View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Tasmania Open Access Repository Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 151, 2017 19 THE FRESHWATER FAUNA OF THE SOUTH POLAR REGION: A 140-YEAR REVIEW. by Herbert J.G. Dartnall (with one text-figure, one table and one appendix) Dartnall, H.J.G. 2017 (6:xii): The freshwater fauna of the South Polar Region: A 140-year review. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 151: 19–57. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.151.19 ISSN 0080-4703. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109 Australia. E-mail:
[email protected] The metazoan fauna of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic freshwaters is reviewed. Almost 400 species, notably rotifers, tardigrades and crustaceans have been identified. Sponges, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles and fishes are absent though salmonid fishes have been successfully introduced on some of the sub-Antarctic islands. Other alien introductions include insects (Chironomidae) and annelid worms (Oligochaeta). The fauna is predominately benthic in habitat and becomes increasingly depauperate at higher latitudes. Endemic species are known but only a few are widely distributed. Planktonic species are rare and only one parasitic species has been noted. Keywords: freshwater, fauna, Antarctica, sub-Antarctic Islands, maritime Antarctic, continental Antarctica. INTRODUCTION included in this definition. While these cool-temperate islands have a similar verdant vegetation and numerous The first collections of Antarctic freshwater invertebrates water bodies they are warmer and some are vegetated with were made during the “Transit of Venus” expeditions woody shrubs and trees.] of 1874 (Brady 1875, 1879, Studer 1878).