DOCSLIB.ORG

Novel Design and Optimization of Vehicle's Natural Gas Fuel Tank

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Novel Design and Optimization of Vehicle's Natural Gas Fuel Tank Novel Design and Optimization ofVehicle's Natural Gas Fuel Tank A Thesis Presented to The Faculty ofthe Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College ofEngineering and Technology Ohio University In Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirement for the Degree Master ofScience \ by , Shr-Hung Chen March 1997 QHIO UN!VERSlrv LIBRARY Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Bhavin V. Mehta, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, for having given me the privilege of working on this problem. Working on this thesis has been an invaluable experience and has greatly contributed to my knowledge and understanding ofthe subject. I would also like to thank Dr. M. Khairul Alam, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Dr. Daniel Gulino, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering of being on my thesis committee. I dedicate this thesis to my parents who have been my source inspiration In pursuing my Master's degree. A special word ofthanks to my sister for her support. Table of Contents Topic Page List ofTable III List ofFigure IV 1. Introduction 1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 Objective 1 1-3 Natural Gas Vehicles and High Pressure Storage Tanks 2 2. Literature Review 4 2-1 Natural Gas Vehicle 4 2-2 The Shape ofNatural Gas Storage Tanks 5 2-3 The Materials ofCompress Natural Gas Storage Tanks 6 3. Materials Consideration ofNatural Gas Storage Tanks 9 3-1 Introduction 9 3-2 Different Materials Considered 9 3-3 Aluminum-6061-T6 10 3-4 Steel-AISI-I040 16 3-5 Composite Material (Kevlar) 19 4. FEM Modeling and Design ofNatural Gas Storage Tanks 24 4-1 Introduction 24 ii Topic Page 4-2 Creation of3-D Model ofthe Tank Using Intergraph's CAD/CAM System 24 4-3 Creation of3-D Model ofTank Using Patran3.0 36 5. Theory and FEM Analysis ofCylindrical Tank 38 5-1 Introduction 38 5-2 The Mathematical Model ofA Cylindrical Tank 38 5-2-1 Thin-Walled Cylindrical Pressure Vessels 38 5-2-2 Thick-Walled Cylindrical Pressure Vessels 41 5-3 FEM Analysis ofCylindrical Pressure Vessels 47 5-4 The Comparison ofTheoretic and FEM Analysis Result 52 6. FEM Analysis ofNoncylindrical Tanks and Optimization 55 6-1 Introduction 55 6-2 FEM Analysis ofNon-Cylindrical Model Considering 2 Materials 55 6-3 FEM Analysis Considering Kevlar Composite Material 70 . 6-4 Optimization 75 7. Conclusion and Discussion 79 7-1 Conclusion 79 7-2 Future Work and Recommendations 82 8. Bibliography 83 111 List ofTables Table Title Page 3-1 Mechanical Properties ofMaterials 12 3-2 Designation system for aluminum alloys 13 3-3 Temper designation for alloys 14 3-4 The properties ofAluminum-6061-T6 15 3-5 SAE-AISI plain carbon steels 18 3-6 Properties ofKevlar Composite Material 22 4-1 3-D Modeling 26 4-2 The Dimensions Used in 3-D Modeling 27 5-1 The equation for the generalized Hook's Law 45 6-1 The Nodes and Tetrahedral Elements ofFinite Element Mesh 57 6-2 The Constrained Area 58 6-3 Model Versus Internal Pressure 59 6-4 The Maximum Stress Development with I/FEM and Patran3.0 System 78 7-1 The Density and Yield Stress ofMaterials 81 iv List ofFigures Figures Title Page 3-1 Comparison ofthe Yield Strength 20 3-2 The Structure ofKevlar 23 4-1 Square Shape 28 4-2 Cylindrical Shape 29 4-3 Cylindrical Shape with Two Hemispheric Ends 30 4-4 Square Shape with 4 Fins 31 4-5 Rounding Edge Square with 4 Fins 32 4-6 Rounding Square with 4 Fins and Hole Opening on Fins (Thickness ofthe Wall is 0.5 in) 33 4-7 Rounding Square with 4 Fins and Hole Opening on Fins (Thickness ofthe Wall is 0.7 in) 34 4-8 Rounding Square with 4 Fins and Hole Opening on Fins (Thickness ofthe Wall is 1.0 in) 35 4-9 The Patran3.0 Finite Element Modeling (Thickness ofthe Wall is 1 in) 37 5-1 Diagrams for analysis ofthin-walled cylindrical pressure vessels 40 5-2 Diagrams for analysis ofthin-walled cylindrical pressure vessels 40 v Figures Title Page 5-3 Diagrams for analysis ofthin-walled cylindrical pressure vessels 41 5-4 Diagrams for analysis ofthick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels 43 5-5 Diagrams for analysis ofthick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels 43 5-6 The Constrained Area ofCylindrical Pressure Vessel 49 5-7 The Distribution ofStresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model 50 5-8 The Distribution ofStresses of Steel-AISI-I040 Material Model 51 6-1 The Distribution ofStresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model (Shape 1) 60 6-2 The Distribution ofStresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model (Shape 3) 61 6-3 The Distribution ofStresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model (Shape 4) 62 6-4 The Distribution of Stresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model (Shape 5) 63 6-5 The Distribution ofStresses ofAluminum-6061-T6 Material Model (Shape 6) 64 VI Figures Title Page 6-6 The Distribution of Stresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model (Shape I) 65 6-7 The Distribution of Stresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model (Shape 3) 66 6-8 The Distribution ofStresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model (Shape 6) 67 6-9 The Distribution ofStresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model (Shape 7) 67 6-10 The Distribution ofStresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model (Shape 8) 68 6-11 The Distribution ofStresses ofSteel-AISI-I040 Material Model under Patran3.0 Analysis (Shape 8) 72 6-12 The Model ofLaminate Material 73 6-13 The Distribution ofStresses ofKevlar Composite and Steel- AISI-I040 Material Model under Patran3.0 Analysis (Shape 8) 74 6-14 The Gasoline Tank ofA Ford Escort 77 CHAPTERl Introduction 1-1 Introduction The price of petroleum has become increasingly more expensive since the early 1970s. To fmd a new motor fuel for automobile use is an important challenge; natural gas is one of the most prospective of these fuels. Compared with gasoline, it is inexpensive and less polluting. Although some automobiles now run on compressed natural gas, storing sufficient gaseous fuel to accommodate the needs ofthe car is still a major problem. For a natural gas vehicle to travel as far as a gasoline vehicle (between 250 miles and 300 miles) without refueling, it must carry a very heavy high pressure natural gas storage. Many high-pressure tanks that meet the 300-mile distance requirements take up a lot of space and add weight to the vehicle. That is, few vehicles, such as mid-to-full-size pickup trucks, vans and heavy-duty vehicles, are large enough to provide sufficient storage space to install this equipment. Thus, developing a lighter tank which can store more high pressure natural gas is essential for natural gas vehicle's commercial success. 1-2 Objective The objective of this research is to use I1FEM and Patran3.0 software to analyze eight shapes and three materials (Aluminum-6061-T6, Steel-AISI-I040 and Laminate Composite material). The maximal stresses of these shapes and materials will be 2 compared to help fmd the best model and material for a compressed natural gas storage tank which can store at higher natural gas pressure. Chapter 1 is an introduction to natural gas vehicles and the rationale for their development. Chapter 2 is an overview of the literature pertaining to natural gas vehicles and high pressure storage tanks. Chapter 3 evaluates materials used in natural gas storage tanks, the choices of three materials (Aluminum-6061-T6, Steel-AISI-I040 and laminate composite material), and discusses the properties ofthese materials. Chapter 4 examines the designs of several models of high pressure vessels. Intergraph's Engineering Modeling System (I/EMS) and MSC's Patran3.0 are used to develop 3-D fmite element models ofhigh pressure vessels. Chapter 5 presents the mathematical models and results of the finite element analysis of a cylindrical vessel, and compares theoretical and fmite element analysis result. Chapter 6 describes the fmite element analysis of non-cylindrical vessel models that were created by IIFEM and Patran3.0, and discusses optimization of natural gas storage tank models. Chapter 7 presents conclusions and offers directions for future research. 1-3 Natural Gas Vehicles and High Pressure Storage Tanks Natural gas is a widely available, inexpensive, efficient and clean burning fuel. When used in automobile propulsion, natural gas is cheaper than the per gallon equivalent 3 of gasoline. Including compression costs, natural gas can be 25 percent to 50 percent cheaper than gasoline and costs as much as 50 percent less than such alternative fuels as methanol. Natural gas bums cleaner than most alternative fuels. It produces only low levels ofpollutants, such as reactive organic gases, nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), and produces virtually no particulates. Highly efficient, natural gas provides high engine thermal efficiency. Engine power can be increased by 40 percent with natural gas. The fuel tank used by natural gas vehicle (GNV) is a high pressure storage tank. In general, natural gas storage tank pressure is rated at 3000-psi to SOOO-psi. Tanks are most frequently composed of Steel-AISI-I040 or Aluminum-6061-T6. The purpose of this research is to find an optimal material and shape for storing high pressure natural gas. 4 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review 2-1 Natural Gas Vehicles Many studies have been conducted on natural gas vehicles. Research has most frequently focused on the efficiency, pollution and economics ofnatural gas vehicles. In addition to investigating the advantages of natural gas vehicles, some university or research organizations have modified engine designs to improve the efficiency ofnatural gas vehicles. Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal [1] has modified the design of a 364-ci engine with 12.7:1 compression ratio.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blending Hydrogen Into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: a Review of Key Issues
    Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5600-51995 March 2013 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev Prepared under Task No. HT12.2010 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5600-51995 Golden, Colorado 80401 March 2013 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: a Review
    materials Review Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review Etienne Rivard * , Michel Trudeau and Karim Zaghib * Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Quebec, 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (K.Z.) Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies. Keywords: hydrogen mobility; hydrogen storage; storage systems assessment; Kubas-type hydrogen storage; hydrogen economy 1. Introduction According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is almost certain that the unusually fast global warming is a direct result of human activity [1]. The resulting climate change is linked to significant environmental impacts that are connected to the disappearance of animal species [2,3], decreased agricultural yield [4–6], increasingly frequent extreme weather events [7,8], human migration [9–11], and conflicts [12–14].
    [Show full text]
  • Storing Syngas Lowers the Carbon Price for Profitable Coal Gasification
    Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Working Paper CEIC-07-10 www.cmu.edu/electricity Storing syngas lowers the carbon price for profitable coal gasification ADAM NEWCOMER AND JAY APT Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 254 Posner Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) electric power generation systems with carbon capture and sequestration have desirable environmental qualities, but are not profitable when the carbon dioxide price is less than approximately $50 per metric ton. We examine whether an IGCC facility that operates its gasifier continuously but stores the syngas and produces electricity only when daily prices are high may be profitable at significantly lower CO2 prices. Using a probabilistic analysis, we have calculated the plant-level return on investment (ROI) and the value of syngas storage for IGCC facilities located in the US Midwest using a range of storage configurations. Adding a second turbine to use the stored syngas to generate electricity at peak hours and implementing 12 hours of above ground high pressure syngas storage significantly increases the ROI and net present value. Storage lowers the carbon price at which IGCC enters the US generation mix by approximately 25%. 1 Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Working Paper CEIC-07-10 www.cmu.edu/electricity Introduction Producing electricity from coal-derived synthesis gas (syngas) in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) facility can improve criteria pollutant performance over other coal-fueled technologies such as pulverized coal (PC) facilities [1-5] and can be implemented with carbon capture and sequestration.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Innovative and Automated Freight Strategies and Technologies—Phase I Final Report
    Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/TX-17/0-6837-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND AUTOMATED FREIGHT February 2017 STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES—PHASE I FINAL REPORT 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Curtis Morgan, Jeffery Warner, Allan Rutter, Dahye Lee, C. James Report 0-6837-1 Kruse, Dong Hun Kang, Mario Monsreal, Jolanda Prozzi, Juan Carlos Villa, Jeffrey Borowiec, Leslie Olson, David Bierling, and Edwin Varela 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Texas A&M Transportation Institute The Texas A&M University System 11. Contract or Grant No. College Station, Texas 77843-3135 Project 0-6837 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report: Research and Technology Implementation Office March 2016 125 E. 11th Street 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Austin, Texas 78701-2483 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Project Title: Assessment of Innovative and Automated Freight Systems and Development of Evaluation Tools URL: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6837-1.pdf 16. Abstract Many innovative freight delivery strategies and technologies have been proposed to address the future freight needs of Texas’s growing population. Changes in both buying habits and a shift toward direct home package delivery threaten to dramatically change distribution patterns and increase the number of intercity and local delivery trucks on Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) roadways.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region
    Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region APEC Oil and Gas Security Studies | Series 17 APEC Energy Working Group September 2020 APEC Project: EWG 01 2020S Produced by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Inui Building, Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan Tel: (813) 5144-8551 Fax: (813) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] (administration) Website: http://aperc.or.jp/ For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2020 APEC Secretariat APEC#220-RE-01.9 ISBN: 978-981-14-7794-2 OGSS Series 17 Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region 3 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Project coordinators .................................................................................................................. 7 Authors ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Editors
    [Show full text]
  • NATURAL GAS STORAGE: Actions Needed to Assess Inspection
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters October 2019 NATURAL GAS STORAGE Actions Needed to Assess Inspection Workload and Progress toward Safety Outcomes GAO-20-167 October 2019 NATURAL GAS STORAGE Actions Needed to Assess Inspection Workload and Progress toward Safety Outcomes Highlights of GAO-20-167, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found About 400 natural gas storage sites In 2018, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous are important to the U.S. natural gas Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) set a goal for its natural gas storage system, providing about 30 percent of inspection program to inspect all approximately 400 natural gas storage sites the nation's energy. During a 2015 leak within 5 years, according to agency officials. PHMSA expected that all 25 eligible at a storage site near Los Angeles, states would help inspect sites, but only 10 states agreed to partner with the about 8,000 families were temporarily agency. As a result, the agency’s inspection workload increased by almost 60 relocated due to symptoms such as percent from when it set its goal, according to PHMSA data. Because of the migraines, nausea, and respiratory increase in its inspection workload over its preliminary estimate, PHMSA does problems. The leak raised concerns not have assurance that it has enough resources to meet its inspection goal. about health and safety risks from Furthermore, PHMSA has not used a workforce analysis to inform its budget other storage sites. In 2017, GAO recommended that PHMSA take requests.
    [Show full text]
  • Update to Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation
    Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation Prepared For The Utility Air Regulatory Group and the American Public Power Association An Update to Implications of Greater Reliance on Natural Gas for Electricity Generation (2010) June 2012 Update on Natural Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Recent and Expected Additions to Storage .................................................................................................. 5 Generator Use of Storage ............................................................................................................................. 7 Use of Storage to Provide Reliability ............................................................................................................ 8 Generator Use of Storage for Imbalance Management ............................................................................. 10 Use of Storage to Provide Flexible Pipeline Services .................................................................................. 11 Competition for the Geology By Other Uses .............................................................................................. 14 Other Types of Storage May Increase in Relevance ................................................................................... 16 Final Thoughts ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Storage of Natural Gas Storing Natural Gas the Same Way Nature Always Has… Deep Underground
    UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS STORING NATURAL GAS THE SAME WAY NATURE ALWAYS HAS… DEEP UNDERGROUND Most of the natural gas used in Southern California travels from supply sources as far away as Texas and Canada. So, Underground storage is based on the simple in order to maintain a balance between supply and demand, premise that if an underground rock formation storage is a necessity. Without it, we might not always be held oil and natural gas securely for millions of able to meet our customers’ needs. years, it could continue to do under controlled Customer needs change by the season, by the day, and even conditions. by the hour. On a cold winter day, for example, residential customers can use seven times the amount of natural gas Extensive research and our experience have proven that used on an average summer day. this concept is sound. Depleted oil and natural gas fields Five decades ago, balancing customer demand meant relying offer ideal storage conditions because they are comprised on natural gas holding structures, which stood several stories of natural underground traps. Care is taken that the original high and resembled oil storage tanks. formation pressure of the field is not exceeded. These subterranean rock formations can be repeatedly refilled and In 1941 we introduced a new system to the Southwest: drawn from to meet the fluctuating needs of our customers. underground storage of natural gas. This system is based on the simple premise that if an underground rock formation When out of state pipelines can’t deliver enough natural held oil and natural gas securely for millions of years, it could gas to meet heavy demand, which might occur on a cold continue to do so under controlled circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Annual Questionnaire 2017-2021
    NATURAL GAS ANNUAL QUESTIONNAIRE 2017-2021 AND HISTORICAL REVISIONS August 2018 Attached is the annual questionnaire for natural gas which provides for the submission of 2017-2021 data and historical revisions where applicable. Countries reporting to the IEA are requested to complete the questionnaire at the latest by 30 September. Earlier submissions are welcome. Countries reporting to Eurostat are requested to complete the questionnaire by 30 November (Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on energy statistics). Earlier submissions are welcome. Please send your questionnaire to: International Energy Agency (IEA/OECD), Energy Data Centre (the IEA will forward the data to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva). European Commission, Eurostat, Energy Statistics (for EU Member States, European Economic Area countries, EU Candidate Countries and Potential Candidates, Energy Community Contracting Parties) United Nations Statistics Division, Energy Statistics Section Transmission details are provided in the “Data communication procedures” section. ANNUAL GAS QUESTIONNAIRE Data communication procedures IEA 31-35, rue de la Fédération, 75739, Paris, Cedex 15, France Please complete data for your country on the Energy Validation Outlet: https://evo.iea.org Alternatively send the completed questionnaire in a CSV or Excel file as an e-mail attachment. to [email protected] For questions regarding the questionnaire, contact [email protected] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Eurostat European Commission – Eurostat, Unit E.5: Energy, L-2920 Luxembourg (for EU Member States, European Economic Area countries, EU Candidate Countries and Potential Candidates, Energy Community Contracting Parties) The completed MS Excel questionnaire should be transmitted via the Single Entry Point following the implementing procedures of EDAMIS (Electronic Data Files Administration And Management Information System): https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/edamis/ selecting the electronic data collection ENERGY_NTGAS_A.
    [Show full text]
  • LNG Solutions in Action LNG Solutions in Action
    LNG Solutions in Action LNG Solutions in Action Access to reliable energy means empowerment and increased living standards. With energy demand forecast to increase by 30% between today and 2030 and with society committed to transitioning to a low carbon future, natural gas is fundamental to meeting the challenge of significantly increased global energy without worsening air quality conditions. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is simply natural gas that has been refrigerated to its liquid form so that it can be economically stored and transported. Traditionally it would be produced and distributed on a massive scale but Chart is a key player in the development of small-scale models that are revolutionizing its usage and bringing power to off-grid locations, providing back-up power for peak shaving and supply curtailment events and fueling road, marine and even rail transportation. It’s an exciting and transient landscape where decisions in different parts of the value chain are highly interdependent. Therefore, it’s important to select a project partner that under- stands this. From the earliest feasibility study right through to after-sales service and mainte- nance packages, Chart will accompany you through the entire project lifecycle. By choosing Chart you gain a reliable and trustworthy ally, with a proven, solution driven track record. We have provided the industry’s highest rate of functionally successful systems from day one and, as a result, the most financially successful projects. We are delighted to present a small sample of them drawn from our experience across the globe. 2 3 LIQUEFACTION LNG Production and Trailer Loading Facility at Gas Processing Plant Highlights: Application: Cryogenic gas processing (Nitrogen Rejection Unit) produces LNG as part of the process, providing low cost LNG for the merchant market.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix B Description of Potential Alternatives for CEQA Master
    California Public Utilities Commission Pipeline Safety and Reliability Project – New Natural Gas Line 3602 and De-rating Line 1600 (PSRP) Appendix B Description of Potential Alternatives for CEQA Master Environmental Assessment Prepared by: Ecology and Environment, Inc. November 2018 PIPELINE SAFETY AND RELIABILITY PROJECT – NEW NATURAL GAS LINE 3602 AND DE-RATING LINE 1600 (PSRP) APPENDIX B: DESCRIPTION OF POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Existing System .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Proposed Project ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Potential Alternatives to the Proposed Project ................................................................ 2 2 Development of the Range of Potential Alternatives...................... 4 3 Description of Potential Alternatives .............................................. 4 A. No Project Alternative .................................................................................................... 4 B. Proposed Route, Alternate Diameter Pipeline (42-inch) Alternative .............................. 5 C. United States – Liquefied Natural Gas Alternative......................................................... 5 D. Liquefied Natural Gas Storage (Peak Shaver) Alternative ............................................. 5 E. Existing
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Natural Gas Storage
    Underground Natural Gas Storage National Conference of State Legislatures August 05, 2017 Byron Coy PE Senior Technical Advisor USDOT / PHMSA “To protect people and the environment by advancing the safe transportation of energy and other hazardous materials that are essential to our daily lives.” Who Is PHMSA ? ➢Under the U.S. Department of Transportation ✓Pipeline Safety Office ✓Hazardous Materials Safety Office ➢Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 provided the federal government the safety authority over pipelines and gas underground storage ➢Hazardous Liquids “To protect people and the environment by advancing the safe transportation of energy and other hazardous materials that are essential to our daily lives.” PHMSA Regions 3 “To protect people and the environment by advancing the safe transportation of energy and other hazardous materials that are essential to our daily lives.” Who Is PHMSA? • PHMSA’s Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) ➢Provides Safety Oversight for the Nation’s 2.6 Million Miles of Pipeline Infrastructure ✓Natural Gas ✓Hazardous Liquids ✓Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ✓Underground Natural Gas Storage Facilities “To protect people and the environment by advancing the safe transportation of energy and other hazardous materials that are essential to our daily lives.” Hazardous Liquid & Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines 5 “To protect people and the environment by advancing the safe transportation of energy and other hazardous materials that are essential to our daily lives.” States Partnership • PHMSA has been working
    [Show full text]