Dr. W.H \Vong and Mr. H.C. Tan, and two specimens of Ephemeropsis by Pere Teilhard du Chardin. These two localities as well as those from where the above enumerated insects have been described and recorded I have indicated in the following map in order to show their distribution in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods. Opportunities for finding things new in the insect fauna of the Lower Cretaceous and in working out their relationship with the insects of other periods on the Eastern Asiatic continent are tangible. The Geological Survey under the capable administra tion of Dr. W. H. Wong is every year enriching its museum with collections of fossil insects as well as specimens of geology and pal~.eontology by its excellently trained staff. There is a great hope of widening the knowledge of Chinese Mesozoic insects. Dr. A. W. Grabau kindly suggested to me to restudy those insects from the museum of the Geological Survey which he had described several years ago. The descrip tions of these species, of which I have made a few alterations, are incorporated in the presen t pa per.
Vol. XIII. Ping--Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (1) 7
I desire to acknowledge my intebtedness to Dr. A. W. Grabau for his encourage ment and guidance. Valuable criticisms and help have been kindly given to me during the progress of the study. To my friend, Dr. W. H. Wong, Director of the Geological Survey, for putting the specimens and every facility of the Survey at my disposal, to :JIr. Y. T. Chao for his untiring kindness in rendering me help, and to Mr. K H. Hsu who has kindly made photographs for me, I also wish to express my thanks and appre ciation.
Descriptions of Species
Order BLATTOIDEA Handlirsch.
Genus LAIYANGIA Grabau
This speclmen was described by Professor Grabau and as to what order it belongs there remains an open question. As the same author points out that the wings bear a remarkable resemblance to those of the order Blattoidea, but the charac ters of the body do not suggest that the insect could be of this order, it is deemed necessary to restudy the specimen in order to ascertain the salient features for the ordinal determination. Single and poorly preserved, the specimen does not permit examination on all the important structures characteristic of the order. It seems however that the head of the insect is vertical, and very faint traces of the marginal portions of the broad and flattened pro thorax are still recognizable near both sides of the head and at the bases of the fore wings. In addition to these characters the shape and venation of the wing suggest very strongly the possibilty of its belonging to the order Blattoidea. As far as the family is concerned, its wing venation shows that this form fits into Mesoblattinidoo of which only one American species has been describe~ by Handlirsch from the Upper Cretaceous, Both the generic and specific characters have been very carefully observed and fully recorded by Professor Grabau, and these are quoted in the following with revisions on a few points. "Head oval, rather large, not transverse, and apparently loosely jointed to the thorax. Antennoo and mouth parts not determinable". Pro thorax with only its central portion preserved, traces of its peripheral parts very fain t near the head and the bases of the fore wings, probably much larger than preserved parts. "The combined mesothorax and metathorax large. forming together a truncated cone (as compressed on the rock surface) fully twice as wide behind as in fron t. and strongly lobed with oblique lobations; abruptly ending behind. Legs slender with long. many-jointed tarsus. Two pairs of well developed wings approximately of equal length, the anterior about three times as long as wide, the posterior apparently wider. Venation simple. the principal veins all beginning far back. Costa marginal, sub costa simple, meeting the wing margin near the mid-length. Radial simple,
(1) 9 (1) 10 Palmontologia Sinica Ser. B. meeting the margin a little III front of the mid-length of the wing. Radial sector branching off near the base of the radial, and sending a number of branches to the front margin of the wing. Media also beginning far back, much branched, the bran ches extending to both the frontal and back margins of the wings, cubitus few branched (about four in the genotype); anal field sharply outlined by strong arcuate anal fold, which has a remarkable resemblance to that of the wings of the Blattoidea. Anal veins not preserved; cross veins not shown. Posterior wings with more com plicated nervation, the subcosta(?) giving off a number of short branches to the frontal margin of the wing. Abdomen remarkable in that the anterior ring is much contract ed as in many Hymenoptera, the next one abruptly widening again, thus giving the insect a contracted .. waist". "Posterior part of abdomen not preserved." "In attempting to interpret the structure of this insect we might assume that the meso-and meta-thorax are very short and the greater part of the triangular lobed structure here referred to the thorax might in reality be a part of the abdomen, the posterior part of which is abruptly contracted and has an unknown terminal portion. In that case we must consider the sudden expansion of the body behind the contracted ring as illusory and only apparent, this appearance being brought about in some way by the crushing. While this would do away with the anomaly of a lobed thorax, it would still leave us with a form differing markedly in appearance and in wing structure from any known type. In such a form the posterior wings, which are evidently folded over the body, would project for almost half their length beyond the end of the abdomen. Moreover, there is a faint but not to be disregarded indication of a posterior leg which proceeds from a point that would fall upon the prolongation of the line separating the fourth and fifth lobes of the supposed thorax ...... Until better preserved material then shows the contrary. I shall regard the lobed conical portion of the body as forming the combined meso-and meta thorax."
Laiyangia paradoxiformis Grabau
Text fig. I, Plo I, Fig. 1.
1923. Laiyangia paradexiformis Graball. Cretaceous Fossils from Shantung; Bull. G. S. China, NO.5 Pt. 2; p. 171.173, PI. II, fig. b.
The specimen appears to expose the dorsal surface. On the head near its left hand margin there is a small round spot which under closer examination reveals itself as the base of a longer tapering structure directed toward the right, but more or less covered with a thin layer of· shale. This may be the basal portion of the Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects oj China (1) II antenna. Moreover, certain mouth parts are preserved on the right hand side of the head, they appear to be pushed out from underneath instead of from the upper surface of the specimen. "Head of regular oval outline" ...... "with antennffi and mouth parts crushed and much distorted, loosely joined to the prothorax, with the appearance of a short neck between them."
Fig. I. Laiyangia paradoxiformis Grabau (Modified from Grabau). Dorsal view Enlarged 4 times. Cat, No. 427.
"At the juncture of the pro thorax and mesothorax the posterior margin of the broad prothorax is preserved; it is a comparatively broad piece, like an arc with its convex surface toward the mesothorax. This is considered to be the posterior margin of the prothorax. "Anterior pair of legs not preserved ...... Meso-and meta-thorax forming a truncated cone in outline, defined in front by the indentations which separate it from the prothorax and sharply contracted behind to the narrow "waist" which unites it with the abdomen ...... The sides of the thorax converge forward in a regular manner, forming straight lines except for the lobation." "This part of the thorax is divided into five lobes on each side by oblique lateral indentations which are continued by oblique lines towards the center. The lobes are rounded on the exterior and increase sligh tly in size from before backwards, the posterior pair being the largest. The posterior lateral borders of the thorax converge at the same angle as the lobe-lines, the constriction producing a waist 2.5 mm. in width. A median groove, about 1/3 mm. wide and generally well marked though shallow, extends along the entire center of the thorax including the prothorax. (1) 12 Palreontologia Sinica Ser. B.
"So far as may be judged from the position of the wings the anterior two lobes of this part of the thorax belong to the mesothorax and the posterior three to the meta thorax. Thus identified the lobes of the mesothorax are less distinct than those of the meta thorax. "Of the first pair of legs one is partly preserved, the inner leg joints being apparently reduced and more or less dissociated. The best preserved part seems to be the distal portion of the femur and the tibia while the segments of the tarsus are only faintly visible on the surface of the rock. Obscured by thin fragments of the shale, the tibia seems to be jointed, but careful examination will enable one to recognize its structure. The setm on the tibia are recognizable. "Anterior pair of wings about three times as long as wide with the end rather regularly rounded. Anal field large and well defined by a strong anal furrow of sub semicircular outline, and strikingly like that found in the tegmina of the Blattoidea; nervures only in part traceable. Subcosta simple, reaching the costal margin at about the middle of the wing length and closely approaching the anal furrow at its proximal end. Radial simple, close to the subcostal at the proximal end, where it almost seems to merge with it, diverging from it distally and joining the costal margin some distance in front of the subcostal, leaving a somewhat wider space than that between the suc ceeding branches of radial sectors. The junction of the latter with the radial is not clear but its divergence from it is pronounced and it can be traced for some distance. It gives ri~e to at least six subparallel branches which are convex outward, joining the costal wing margin at regularly spaced distances. The sixth of these branches appears to bifurcate not far from the center, the two divisions of this branch reaching the margin at about the same intervals as the preceding simple branches. The median can not be continously traced but appears to have numerous branches (at least 12) which reach the outer margin of the wing. "The cubitus appears to be four-branched, the original two branches agam bifurcating near the margin. This is, however, not very clear. "The nervures of the anal group are not preserved, the large field bounded by the anal furrow appearing blank in both wings except for a few faint and indefinite impressions. No cross veins are seen in the specimen, they being either absent or so fine that they were not preserved. "One of the posterior wings is partially shown, but does not allow precise trac· ing of the nervures. The subcosta, however. appears to extend farther out on the wing than is the case in the tegmina, and also appears to send off short branches to the costal margin. The length of the posterior wings, so far as can be ascertained, is about Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 13 the same as that of the anterior pair but they appear to be broader. However, too little of them is preserved to permit definite characterization ...... The abdomen is poorly preserved. All that can be determined, is that the anterior ring i::i much contracted, being in the compressed state only 2.5 mm. wide. The next ring in abruptly widened to about 6 mm. but the detailed character of this and the succeeding rings, if such existed, can not be determined. If the abdomen was long enough to extend to the end of the posterior wings when these were closed, its length was at least 8 mm.".
Length of specimen as preserved 17 mm., length of head 2 mm" width 1.3 mm., length of pro thorax 3.5 mm., width about 4-I mm., length of meso-and meta-thorax about 5 mm. or more as its anterior end is overlapped by the pro thorax, width of mesothorax at its contact region with prothorax 4 mm., and greatest width of the meta-thorax about 6 mm., length of forewing I2 mm., width 3.8 mm .. HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A single specimen was obtained from the thin gray shales which form the fish-beds of the Laiyang formation, 2 Ii north of Po-Tzu in Lai Yang-Hsien, Shantung Province. The horizon is regarded as Lower Cretaceous. (Loc. 218) ColI. Mr. H C. Tan."
Genus SINOBLATTA Grabau The two specimens I have examined are among the others collected from Lai yang. Shantung. One of them is well preserved in its outline, while the other is only its counter-part. This form has been described by Professor Grabau. After my re examination of it, I found his descriptions include all the essential characters that one could make out of these specimens: "The character of the genus at present can not be separated from those of the species but the large oval head with large eyes, the somewhat heart-shaped form of the prothorax, and the relatively long femur of the legs, may be taken. as perhaps of generic significance. The scapular vein of the tegmina appears to be very strong since its course is apparently well marked in the impression."
Sinoblatta laiyangensis Grabau
Text fig. z; PI. J, Figs. 2 & 3.
IQ23. Sinoblatta laiyangensis Grabau. Cretaceous Fossils from Shantung; Bull. G. S. China, NO.5 Pt. 2, p. [68-169, PI. I, fig. a "The head is unusually large for nymphae of this group and in its compressed character on the shale surface shows a nearly oval form ...... this being somewhat P almontologia 5 inica Ser. B. behind the middle; anterior end regularly rounded. On one side a large sub-oval impression is shown which appears to be an eye; its mate on the opposite is not preserved. Two long slender antennm are inserted, one on either side of the head just in front of the eye. They taper very gently from a basal width of about one-third of a millimeter, and one of them can be traced for a length of 7 mm., its original length being apparently much more than that. These antennm are distinctly and sharply segmented, about ten segments occuring in the space of I mm .. A slightly projecting thickening on one side suggests the maxilliary palp. The mouth parts are not distinguishable in the impressions.
Fig. 2. Sinoblatta laiyangensis Grabau (After Grabau). Enlarged 3 times. Cat. No. 425, 426.
"The pro thorax (prosternum) is large, somewhat wider than long. Anterior end regularly rounded with the head loosely articulated, posterior end subtriangular, the sides converging so as to form nearly a rectangle. Anterior pair of limbs appear inserted in the middle. Meso-and meta-thorax not differentiable. Of the second and third pair of legs the femur, tibia and tarsus are generally well preserved but the inner joints are not recognizable. The femur is swollen in the center and rather long. It appears to be smooth. The tarsus is comparatively long and thin but its joints can not be made out. ral. XUI. Ping-Cretaceous Fossa Insects of China (I) 15
"Only faint impressions of the wings are noticeable but the venation can not be definitely determined. In the right anterior wing or tegmen ...... the mediastinal and scapular veins are recognizable at their anterior portion while the branching veins of these systems are also indicated, but the detail of arrangement can not be de termined. "The abdomen is only partly preserved, the posterior segments being wanting. "The total length of specimen to the end of last preserved segment 0f abdomen about 17 mm.. Total original length perhaps 20 mm., length of head 2 mm., width of the same 3 mm., length of prothorax 5 mm., greatest width 6 mm., other parts in pro portion." HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Laiyang shales (fish-beds) at Pa-Tzu, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung; one specimen (counterparts) (Loc. 218). ColI. Mr. H. C. Tan.
Genus MESOBLATTINA Geinitz
Only two specimens were obtained fr0m the yellow shales of Pei-piao, one of which is the wing of a Mesoblattinidm, and another is its counterpart. Both of them are nicely preserved and the general outline of the wing and every vein on it are well recognizable. The genus M esoblattina has been found in Lias and upper Jura, but so far it has not been recorded from Lower Cretaceous. The small size of the wing, the marked development of the anal area, the gentle bending of the externo-and interno median veins at their bases, afford evidences tha t the insect belongs to this genus . .\t present the whole body of the insect is wanting in the preservation, it is provi sionally placed with this genus.
Mesoblattina sinica Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. 3. PI. I, Fig. 4.
The wing has a rounded tip, its distal portion is about as broad as, or slightly less than, its basal, its anterior margin slightly convex, and its caudal margin slightly concave. The subcostal vein is short and single. There are twelve branches of the radial vein which extend anteriolaterally, terminating on the costal margin of the wing, the fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh branches of the radius all subdivide besides the distal portion of the radius subdivides itself, and one of the subdivisions of the eighth branch, which is distal, branches into two Palreontologia Sinica Ser. B. again. The radial sector is wanting. The media branches into two shortly after its beginning, the anterior one of these two principal branches subdivides near the distal fourth of the wing, of which the posterior one subdivides again at the wing tip, and .the posterior one of these two principal branches subdivides im mediately after its beginning and each of the subdivisions in turn subdivides twice. The stem of the cubitus gives rise to three principal branches, each of which in turn subdivides into two branches not far from its basal portion. The anal area is some what pyriform and very distinctly marked out owing to the strong development of the stem of the anal vein which has numerous fine branches all arising from the base of the stem and extending conversely toward the pointed distal end of the area. At the basal fourth of the wing, close to the anterior margin is a narrow plain area bounded by the margin of the wing anteriorly and by the subcosta posteriorly. This area is thus distinctly marked out due to the strong development of the costal vein.
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Fig. 3. 1~1 esoblattina sinica sp. nov. Enlarged IO times. Cat. No. 2130.
The length of the wing is 9 mm. and its width across the middle is 3.5 mm ..
As the characters of the wing do not agree with anyone of those described from the earlier strata, the new specific name as above is provisionally proposed for it.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: From the the Upper Coal Series, Tai-Chi-Ying-Tzu, Peipiao coal field, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2IOO). CoIl. Dr. W. H. Wong. rot. XIII. .Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (1) 17
Order HYMENOPTERA L.
Genus PARAULACUS Ping (gen. nov.)
The specimen found in the shale of Jehol is not a perfect one, only the thorax and portions of the fore-wings being distinct, while some parts of the legs are preserved, but do not reveal their important characters. Based upon the principal structures of the fore-wings, it is placed with the family AULACID}E, and both generic and specific names are proposed for it provisionally, in spite of the fact that only a few principal \'eins of the wings are preserved in the specimen.
The size of the insect is small, thorax with a gentle longitudinal ridge extending along its middle 1ine, wing fairly long, costal margin almost straight, stigma narrow (about 1 mm. in length and imm. in width), vein C thicker than Sc+R+M in the basal half of the partly preserved wing, cross vein r almost perpendicular to the stigma and to the vein Rs+Mt +2' a small portion of Ms +4 perpendicular to M, Cn slightly curving toward the anterior margin of the wing at its basal portion and straight near its distal portion, cross velll m-cu perpendicular to Cu, and CU2 very short and almost perpendicular to Cu also. Basal portion of the anal vein almost straight and thin.
CENO'I'YPE: Paraulacus sinicus Ping.
HORIZON: Lower Cretaceous of Jehol
Paraulacus sinicus Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. 4; PI. T, Fig. S.
Stigma abont 1 mm. in length and 0.25 mm. in width, cell Sc+fx+M, triangular, fairly wide, cell Rl elonga ted triangular about 1.75 mm. in length. cell 2nd M smaller than 1st M about four times and almost rectangular, cell Cn about 2 mm. in length, cross vein r abont 0-4 mm.
Length of the thorax about 3.5 mm, and length of the wing about 5.5-6 mm. (1) 18 Palmontologia Sinica Ser. B.
Fig. 4. Parau,Zacus sinictls sp. nov. Dorsal view. Enlarged I4 times. Cat. No. 2I3I,
HORI7.0N AND LOCALI'.l'Y: In the Upper Coal Series, Lower Cretaceous, at Pei, plao, Jehol (Loc. No. 2101). ColI. Dr. W. H. Wong.
Order COLEOPETRA L.
Genus PROTEROSCARABAEUS Grabau A single specimen from the Laiyang shale was studied by Dr. Grabau, both its genus and species. being found new. Although there was not more than one specimen available, yet the good condition of the preservation permits detailed examination. Dr. Grabau's descriptions cover all its important and interesting structures, which I quote as follows and of which I omit a few points that the specimens do not show very clearly. I believe the selection I have made will be enough to enable one to trace this form to its species. "Head triangular with converging sides and laterally placed eyes. An- tennm lamellicorn ...... spread fan-like. Head and prothorax intimately united, their sides nearly continuous. Prothorax (pronotum) widest behind the middle, in Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 19 front of which the sides converge to the head with the sides of which they are continous. Posterior portion more abruptly c.ontracted thus sharply dividing the pro thorax from the meso thorax. Anterior pair of legs with broad tibia with serrate or notched outer margin, and without tarsi. "-Mesothorax and meta thorax united, second and third pair of legs somewhat different, the latter with longer and stouter tarsus ending in a double spine. Distal end of tibia with two spines. Elytra subtruncate posteriorly not wholly covering the end of the abdomen; longitudinally marked by close-set rows of fine spots. "There can be no doubt that we have here a true Scarabmid. This is shown in the modification of the anterior pair of legs, where the tarsi have become obsolete while the tibia is expanded into a broad blade-like structure, with lateral spinose serrations and evidentally adapted for digging purposes. The blades are much like those of the sacred scarab of the Mediteranean region (Ateuchus sacer) but are broader, and the notches more complicated. The Scarabmoid character is also shown in the structure of the antennm which show the characteristic leaf-like appendages of the Lamellicomia. Our genus differs from the sacred scarab in lacking the six-pointed coronal frontal margin which instead is slightly nasute. The pro thorax of our species is much more strongly contracted behind than is usually the case in the modern or even Tertiary beetles of this group. "No undoubted members of the fami1y Scarabffiidffi have heretofore been obtained from strata older than the Tertiary. Those Jurassic forms that have been placed here by various authors a~e considered by Handlirsch as either positively referable to othe~ families, or as being so indefinite that they may with equal pro priety be refered to anyone of a number of families. "This Lower Cretaceous form therefore represents the oldest known member of the family, in fact the only pre-Tertiary form which definitely shows those characters which are readily recognizable as belonging to that family."
Proteroscarabaeus yeni Grabau
Text fig. 5; Plo I, Fig. 6.
1923. Proteroscarabaeus yeni Grabau. Cretaceous Fossils from Shantung; Bull. G. S. China, NO.5, Pt. 2 p. I73-I77, PI. II, fig. a. "Head sunk into the prothdrax and apparently closely united with it, there being only a faint line of demarkation between the two. Outline of head sub triangular, with the anterior end rounded and somewhat constricted laterally, so as to give a slightly nasute appearance...... Sides of the triangle somewhat lobate but (1) 20 Palteontologia Sinica Ser. B. not strongly notched, the most pronounced of the lobes marking the position of the eyes which are laterally placed and somewhat behind the middle. On one side of the head is preserved a part of one of the lamelliform feelers which, however, is some what crushed and apparently not in place. The joints are very short, their number not ascertainable but there appear very faint impressions of seven delicate leaf-like appendages of somewhat varying length but all wider than long and spread in an irregular fan-like manner. With one or two exceptions these leaf-like blades a re not represented by chitinous (carbonized) films but are mere delicate impressions."
Fig. 5 Proteroscarabaeus yeni Grabau, (Modified from Grabau). Enlarged 4 times. Cat.. No. 428
"Prothorax distinct and nearly free, the protonum forming with the head an inverted heart-shaped outline. The anterior margin of the pronotum, where it joins the head, is gently concave while the sides for more than half the length are gently convex or nearly straight, sloping outwards to form the greatest width, which is a little posterior to the middle. Beyond this they are more sharply rounded backwards and then abruply concave backwards to the narrow connecting portion with the meso thorax".. . . "The left one of the anterior pair of legs is well preserved, but the right one is only represented by a fragment. As compressed on the shale, the left leg shows 1"01. XIl I. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 2I the broad blade-like tibia without terminal (tarsal) joints, a characteristic of the Lamellicornia, and more especially of the Scarabmidm. The outer margin of this blade like tibia, which has an exposed width of 1.5 mm., is marked by a series of short spines often hook-like. The posterior one is short and slightly recurved, the next anterior is blunt and broad. In front of this is a longer and rather sharp spine with a smaller slightly backward directed subsiduary spine on its posterior or outer margin. The fourth spine from behind is larger than the others and like them somewhat asymmetric. It has also a small secondary spine on its posterior or outer margin. The fifth spine from behind is the longest. It is slender with nearly parallel sides ending in an abrupt ly recurved pointed hook. Finally the last one shown is bent outwards at nearly right angles at the tip which thus forms a laterally projecting spine, behind which there is a second shorter and narrower laterally projecting secondary spine. This final portion of the modified tibia is, however, less clearly outlined. In its general character this tibia, evidently modified as in modern forms for digging, is like that found in recent genera of scarabs such as Ateuchus, but it is broader, and with the spines more varied, the posterior ones being proportionally shorter and the anterior proportionally longer.
"Meso-and meta-thorax apparently united, their combined length about equal to that of the pro-thorax. Elytra well-marked, coriaceous, with regularly curving outer margin and subacute posterior end. When closed the posterior border appears sub truncate, with the last segment of the abdomen projecting beyond it. Surface of elytra marked by numerous very fine gently curving lines of fine spots or pustules, which in general are parallel to the outer margins of the elytra but are not very readily visible. Posterior pair of wings are not exposed.
"The second pair of legs proceeds from shoulder regIOn of the meso-thorax; that on the right side is nearly complete as is also the third one, while the correspond ing legs on the left side are crushed, and have their parts distorted and commingled. Only a small portion of the femur of the second (meso-thoracic) leg is exposed, this being somewhat larger than the tibia. The latter is furnished with a row of back ward projecting spines or seta! on the inner margin and ends in a pair of strong spines, an outer and an inner, between which the tarsus articulates. The tarsus appears to be formed of five joints which have been somewhat crushed and disarrang ed. It terminates in a curved spine. Posterior (meta-thoracic) leg longer and more robust than the second, with a broad femur mostly hidden, and a broad gently curved tibia serrated on its inner side (and possibly also furnished with bristles or setrn) and likewise ending distally with two terminal spines. The tarsus is long but its element can not be separated. It appears to be delicately fringed on the inside, and ends with two slender slightly curved spines. These are, however, only faintly shown. (r) zz Palceontologia Sinica Ser. B.
"Abdomen with six segments faintly visible through the elytra, the last segment rounded posteriorly and projecting beyond the distal margin of the elytra when closed."
Length of entire specimen 19.5 mm., length of head little less than 3 mm., its greatest width little less than 4 mm., anterior width of pronotum nearly 7.5 mm, its greatest width 7.5 mm., the width at the contracted posterior end about 3.75 mm., its median length about 4.8 mm., greatest width across elytra near posterior part of thorax 10.5 mm ..
HORIZON ANn LOCALITY A single specimen obtained from Laiyang paper shale, r Ii north of Man-Wu in Laiyuang Hsien, Shantung (Loc. 218). ColI. 1\1r. H. C. Tan.
Genus S.NOELATERIUM Ping (gen. nov.)
In the Jehol shale a single specimen of Coleoptera was found. It is preserved with its whole body, antennm and wings, but the legs are not well exposed, the head and the prothorax are very closely united together in the fossil remains, but they still permit recognition of their different parts. The body is somewhat flattened and taper ing more or less toward each end, and the antennm moderately elongated and more or less serra te, while other characters of the family are not well shown. As far as records show, only one species of Coleoptera of Lower Cretaceous from Laiyang, Shantung, is described by Grabau which is of the family Scarabmidm, and few others of the Jura for mation from Siberia described by Brauer, Redtenbacher and Ganglbauer, and Hand lirsch, are of families other than Elateridm to which the specimen in question belongs. The wing is less than 4 mm. in length and its striation is not so simple, it is not pos sible to relegate this form to the genus M icrelaterit.fm which is described by basing on only the wing cover. According to Handlirsch, Ela teridm has not heretofore been found in Lower Cretaceous. The above generic name is provisionally proposed for this form. The generic characters of this form as the single specimen shows, consists of triangular head, moderately serrate antenme, prominent eyes, comparatively broad prothorax, moderately narrow v.!ing covers, almost lanceolate but bluntly ended hind wing, caudally gradually tapering abdomen.
Genotype and only known species: Sinoelaterium melanocolor Ping. HORIZON: At present only known from the Lower Cretaceous of Jehol formation. I'at. VIII. Ping-C 1'etaceaus Fossil I nsects oJ China (r) 23
Sinoelaterium melanocolor Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. 6; PI. I, Fig. 7.
The head is small, its length is about half that of the prothorax in the middle line, the right eye projects very prominently near the juncture between the head and the prothorax, and its mate on the other side is not so dis tinctly shown in the preservation. The antennm arise quite anterior to the eyes, their insertions near the anterior tip of the head, tapering very gradually distally, with about ten segments exposed and their serration moderate and distinct. The prothorax has a moderate keel along the middle line, but this structure does not reach either the anterior or the posteior margin. The anterior margin of the prothorax is slightly convex anteriorly, each lateral margin more convex laterally. The left hind angle of the prothorax is prolonged backward. while the right one is not visible in the preservation due to the twisting of the prothorax and this prolonged angle has been covered up by the anterior portion of the right wing cover. The scutellum is small almost circular in outline from the dorsal view. The right wing cover is shifted an teriorly and laterally in the preservation, very fine striae about six, and very minute punctures distributed along the latter are still recognizable, and they concourse toward the posterior end of the wing cover.
-·f)I-~
Fig. 6. Sinoelaterium melanocolor sp. nov. Enlarged
18 times. Cat. No. 2132. (I) 24 Pal::eontologia Sinica Ser. B
The right hind wing is also spread out, but imperfectly preserved, only one or two veins being visible; thus a detailed study of its structure is not possible. The outline of the WIng IS comparatively narrow, but its distal tip is more rounded than tapering. The legs are not well preserved, and many parts are not well exposed; it is impossible therefore, to examine the detailed structures of them, but from what still permits study we can see portions of comparatively thick femora of the fore and middle legs and portions of slender tibiae of the middle and hind legs. The tarsi of the hind legs are preserved, and owing to their slender size, it is not possible to make out their segments. The abdomen is twisted somewhat around the right; owing to the shifting and spreading of the right wing, the structure of the abdomen permits examination. Among the eight visible abdominal terga the fifth and sixth are the largest, the last wo are comparatively long but narrow, while those anterior to the fifth are shorter. Total length about 4.2 mm. as the insect is more or less bent. The original length is probably in the neighborhood of 4.5 mm. or more, head 0.5 mm., pro thorax about I mm., width of pro thorax about 1.2 mm., length of wing cover J mm .. HORIZON AND LOCALITY: A single specimen was obtaine"d from the gray shales of Pei-piao, Jehol. The horizon is regarded as Lower Cretaceous (Loc. No. 228). ColI. Dr. W. H. Wong.
Order PERLARIA Handlirsch
Genus SINONEMOURA Ping (gen. nov.) Among the materials I have studied which were collected from the Jehol shales are two species of stoneflies which are all in the nymph stage. Of one of them I found a number of specimens, some dorsally exposed and others either ventrally or laterally. The general outlines of these nymphs' bodies and their appendages are all well pre served. The thoracic gills are only slightly shown in a few of them. According to Handlirsch, Perlaria has not been recorded from the Cretaceous strata, but it has been found in both the Triassic and Jurassic periods and Tertiary era. Of the animal in question the general form of its body, the comparatively slender antennru, the shape of its head, the absence of abdominal gills and the cerci make it fit into the order Perlaria, and as the only nymph of this order tha t so far has been described is M esoleuctra with whose characters it does not agree, the new generic name is provi sionally proposed for it. Vol. XII I. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (1) 25
As the adult stage of this insect is missing, it is not necessary to separate the generic and specific characters. The large eye3, the long antennrn, the almost uniform width of the thorax, the comparatively long legs with almost cylindrical femora and tibirn are enough to show its generic significance. Genotype and only known species: Sinonemoura grabaui, Ping. HOHIZON: At present only known from the lower Cretaceous Jehol formation.
Sinonemoura grabaui Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. 7; PI. I, Fig. 8.
Head moderate, anterior border slightly convex and in front of it a portion of the mouth parts (probably the basal part of the labrum) pressed on the surface of the shale, whose anterior margin is also convex (dorsally exposed animal); two large eyes ovoid in outline, one on the right margin of the head somewhat anterior, while its mate on the left side somewhat posterior showing that the head is obliquely placed. The posterior part of the head at the junction with the pro thorax is slightly constricted, the insertion of the antennrn antero-lateral; antennrn slender, long and tapering gradually.
Fig. 7. Sinonemoura gl'abaui sp. nov. Dorsal view. Enlarged 14 times. Cat. No. 2133 (r) 26 Palreontologia Sinica Ser. B.
The segments of the thorax and of the anterior part ot the abdomen are not distinct, the width is uniform throughout, the nymphal wings visible, slightly depressed toward the left, two of the thoracic gills of the either side slightly exposed in one of the specimens and their short and stubby shape is shown in the ventrally exposed animal. The femur of each leg is almost cylindrical throughout its length, the tibia pratically similar but slightly narrowed at its basal and distal extremities, the tarsal segments are not distinct in the preservation. All legs appear smooth, tibia longer than femur in each case. The venation of the nymphal wings is not recognizable, in certain specimens the central part of the abdomen is separated by a break on the surface of the shale; the last five abdominal segments, however, are quite distinctly shown. There are altogether ten segments in the abdomen, the first four or five are of uniform width and the rest reduced ill width caudally. The sutures between the abdominal segments are very distinct in the caudal half of the abdomen. In certain specimens the cerci are not recognizable, while in others they are seen to be dislocated somewhere near the tips of the abdomens, and impressed only in part. Total length of the specimen 7 mm. or slightly more, length of the head includ the basal portion of the mouth parts about I mm., width T mm., length of thorax :2 mm., width 1.5 mm., length of the abdomen 4.5 mm., width at its middle 13 mm .. This interesting species is named to commemorate Dr. A. W. Grabau who has done so much epoch making work for palooontology in China. HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In Chihfeng series, Cretaceous? At Wang-Chia-Chiu Tien, Chaoyang Hsien (Loc. 2102), Jehol. ColI. ML H. C. Tan.
Genus MESOLEUCTRA BL, Redt. and Gangl.
This generic name was first proposed for a larva of stone fly collected from the Jurassic formation of Ust Balei in Siberia. According to Handlirsch the generic characters of this animal are: Larva slender with relatively thin legs, without external visible tracheal gills. In addition to the above mentioned characters I found the follow ing characters in a specimen among the materials from Jehol I have had the opport unity to study: Head of moderate size, slightly smaller than the first thoracic segment, thorax much shorter than abdomen. In a laterodorsally impressed animal, the abdomen slightly tapering caudally. I'ot. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (r) "!o7
Two other Perlarian specimens were collected from the Cretaceous beds of Jehol which are of the same genus. They are preserved on the surfaces of the gray shales of the collection and both are poorly preserved, but one of them is comparatively complete in shape and still permits detail examinations of its essential features. As its salient characters agree with those given by Handlirsch, I place it with the Siherian genus of Brauer, Redtenbacher and Ganglbauer.
Mesoleuctra peipiaoensis Ping (sp. nov.) Text Fig. 8. PI. I. Fig. 9. The body length and general outline of the insect ressemble M esoleuctra gracilis, the species described from Siberia, but careful examination reveals differences between the latter and the species in question: Head 50mewhat oval, eyes fairly large, antennm with only their distal parts preserved, but showing that they are not so long as those of M esoleuctra gracilis. thoracic segments not distinct, legs comparatively thick, not so slender as in the case of M. gracilis (Handlirsch I908, Taf. XLIV, fig. 23), hind leg longer than abdomen, basal portions of wing pads not clearly shown, bnt distal parts visible, each tapering caudally to a pointed tip.
Fig. 8. :11 esoleuctra peipiaoensis sp. nov. Enlarged 9 times. Cat. No. 2134 Not all of the abdominal segments are distinct but the last five and the general outline of the abdomen are well preserved, it being only slightly narrowed caudally. Distal portions of cerci lost, the preserved basal portions showing them not to be so slender, but fairly moderate in width. Segments of the basal portions also visible. Femur almost twice as thick as tibia, their length about equaling each other. Tarsi of the anterior and posterior legs poorly preserved, seeming to be slightly reduced in width distally. (r) 28 Palwontologia Sinica Ser. B.
Total body length of the insect about 9 mm., length of head I mm., width about I mm., length of thorax about 3.5 mm., width 1.5 mm., length of abdomen about 5.5 mm., width at its middle about I mm .. The above specific name is proposed for it from the locality where it was found.
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Two specimens were obtained from the shales of Lower Cretaceous layer of Pei-piao in Jehol (Loc. 21or). CoIL Dr. W. H. Wong.
Genus SINOPERLA Ping (gen. nov.) Numerous wings are found in the yellow shales from pei-piao coal field. There are a few which are of whole insect bodies, but most parts of the body proper are not well preserved. The general features that I can find in these specimens are, however, in many respects fairly clear and all important for the recognition of the order and family of the form in question. The wings are membraneous, the hind ones are broad and folded in plaits in the preservation. In one of the specimens the costal cross-veins are faintly preserved and quite a few in number but in the others they are not recognizable and the medial and intercubital cross-veins are well developed. The humeral cross-vein, the arculus and cub ito-anal cross-veins and the cross-vein that delimits the anal cell form the inner line of a certain sort of bracing across the wing, and the interradial, the radio-medial and the medio-cubital cross-veins, with portions of the veins they connect, form the outer line of bracing. Besides the eries of the medial and cubital cross-veins as above mentioned which are very, distinct, the radius and media are somewhat fused at the base of the wing. As the body structures of this form are not perfect in the preservation, it is only possible to study the general outline of the body. It is found that all the characters do not agree with any genus heretofore described of the family Perlidm so that a new name for it is provisionally proposed as above. The salient features of this genus are as follows. The head is small, and more or less oval with a pair of comparatively long antenme whose bases are slightly swollen into spherical shape. Its eyes are large, the prothorax is as long as wide, forming a square outline, mesothorax much wider than pro thorax, and its width greater than length, metathorax somewhat ovoid, with antero-Iateral angles produced. Its anterior legs are slender and long. The abdomen is large, but shorter than the hind wings. r'ot. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (1) 29
Genotype and only known species: Sinoperla abdominalis Ping.
HORIZON: From the Lower Cretaceous Pei-piao formation of Jehol.
Sinoperla abdomina lis Ping (sp. nov.)
Text figs 9. la, II; PI. II, Figs. 4. 5. 8.
Through the detailed study of the specimens in the collection on hand specific characters can be made out by the structures of the wings and by certain parts of the body which are comparatively wel1 preserved. As quite a number of the insects are found in fragments certain characters can be seen in certain specimens, while others in another. The small ovoid head bears comparatively large eyes which are rather dorsally situated, but not projected laterally from the head. The c1ypeus is a very small triangular piece exposed. The ocelli lie in an almost straight transverse line which is slightly oblique, perhaps due to distortion of the head in the preservation.
The antennm look rather smooth; their segments are not recognizable.
Fig. 9. Sinoperla abdominalis sp. nov. Enlarged 7 times. Cat. no. 2I35. (I) 30 Palceontologia Sinica Ser. B. ~====-=====~==~~~~~~
/
Fig. 10. Sinoperla abdominalis sp. nov. Enlarged 7 times. Cat. no. 2136.
Sc
Fig. II. Wing of Sinoperla abdominalis sp. nov. Enlarged II times. Cat. no 2137.
The pro thorax is slightly wider than the head, its surface is slightly rugose in transvese direction, but the meso-and meta-thorax are exposed as the wings are spread up in the preservation, the former has two large depressions on each side of the middle region on the dorsal surface, the latter has two small ones near its anterior margin, The femur is much thicker than the tibia. The fore wing in the best preservation shows that the subcosta terminates on the costa slightly beyond the middle of the wing, six costal cross-veins are distributed in the basal third of the wing, radial sector arises quite near the base of the wing, its branches do not each dichotomously terminate on the terminal margin of the wing. The interradial cell is marked with two or three more cross-veins basal to the interradial cross-vein. There are four medial cross veins between the arculus and medio-cubitus and seven intercubital cross-veins, the anal cell is a closed trianguloid space. CU2 branches into two before termination. Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 31
Abdomen has its normal nine segments, the middle portion of it is broader, each of the first two segments slightly longer than any of the following ones. The cerCi are not found in the preserva tion. The body of the best preserved specimen is somewhat bent laterally, the total length of the insect about g.8 mm., in a straight line. The original length perhaps exceeds 10 mm.; length of the head about 0.5 mm., and its greatest width about 07 mm., length of the whole thorax about 2.5 mm., its greatest width about 1.8 mm.; length of the abdomen in its preserved position about 5.8 mm., its greatest width about 2 mm.; length of the fore wing about 10.5 mm., its greatest width about 30 mm.,
HORIZON AND LOCALITY: In the Upper Coal Series (sandstone and shale), Tai Chi-Ying-Tzu, Pei-piao coal field, lehol (Loc. 2100) ColI. Dr. W. H. Wong
Perlariopsis peipiaoensis Ping (gen. & sp. nov?)
Text fig. IZ; Pl. I, Fig. 10.
Two specimens of the adult stage were obtained in the collection of lehol shales, one of them with its ventral side exposed and the other with its dorsal, the latter is not so well preserved as the former. The head of the ventrally exposed animal is more or less twisted, and the dorso-Iateral surface of it is pressed on the surface of the shale. Details of the head and the mouth parts are difficult to make out, but the traces of its compound eyes are still obtainable. One of its antennre which is entirely preserved and not covered by Its body, is slender and long, almost equaling the total body length, tapering very gradually toward its distal end. Compound eye large and oval. Mandible palpi long. From its oblique ven tral aspect the prothorax seems to be narrower than the head, meso-and meta-thorax of almost equal width. each broader than the prothorax, the sutures between them not distinct. Legs slender and long, the left hind leg totally preserved and not obscured by the body structure, about equaling the body length of the insect excluding the head. Both coxa and trochan ter very short, and femur and tibia very long, the latter longer than the former; tarsal segments not distinct. Abdominal segments are not recognizable but the outline of the abdomen is distinct, longer and slightly narrower than thorax, external genitalia only shown in outline, their color much darker than that of the abdomen as preserved in the speci mens, cerci short and sharply pointed. In each of the specimens, either of the fore wings overlap the hind ones, or they are folded up by themselves, or covered by the body structure, consquently their veins either confused or not clearly shown. One of the fore wings in the ventrally exposed insect with its distal half comparatively distinct permits detailed examinations. Costal vein not strongly developed, subcostal (I) 32 Palreontologia Sinica Ser. B.
branching into t.wo in the manner shown in fig. I2. Radials terminated at the distal tip of the wing. Cross vein r present. Medials identifiable and cross vein r-m present. Both cubitals and anals also distinct, as the wing under discussion evidently lies above the other ones.
Fig. 12. Perlariopsis peipiaoensis sp. nov. Enlarged IO times, Cat. No. 2138.
The wmg venation of this insect does not agree with any of the genera of Perla ria that have been described in fossil specimens. Nor can we be certain that it does not represent the adult stage of either of the foregoing two species, Sinonemoura grabaui or M esoleuctra peipiaoensis, as the wing pads of neither of them have their veins recognizable at all. These three specimens are from the same horizon and Locality. For this reason without attempting to define the genus I have described it under a provisional name, subject to adjustment when better and more specimens are obtained. ['oZ. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (1) 33
Length from head to wing tip 12 mm., total body length 7 mm., or slightly more. length of head 1 mm., width I mm, length of thorax 3 mm., width I.8mm., length of abdomen 4 mm., width at its middle about I.2 mm , HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Two specimens were obtained from the Cretaceous shales of Pei-piao in Jehol (Loc. 2HH). ColI. by Dr. W. H. 'Vong.
Order DIPTERA L.
Genus CHIRONOMAPTERA Ping (gen. nov) This form was provisionally placed with the genus Samarura by Prof. Grabau, in 1923, but the same author does "recognize the fact that the persistent appearance of only two terminal appendages in all the specimens which preserve this part of the body, points to a distinct generic type". Through the courtesy and kind advice of Dr. Grabau, I have had the opportunity of examining the same specimens. The mosquito like form, the long and slender abdomen, the long and delica te legs and the plumose antennre, lead me to believe it to be of the family Chironomidre. As the wings of this insect are entirely absent, the two terminal appendages are each ovoid in shape, and the abdominal segments are almost uniform in width, this form is considered to be a new genus. After consultation with Prof. Grabau, we make the change of its generIc name and the above name for the genus is proposed provisionally. Genotype: Chironomaptera gregaria (Grabau) HORIZON: Lower Cretaceous, Laiyang formation.
Chironomaptera gregaria (Grabau)
Text fig. 13; PI. III. Fig. 2. rq2]. Samarura gregaria, Grabau. Cretaceous Fossils from Shantung; Bull. G.S. China, NO.5. Pt. 2 pr. 178-r80. PI. I. fig. bod. The insects preserved in the shales are often found crowded together in great numbers. The specific name given to this form by Dr. Grabau is very significant in characterizing their living habits. The following notes by the same author record all the important features of the pre:-erved species: "Owing to the generally incomplete character of the specimens. it is difficult to ascertain the number of the exposed abdominal segments but they are usually not over eight, including the terminal one. In an apparently complete form, the seventh seems to be followed by the terminal lobed segment. In a ventral aspect, however, the seventh sternum appears very long and may cover additional segments, though none (1) 34 Palxontologia Sinica Ser. B. have been observed in any of our specimens. The segments appears in most cases rectangular, but are really somewhat wider at the posterior than at the anterior end, the posterior lateral angles of each segment overhanging the anterior part of the segment behind it in some cases being apparently prolonged into short spines. This is, however, as a rule only seen when the segments are in contact, but where, as is usual, they are slightly separated, the lateral slopes of the segments seem to be aligned so as to form a continous side line to the abdomen. The width of the abdominal rings or segments as flattened on the shale surface, range in typical specimen, from I mm. at the front, to 0.5 mm., or slightly less in the seventh segment. The length of the first four segments is generally about 0.5 mm., each, but the posterior segments are longer, the ante-penultimate with an anterior width of less than I mm., having a length of 0.7 mm or more, and sometimes appearing quadrilateral. In another specimen, however, which also shows seven somites in addition to the terminal one, the sixth shows an anterior width of a trifle over a millimeter. The next segment visible is, however, short and less than 0.7 mm. in width. The width of the anterior somite in this specimen is nearly 1.5 mm., In life the maximum diameter of the abdominal rings was probably less than one millimeter on the average. "The lobes of the terminal segment are circular. or nearly so, and so far [ have not been able to determine positively that they are more than two, ......
Fig. I3. Chironomaptera gregaria (Grabau) (After Grabau). Enlarged x 8i-. Cat. No. 2139. c. f. 423. Caudal appendages over emphasized by the artist, r·ol. XIl I. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (r) 35
"Thorax of compressed specimens broader than abdomen. The thoracic nngs appear to be short but are so much crushed that the details can not be made out. "The legs are long, the posterior or metartarsaJ paIr, when extended, nearly or quite reaching the end of the body. The femur is always slightly swollen and broader than the tibia, and the tarsus appears to be rather long. There are no WIngs. The head is small subcircular and two short antennm are preserved in some specimens, ...... Neither head nor thorax is sufficiently well preserved to show details. " In some specimens, I have noticed the faint impression of the plumule of the antennm which are characteristic of the members of Chironomidm. The insects in such preservations are mostly of adult stage, but not larval. The average length of the insect is 8 mm., head and thorax 3 mm., width of thorax 1.5 mm., length of abdomen 5 mm., width of abdomen about r mm., HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Lower Cretaceous of Laiyang formation, r Ii N. of
Pa~Tzu, Laiyang Rsien, Shantung (Loc. 2rS). ColI. Mr. R. C. Tan.
Chironomaptera melanura Ping (sp. nov.)
Text figs. 14-15; PI. II, fig. 9. and PI. III, Fig. I.
The specimens consist of probably both male and female, but the sexual characters are not easy to recogmze. The head is comparatively small, eyes of medium size, the antennm short and slender, tapering toward their extremities, their segments not clearly shown; basal portion about three times thicker than distal; antenna 1 plumules not visible, palpi not extended. Thorax elevated, gibbous anteriorly as shown in the same specimens, legs long, tibim longer than femora, hind tibia about 2 mm., last two or three caudal segments black in color. The wings are not seen in any of the specimens.
Length of the insect 6.5 mm., head almost r mm., thorax 2 mm., abdomen about 3.j mm. HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Lower Cretaceous, Laiy
Fig. I4. Fig. IS. Chironomaptera melanura sp. nov. Prepupa of Chironomaptera melant-tra sp. nov. Enlarged I2 times. Cat. No. 2I40 Enlarged IO times. Cat. No. 2I4I.
Genus CHIRONOMOPSIS Handirsch Among the fragmental insect remains in the shales of Jehol numerous midgets are found. Quite a few of them are preserved well for identification, in spite of the fact that some appendages are not distinctly visible on the surfaces of the shales. Fol lowing Handlirsch ('og) and Cockerell (24) the present specimen is considered to be Chironomopsis. The salient features of this uncertain fossil specimen are its slender body, long legs, the wings with fewer and less distinct veins which near the costal border of the wing are stouter and darker colored, and those on the other parts of the wing fading out, and the costal vein not prolonged into ambient vein, beyond the apex of the wing. The subcostor reaches the distal third of the anterior margin of the wing, the branches of the radius are close to the subcostor and themselves also to one another. These are the comparatively distinct veins, while the media, and the branches of the cubitus are not seen in the wing of the specimen. The cross vein r-m is recognizable. HORIZON AND LOCALI'fV: A number of specimens were obtained from the Cretaceous shales of the Upper Volcanic Series of Pei-piao, Jehol. Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 37
Chironomopsis gracilis Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. 16; PI. II, Fig. 8.
Head small, eyes considerably large, antennoo not well preserved, in certain specimen of a female only a part of the antennffi recognizable, segments not distinct, nor visibly hairy, palpi conspicuous, as long as head, thorax elevated, convex anteriorly, legs long, tibirn about equal in length with femora, hind tibioo about I.5 mm., long, wings -reaching over the tip of abdomen 2-3 times as long as thorax, and with its distal third upturning.
Fig. 16. Chironomopsis gracilis sp. nov. Lateral view. Enlarged 18 times. Cat. No. 2142.
Average length of the insect 4-5 mm., head 0.5 mm.; thorax 1.2 mm., abdomen 2 5 mm. or more, wing 2.5 mm. or more.
HOHII';ON AND LOCA LI'l'Y: Gray shales from Pei-piao, Jeho!. The horizon is regarded as Lower Cretaceous, Upper Volcanic Series, (Loc. No. 2101). ColI. Dr. \\T. H. Wong. Palmontologia Sinica Ser. B.
Order PLECTOPTERA Pack.
Genus EPHEMEROPSIS Eichward.
The specImens of the nymph stage are found on the shales of Jehol, one of which is almost complete in outline while the other has only part of its thorax and its abdomen preserved. It has an almost round head, the detail structures of the head are difficult to make out. Likewise are the wing pads in the dorsally exposed specimen and the legs in the ventraIly exposed one. The segments of both the thorax and the abdomen are distinct. The abdominal segment is about twice as broad as long, the last two abdominal segments are free from tracheal gills. the pro thorax is much shorter, about only half of the following segment or less, and the last abdominal segment is much smaller than any of the other body segments, the tracheal gills on both sides of the abdomen are well developed, the middle caudal appendage is shorter than either of the lateral ones. Following Cockerell, I have placed this form with the genus Ephemeropsis.
Ephemeropsis trisetalis Eichwald
Text figs. 17-18; Pl. II, Figs. 1,2. r864. Ephemeropsis trisetalis Eichwald. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. (2) XXI. 2I.
1908. Ephemeropsis trisetalis Handlirsch, Fossilen Insecten. p. 603.
1924. Ephemeropsis trisetalis Cockerell. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. LL Art. VI. pp. 137-139. PI.
I, figs. I, 2, 4. (With further bibliography).
Head more or less rounded, first thoracic segment short, second and third slightly increasing III length, in the dorsally exposed specimens each of its wing pads preserved and more or less pushed laterally, its shape resembling a blade of a broad knife. Tracheal gills distinctly preserved, doubled in each pair, outer branch broader than the inner, abdomen gradually tapering posteriorly, the anterior margins of the first five or six abdominal segments convex anteriorly, the middle caudal appendage is smaller and shorter than the lateral ones, the hind margin of the last two abdominal segments latero-posteriorly produced in one of my specimens, but not quite so in the others, I believe this is only a minor variation or due to imperfect preservation. Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China (I) 39
Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Ephemeropsis trisetalis Eichwald. Dorsal view. Ephemeropsis frisetalis Eichwald. Dorsal view. Enlarged I! times. Cat. No. 2I43. Enlarged 2 times. Cat. No. 2144.
Length of this insect from head to base of caudal appendages 45 mm., length of head 6 mm., width of head 6.5 mm., average length of outer branch of tracheal gill 5 mm., length of lateral caudal appendage about II mm., as its distal parts are not clear in its preservation, length of middle caudal appendage about 9 mm., (In one specimen, middle one about 9 mm., lateral one about 13 mm.). HORI7.0N AND LocALI'rY: Lower Cretaceous, Jehol. ColI. Peres Licent and Teilhard de Chardin.
Order MEGALOPTERA Handlisch Genus COPTOCLAVA Ping (gen. nov.) Several specimens of the present form in question were collected from the Laiyang shales. Some of them have their dorsal surfaces exposed while the others their lateral, but all of them are of the larval stage. The wing venation of this insect cannot be referred to under such circumstance. The compodeoid form, the (r) 40 Palmontologia Sinica Ser. B well developed thoracic legs, the tracheal gills extending along the abdominal segments 1-7. throw some light upon the position of this form. Following the system given in Handlirsch's Die Fossilen Insecten, it is placed in the order Megaloptera and the Family SialidLe.
The essential characters of the genus are summarized as follows:
Head small with two prominent eyes thus making it altogether somewhat wedge-shaped, with the edge of which pointing caudally in connection with the first thoracic segment. The head very distinct from the thorax in this respect. Pro thorax slightly broader and thicker than any of the following segments, the meso and meta-thorax all of ulliform size. Revealed ill its dorsal aspect the abdominal seg ments are not much reduced in size to any extent, except in the case of the last two. From its lateral view the tendency of reduction in size shows very markedly. Thoracic legs remarkably developed, much larger in size than usually the case in the recent insects of this order in its larval stage. Tracheal giils short and simple, visible from lateral as well as dorsal aspect, present in all the abdominal segments except in the last one, conjunctiva between each two body segments very well developed, probably very delicate, so that the segments separate distinctly from one another. Cerci at the abdominal end very well developed, as long as the last four abdominal segments taken together, appearing simple and smooth, tapering gradually toward their tips. The above generic name is provisionally proposed for it. Genotype: C optoclava longipoda Ping HORIZON: Only known species from the Lower Cretaceous, Laiyang forma tion of Shantung.
Coptoclava longipoda Ping (sr. nov.)
Text figs. 19-20; PI. IT, Figs. 3. 4.
Both the dorsally and la terally exposed specimens wi th their mou th parts not shown, nor their antenme traceable. Eyes almost round, very distinct, on the antero-lateral part of the head in the case of the dorsally exposed animal. Prothorax with lateral margins somewhat convex and posterior margin much wider than anterior, the rest of the thoraeic segments all rectanguloid in outline. The same condition found in most of the abdominal segments. In the middle region of the abdomen the segments are more widely separated from one another by conjunctiva. Vol. XIII. Ping-Cretaceous Fosst'l Insects of China (1) 41
Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Coptoclava longipoda sp. nov. Coptoclava longipoda sp. nov. Enlarged 2 times. Cat. No. 2145. Enlarged 2 times. Cat. No. 2146.
Legs comparatively thick, and much longer than usually the case in this group, COXffi short, trochanters comparatively so, femora long but comparatively slender in the first pair, but in the case of the following pairs each femur and tibia fairly thick. particularly the latter, and comparatively long too. Tracheal gills rather thick, but short and simple. with their distal portions exposed besides the abdomen, no fine filaments detected near their bases. Caudal end of the abdomen not showing any prolongations into small proces~es, but the basal portions of the wel1 developed cerci most probably representing them. only one pair of cerci which are long and look smooth, 110 segments visible in the preserved specimen. As this insect could not be identified with any described specIes both recent and fossil, I propose the above mentioned specific name.
Total length 30.5 mm., length of head 2 mm., width including eyes 2 mm., length of thorax 7 mm., width 5.5 mm., length, of abdomen 21.5 mm., width at its middle 6 mm. HOu,rZN AND LOCALITY: About a dozen specImens obtained from the gray shales from Tuan-Wang in Laiyang Hsien, Shantung. The horizon is Lower Cretaceous (Loc. 228). ColI. Mr. H. S. Wang. (r) 42 P alceontologia S inica Sa. B.
Order NEUROPTERA L.
Genus MESOHEMEROBIUS Ping (gen. nov.)
One wing preserved in the shale of Jehol shows its venation very clearly, but the basal part of it is lost. The specimen is considered to be of the order Neuroptera and of the family Hemerobiidm. The salient features for the genus are as follows: Wing with rounded tip, costal area broad, subcosta with two branches near the tip of the wing, radial sector with 5 branches, each terminating on the margin. of the wing dichotomously, medius divided into two principal branches somewhere at the middle point of the length of the specimen. l\Iedius, cubitus and anal all with numerous branches terminating on the margin of the wing. The above generic name is provisionally proJ.>osed for it. GENOTYPE: M esohemerobius jeholensis (sp. nov.) HORIZON: Lower Cretaceous, J ehol.
Mesohemerobius jeholensis Ping (sp. nov.)
Text fig. ZI; PI. I, Fig. II. Subcosta comparatively thick terminating near the tip of the wing with two short branches, besides numerous fine branches extending to the anterior margin of the wing; radius with two principal branches, the anterior one of which branching into two again. There are five branches in the radial sector, each of which forks into two at the tip of the wing. Medius at middle distance of the length of the specimen
Fig. 21. ,'I,Iesohemerobius jeholensis sp. nov. Enlarged IS times. Cat. No. 2147. Vol. XIII. Ping-C relaceous Fossil I nsecls of China (r) 43 divided into two principal branches, each of which subdivides several times. Anterior principal branch of cubitus forking only once, overlapping somewhat the posterior branch of the medius near the posterior margin of the wing; posterior principal branch of cubitus forking several times. Anal with quite a few branches. Width of the wing at its middle 3 mm.
HORI7.0N AND LOCALITY: Lower Cretaceous; III the Upper Volcanic senes. Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. 210r) ColI. Dr. W. H. Wong.
Order HEMIPTERA L.
Genus MESOLVGAEUS Ping (gen. nov.) From the Laiyang shales a large number of fossil Hemipterous insects were obtained, most of which are in the nymph stage, and only a few adults. In most cases the general outlines of the insects' bodies, including their appendages, are well preserv ed, and in certain few the detailed structures are still visible. They can be readily plac ed with the order Hemiptera according to their evident characteristics which are decidedly Hemipterous. In addition to this, many characters suggest that the present form belongs to the family Lygaedrn. A considerable number of species of this family have been described and reported from the Tertiary period of Europe and America, but none has been reported from the Cretaceous strata of Eastern Asia. It is interesting to note the appearance of this family in the shales collected from Shantung province. The characteristics of this genus are fairly close to the living form Lygreus; for instance, the rounded triangular head, the elongated oval body, the well developed antennm, the prominent eyes, and the slender legs. But the structure of the wing and the arrangement of the comparatively simple but more prominent veins on the membrane of the wing differentiate it from the modern form. It is pro visionally named as above. GENO'l'YPIC M esolygreus laiyangensis Ping HORIZON: Lower Cretaceous, Laiyang formation of Shantung.
Mesolygaeous laiyangensis Ping (sp. nov.)
Text figs. 22, 23,24. 25; PI. III, figs. 3. 4, 5. 6. Head rounded triangular, base of mouth parts often projected in front of head, eyes large and prominent; antennm four segmented, slender, cylindrical not as long as one half of the total body length, the first segment slightly thicker; beak (r) 44 Palrcontologia Sinica Ser. B. reaching the meta-thorax, four segmented; thorax more than twice as long as the head, its width increasing caudally, its caudal breadth about twice or more its anterior width. Detailed structures not shown on either dorsal or ventral surfaces of thorax. Scutellum not clear in the preserva tion. Hemelytra comparatively short not, covering the entire abdomen, clavus and corium of about equal size, embolium much larger, between it and corium extendins to the membranous portion; venation on the membranous part of the wing well developed, quite similar to that shown in the living form of Lygaedm. Legs comparatively slender, femur slightly thicker and shorter than tibia or about equal in length to the tibia, tibia uniform in width, tarsus comparatively long. Abdomen about equal to or longer than half the total body length, slightly convex on both sides, tapering gradually caudally. Throughout the whole length of the abdomen the la teral edge exposed from the hemelytron each side, prominent and slightly raised. Two or three abdominal segments at the caudal end not covered by the hemelytra.
Fig. 22. M esolygreus laiyangensis sp. Fig. 23. AI esolygreus laiyangensis sp. nov. nov. Ventral view. Enlarged Ventral view. Enlarged IO times. IO times. Cat. No. 2q8. Cat. No. 2149· Vol. XI II. Ping-Cretaceous Fossil Insects of Clll:na (I) 45
Fig. 24. JJesolyg<£us laiyangensis sp. nov. Fig. 25. Abdomen seems to be stretched and disartic \Ving of M esolyg~us laiyangensis sp. nov ulated. Enlarged IO times. Cat. No. 2150. Enlarged IS times. Cat. No. 21ST.
Length of the insect 7 mm, width at the middle of the thorax 2.5 mm, length of abdomen 4 mm. The nymphs shO\v characteristics conforming with the above men tioned features with the exception of the wings only. HORI?;ON AND LOCA LI'£Y: A number of specimens were obtained from the thin shales which belong to the Lower Cretaceous bed of Tuan-Wong in Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province. (Loc. No. 228). ColI. Mr. H. S. \Vang.
Mesolygaeus rotundocephalus Ping (sp. nov)
Text figs. 26, 27; PI. III, Figs. 7, 8.
Head comparatively small, round at its anterior end, eyes fairly prominent, antennrn slender, last two segments thicker. pro thorax somewhat rectangular, width two times greater than length, posterior margin slightly convex and slightly longer than anterior, distinct from mesothorax. Mesothorax much broader than prothorax. In the ventrally exposed animal the posterior margin of the thorax almost straight; lateral margins convex, gradually diverging posteriorly. Anterior margin of the meso thorax slightly concave. Scutellum comparatively large, wing with few \'eins, which are all simple, reaching over the abdominal end of the body. Abdomen with its lateral margins not covered by the wing, about four segments of the abdomen with their lateral margins exposed. Legs slender, femora of the hind pair almost twice as thick as tibim. Palreontologia Sinica Ser. B.
I I
Fig. 26. 11{ esolyg~us rotundocephalus sp. nov. Fig. 27. Mesolygteus rotundocephalus sp. nov. Enlarged 10 times. Cat. No. 2152. Enlarged 10 times. Cat. No. 2153.
Length of the insect 7 mm. width of thorax 3.5 mm., abdomen 3.5 mm. HORIZON AND LOCALITY: Laiyang formation, of Shi-Chia-Pei-Tze, Laiyang, Shantung. (Loc. 227) CoIl. Mr. H. S. 'Vang. Vol. Xl I I. Ping-Cretaceo'us Fossil Insects of China (r) 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Brauer, Redtenbacher and Ganglbauer. 1886. Fossile Insekten der Jura Formation Ostsibiriens. Mem. de I'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Petersburg, Ser. VII, Vol. XXXVI. No. IS. 2. Cockerell, T. D. A. 1924. Fossils in the OntJai Sair Formation, Mongolia, Bull. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Rist. Vol. II, Art. VI, pp. 129-144. 3. Grabau, A. W. 1923. Cretaceous Fossils from Shantung. Bul1. Geol. Surv. of China. NO.5, Part 2, pp. 164-18I. 4. 1928. Stratigraphy of China. Part II. Mesozoic, Peking. 5. H andlirsch, A. 1908. Die Fossilen Insecten. Leipzig. 6. M artinov, A. 1926. On Fossil Insects of Turkestan. Annuaire de la Societe Pal::eonto logique de Russie. Tom. V. pp. 27-38. 7. Reis, O. M. 1910. Die Binnenfauna der Fischschiefer in Transbaikalien. Explor. Geol. Min. Ie long du Chemin-de-Fer de Siberie. Liv. XXIX. 8. Scudder, S. H. 1890. Tertiary Insects of North America, U. S. Geol. Sur. Vol. XIII. 9. Zittel, K. A. 1885. Randbuch der Pal::eontologie, Band II, Mi:inchen und Leipzig.
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE I.
49 PLATE I. CRETACEOUS FOSSIL INSECTS OF CHINA (Photographs by K. H. Hsu)
Fig. 1. Laiyangia paradoxiforml:s Grabau ...... p. 10 Dorsal view. X2. (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 427) Gray shales forming the fish beds of the Laiyang formation, 2 Ii North of Pa-Tzu. Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province. (Loc. No. 218.) Fig. 2. Sinoblatta laiyangensis Grabau ...... p. 13 Ventral view,X2i. (G. S. China Mus, Cat. No. 425-426) Laiyang shales (fish beds) at Pa-Tzu, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province, (Loc. No. 218.) Fig. 3. Same as fig. 2, counterpart ...... p. 13 Fig. 4- M esoblattina sinica Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 15 Adult wing. X12. Type (G. S. China, Mus. Cat. No. 2130) Upper Coal Series, Tai-Chi-Ying-Tzu, Pei-piao, Coal field, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2100). Fig. 5. Paraulacus sinicus Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 17 Dorsal view, X 5. 6 Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2131). Upper Volcanic series, Lower Cretaceons, Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2101.) Fig. 6. Proteroscarabmus yeni Grabau ...... p. 19 Dorsal view, X 1.8. (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 428). Laiyang paper shales, I Ii north of Man Wu, Laiyang Hsien, Shan tung Province. (Loc. No. 218). Fig. 7. Sinoelaterium melanocolor Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 23 Dorsal viewx 5. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2132). Gray shale of Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. No. 228). Fig. 8. Sinonemoura grabaui Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 25 Dorsal view, X 5· Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2133). Chihfeng series, Wang-Chia-Chiu-Tien, Chaoyang Hsien, Jeho1. (Loc. No. 2102).
50 PALJEONTOLOGIA SINICA C. Ping. Study of the Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China PI. 1.
1 2 3
4
6 8
5
10
7
1 1 PLATE I (Continued)
Fig. g. M esoleuctra peipiaoensis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 27 Dorsolateral View, X 5 5 Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2134). Shales of Pei-piao, Jehol (Loc. 2101).
Fig. 10. Perlariopsis peipiaoensis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 31 Ventro-Iateral view, X 5 5· Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2138). Shales of Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2101).
Fig. II. Mesohemerobius jeholensis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 42 Adult wing. X 5.50. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2147). Upper Volcanic Pei-piao, Jehol, (Loc. No. 2101).
51
EXPLANATION OF
PLATE II.
(1) 53 Errata: P. 29, for Figs. 4,5,8. read Figs. 5,6,7. PLATE II. CRETACEOUS FOSSIL INSECTS OF CHINA (Photographs by K. H. Hsu) Fig. 1. Ephemeropsis trisetales Eichwald ...... p. 38 Dorsal view, )( 1.2 (G .. China Mus. Cat. No. 2143). Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2105). Fig. 2. Same as fig. I, Abdominal region. Fig. 3. Coptoclava longipoda Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 40 Dorsal view, X2, Cotype (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2145). Gray sha1e of Tuan-Wang, Laiyang Hsien. Shantung Province. (Loc. No. 228) .
Fig. 4. Same as fig. 3 ...... ·· ...... · ...... · ..... p. 40 Dorsal view, X 2. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2146). Fig. 5. Sinoperla abdominalis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 29 Dorsal view, X 3.5 Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2I35). Upper coal series (sandstone and shales) Tai-Chi-Ying-Tsu, Pei-piao coal field, Jehol, (Loc. No. 2100). Fig. 6. Same as fig. 5 ...... p. 29 Dorsal view, X 3.3 Cotype (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2136).
Fig. 7. Same as fig. 5 ...... ··.· ...... ·· ...... ·.· ... ···.···.· ...... p. 29 Adult wing X 6. Co type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2137). Fig. 8. Chironomopsis gracilis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 37 La teral view X 6. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2142). Gray shales of Pei-piao, Jehol. (Loc. No. 2101). Fig. 9. Chironomaptera melanura Ping (sp. nov) ...... p. 35 Oblique dorsal view X 10. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2140). Laiyang formation, West ot Ti.lan Wang, Laiyang Hsieri, Shantung Province, (Loc. No. 225).
54 t[PALJEONTOLOGIA SINICA C. Ping. Study of the Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China PI. II.
3
6 4
8 EXPLANA TION OF
PLATE III.
55 PLATE" IiI.
CRETACEOUS FOSSIL INSECTS OF CHINA
(Photographs by K. H. Hsu)
Fig. I. Larvffi of Chironomaptera melanura Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 35 x 6. Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2141). Laiyang formation, West of Tuan-Wang, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Pro vince, (Loc. No. 218).
Fig. 2 Chironomaptera gregaria Grabau ...... p. 33 X 5· (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2139). Laiyang Paper shales. 1. Ii North of Pa-Tsu, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province, (Loc. No. 218). Fig. 3. M esolygmus laiyangensis Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 43 Ventral view, X 6.8 Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2148). Tuan-\Vang, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province, (Loc. No. 228). Fig. 4. Same as fig. 3················ ...... p. 43 Dorsal view X 6·5 Co type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2149). Fig. 5. Same as fig. 3········· ...... '" ...... p. 43 Adult wing x 6. Co type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2151). Fig. 6. Same as fig. 3······ ...... -...... p. 43 Lateral view, X 5 Type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2150). Fig. 7. M esolygce'lts rotundocephalus Ping (sp. nov.) ...... p. 45 Ventral view, X 6 Cotype (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2153). Laiyang formation, North of Shi-Chia-Pei-Tze, Laiyang Hsien, Shantung Province (Loc. 227). Fig. 8. Same as fig. 7····.· ... ···· ...... 45 Dorsal view ><6 Co type (G. S. China Mus. Cat. No. 2152) PALJEONTOLOGIA SINICA C. Ping. Study of the Cretaceous Fossil Insects of China PI. III.
1
2
7
4.
6
8 5 Bibliography of the Neuropterida
Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 5155
Reference Citation: Ping, C. 1928 [1928.12.30]. Cretaceous fossil insects of China. Paleontologica Sinica (B)13(1):1-56.
Copyrights: Any/all applicable copyrights reside with, and are reserved by, the publisher(s), the author(s) and/or other entities as allowed by law. No copyrights belong to the Bibliography of the Neuropterida.
Notes:
File: File produced for the Bibliography of the Neuropterida (BotN) component of the Lacewing Digital Library (LDL) Project, 2012.