Natural Gas Annual Questionnaire 2017-2021
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Blending Hydrogen Into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: a Review of Key Issues
Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5600-51995 March 2013 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Blending Hydrogen into Natural Gas Pipeline Networks: A Review of Key Issues M. W. Melaina, O. Antonia, and M. Penev Prepared under Task No. HT12.2010 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5600-51995 Golden, Colorado 80401 March 2013 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: a Review
materials Review Hydrogen Storage for Mobility: A Review Etienne Rivard * , Michel Trudeau and Karim Zaghib * Centre of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydro-Quebec, 1806, boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes J3X 1S1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.R.); [email protected] (K.Z.) Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 11 June 2019; Published: 19 June 2019 Abstract: Numerous reviews on hydrogen storage have previously been published. However, most of these reviews deal either exclusively with storage materials or the global hydrogen economy. This paper presents a review of hydrogen storage systems that are relevant for mobility applications. The ideal storage medium should allow high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, quick uptake and release of fuel, operation at room temperatures and atmospheric pressure, safe use, and balanced cost-effectiveness. All current hydrogen storage technologies have significant drawbacks, including complex thermal management systems, boil-off, poor efficiency, expensive catalysts, stability issues, slow response rates, high operating pressures, low energy densities, and risks of violent and uncontrolled spontaneous reactions. While not perfect, the current leading industry standard of compressed hydrogen offers a functional solution and demonstrates a storage option for mobility compared to other technologies. Keywords: hydrogen mobility; hydrogen storage; storage systems assessment; Kubas-type hydrogen storage; hydrogen economy 1. Introduction According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is almost certain that the unusually fast global warming is a direct result of human activity [1]. The resulting climate change is linked to significant environmental impacts that are connected to the disappearance of animal species [2,3], decreased agricultural yield [4–6], increasingly frequent extreme weather events [7,8], human migration [9–11], and conflicts [12–14]. -
Storing Syngas Lowers the Carbon Price for Profitable Coal Gasification
Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Working Paper CEIC-07-10 www.cmu.edu/electricity Storing syngas lowers the carbon price for profitable coal gasification ADAM NEWCOMER AND JAY APT Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Engineering and Public Policy, 254 Posner Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) electric power generation systems with carbon capture and sequestration have desirable environmental qualities, but are not profitable when the carbon dioxide price is less than approximately $50 per metric ton. We examine whether an IGCC facility that operates its gasifier continuously but stores the syngas and produces electricity only when daily prices are high may be profitable at significantly lower CO2 prices. Using a probabilistic analysis, we have calculated the plant-level return on investment (ROI) and the value of syngas storage for IGCC facilities located in the US Midwest using a range of storage configurations. Adding a second turbine to use the stored syngas to generate electricity at peak hours and implementing 12 hours of above ground high pressure syngas storage significantly increases the ROI and net present value. Storage lowers the carbon price at which IGCC enters the US generation mix by approximately 25%. 1 Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Working Paper CEIC-07-10 www.cmu.edu/electricity Introduction Producing electricity from coal-derived synthesis gas (syngas) in an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) facility can improve criteria pollutant performance over other coal-fueled technologies such as pulverized coal (PC) facilities [1-5] and can be implemented with carbon capture and sequestration. -
Assessment of Innovative and Automated Freight Strategies and Technologies—Phase I Final Report
Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/TX-17/0-6837-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND AUTOMATED FREIGHT February 2017 STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES—PHASE I FINAL REPORT 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Curtis Morgan, Jeffery Warner, Allan Rutter, Dahye Lee, C. James Report 0-6837-1 Kruse, Dong Hun Kang, Mario Monsreal, Jolanda Prozzi, Juan Carlos Villa, Jeffrey Borowiec, Leslie Olson, David Bierling, and Edwin Varela 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Texas A&M Transportation Institute The Texas A&M University System 11. Contract or Grant No. College Station, Texas 77843-3135 Project 0-6837 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas Department of Transportation Technical Report: Research and Technology Implementation Office March 2016 125 E. 11th Street 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Austin, Texas 78701-2483 15. Supplementary Notes Project performed in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Project Title: Assessment of Innovative and Automated Freight Systems and Development of Evaluation Tools URL: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/0-6837-1.pdf 16. Abstract Many innovative freight delivery strategies and technologies have been proposed to address the future freight needs of Texas’s growing population. Changes in both buying habits and a shift toward direct home package delivery threaten to dramatically change distribution patterns and increase the number of intercity and local delivery trucks on Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) roadways. -
Harmon of Energ THIRD REVIS Onisation of Definitions Rgy
Harmononisation of Definitions of Energrgy Products and Flows THIRD REVISISION OF THE DEFINITIOIONS Part 1: Flows IEA,A, Paris, 21 December 2009 Table of Contents Page Note by Tim Simmons ............................................................................................................................. 5 Flow Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Definition of National Territory (not in flow classification) ................................................................... 9 Supply .................................................................................................................................................... 11 Production .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Receipts from Other Sources ................................................................................................................. 16 Imports and Exports .............................................................................................................................. 18 International Marine Bunkers ................................................................................................................ 21 International Aviation Bunkers ............................................................................................................. 22 Stocks (not in flow classification) ........................................................................................................ -
Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region
Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region APEC Oil and Gas Security Studies | Series 17 APEC Energy Working Group September 2020 APEC Project: EWG 01 2020S Produced by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Inui Building, Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan Tel: (813) 5144-8551 Fax: (813) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] (administration) Website: http://aperc.or.jp/ For Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2020 APEC Secretariat APEC#220-RE-01.9 ISBN: 978-981-14-7794-2 OGSS Series 17 Changing LNG Market Dynamics – Implications on Supply Security in the APEC Region 3 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Project coordinators .................................................................................................................. 7 Authors ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Editors -
Comparison Between Hydrogen and Syngas Fuels in an Integrated Micro Gas Turbine/Solar Field with Storage
energies Article Comparison between Hydrogen and Syngas Fuels in an Integrated Micro Gas Turbine/Solar Field with Storage Maria Cristina Cameretti, Alessandro Cappiello, Roberta De Robbio * and Raffaele Tuccillo Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (M.C.C.); [email protected] (A.C.); raff[email protected] (R.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 June 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 12 September 2020 Abstract: In recent years, the use of alternative fuels in thermal engine power plants has gained more and more attention, becoming of paramount importance to overcome the use of fuels from fossil sources and to reduce polluting emissions. The present work deals with the analysis of the response to two different gas fuels—i.e., hydrogen and a syngas from agriculture product—of a 30 kW micro gas turbine integrated with a solar field. The solar field included a thermal storage system to partially cover loading requests during night hours, reducing fuel demand. Additionally, a Heat Recovery Unit was included in the plant considered and the whole plant was simulated by Thermoflex® code. Thermodynamics analysis was performed on hour-to-hour basis, for a given day as well as for 12 months; subsequently, an evaluation of cogeneration efficiency as well as energy saving was made. The results are compared against plant performance achieved with conventional natural gas fueling. After analyzing the performance of the plant through a thermodynamic analysis, the study was complemented with CFD simulations of the combustor, to evaluate the combustion development and pollutant emissions formation, particularly of NOx, with the two fuels considered using Ansys-Fluent code, and a comparison was made. -
NATURAL GAS STORAGE: Actions Needed to Assess Inspection
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters October 2019 NATURAL GAS STORAGE Actions Needed to Assess Inspection Workload and Progress toward Safety Outcomes GAO-20-167 October 2019 NATURAL GAS STORAGE Actions Needed to Assess Inspection Workload and Progress toward Safety Outcomes Highlights of GAO-20-167, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found About 400 natural gas storage sites In 2018, the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous are important to the U.S. natural gas Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) set a goal for its natural gas storage system, providing about 30 percent of inspection program to inspect all approximately 400 natural gas storage sites the nation's energy. During a 2015 leak within 5 years, according to agency officials. PHMSA expected that all 25 eligible at a storage site near Los Angeles, states would help inspect sites, but only 10 states agreed to partner with the about 8,000 families were temporarily agency. As a result, the agency’s inspection workload increased by almost 60 relocated due to symptoms such as percent from when it set its goal, according to PHMSA data. Because of the migraines, nausea, and respiratory increase in its inspection workload over its preliminary estimate, PHMSA does problems. The leak raised concerns not have assurance that it has enough resources to meet its inspection goal. about health and safety risks from Furthermore, PHMSA has not used a workforce analysis to inform its budget other storage sites. In 2017, GAO recommended that PHMSA take requests. -
Catalytic Upgrading Nitrogen-Riched Wood Syngas to Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture Over a Feepd/ZSM-5 Catalyst
biomass and bioenergy 47 (2012) 469e473 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com http://www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe Catalytic upgrading nitrogen-riched wood syngas to liquid hydrocarbon mixture over a FeePd/ZSM-5 catalyst Qiangu Yan a,*, Fei Yu a,*, Zhiyong Cai b, Jilei Zhang c a Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Box 9632, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA b USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA c Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA article info abstract Article history: Biomass like wood chips, switchgrass and other plant residues are first converted to syngas Received 14 October 2011 through gasification process using air, oxygen or steam. A downdraft gasifier is performed Received in revised form for syngas production in Mississippi State. The syngas from the gasifier contains up to 49% 24 May 2012 (vol) N2. High-level nitrogen-containing (nitrogen can be up to 60%) synthesis gas is con- Accepted 1 September 2012 verted to liquid hydrocarbon mixture through a one-stage catalytic process with a FeePd/ Available online 13 October 2012 ZSM-5 catalyst. The FeePd/ZSM-5 catalyst shows relatively high activity and selectivity in producing liquid hydrocarbons when running with nitrogen-rich syngas. The CO conver- Keywords: sion, hydrocarbon selectivity and hydrocarbon distribution as a function of temperature, Biomass to liquid (BTL) fuels pressure, GHSV, composition of the feed, and reaction time are examined. Gasification ª 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Nitrogen-riched Catalytic upgrading FeePd/ZSM-5 catalyst 1. Introduction stage processes of synthesis gas conversion to gasoline [9,10]. -
Update to Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation
Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation Prepared For The Utility Air Regulatory Group and the American Public Power Association An Update to Implications of Greater Reliance on Natural Gas for Electricity Generation (2010) June 2012 Update on Natural Gas Storage Needed to Support Electricity Generation Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Recent and Expected Additions to Storage .................................................................................................. 5 Generator Use of Storage ............................................................................................................................. 7 Use of Storage to Provide Reliability ............................................................................................................ 8 Generator Use of Storage for Imbalance Management ............................................................................. 10 Use of Storage to Provide Flexible Pipeline Services .................................................................................. 11 Competition for the Geology By Other Uses .............................................................................................. 14 Other Types of Storage May Increase in Relevance ................................................................................... 16 Final Thoughts ............................................................................................................................................ -
A Comparative Exergoeconomic Evaluation of the Synthesis Routes for Methanol Production from Natural Gas
applied sciences Article A Comparative Exergoeconomic Evaluation of the Synthesis Routes for Methanol Production from Natural Gas Timo Blumberg 1,*, Tatiana Morosuk 2 and George Tsatsaronis 2 ID 1 Department of Energy Engineering, Zentralinstitut El Gouna, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany 2 Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (T.M.); [email protected] (G.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-314-23343 Received: 30 October 2017; Accepted: 20 November 2017; Published: 24 November 2017 Abstract: Methanol is one of the most important feedstocks for the chemical, petrochemical, and energy industries. Abundant and widely distributed resources as well as a relative low price level make natural gas the predominant feedstock for methanol production. Indirect synthesis routes via reforming of methane suppress production from bio resources and other renewable alternatives. However, the conventional technology for the conversion of natural gas to methanol is energy intensive and costly in investment and operation. Three design cases with different reforming technologies in conjunction with an isothermal methanol reactor are investigated. Case I is equipped with steam methane reforming for a capacity of 2200 metric tons per day (MTPD). For a higher production capacity, a serial combination of steam reforming and autothermal reforming is used in Case II, while Case III deals with a parallel configuration of CO2 and steam reforming. A sensitivity analysis shows that the syngas composition significantly affects the thermodynamic performance of the plant. The design cases have exergetic efficiencies of 28.2%, 55.6% and 41.0%, respectively. -
The Future of Gas in Europe: Review of Recent Studies on the Future of Gas Mihnea Cătuţi, Christian Egenhofer & Milan Elkerbout
No. 2019/03, August 2019 The future of gas in Europe: Review of recent studies on the future of gas Mihnea Cătuţi, Christian Egenhofer & Milan Elkerbout Abstract In the context of the EU transition to a low-carbon economy, the gas industry will face significant transformations over the next decades up to 2050 and beyond. A substantial number of studies on the future of gas have been published recently, which each come to different outcomes and projections, in some cases even to radically different conclusions. This report reviews the findings of the most recent reports on the evolution of the EU gas market foreseen up to 2030 and 2050 with the aim of identifying the different outcomes and examining the reason for divergent results. Up until 2030, the demand for natural gas is projected to remain stable or to decrease slightly. Switching to natural gas-fired power plants can represent a short and medium-term solution for countries going through a coal phase-out. Gas can also contribute to the flexibility in the power sector necessitated by the increasing share of variable renewables such as wind and solar. The demand projections for 2050 show more significant differences between results. The higher the assumed 2050 GHG emissions reduction target in the scenario, the lower the projected demand for natural gas will be. As the EU moves towards its 2050 targets, a mix of low and zero-carbon gaseous fuels, such as biogas, biomethane, (blue and green) hydrogen, and synthetic methane, are expected to replace natural gas. Biogas and biomethane are currently the most commercially ready alternatives to natural gas and require no major infrastructural upgrades.