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Emerging Pathways to Upgrade the US Housing Stock a Review of the Home Energy Upgrade Literature

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Emerging Pathways to Upgrade the US Housing Stock a Review of the Home Energy Upgrade Literature Emerging Pathways to Upgrade the US Housing Stock A Review of the Home Energy Upgrade Literature Brennan D. Less Iain S. Walker Núria Casquero-Modrego Energy Technologies Area February 2021 1 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Office, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. 2 Abstract This review addresses whole home energy upgrades targeting deep energy reductions (i.e., Deep Energy Retrofits, or DERs), from 30 to >50% site energy savings. The intent of this work is to characterize how energy upgrade projects and programs have evolved and improved over the past decade, and to identify what changes are needed to drive expansion of the U.S. retrofit market in such a way that addresses carbon emission from buildings, improves resilience and upgrades the housing stock for the 21st century. The topics covered in this review are wide- ranging, including trends in U.S. and European retrofit programs, measure costs (e.g., ductless heat pumps, heat pump water heaters, exterior wall insulation), emerging technologies, advancements in simulation tools, surveys of energy upgrade homeowners and practitioners, business economics (e.g., soft costs, gross margins), and health effects. Key changes in project design noted in this review include the: (1) electrification of dwellings with rapidly improving heat pump systems and low-cost PV technology, (2) shift away from high-cost super-insulation strategies and towards more traditional home performance/weatherization envelope upgrades, (3) recognition of the importance of when energy is used and from what fuel sources in terms of both energy cost and carbon emissions, and (4) emerging smart home technologies, such as batteries or thermal storage, smart ventilation and HVAC controls, and energy feedback devices. Promising program design strategies covered in this review include: (1) end-use electrification programs, (2) novel financing approaches (e.g., Pay-As-You-Save and local lender networks), (3) Pay-for-Performance incentive structures, (4) securitization of portfolios of upgraded homes as investment products, and (5) One-Stop Shop programs that integrate financing, project management, design and support services. In addition to these project- and program-innovations, the industry should adopt new project performance metrics, namely those for carbon, peak demand and energy storage, along with metrics characterizing resilience and health. Market drivers are needed to spur widespread energy upgrades in the U.S. housing stock, which will require valuation of DERs by the real estate industry, reduced project costs (in part by cutting soft costs), and projects designed to appeal to homeowners while being enjoyable and profitable for contractors. 3 Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2 Whole Home Retrofits in the US .............................................................................. 2 2.1 Innovations in Retrofit Project Delivery ...................................................................... 4 2.2 Review Articles ............................................................................................................ 5 2.2.1 Previous LBNL Deep Retrofit Meta-Analysis ....................................................... 5 2.2.2 ACEEE Deep Energy Retrofit Review ................................................................... 7 2.2.3 ACEEE Unlocking Ultra-Low Energy Performance ............................................... 9 2.2.4 ACEEE Scaling Up Home Performance Retrofits ................................................ 9 2.2.5 Energy Efficiency Retrofits for U.S. Housing: Removing the Bottlenecks ....... 10 2.2.6 Scaling Up Participation and Savings in Residential Retrofit Programs ......... 12 2.3 Electrification ............................................................................................................ 13 2.4 Retrofit Program Summaries .................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Better Buildings Neighborhood Program (Nationwide) .................................... 18 2.4.1.1 Program Design Impacts ........................................................................................... 18 2.4.1.2 Energy Savings and Realization Rates ...................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Energy Upgrade California (CA) .......................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Zero Energy Now (Vermont) ............................................................................... 23 2.4.4 HomeMVP (Home Energy Market Value Performance) (Massachusetts) ....... 25 2.4.5 Extreme Energy Makeovers in Tennessee (TN) ................................................ 27 2.4.6 National Grid Deep Energy Retrofit Pilot Community (Massachusetts and Rhode Island) ....................................................................................................................... 27 2.4.7 Deep Energy Retrofits (Florida) ......................................................................... 29 2.4.7.1 Phased Shallow and Deep Energy Retrofits ............................................................. 29 2.4.7.2 Affordable Housing Partner DERs ............................................................................. 31 2.4.8 EnergyFIT Philly ................................................................................................... 32 2.4.9 Energy Smart Ohio and HVAC 2.0 ..................................................................... 33 2.4.10 Home Intel by Home Energy Analytics (California) ........................................... 35 2.4.11 Sealed (New York) .............................................................................................. 37 3 Whole Home Retrofits in Europe .......................................................................... 39 3.1 European Legislation ................................................................................................ 39 3.2 Passive House Retrofit ............................................................................................. 40 3.2.1 General Guidelines ............................................................................................. 40 3.2.2 Irish Guidelines ................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland ................................................................... 44 3.4 Deep Energy Renovations in the United Kingdom ................................................... 44 3.4.1 Retrofit for the Future (RfF) ............................................................................... 44 3.4.1.1 Analysis of Cost Data ................................................................................................. 45 3.4.2 Lower Energy Building ........................................................................................ 46 3.5 Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 48 3.6 The Netherlands ....................................................................................................... 48 4 3.7 Energiesprong ........................................................................................................... 49 3.8 Efficient Retrofit of Built Cultural Heritage ............................................................... 50 3.9 International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Programme ............................................................................................................................ 51 3.9.1 EBC Annex 50 – Prefab Systems for Low-Energy Renovation ......................... 51 3.9.2 EBC Annex 55 - Reliability of Energy Retrofitting of Buildings ......................... 52 3.9.3 EBC Annex 56 – Cost-Effective CO2 and Energy Optimization in Building Renovation ........................................................................................................................... 52 4 Deep Energy Retrofit Measure Costs ................................................................... 53 4.1 Sealed and Insulated Attics .....................................................................................
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