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Old Testament Apocrypha & Pseudepigrapha An Overview of Non-Canonical Jewish and Early Christian Literature NON-BIBLICAL ANCIENT JEWISH LITERATURE: Old Testament Apocrypha Seven complete books and various additions to existing books are not considered biblical or “canonical” by Jews or Protestants (who call them “Old Testament Apocrypha”); but these are considered part of the Old Testament canon by Catholic and Orthodox Christians (who call them “Deuterocanonical Books”): • Judith • Additions to Daniel: • Tobit o Prayer of Azariah & Song of Three Jews (Dan 3:24-90) • 1 Maccabees o Susanna (Dan 13) • 2 Maccabees o Bel & the Dragon (Dan 14) • Wisdom of Solomon • Additions to Esther • Ecclesiasticus (a.k.a. Sirach) • Letter of Jeremiah (Baruch 6) • Baruch Some Orthodox Churches include in their Bibles a few other writings that are not accepted as canonical by Catholics: • 1 Esdras • 3 Maccabees • Prayer of Manasseh • 2 Esdras (a.k.a. 4 Ezra) • 4 Maccabees • Psalm 151 Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Several ancient Jewish writings are attributed to various biblical figures, although they were almost certainly not written by the purported authors, but rather by anonymous writers several centuries later: • 1 Enoch (Ethiopic Apocalypse of Enoch) • Joseph and Aseneth • 2 Enoch (Slavonic Book of the Secrets of Enoch) • Psalms of Solomon • 4 Baruch (a.k.a. Paraleipomena Jeremiou) • Pseudo-Phocilides • Apocalypse of Abraham • Revelation of Esdras • Apocalypse of Adam • Second Treatise of the Great Seth • Apocalypse of Moses • Sibylline Oracles • Book of Jubilees • Story of Ahikar • Books of Adam and Eve (Latin version) • Testament of Abraham • Life of Adam and Eve (Greek & Slavonic versions) • Testament of Solomon • Letter of Aristeas • Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs • Martyrdom of Isaiah Other Ancient Jewish Literature: • Dead Sea Scrolls – biblical and sectarian texts, especially but not only from Qumran (ca. 200 BC – 68 AD) • Philo of Alexandria – Jewish philosopher and exegete (ca. 20 BC – ca. 50 AD); hundreds of important works • Flavius Josephus – Jewish general and historian (ca. 37 – ca. 100 AD): Jewish War; Antiquities of the Jews; etc. • Rabbinic Literature – Mishnah, Tosefta, Midrashim, Targumim, Talmudim, etc. (ca. 200 – 1000 AD) BIBLIOGRAPHY: • The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. James H. Charlesworth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983-1985. • The Apocryphal Old Testament. H.F.D. Sparks, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford U. Press, 1984. • The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English. 2 vols. R. H. Charles, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. • The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Geza Vermes, transl. & ed. New York: Penguin, 1997. • The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English. 2nd edition. Florentino García Martínez, ed.; Wilfred G. E. Watson, transl. Leiden/New York: E. J. Brill; Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1996. • The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged. Transl. by C. D. Yonge. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1993. • The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged. Transl. by W. Whiston. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1987. • Online: http://wesley.nnu.edu/sermons-essays-books/noncanonical-literature/ NON-BIBLICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE (not a complete list): Apocryphal Gospels Apocryphal Apocalypses: The Infancy Gospel of Thomas [Greek & Latin versions] The Ascension of Isaiah An Arabic Infancy Gospel The Apocalypse of Adam The Gospel of James The Revelation of Esdras The Gospel of the Nativity of Mary The First Apocalypse of James The Gospel of Mary [Magdalene] The Second Apocalypse of James The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew The Revelation of John the Theologian The Gospel of Matthias The Revelation of Moses The Gospel of Nicodemus [a.k.a. The Acts of Pilate] The Apocalypse of Paul The Gospel of Bartholomew The Revelation of Paul The Gospel of Peter The Apocalypse of Peter The Gospel of Thomas [Coptic Sayings Gospel] The Vision of Paul The Gospel of Philip The Revelation of Peter The Gospel of the Lord [by Marcion] Christian Sibylline Oracles The Gospel of the Twelve Apostles [various versions] The Gospel of the Nazareans The Nag Hammadi Library (full list): The Gospel of the Ebionites The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles The Gospel of the Hebrews Allogenes The Gospel of the Egyptians The Apocalypse of Adam The Secret Gospel of Mark The (First) Apocalypse of James The Gospel of Judas The (Second) Apocalypse of James The Apocalypse of Paul Apocryphal Acts The Apocalypse of Peter The Acts of Andrew The Apocryphon of James: The Acts and Martyrdom of Andrew The Apocryphon of John The Acts of Andrew and Matthew Asclepius 21-29 The Acts of Barnabas Authoritative Teaching The Martyrdom of Bartholomew The Book of Thomas the Contender The Acts of John The Concept of Our Great Power The Mystery of the Cross [excerpt from Acts of John] The Dialogue of the Savior The Acts of John the Theologian The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth The History of Joseph the Carpenter Eugnostos the Blessed The Book of John Concerning the Death of Mary The Exegesis on the Soul The Passing of Mary The Gospel of the Egyptians The Acts and Martyrdom of Matthew The Gospel of Philip The Martyrdom of Matthew The Gospel of Thomas: The Acts of Paul The Gospel of Truth: The Acts of Paul and Thecla The Hypostasis of the Archons The Acts of Peter Hypsiphrone The Acts of Peter and Andrew The Interpretation of Knowledge The Acts of Peter and Paul The Letter of Peter to Philip The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles Marsanes The Acts of Philip Melchizedek The Report of Pontius Pilate to Tiberius On the Anointing The Giving Up of Pontius Pilate On the Baptism A; On the Baptism B The Death of Pilate On the Eucharist A; On the Eucharist B The Acts of Thaddaeus On the Origin of the World The Acts of Thomas The Paraphrase of Shem (fragmentary) The Book of Thomas the Contender Plato, Republic 588A-589B The Consummation of Thomas The Prayer of the Apostle Paul The Prayer of Thanksgiving Other Pseudepigraphic Early Christian Writings: The Second Treatise of the Great Seth The Teachings of Addeus the Apostle The Sentences of Sextus The Epistle of the Apostles The Sophia of Jesus Christ Community Rule The Teachings of Silvanus The Correspondence of Jesus and Abgar The Testimony of Truth John the Evangelist The Thought of Norea The Narrative of Joseph of Arimathaea The Three Steles of Seth The Epistle to the Laodiceans The Thunder, Perfect Mind The Correspondence of Paul and Seneca The Treatise on the Resurrection The Letter of Pontius Pilate to the Roman Emperor Trimorphic Protennoia The Report of Pilate to Caesar The Tripartite Tractate The Report of Pilate to Tiberius A Valentinian Exposition Excerpts from Pistis Sophia Zostriano The Avenging of the Savior 2 NON-BIBLICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE (cont.): “The Apostolic Fathers” (refers to the first few generations of Christian leaders after the Apostles themselves): Anonymous or Pseudonymous: Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch (ca. 35-108): The Didache (“Teaching of the Twelve Apostles”) Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians The Epistle of Barnabas (ca. 130, pseudonymous) Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians The Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus (2nd Cent.?) Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians The Shepherd of Hermas (Rome, ca.150) Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans Clement, Bishop of Rome Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians First Clement (Epistle to the Corinthians, ca. 96) Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp Second Clement (ca. 150, pseudonymous) writings attributed to Ignatius, but spurious: Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis (ca. 60-130): Epistle of Ignatius to Mary at Neapolis Fragments (quoted by Eusebius) Epistle of Maria the Proselyte to Ignatius Epistle of Ignatius to St. John the Apostle Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna (ca. 69-155): Second Epistle of Ignatius to St. John the Apostle The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (ca.130) Epistle of Ignatius to Hero, a deacon of Antioch The Martyrdom of Polycarp (ca. 155) Epistle of Ignatius to the Antiochians Third Epistle of Ignatius Miscellaneous Writings of Polycarp Epistle of Ignatius to the Tarsians Second Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians Justin Martyr (ca. 100-165): Epistle of Ignatius to the Philippians First Apology Another Version of Ignatius to Polycarp Second Apology Epistle of Ignatius to the Virgin Mary Discourse to the Greeks Reply of the Virgin Mary to Ignatius On the Sole Government of God On the Resurrection; etc. Pseudonymous Writings, attributed to non-Christians in defense of Christianity: The Epistle of Adrian in behalf of the Christians The Epistle of Antoninus The Epistle of Marcus Aurelius to the Senate Ante-Nicene Fathers (Writings of Church Leaders down to A.D. 325) from the Second Century: Irenaeus of Lyons (ca., 130-200), Tatian, Theophilus, Athenagoras, Clement of Alexandria; Tertullian of Carthage (ca.150-212) from the Third & early Fourth Centuries: Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen; Hippolytus; Cyprian; Caius; Novatian; Gregory Thaumaturgus; Dionysius the Great; Julius Africanus; Anatolius; Methodius; Arnobius; Lactantius; Venantius; Asterius; Victorinus; Dionysius; etc. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (active during and after the Council of Nicaea, 325 AD) Athanasius of Alexandria; Basil the Great; Jerome; Theodore of Studium; Methodius of Olympus; Gregory of Nazianzen; Augustine of Hippo; John Chrysostom; Eusebius of Caesarea; Gregory of Nyssa; Cyril of Jerusalem; Ambrose of Milan; Leo the Great; Gregory the Great; etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY: • New Testament Apocrypha. 2 vols. Wilhelm Schneemelcher, ed. Eng. transl. by R. McL. Wilson. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991-92. • The Apocryphal New Testament. J. K. Elliott, ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. • The Nag Hammadi Library in English. Revised edition. James M. Robinson, ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988. • The Apostolic Fathers (several different editions from different publishers; see also Early Christian Writings) • Quasten, Johannes. Patrology. 4 vols. Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1950; repr.
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