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New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

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New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha Throughout the recent editions of the United Bible Societies’ The Greek New Testament and the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, indices ostensibly listing the New Testament authors’ citation or allusion to other writings have been included as appendices. The Nestle- Aland includes as Appendix IV “Loci Citati vel Allegati,” while the UBS edition includes the unnumbered (second) “Index of Allusions and Verbal Parallels.” Both lists have grown through the course of editions, though both share a majority of citations. The trick here lies in understanding precisely what these indices are presenting. As noted above, they are “ostensibly listing the New Testament authors’ citation or allusion to other writings.” In the case of the canonical texts of the Old Testament (that is, of the truncated Protestant canon which eschews the Deuterocanonicals of the Catholics and Orthodox), the lists are fairly secure, as the OT is cited frequently in the NT, and alluded to fairly often as well. In the case of the Deuterocanonical books and the Pseudepigrapha and other works, however, there is a wide range of approaches toward recognizing a quotation, an allusion, or a related (whether positive or negative) phraseology or usage. Undoubtedly, this hesitation is due to Protestant squeamishness regarding these Deuterocanonical and Pseudepigraphal books in part. Largely, however, it is scholarship’s lesser familiarity with these works (due to whatever motivation or lack thereof) which has led to less attention being paid to parallels of any sort between the New Testament and the Deuterocanonicals. Add to this the complications of dating (e.g.; some would posit the authorship of the Apocalypse, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch nearly simultaneously, complicating immensely the determination of who cites whom) of these books, with centuries sometimes lying between different estimates of origins, and we have a recipe for only confusion. Regardless, there are clearly parallels between the New Testament and the Deuterocanonicals and the Pseudepigrapha and other works. This is no longer in doubt. St Paul even quotes (gasp) pagans! Because of this, I have amalgamated (and contributed to) the lists included in the NA27 and UBS4 editions. Everything in those lists, placed in them for whatever reason (the quotation of 1 Enoch in Jude, the parallels to Tobit in the Golden Rule, parallels to the Apocalypse in 4 Ezra, the shared usage of a noun or verb or adjective, or a peculiar phrase, or even a generally shared concept, etc) is included below. It must be admitted that some of the relationships are puzzling; that is, in some instances it is difficult to find any relationship between the two passages. I can only suggest that in some cases, perhaps versification differences are in play, or perhaps a wild edition was used, or perhaps simply a mistake has been made by the contributor of a citation to the list. A word is in order on the format of the list itself. The list follows the order of the Loci Citati vel Allegati in the NA27 largely but not slavishly. These are arranged with the Deuterocanonical/Pseudepigraphal work first, and then then New Testament citations following. I have added some few items, which are marked at the head of the line with an asterisk. Those entries which appear only in the UBS4 are marked at the head of the line with [UBS4]. The New Revised Standard Version is the text used for the New Testament and Deuterocanonical citations. The translations of Pseudepigrapha are those included in Charlesworth’s Old Testaement Pseudepigrapha. The goal of this page was to familiarize myself with the material. It seemed worthwhile to share it with others. I have received gracious notes of thanks for it from readers, for which I am most appreciative. Comments, corrections, and suggestions for improvement are always welcome. Sources: Aland, Barbara, et al., eds. The Greek New Testament. 4th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft/United Bible Societies, 1994. Aland, Barbara, et al., eds. Novum Testamentum Graece. 27th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993. Charlesworth, James H., ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1983, 1985. Metzger, Bruce M., ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 3 EZRA 1. 1.5: in accordance with the directions of King David of Israel and the magnificence of his son Solomon. Stand in order in the temple according to the groupings of the ancestral houses of you Levites, who minister before your kindred the people of Israel, Mt 6.29: yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not clothed like one of these. 2. [UBS4] 1.32:In all Judea they mourned for Josiah. The prophet Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and the principal men, with the women, have made lamentation for him to this day; it was ordained that this should always be done throughout the whole nation of Israel. Mt 1.11: and Josiah the father of Jechoniah and his brothers, at the time of the deportation to Babylon. 3. 4.38: But truth endures and is strong forever, and lives and prevails forever and ever. 1Cor 13.13: And now faith, hope, and love abide, these three; and the greatest of these is love. 4 EZRA 1. 3.21-26: For the first Adam, burdened with an evil heart, transgressed and was overcome, as were also all who were descended from him. Thus the disease became permanent; the law was in the hearts of the people along with its evil root; but what was good departed, and the evil remained. So the time passed and the years were completed, and you raised up for yourself a servant, named David. You commanded him to build a city for your name, and there to offer you oblations from what is yours. This was done for many years; but the inhabitants of the city transgressed, in everything doing just as Adam and all his descendants had done, for they also had the evil heart. Rom 5.12: Therefore, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death spread to all because all have sinned *1Cor 15.45: Thus it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living being”; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 2. 4.8: perhaps you would have said to me, ‘I never went down into the deep, nor as yet into Hades, neither did I ever ascend into heaven.’ Jn 3.13: No one has ascended into heaven except the one who descended from heaven, the Son of Man. Rom 10.6: But the righteousness that comes from faith says, “Do not say in your heart, ‘who will ascend into heaven?'” (that is, to bring Christ down) 3. 4.35-37: Did not the souls of the righteous in their chambers ask about these matters, saying, ‘How long are we to remain here? And when will the harvest of our reward come?’ And the archangel Jeremiel answered and said, ‘When the number of those like yourselves is completed; for he has weighted the age in the balance, and measured the times by measure, and numbered the times by number; and he will not more or arouse them until that measure is fulfilled.’ Rom 11.25: So that you may not claim to be wiser than you are, brothers and sisters, I want you to understand this mystery: a hardening has come upon part of Israel until the full number of the Gentiles has come in. *Rev 6.9-11: When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slaughtered for the word of God and for the testimony they had given; they cried out with a loud voice, “Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long will it be before you judge and avenge our blood on the inhabitants of the earth?” They were each given a white robe and told to rest a little longer, until the number would be complete both of their fellow servants and of their brothers and sisters, who were soon to be killed as they themselves had been killed. 4. 6.25: It shall be that whoever remains after all that I have foretold to you shall be saved and shall see my salvation and the end of the world. Mt 10.22: and you will be hared by all because of my name. But the one who endures to the end will be saved. Mk 13.13: and you will be hated by all because of my name. But the one who endures to the end will be saved. 5. 7.6-14: Another example: There is a city built and set on a plain, and it is full of all good things; but the entrance to it is narrow and set in a precipitous place, so that there is fire on the right hand and deep water on the left. There is only one path lying between them, that is, between the fire and the water, so that only one person can walk on the path. If now the city is given to someone as an inheritance, how will the heir receive the inheritance unless by passing through the appointed danger?” I said, “That is right, lord.” He said to me, “So also is Israel’s portion. For I made the world for their sake, and when Adam transgressed my statutes, what had been made was judged. And so the entrances of this world were made narrow and sorrowful and toilsome; they are few and evil, full of dangers and involved in great hardships.
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