Azwh$ Ouh$M/Index

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 1

AZwH´$_oUH$m///Index

01... AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ...... 01

02... j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _S>b ...... 06/07

03... oZUm©`H$ _S>b...... 08

04... ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...... 10

(((Science / ndkmZ)

05. Metric Space and Fixed Point Property (Dr. D.K. Sagar) ...... 12 06. Metric Space and Fixed Point Property (Dr. D.K. Sagar) ...... 15 07. A Research Paper on 'A Survey of Virtual keyboard ' (Ushmita Nigam) ...... 17 08. Some Ethnomedicinal Plants Used to Different Diseases by Local People of ...... 20 Vidisha District of Madhya Pradesh (Dr. Sarita Ghanghat) 09. Uses of Ethno Medicinal Plants in Some Disease in Ganj Basoda Tehsil ...... 22 12.1212.1212.12 (District - Vidisha) (Dr. Kanchan Vaidya) 10. Phenolic Compounds in Plant (Usha Sahu) ...... 24 11. Aloe Vera And Its Medicinal And Traditional Uses ...... 27 (Prof.Shailendra Sisodiya, Prof. B.K. Rawat ) 12. ^maV H$m amÓQ≠>r` d•j dQ (Ficus Benghalensis)ñ bm{H$ dZÒ[oVH$ —oÔ>H$m{U (S>m∞.e°b ]mbm gmßYr) ...... 30 13. Nutritional Value Of Fish Flesh (Meena Swamy) ...... 32 14. Physico-chemical parameter of Yeshwant sagar reservoir Indore (M.P.) (Archana Sharma ) ...... 35

(((Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

15. Comparative Study Of Alienation And Different AspectsOf Self And ...... 37 Self-Concept Of Adolescent Boys And Girls (Teena Pandya, Dr. Kantibhai S. Dedun) 16. ]mb A[amY H{$ H$maH$m{ Edß CZH{$ C[Mmam| H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. ^mdZm a_°`m) ...... 40 17. \$mÒQ> \y$S> `m OßH$ \y$S> g{ ‡m· D$Om© Edß BgH$r [maß[naH$ ^m{¡` [XmW© g{ VwbZm...... 43 (S>m∞. B_amZm og‘H$r, S>m∞. \$ahmZm Abr) 18. EH$ —oÓQ> : Ka{by H$m`©ÒWb H$m [`m©daU (lr_Vr ‡roV Jw·m) ...... 46

(((Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

19. Usage of Feedback Form in Hotel Industry (Vinod Kumar Singh Bhadauria ) ...... 47 20. Role Of State Civil Supplies Corporation In Public Distribution System In M.P...... 49 (Dr. Iffat Khan) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 2

21. Performance of Mining and Marketing of Rock Phosphate and Limestone by ...... 51

Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited (Harish Singh Nayak, Dr. P.R. Somani ) 22. Hindrancs In Quality Management Overcome Barriers To Quality Management ...... 54

(Dr. Ramesh Nagda, Reena Dutt Sharma ) 23. Accounting Education And Research In India (Dr. Vimmi Behal, Dr. Anil Shivani )...... 56 24. Need For Foreign Universities In India (Dr. Anil Jain, Smt. Nidhi Saxena) ...... 59 25. [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ^maVr` odX{er Ï`m[ma-EH$ gd}jU (S>m∞. A_a Hw$_ma O°Z)...... 61 26. _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H•$fH$m{ß H$m AmnW©H$ Edß gm_mnOH$ ndH$mg: EH$ ndÌb{fU ... 65 (S>m∞.Aem{H$ d_m© , S>m∞. oXbr[ [mQ>rXma , S>m∞. H{$ VmdS{> ) 27. H•$of odH$mg Edß [`m©daUr` gm_ßOÒ` H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[:Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _ {ß (S>m∞. Eg.H{$. C‡{ob`m) ...... 67 28. nObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©nXV IaJm{Z H{$ H$m{f nZnY ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r Vœ`mÀ_H$ g_rjm ( S>m∞. gwZrb _m{a{ ) ...... 69 29. Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H$m X{dmg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg [a ‡^md Edß gß^mdZmE± ...... 71 (S>m∞. b˙_rZmamÙ e_m©, S>m∞. _h{e e_m© ) 30. ^maVr` H•$of j{Ã - oÒWoV Edß gÂ^mdZmE± (S>m∞.g[Zm gm{Zr ) ...... 73 31. ]¢oHß$J Edß odŒm-Ï`yh aMZm Edß 21 dt gXr _{ß ^maVr` ]¢oH$J H{$ g_j MwZm°oV`m± (S>m∞. gmnaH$m o_lm ) ...... 76 32. _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$m ôdÓ` Am°a CâVr MwZm°oV`mß dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß (S>m∞. oXZ{e Hw$_ma Mm°Yar)...... 78 33. Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJ AZw[mV _{ß d•o¤ - EH$ ew^ gßH{$V (S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© ) ...... 81 34. _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam "BßXm°a gß^mJ' _{ß H•$of odoZ`m{J 2005 g{ 2010 : ...... 84 EH$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. oXbr[ [mQ>rXma, S>m∞.Amerf Jw·m)

(((Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

35. FDI In India's Retail Sector - Opportunities And Challenges (Dr. Deepali Behere)...... 87

36. Local Fund Audit: A Vision (Sandeep Kumar Laxkar, Dr.P.R.Somani ) ...... 89 37. Economic Growth on the basis of Gross Natural Product (Dr. Anand Tiwari) ...... 91 38. gßMma H´$mßoV Edß J´m_rU ]mOma H$m ]XbVm [na—Ì` (S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m, S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© ) ...... 92 39. odŒmr` ñ g_md{eZ _| bKwodŒm H$r ^yo_H$m (^maV _|$ JoR>V Òdñghm`Vm g_yhm| H{$ o$de{f gßX^© _| ) ...... 94 ( S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°oa`m ) 40. ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$m AmoW©H$ odf_Vm [a oM›VZ : EH$ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m, a{Im _{ÙZm ) ...... 98 41. Ob gßH$Q> Edß Ob gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ - ^maV H{$ gßX^© _|$ (S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z ) ...... 101 42. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJm{ H$r ^yo_H$m H$m ‡^md: odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. O`am_ gm{bßH$r) ...... 105 43. gßMma _m‹`_ : ]XbVm [na—Ó` (S>m∞. ‡roV lrdmÒVd) ...... 107 44. [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE| (H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ ode{f g›X^© _{ß) (S>m∞. ‡o_bm lrdmÒVd) ...... 109 45. O°odH$ I{Vr : dV©_mZ AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ) ...... 112 46. ]°Vyb oOb{ _| H•$fH$m| H$m O°odH$ I{Vr H$r Am{a ]∂T>Vm Í$PmZ (gwa{Im `mXd ) ...... 115 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 3

47. OZOmoV` odH$mg _| ]XbV{ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m AßJrH$aU (S>m∞. b˙_r dmÒH{$b, ‡m{. Jm°am _wd{b) ...... 117

(((Sociology / g_mOemÒÃ)

48. Method Of Teaching: Lecture Method (Dr. Manoj Vankhede)...... 119 49. ^maV _{ß XobV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odÍ$’ ]∂T>V{ A[amY (S>m∞. AZmo_H$m ‡Om[oV ) ...... 121 50. _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H{$ ]{Q>r ]MmAm|$ Ao^`mZ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z (OmJ•oV Am`© ) ...... 123 51. ]XbVm ^maVr` g_mO - CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ gßX^© _{ß ( S>m∞µ nZÌmm O°Z) ...... 125 52. AmYwoZH$Vm H$r MH$mMm¢Y _{ß Jw_ hm{Vm ^Jm{na`m [d© (H$_b ogßh _mbdr`, ‡m{. _rZm _mdr ) ...... 127 53. Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ oejm odf`H$ odMma ï(g_J´ gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m) ...... 129 54. AmYwoZH$ gßX^© _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ odo^ﬁ Am`m_ (_ßOybVm ZmJa{ ) ...... 131 55. "S>m`Z ‡Wm' (odMH$m‚Q>) : EH$ gm_moOH$ odõ{fU (S>m∞. [a{e o¤d{Xr ) ...... 133 56. ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV [a Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ odMmam{ß H$r ‡mgßoJVm (‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm) ...... 137

(((Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

57. _‹` ‡X{e _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$mE± (S>m∞. oOV{›– [mQ>rXma ) ...... 138 58. ^maVr` amOZroVH$ Xb ‡Umbr Am°a MwZmd gwYma (S>m∞.AoZb XrojV ) ...... 141 59. g^m[oV`m{ß H$r Z{V•Àd j_Vm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z : CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ H{$ g›X^© _{ß (b˙_r Hw$±da MwS>mdV )...... 143

(((History / BoVhmg)

60. g›V_V Edß oZ_m∂S> _| gßV [aÂ[am (S>m∞. _Yy gyXZ Mm°]) ...... 147 61. ZaogßhJ∂T> H{$ e°boMÃm{ß H$m gßajU (S>m∞. __Vm Im{B©`m) ...... 150

(((Geography / ^yJm{b)

62. _{dm∂S> H{$ [`©Q>Z H{$›– d oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H$r ‡d•oV : EH$ ^m°Jm{obH$ odõ{fU ...... 151 (S>m∞. bobV ogßh Pmbm, gwlr H$roV© amR>m°∂S> )

(((Psychology / _Zm{odkmZ)

63. Self Concept Of Engineering Students As Related With Personality Types ...... 153 (Sunita Dhenwal, Prof. Preeti Mathur) 64. d°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ Edß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU (gwYm em∑`) ...... 154 65. `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm (S>m∞. __Vm ]_©Z ) ...... 157

(((Drawing / oMÕmH$bm)

66. ^maVr` ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m _hÀd ( S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{ ) ...... 158 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 4

67. Ao^mkmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ _{ß oMÃH$bm H{$ g›X^© (S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a))) ...... 161 68. ^maVr` H$bm H$m ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[ (S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a) ...... 164 69. e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß aßJm{ß H$m _hÀd (S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a)...... 166

(English Literature / AßJ{´Or gmohÀ`)

70. The Role of Science in Literature with special reference to English Fiction ...... 167 (Dr Rajkumari Sudhir ) 71. Conservation Of Depleting Resources In India (V.M. Audichya ) ...... 169

(((Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

72. AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m ÒdÍ$[ : ‡{_MßX H$m gmohÀ` Am°a g_mO (S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a) ...... 171 73. JwOamVr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oejU oZÓ[mXZ H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. bmb MßX [Q{>b ) ...... 173 74. oZambm H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß oZohV ‡JoVerb M{VZm-EH$ A‹``Z(S>m∞.gwZrVm `mXd) ...... 175 75. Jw· Or H{$ H$mÏ` O` ^maV _| _mZdVmdmX (N>m{Q{> b>mb Jw·m ) ...... 177 76. Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$m gßdmhH$ _hmH$mÏ` ñ Co_©bm (S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r ) ...... 179 77. OrdZ d•Œmm›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r AdYmaUm (S>m∞µ _rZmjr Ia{ ) ...... 181 78. [`m©daU OmJÍ$Vm _{ß ]mb gmohÀ` H$m `m{JXmZ (Am^m Mm°hmZ) ...... 183 79. lr H•$ÓU gab Or ¤mam aoMV H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ`- EH$ E{oVhmogH$ J´ßW H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` ...... 185 Am›Xm{bZ H$m A‡oV_ Ò_maH$ (S>m∞. a{Im H$m°eb ))) 80. lrH$mßV d_m© : EH$ H$_©R> gmohÀ`H$ma (S>m∞. gam{O O°Z) ...... 187 81. XwÓ`›VHw$_ma H{$ JObm|$ _| gm_moOH$ ]m{Y (‡m{. _Zgmam_ ]K{b) ...... 189 82. VwbgrXmg H$m amOZroVH$ oM›VZ (S>m∞. _rZm ^mdgma) ...... 190 83. [`m©daU ï H$gyadma ]XbVr OrdZ e°br (S>m∞. aoÌ_ O°Z) ...... 191

(((Sanskrit & Marathi / gßÒH$•V Edß _amR>r )

84. ^d^yV{ï [mpS>À`_≤ - d°oXH$, C[oZfX≤, Xe©ZemÛ, Y_©emÛ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _|$ (S>m∞. ]mbH•$ÓU ‡Om[oV) ...... 193 85. ZroVÌmVH$ H$mÏ` [aÂ[am`m: odd{MZ_≤ (S>m∞.]mb H•$ÓU ‡Om[oV) ...... 196 86. am_mÙmZw‡moUVß gßÒH•$VZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤ ([ß.l{`g≤ lrYmaemoÛH$m{amfi))) ...... 198 87. _hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV gßÒH•$V odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` (l{`g lrYa H$m{amfi) ...... 201 88. gßV Zm_X{d - EH$ l{ÓR> g_mO gßKQ>H$ (S>m∞. e°bOm gm]b{ ) ...... 203 89. g_W© am_XmgmßM{ _ZmM{ õm{H$ - _Zmbm gm_œ`©erbVm X{Uma{, CŒm_ gmYZ (S>m∞. e°bOm gm]b{ ) ...... 206

(Law/ odo‹m)

90. Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ (odd{H$ ZmJa ) ...... 209 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 5

91. [`m©daU ‡XyfU g{, O°d g_wXm` [a CÀ[ﬁ gßH$Q> H{$ oZdmamUmW©, gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ Edß ›`m` oZU©` : EH$ odõ{fU212 (((brZm AJ´dmb ))) 92. X{h Ï`m[ma H$m{ _O]ya ]m±N>S>m g_wXm` - Zr_M oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _| ( odd{H$ ZmJa ))) ...... 214 93. "gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005' H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß g_Ò`m - odoYH$ Edß ›`mo`H$ odd{MZ (odd{H$ ZmJa))) ...... 216

((( Education /$ oejm)

94. A Study of an Effectiveness of CLT Method of College Students' English Language Teaching ... 218 (Jaimini K. Surani )

95. Emotionally Intelligent Teachers "Need Of An Hour" (Dr. M.P. Gupta, Mrs. Rashmi Dadhich ) ..... 220 96. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z (Xr[H$ [ßMm{br) ...... 222 97. CÉ _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß VWm e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H$m EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. ]r.gr. emh ))) ..... 225 98. ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejmoW©`m|$ _| _yÎ`m| H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eb.EM. [Q{>b ))) ...... 229 99. _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa [a `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV oejH$m{ß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z ([ßH$O H{$. C[m‹`m`) ...... 231 100. amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß.... 233 H$m g_mbm{MZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. H$_b{e Pm, [ßH$O H{$. C[m‹`m`))) 101. [mR>Á-[wÒVH$ oZYm©aU: odf` A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r ‡oVoH´$`m (aoÌ_ [mS>≤`m) ...... 235

(((Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)

102. Impact Of Handball Training On Strength Of Handball Players...... 237 (Dr. B.K. Choudhary, Paranveer Singh Chouhan ) 103. Comparing Fitness Level of Boys From Higher And Lower Altitude Places ...... 239 (Dr. Um Singh Rathore, Ramneek Jain) 104. Swimming Physiology And Coaching Practice: Bridging The Gap Between Theory ...... 242

And Practice (Gagan Vyas, Dr. Seema Gurjar )

(((Others / A›`)

105. Stress and Health Management (Dr. Vimmi Behal, Dr. O.P. Sharma) ...... 245 106. AbramO[wa oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV` g_mO [a XyaXe©Z H$m ‡^md ï EH$ A‹``Z (g]b ogßh Am{hoa`m))) ...... 246 107. [`m©daUr` g_Ò`m : bm{Jm{ß H$m ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g (H$ndVm R>mHw$a) ...... 248 108. d°oXH$ Y_© Am°a Xme©oZH$ oMßVZ (S>m∞. OJ_m{hZ ogßh [yfm_))) ...... 250 109. amÓQ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm AoYoZ`_ (S>m∞. Aem{H$ Hw$_ma, S>m∞. [wÓ[mßOob Am`©) ...... 253 110. A[amY H{$ ]XbV{ [na—Ì` (S>m∞. _ßOy Jw·m) ...... 255 111. AmYwoZH$ g_mO Am°a _yÎ`hrZVm (S>m∞. MmÈbmVm oVdmar)...... 257 112. Microwave-heat assisted pectin extraction and its advantages (Dr. Mahendra Singh Panwar) .... 259 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 6

j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _S>b AVam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (((Regional Editor Board- International & National) _mZX≤

(01) lr Aem{H$Hw$_ma ...... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[a{e›g _°Z{Oa, E∑eZ Q≠>{qZJ g{›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>{S> qH$JS>_ (02) lr IJ{›–‡gmX gw]{Xr ...... groZà gm∞`H$m{bm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g{›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z{[mb (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd .....em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd...... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (06) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg...... ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [mS>{ ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr...... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IS>dm (_.[´.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m©...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{...... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m`.....[arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. AoIb{e OmYd ...... [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O{. `m{JmZ›X_≤ _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV (17) [´m{. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV{ Z{eZb H$m∞b{O, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV (18) ‡m{.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. oed Hw$_ma Xw]{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, ^yJm{b, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>m{b (_.‡.) ^maV (20) ‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr ...... g{dmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (21) [´m{. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ...... A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J{´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gm{bX{dmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.H{$. Mm°aog`m ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. odd{H$ [Q>{b...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eHw$_ma Mm°Yar ....‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` H$›`m _hnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. o_lm ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. oOV{›– H{$. e_m©...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H{$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV (28) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmar`m...... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$r` O{.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb` VªV[wa oObm,o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme e{›S>a{ ...... od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>m{Â]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm ...... A‹`j, A‹``Z _S>b dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄m`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 7

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _S>b (((Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– lrdmÒVd...... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam{' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ...... oooZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$na`a _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ...... oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r.EZ. [mS>{`...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$ÓVm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$m lrdmÒVd.....‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH{$b ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›X{bH$a ....‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m© ...... [´mMm`© Edß gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb` g|Ydm (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T>S> ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb` ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. _{hVm ...... A‹`j, agm`Z Edß O°odH$ agm`Z A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{...... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb` Ωdmob`a (_.[´.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. S>m∞.E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$.Eb. OmQ> ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, ^m°oVH$s od^mJ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV

ZdrZ em{Y gßgma H$s Am{a g{ hmoX©H$ ]YmB©

Dr. A.K. Chaudhary (Prof. of Psychology) Govt. Meera College, Udaipur (Raj.) receiving Best Paper Award in IAAP International Conference at Ahemdabad 2014 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 8

oZUm©`H$ _S>b (((Referee Board) _mZX≤

*** odkmZ gßH$m` *** JoUV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^m°oVH$s:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.H{$. S>]H$am, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma{, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) agm`Z:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. XmZJ∂T>, g_›d`H$ amÔ≠>r` Bp›Xam Jm±Yr _w∑V odÌdod⁄mb`, H{$›– Zr_M (_.‡.) dZÒ[oV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. AoIb{e Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‡moUH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. Ama.H{$. ^Q≤Q>, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O{., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) gmßpª`H$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) g°›` odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) Ord agm`Z:-...... (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. dr. Hw$bl{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:-...... (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _{oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) *** dmoU¡` gßH$m` *** dmoU¡` :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∑H$∂S>, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) *** ‡]ßY gßH$m` *** ‡]ßY :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) _mZd gßgmYZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. haod›Xa gm{Zr>, [°g{o\$H$ o]OZ{g ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.) *** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` *** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) *** odoY gßH$m` *** odoY:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.) *** H$bm gßH$m` *** AW©emÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{e lrdmÒVd, odO`mamO{ emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` _wama, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) amOZroV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh amd, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 9 g_mOemÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmewVm{f Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) oh›Xr:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b{›– Hw$_ma e_m© (‡m{∑Q>a), odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. M›Xm Vb{am O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _S>b, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) AßJ´{Or:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡emßV o_lm, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) gßÒH•$V:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Óm [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.) BoVhmg:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _XZbmb [ßdma, [yd© ‡mMm`© emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^yJm{b:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. amO{›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>r.S>r. odÌdH$_m©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) Xe©ZemÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_›V Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) _Zm{odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gam{O H$m{R>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) oMÃH$bm:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) gßJrV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´m{da (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _{aR> (C.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. lr[mX Aam{UH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.) *** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` *** Amhma Edß [m{fU odkmZ:- ....(1) ‡m{.S>m∞. ‡JoV X{gmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) S>m∞. _Yw Jm{`b, Òdm_r H{$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZ{a (amO.) ...... (3) S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.) _mZd odH$mg:-...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) [mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© H$›`m emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aam{am, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) *** oejm gßH$m` *** oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{a_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [{g{o\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm lrdmÒVd, ]r.gr.Or. oejm _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) *** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [{g{o\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ ...... (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 10

‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤) (01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. JwO{oQ>`m...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV ...... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (05) lr Amerf o¤d{Xr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>r.Eg. o\$am{oO`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (07) lr C_{e e_m©...... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞.[r.S>r. kmZmZr...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (09) [´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. jroVO [wam{ohV ...... O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (11) [´m{. S>m∞.EZ.H{$. [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞.J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{ ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. Am^m XrojV...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (21) ‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mh{Ìdar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r ...... Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV...... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` AJ´dmb ...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. bVm O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$hH$em ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{ ...... [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.) (28) S>m∞. AoXoV X{gmB©...... lr Aaod›Xm{ BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> Am∞\$ _{oS>H$b gmB©›g, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (29) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm{_mZr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (30) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> ...... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (31) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßd{a, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (32) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a ...... gwJZrX{dr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. S>m∞.gwZrbHw$_ma ogH$adma ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (34) [´m{. S>m∞. ZroVZ gmhmoa`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) (35) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw amOm{na`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (36) ‡m{. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ...... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm IS>dm (_.‡.) (37) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr ...... _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (38) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡drU Am{Pm...... lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (39) ‡m{. S>m∞.Am{_‡H$me e_m© ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m{[wa (_.‡.) (40) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` odO`m amO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (41) ‡m{. S>m∞. AZy[ _m{K{ ...... emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (42) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. ]a°`m ...... emgH$r` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (43) ‡m{. S>m∞. _h{eM›– JwflVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (44) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (45) [´m{. S>m∞. H{$.Ama. Hw$Âh{H$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (46) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. `mXd ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (47) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 11 (48) ‡m{. S>m∞.adt– H$m›h{a{...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (49) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ram Om_m{X ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (50) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [mS>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (51) S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.) (52) ‡m{. S>m∞. amd{›–qgh [Q>{b ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (53) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (54) ‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.) (55) ‡m{. lr_Vr ^maVr Ia{...... Eg.Eg.Eb. O°Z ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, odoXem (_.‡.) (56) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r ...... emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) (57) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$.Eb. gmhˇ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (58) ‡m{. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (59) [´m{. S>m∞. aßOw JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.) (60) ‡m{. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.) (61) ‡m{. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]K{b...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.) (62) S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmX{hr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.) (63) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_aHw$_ma O°Z...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.) (64) ‡m{. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]{ ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) (65) ‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (66) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (67) ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m©...... emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (68) ‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (69) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßX{bm ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (70) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJm{oV`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (71) ‡m{.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.) (72) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b...... emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (73) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.) (74) ‡m{. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇJßO, oObm- ardm (_.‡.) (75) ‡m{. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.) (76) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_m{b _mßOa{H$a ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (77) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwerb gm{_dßer ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z{[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.) (78) ‡m{. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`g{Z (_.‡.) (79) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{eqgh Z{Jr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oghm{a (_.‡.) (80) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` a{hQ>r, oObm oghm{a (_.‡.) (81) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_M›– Mm°hmZ ...... [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.) (82) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Uw amO{e ...... emgH$r` Z{hÈ AJÚr _hmod⁄mb`, Aem{H$ ZJa (_.‡.) (83) ‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme Xw]{...... emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IS>dm (_.‡.) (84) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ...... N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.) (85) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_ Ad{Ye e_m© ...... E_.O{.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, o^S> (_.‡.) (86) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O Hw$_ma Aoæhm{Õmr ...... gam{oOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (87) ‡m{. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ...... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS>S>m{ar (_.‡.) (88) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ...... emgH$s` N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>) (89) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z...... Bp›Xam Jm±Yr Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (90) lr_Vr gw_Z doe>...... amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (91) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ...... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.) (92) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ...... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞b{O, O`[wa (amO.) (93) ‡m{. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) (94) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh ...... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm) (95) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 12

Metric Space and Fixed Point Property

Dr. D.K. Sagar *

Abstract - In this paper we establish some fixed point theorems in 2-metric space more than one metric space and for more than on functions.2000 Mathematics subject classification: primary 47 H 10,Secondary 54 H 25 Keywords: Fixed point, metric space

1. Introduction - throughout this paper we use : And

φ: R+ → R+, Lim φn (t) = 0 3. σ (hfgz, hfgz1, hfgz11)≤φ[max{σ (z, z1, z11) n → ∞ σ (z, ghfz1, ghfz11) σ (ghfz1, z1, ghfz11) Definition 1.1 A 2metric on X is d mapping d from X*X*X σ (ghfz, ghfz1, z11) d (fz, fz1, fz11), ρ (hfz, hfz1, fhzx11)}] to the set of nonnegative real numbers that satisfied x, x1, x11 in X, y, y1, y11 in Y and z, z1, z11 in Z the following continuous. Then (i) There exist points x, y, z such that (i) fgh has a common fixed point u in X d (x, y, z) ≠ 0 and d (x, z, y)= 0 if at last two of three (ii) hfg has a common fixed point v in Y and point are equal . (iii) ghf has a common fixed point w in Z. (ii) d (x, y, z)= d (x, z, y)=d(y, z, x) x, y, z ∈ X Further (iii) d (x, y, z) ≤ d (x, y, z)+ d (x, a, z) + d (x, y, z) x, y, z ∈ hu = v, gv = w and fw = u X σρ∞Proof The pair (X, d) is called a 2metric space. Let x0, y0, z0 and arbitrary point in X, Y and Z Definition 1.2 { } respectively such that A sequence xn in X is said to be a Cauchy → → x =fz = fgy = fghx sequence if d(xm, xn, a) 0 as m. n A a in X. The 1 1 1 0 { } ∈ y =hx = hfz = hfgy sequence xn converges to x X and x is the limit point 1 0 0 0 and of the sequence if z1=gy1 = ghx1= ghz0 ∈ ∈ ∈ Lim d (x , x a) = 0 Where x1 X, y Y, z1 Z n { } { } { } n → Let xn , yn and zn are sequence in X,Y and Z For each a ∈ X respectively such that Definition 1.3 A 2metric space in which every Cauchy xn = fzn = fgyn = fghxn1, { } y = hx = hfz = hfgy and sequence xn is convergent is called complete 2metric n n1 n1 n1, space. zn = gyn = ghxn1 = ghfzn1 Theorem: Where h ∈ N Let (X, d),(Y, ) and (Z, ) are three2 metric space. Now, from the inequality (1) we get Let h is continuous mapping from X in Y. g is a continuous d (xn, xn+1, xn+p) = d (fghxn1, fghxn, fghxn+p1) ≤ φ mapping from Y in to Z and f is d continuous mapping [max {d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) from Z in to X, which satisfy the following conditions. d (xn1, fghxn, fghxn+p1), d (fghxn1, xn, fghxn+p1) 1 11 1 11 1. (fghx, fghx , fghx ) ≤ φ [max {d(x, x , x ) d (fghxn1, fghxn, xn+p1), d (fgxn1, hxn, hxn+p1) 1 11 1 1 11 σ d (x, fghx , fghx ) d (fghx , x , fghx ) (ghxn1, ghxn, ghxn+p1)}] 1 11 1 11 φ d (fghx, fghx , fghx ) ρ (hx, hx , hx ) = [max {d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) 1 11 (ghx, ghx , ghx )}] d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p), d (xn, xn, xn+p) 1 11 ρ 2. ρ (hfgy, hfgy , hfgy ) d (xn, xn+1, xn+p1), (yn, yn+1, yn+p), 1 11 1 11 σ ≤ φ [max {ρ (y, y , y ), ρ (y, hfgy , hfgy ), ρ (zn, zn+1, zn+p)}] 1 11 1 11 φ (hfgy, y , hfgy ), ρ (hfgy, hfgy , y ), = [max {d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) 1 11 1 11 σ (hy, hy , hy ) d (ghy, ghy , ghy )}] d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p), d (xn, xn+1, xn+p1) ρ σ (yn, yn+1, yn+p), (zn, zn+1, zn+p) }] 2.1 * Shri Sitaram Jaju Govt. Girls College, Neemuch (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 13

ρ ≤φ ρ From inequality (2) we have (yn1, yn+1, yn+p), [max { (yn2, yn, yn+p1), ρ ρ ρ ρ (yn, yn+1, yn+p) = (hfgyn1, hfgyn, hfgyn+p1) (yn2, yn+1, yn+p), (yn1, yn, yn+p) ≤ φ ρ ρ σ [max { (yn1, yn, yn+p1), (yn1, yn+1, yn+p), (zn2, zn, zn+p1) ρ ρ (yn1, hfgyn, hfgyn+p1), (hfgfyn1, yn, hfgyn+p1), d (xn2, xn, xn+p1)}] 2.8 ρ σ (hfgyn1, hfgyn, yn+p1), (gyn1, gyn, gyn+p1), ρ ≤ φ ρ d (fgyn1, fgyn, fgyn+p1)}] (yn, yn+1, yn+p1), [max { (yn, yn, yn+p2), φ ρ ρ ρ = [max { (yn1, yn, yn+p1) (yn1, yn+1, yn+p1), (yn, yn+1, yn+p2) ρ ρ σ (yn1, yn+1, yn+p), (yn, yn+1, yn+p1) (zn1, zn, zn+p2), d (xn1, xn, xn+p2)}] 2.9 σ (zn1, zn, zn+p1), 2.2 σ ≤φ σ d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p1)}] (zn1, zn, zn+p1), [max { (zn2, yn+1,zn+p2), σ σ (zn2, zn, zn+p1), (zn1, zn, zn+p2), ρ And from inequality (3) d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2), (yn1, yn, yn+p1)}] 2.10 σ σ (zn, zn+1, zn+p) = (ghfzn1, ghfzn, ghfzn+p1) ≤ φ σ σ ≤φ σ [max { (zn1, zn, zn+p1), (zn1, zn+1, zn+p), [max { (zn2, zn, zn+p1), σ σ σ σ (zn1, ghfzn, ghfzn+p1), = (ghfzn1, zn, ghfzn+p1), (zn2, zn+1, zn+p), (zn1, zn, zn+p), σ σ (ghfzn1, ghfzn, zn+p1), d (fzn1, fzn, fzn+p1), (zn1, zn+1, zn+p1), d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), ρ ρ (hfzn1, hfzn, hfzn+p1)}] (yn1, yn+1, yn+p)}] 2.11 φ σ σ = [max { (zn1, zn, zn+p1), (zn1, zn+1, zn+p), And σ σ (zn, Zn, zn+p), (zn, zn+1, zn+p1), ρ σ ≤φ σ d (xn1, xn, xn+p1), (yn, yn1, yn+p)}] (zn, zn+1, zn+p1), [max ( (zn1, zn, zn+p1), ≤ φ σ σ σ σ [max { (zn1, zn, zn+p1), (zn1, zn+1, zn+p), (zn1, zn+1, zn+p1), (zn, zn+1, zn+p2), σ σ ρ (zn, zn+1, zn+p1), (xn1, xn, xn+p1), d (xn1, xn, xn+p2), (yn, yn+1, yn+p1)}] 2.12 ρ (yn, yn+1, yn+p1)}] 2.3 But Substituting the values of (2.2), (2.3), (2.4), (2.5) and d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) = d (fghxn2, fghxn1, fghxn+p2) (2.6) in (2.1) and using (2.7), (2.8), (2.9), (2.10), (2.11) ≤ φ α ,β ,γ [max {d {xn2, xn1, xn+p2), and (2.12) then we obtain. ≤ φ2 d (xn2, fghxn1, fghxn+p2), d (fghxn2, xn1, fghxn+p2), d (xn, xn+1, xn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), ρ d (fghxn2, fghxn1, xn+p2), (hxn2, hxn1, hxn+p2) ρ σ (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.13 σ (ghxn2, ghxzn1, ghxn+p2)}] ≤ φ ≤ φ2 [max {d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2), d (yn, yn+1, yn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), d (xn1, xn1, xn+p1), ρ ρ σ d (xn1, xn, xn+p2), (yn1, yn1, yn+p1) (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.14 σ (zn1, zn, zn+p1)}] ≤ φ [max (d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2), And σ ≤ φ2 d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), d (xn1, xn, xn+p1), (zn, zn+1, zn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), ρ (yn2, yn1, yn+p2) σ ρ σ (zn1, zn, zn+p1)}] 2.4 (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.15 Where Similarly n2 ≤ α ≤ n, n1 ≤ β ≤ n+1, and n+p2 ≤ γ ≤ n + p1 Continuing the above procedure we get ≤φ ≤ φ2 d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p), [max {d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), d (xn, xn+1, xn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p), d (xn1, xn, xn+p), ρ ρ σ d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p1), (yn1, yn+1, yn+p) (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.16 σ (zn1, zn+1, zn+p)}] 2.5 ≤ φ ≤ φ2 d (xn, xn+1, xn+p), [max{d (xn1, xn, xn+p1), d (yn, yn+1, yn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p), d (xn, xn, xn+p1), ρ σ ρ σ (yn, yn+1, yn+p), (zn, zn+1, zn+p)}] 2.6 (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.17 ρ ≤φ (yn1, yn, yn+p1), [max{d (yn2, yn1, yn+p2), ρ σ ≤ φ2 d (yn2, yn, yn+p), (yn1, yn, yn+p2) (zn, zn+1, zn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), σ (zn2, zn1, zn+p2), d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2)}] 2.7 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 14

ρ σ (yα, yβ, yγ), (zα, zβ, zγ)}] 2.18 continuous.

Using above result’s we can easily show that {xn, {yn} ie fgh, hfg and ghf are continuous and {zn} are Cauchy sequence in X, Y and Z respectively Therefore since X, Y and Z are complete 2metric spaces, let {xn, u = Lim fghxn1 = fghu Lim xn1 = fghu → → {yn} and {zn} converge the point u, v and w in X, Y and Z n n respectively. Since f, g and h are continuous, therefore we have Similarly v = hfgv and w = ghfw.

Lim yn = Lim hxn = hu = v Hence u, v and w the common fixed point of fgh, hfg n → n → and ghf respectively.

References - Lim zn = Lim gyn = gv = w n → n → 1. R.K. Jain fixed point on three metric and spaces. Bull Cal.Maths. Soc. 87 (1995), 463466

Lim xn = Lim fzn = fw = u 2. B.E. Rhoade, A fixed point theorem for n → n → generalized metric spaces. Internet. J. Math. And Math.Sci. 19 (3) (1996), Since f , g and h are continuous, there product are also 457460.

************* ∞ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 15

Metric Space and Fixed Point Property

Dr. D.K. Sagar *

1. Introduction - throughout this paper we use : (c) fv = u and gu = v Proof - φ: R+ → R+, Lim φn (t) = 0 Let x , y are arbitrary point in X and Y, respectively → 0 0 ∈ n such that x1=fy1 = fgx0 and y1= gx0 = gfy0 where x1 X, y1 Definition 1.1 A 2metric on X is d mapping d from X*X*X ∈ Y { } { } to the set of nonnegative real numbers that satisfied Let xn and yn are two sequence in the following continuous. x and y such that

(i) There exist points x, y, z such that xn = fyn = fgxn1 and yn = gxn1 = gfyn1 d (x, y, z) ≠ 0 and d (x, z, y)= 0 if at last two of three now from in equality (1) we obtain

point are equal . d (xn, xn1, xn+p) = d (fgxn1, fgxn, fgxn+p1) (ii) d (x, y, z)= d (x, z, y)=d(y, z, x) x, y, z ∈ X ≤ φ [max {d(x , x , x ) ≤ ∈ n1 n n+p1 (iii) d (x, y, z) d (x, y, z)+ d (x, a, z) + d (x, y, z) x, y, z d (xn1,fgxn, fgxn+p1),d(fgxn1, xn,fgxn+p1) X d (fgxn1, fgxn, fgxn+p1), The pair (X, d) is called a 2metric space. ∞ρ (gx , gx , gx )}] Definition 1.2 { } ≤ φ n1 n n+p1 A sequence xn in X is said to be a Cauchy [max {d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) sequence if d(x , x , a) → 0 as m. n → a in X. The d (x , x , x ), d(x , x , x ) { } m n ∈ n1 xn n+p ρ n n n+p sequence xn converges to x X and x is the limit point d (xn, xn+1, xn+p1), (yn, yn+1, yn+p)}] 2.1 of the sequence if

Lim d (xn, x a) = 0 Again from the in equality n → We get For each a ∈ X ρ (y , y , y ), ρ (gfy , gfy , gfy ) Definition 1.3 ≤ φ n n+1 ρn+p n1 n n+p1 A 2metric space in which every Cauchy [max { (yn1, yn, yn+p1), sequence {x } is convergent is called complete 2metric ρ(y , gfy , gy ), ρ(gfy , y ,gfy ), n ρ n1 n n+p1 ρ n1 n n+p1 space. (gfyn1, gfyn, yn+p1), (fyn1, fyn, fyn+p1)}] 2. Main Results - = φ [max { ρ (y , y , yn ) Theorem: ρ n1 ρ n +p1 (yn1, yn+1, yn+p), (yn, yn, yn+p) Let (X, d) and (Y, p) be two complete2metric ρ (y , y , y ), ρ (x , x , x )}] ρ n n+1 n+p1 φ n1 ρn+1 np space. Let g be a continuous mapping of X in to Y (yn, yn+1, yn+p) = [max { (yn1, yn, yn+p1) and f is a continuous mapping of Y in to X satis fying ρ (y , y , y ), ρ (y , y , y ) n1 n+1 n+p n n+1 n+p1 2.2 the following conditions. d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p1)}] 1. d (fgx, fgx1, fgx11) ≤ φ [max (x, x1, x11) But 1 11 1 1 11 d (x, fgx , fgx ) d (fgx , x , fgx ) d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) = (fgxn2, fgxn1, fgxn+p2) 1 11 ρ 1 11 ≤ φ d (fgx, fgx , fgx ) (gx, gx , gx )] [max {d (xn2, xn1, xnn+p2), ρ 1 11 2. (gfy, gfy , gfy ) d (xn2, fgxn1, fgxn2),d (fgxn2, xn1,fgxn+p2), ≤ φ 1 11 1 11 ρ [max {r (y, y , y ),(y, gfy , gfy ), d(fgxn2,fgxn1, xn+p2), (gxn2, gxn1,gxn+p2)}] ρ 1 11 φ (gfy, gfy , gfy ), = [max {d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2), ρ 1 11 1 11 (gfy, gfy , y ), d (fy, fy , fy )}] d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), (xn1, xn1, xn+p1), For all x, x1, x11 ∈ X and y, y1, y11 ∈ Y then d (x , x , x ), ρ (y , y , y )}] n1 n n+p2 ≤ φ n1 n n+p1 (a) fg has a common fixed point u in X d (xn1, xn, xn+p1) [max{d(xn2, xn1, xnn+p2), (b) gf has a common fixed point v in Y d (x , x , x ) d (x , x , x ), n2ρ n n+p1 n1 n n+p2 Further (yn1, yn, yn+p1)}] 2.3 * Shri Sitaram Jaju Govt. Girls College, Neemuch (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 16

for q ∈ N Similarly d (x , x , x ) ≤ d (x , x , x ) ≤φ n n+p n+p+q + n n+1 n+p+q d (xn1, xn+1, xn+p) [max {d (xn2, xn, xn+p1), +d (xn, xn+p, xn+1) d (xn+1, xn+p, xn+p+q) ≤ φn δ d (xn2, xn+1, xn+p), d (xn1, xn, xn+p), 2 + d (xn+1, xn+p, xn+p+q) d (x , x , x ), ρ (y , y , y )}] 2.4 ≤ 2 φn δ + d (x , x ) n1 n+1 n+p1 n1 n+1 n+p n+2 n+p+q+ +d (xn+1, xn+p, xn+2) d (xn+2, xn+p, xn+p+q) ≤ φ ≤ φn δ φn+1 δ d (xn, xn+1, xn+p1) [max {d(xn1, xn, xn+p2), 2 + 2 + d (xn+2, xn+p, xn+p+q) d (x , x , x ), d (x , x , x ), ≤ 2 φn δ + 2 φn+1 δ + 2 φn+2 δ +………+ ρ n1 n+1 np n n+1 n+p2 (yn, yn+1, yn+p1)}] 2.5 d (xn+p1, xn+p, xn+p+q) ≤ 2 δ (φn + φn+1 + φn+2 +…………+ d (y , y , y ) ≤φ [max {d (y , y yn ), φn+p2) ρ n1 n n+p1 ρ n2 n1 +p2 (yn2, yn, yn+p1), (yn1, yn, yn+p1), d (xn2, xn1, xn+p2)}] 2.6 + d (xn+p1, xn+p, xn+p+q) ρ (y , y , y )≤ [max {ρ (y , y , y ), ρ n1 n+1 n+p ρ n2 n n+p1 (yn2, yn+1, yn+p), (yn1, yn, yn+p), ρ (y , y , y ), d (x , x , x )}] 2.7 n1 n+1 n+p1 n2 n n+p1 ≤ 2 δ And ρ ≤φ ρ (yn, yn+1, yn+p1) [max{ (yn1, yn, yn+p2), ρ (y , y , y ), ρ (y , y , y ), n n1 n+1 n+p1 n n+1 n+p1 φ  δ φ n+ p − 1 d (xn1, xn, xn+p2)}] 2.8 2   ()i −φ  Substituting the value from (2.2), (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) in (2.1) we obtain → 0 as n → ≤ φ2 (xn, xn+1, xn+p) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), α,β, γ Thus {xn} and {yn} are Cauchy sequence. Since X and Y are complete 2metric spaces, (ρ (y , y , y )}] 2.9 ∞n+ p + q α β γ i n+ p − 1 Therφefor+ φe, let {xn} and {yn} converge to the point’s u and ∑v respectively. Similarly substituting the value from (2.4), (2.6), (2.7) and i= n ie Lim (xn) = u = Lim fyn = fv = u (2.8) in (2.2) we get n → ∞ n → ≤ φ2 d (y , y , y ) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), n n+1 n+p α,β, γ and Lim (y ) = v = Lim gh = gu = v ρ n n ( (yα, yβ, yγ)}] 2.10 n → n → Since f and g are continuous, there product fg and gf are Where also continuous. n2 ≤ α ≤ n, n1 ≤ β ≤ n+1 and n + p ≤ γ ≤ n1 Continuing this process, it follows that Therefore ≤ φ2 d (xn, xn+1, xn+p1) [max {d (xα, xβ, xγ), α,β, γ u = Lim fgxn1 = fg Lim xn1 = fgu n → n → ρ ( (yα, yβ, yγ)}] 2.11 ie u is the common fixed point of fg Similarly And v = Lim gfy = fg Lim y = gfv d (y , y , y ) ≤ φ2 [max {d (x , x , x ), n1 n1 n n+1 n+p1 α β γ n → n → ie v is the common fixed point of gf ρ ( (yα, yβ, yγ)}] 2.12 Hence fg has a common fixed point u in X and g has a Where common fixed point v in Y. 1 ≤ α ≤ n, 2 ≤ β ≤ n+1, and 3 ≤ γ ≤ n + p References - ρ δ Let {max (d (xα, xβ, xγ), ( (yα, yβ, yγ)} = 1. R.K. Jain fixed point on three metric Then it follows from (2.11) and (2.12) spaces. Bull Cal.Maths. Soc. 87 (1995), 463466 d (x , x , x ) ≤ φn δ and 2.13 n n+1 n+p1 2. B.E. Rhoade, A fixed point theorem for generalized metric spaces. Internet. J. ρ (y , y , y ) ≤ φn δ 2.14 n n+1 n+p1 Math. And Math.Sci. 19 (3) (1996), Now using the property (iv) we obtain 457460. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 17

A Research Paper on 'A Survey of Virtual keyboard '

* Ushmita Nigam

Abstract - Computing is now not limited to desktops and laptops, it has found its way into mobile devices like palm tops and even cell phones. But what has not changed for the last 50 or so odd years is the input device, the good old QWERTY keyboard. Virtual Keyboard uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard. Virtual Devices have developed a flashlight-size gadget that projects an image of a keyboard on any surface and lets people input data by typing on the image. The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard onto almost any surface, and disappears when not in use. Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, the VKEY provides a practical way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user to leave the laptop computer at home.

Introduction - The virtual keyboard technology is the latest The processor in a keyboard has to understand several things development. The virtual keyboard technology uses sensor that are important to the utility of the keyboard, such as: technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on 1. Position of the key in the key matrix. any flat surface as if it were a keyboard. Virtual Keyboards 2. The amount of bounce and how to filter it. lets you easily create multilingual text content on almost 3. The speed at which to transmit the typemastics. any existing platform and output it directly to PDAs or even web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small, handy, well- designed and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution for cross platform text input. The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for keyboard text input, built-in language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc. Fig3.1 The microprocessor and controller operations support just as in a regular text editor, no change circuitry of a keyboard. in already existing system language settings, easy and user- The key matrix is the grid of circuits below the keys. friendly interface and design, and small file size. It then Pressing the key, bridges the gap in the circuit, allowing a gives a description about the virtual keyboard technology tiny amount of current to flow through. The processor monitors and the various types of virtual keyboards in use. Finally the the key matrix for signs of continuity at any point on the advantages, drawbacks and the applications are discussed. grid. When it finds a circuit that is losed, it compares the History Of Virtual Keyboard -The physicist discovered laser location of that circuit on the key matrix to the character rays and sensors of the same rays, which are getting more map in its ROM. The character map is basically a comparison sophisticated and more powerful. If we put these two parts chart for the processor that tells it what the key at x,y of science in one, we will have more than hundred products coordinates in the key matrix represents. If more than one which are making our life easier, more successful and more key is pressed at the same time, the processor checks to secured. Products like this are IR, Bluetooth transmitters see if that combination of keys has a designation in the and receivers, optical mouse, LCD Projectors, Large Video character map. Beams and the latest gadget of the technology called Virtual Laser Keyboard. This non-physical keyboard is implementing optics from physics and microcontrollers form electronics and programming. The main difference is that the Virtual Laser Keyboard physically is not present. An optical virtual keyboard has been invented by IBM engineers in 199 Qwerty Keyboard Fig3.2 A look at the key matrix. Introduction - Keyboards rely on switches that cause a change in the QWERTY is the most common keyboard layout on English- current flowing through the circuits in the keyboard. When language computer. It takes its name from the first six the key presses the key switch against the circuit, there is characters seen in the far left of the keyboard’s top first row usually a small amount of vibration between the surfaces, of letters. known as bounce. The processor in a keyboard recognizes Inside the keyboard - that you pressing the key repeatedly do not cause this very * Lecturer (Computer Deptt.), P.G. College, Mandsaur ( M.P ) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 18 rapid switching on and off. Therefore, it filters all of the tiny 1.2.1 Sensor module: fluctuations out of the signal and treats it as a single key Fig 5.2: Sensor Module press. If you continue to hold down a key, the processor The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of determines that you wish to send that character repeatedly the Keyboard Perception technology. The to the computer. This is known as typemastics. typically Sensor Module operates by locating the ranging from 30 characters per second (cps) to as few as user’s fingers in 3-D space and tracking two cps. the intended keystrokes. Virtual Keyboard -Alternatives came in the form of handwriting recognition, speech recognition, abcd input etc. 1.2.2 IR-light source: But they all lack the accuracy and convenience of a full- blown keyboard. Speech input has an added issue of privacy. Fig 5.3: IR-light source Even folded keyboards for PDAs are yet to catch on. Thus a An invisible infra-red beam is projected new generation of virtual input devices is now being paraded, above the virtual keyboard. Finger makes which could drastically change the way we type. Virtual keystroke on virtual keyboard. This breaks Keyboard uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence infrared beam and infrared light is reflected to let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard. back to projector. The Sensor chip in the sensor module Virtual Devices have developed a flashlight-size gadget that determines where the infrared beam was broken. Detected projects an image of a keyboard on any surface and lets co-ordinates determine actions or characters to be people input data by typing on the image. The device detects generated. movement when fingers are pressed down. Those movements 1.2.3 The pattern projector: are measured and the device accurately determines the intended keystrokes and translates them into text. The Virtual Fig 5.4: Pattern projector Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard The Pattern Projector or optional printed onto almost any surface, and disappears when not in use. image presents the image of the keyboard The translation process also uses artificial intelligence. Once of the system. This image can be projected the keystroke has been decoded, it is sent to the portable on any flat surface. The projected image is device either by cable or via wireless.The report first gives that of a standard ‘QWERTY’ key-board, with all the keys an overview of the QWERTY keyboards and the difficulties and control functions as in the arising from using them 2.3 Different Types There are different types of virtual keyboards, manufactured by various companies which provide different levels of functionalities. The different types of virtual keyboards are:

2.3.1 Developer VKB Fig 3.5: Developer VKB Fig 4.1: Virtual keyboard used in PDA’s Its full-size keyboard also Working Of Virtual Keyboard can be projected onto any 1.1 Diagram of working of VKB: surface and uses laser technology to translate finger movements into letters. Working with Siemens Procurement Logistics Services Rechargeable batteries similar to those in cell phones power the compact unit. The keyboard is full size and the letters are in a standard format. As a Class 1 laser, the output power is below the level at which eye injury can occur. Fig5.1 Working of Virtual Keyboard 2.3.2 Canesta These are virtual keyboards that can be projected and The Canesta Keyboard, which is a laser projected keyboard touched on any surface. The keyboard watches your fingers with which the same laser is also used to scan the projection move and translates that action into keystrokes in the device. field and extract 3D data. Hence, the user sees the projected Most systems can also function as a virtual mouse. keyboard, and the device “sees” the position of the fingers 1.2 Virtual Keyboard Technology over the projected keys. They also have a chip set, Electronic This system comprises of three modules, Perception Technology, which they supply for 3rd parties to Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 19 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 20

Some Ethnomedicinal Plants Used to Different Diseases by Local People of Vidisha District of Madhy Pradesh

* Dr.Sarita Ghanghat Abstract- plants have been used as a source medicines since ancient times . these medicines are safe and environment friendly. According to WHO about 80% of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine for their primary health care . Currently the government of India. Realizing the value a mission of documenting the traditional knowledge. The present paper on 10 selected Ethno- medicinal plants (belonging to 8 families) of vidisha district, with correct botanical identification , Botanical names, Family,Local names, parts used in diseases, by tribal and rural population. Key Words - Ethno-medicinal, Tribals, rural, Traditional medicine,Health care.

Introduction- For centuries plants have been an important the diseases, like skin diseases , jaundice, piles, bronchitis, source of drugs. In India medicinal plants have long been used diabetes, snakebite, diseases by the people of vidisha district. to treat different kinds of disease. Today there is an increasing desire to unravel the role of ethno-medicinal studies in trapping the centuries old traditional flok knowledge as well as in searching new plant resources of food, drug etc.(jain,1987,1991). People living in the developing countries rely quite effectively on traditional medicine for primary health care (Sullivan and shealy 1997;singh,2002 ). Indian tradition medicine is based on different system such as Ayurveda , Siddha and Unani used by various communities (Gadgil,1996). Vidisha district is one of the most important and centrally located district of M.P. The total area of the district is about 7,433sq K.M. which lies between 23º21‘and 24º22‘N latitude and 77º15.30‘and 78º18‘E longitude forming eastern part of Malwa region. The forest cover is about two fifth of the total area in the district.(fig.1) Vidisha district is inhabited by tribals like Shariya, Bhil, Meena .The area is very rich in indigenous ethno-medicinal plants . These are collected by local inhabitant for the preparation of medicines. Presual of Fig.1 Map(vidisha district) literature ( jain 1995, ghangat and sahu 2006,) revealed that no specific study on ethno-medicinal uses of plants in vidisha district has been carried out. Material And Methods - The ethno-botanical study was conducted in 2006-2007. extensive field trips were organized for collecting the plant species and data using an integrated approach of botanical collection, group discussion, interviews and questionnaires .Help of local medical practitioners was also taken . plants were identified by Tribals in Madhya Pradesh 1.Chircita referring to Flora of Bhopal by Oommachan (1977) and Flora of M.P. from wikipedia . Enumeration- In the following enumeration, plant names have been arranged alphabetically in disease wise.(Table-1,seen in next page) Result and Discussion- The plant parts used for medical preparation were bark, flowers, rhizomes, root, leaves, seeds, and whole plants ,The paper present a brief account of the uses of various ethno-medicinal plants parts against 2.Adusa 3.Satabar * Department of Botany, Govt.S.G.S.P.G. College, Ganjbasoda (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 21

References - 1. Gudgil ,M ; 1996 Documentriy diversity : An experiment curr.ci ; 70 (1) : 36 2. Ghanghat,Sarita and Sahu, Brajesh (2006) Medicinal climbers of Vidisha District . I.J.Applied Life Science.,Vol 1,no 1,pp 24-25. 3. Jain. s. k. 1987. A manual of Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers , Jodhpur , India.ISBN 8185046603 4 . Jain , s. k., 1991 Dictionary of Indian Flok medicine and Ethnobotany .Deep publication, New Delhi. ISBN : 4. Amaltas 5.Sarpgandha 8185622000. 5. Jain,S.K.(1995): Ethnobotanical studies around vidisha district . Ph-D Thesis. Barkatullah University, Bhopal. 6. Panda.T,2010.preliminary study of ethnomedicinal plant used of cure different diseases in coastal district of Orissa India 1(2) :67 -71 7. Rout ,S.D. Panda,T.,Mishra,N .,(2009) Ethno medicinal plants used to cure different diseases by Tribals of Mayurbhanj district of North Orissa . 8. Sahu, S.C., Dhal,N.K and Mohanty, R.C.,(2010) “Potential Medicinal Plants used by the Tribal of Deogarh District,Orissa ,India. Ethno med,4(1):53-61. 6.Gular 9. Sullivan,K.and C.N.Shealy ,1997 Complete Natural Home Remedies.Element Book Limited, Shaftsbury, Acknowledgment- The author express thanks to U.K. knowledgeable Persons who co- operated in sharing their 10. Oommachan, M. (1977): The flora of Bhopal J.K. jain knowledge at the time of study. Brothers, Bhopal .

S.No Botanical Name Family Local Name Used part of the plant 1 Achyranthus aspera L. Amaranthaceae Chircita Leaves extract is externally applied to stop the bleeding of wounds. 2 Adohatoda vasicaNees. Acanthaceeae Basa or Adusa Fresh leaf is taken orally is effective for skin disease. 3 Azadirachta indica A.juss. Meliaceae Neem About 20 gm of Bark is boiled in 1 liter of water bath with the boiled water will care skin diseases. 4 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Satabar Root poweder as a tonic. 5 Cassia fistula Linn. Cacelpiniaceae Amaltas Leaves juice in skin diseases. 6 Ficus racemosa Linn. Moraceace Gular Fresh juice of leaves is given with water for about 10 days to treat to gastro intestinal problems. 7 Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae Pipal Bark 50 gm crushed with 5 gm curcuma longa powder is applied externally for skin 8 Rauvolfia serpentine L.kurz. Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Leaf juice of tend or leaves is give on empty stomach pain. 9 Syzygium cumini L. Myrtaceae Jamun ½ teaspoon seed powder mixed with honey or gur is taken twice daily for 20- 30 days from dibities problems. 10 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Harra Seed paste is applied on plies to stop bleeding and to get relief from pain. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 22

Uses of Ethno Medicinal Plants in Some Disease in Ganj Basoda Tehsil (District - Vidisha)

* Dr. Kanchan Vaidya Abstract - Present paper deals with 25 species. That are used by tribals people in cure Diabetes Ashhma and allergy, Arthritis, Cancer and Heart disease in Ganj Basoda Tehsil, Vidisha District (M.P.) Key Words - Ethno Medicinal Plants, Tribals Disease, Ganj Basoda.

Introduction - The Use of Medicinal Plants for curing disease cepa (onion) is the common spice was recognized as an in human society is probably as old as man himself. Recently effective herbal drug for the treatment diabetes during ancient there has been a popular awareness in the study of medicinal egyption times it has been experimentally proved to have plants. Traditional medicine has been used in some blood sugar lowering properties Brassica oleracea (cabbage) communities for thousands of years. Traditional medicine is and lactuca sativa (leltuce) also have hypoglycaemic as well the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on as hyperglycaemic principles in them the dried seed of the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different trifolium alerandrinum (Clover) has been reported to have cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent hypoghycaemic effects that are clinically comparable to those diagnose improve or treat physical and mental illnesses. of the synthetic drugs ‘tolbutamide’ and acetoheseanxamide’ (Nehra 2014) (Ayensu 1984). The revival of interest in natural drugs, Specially there The chemical gymnernic acid found in the leaves of drived from plants, started in the last few decades mainly gymnema Sylvester rejuvenates the bela cells of the because of the widespread belief that green medicine are pancreas to produce indigenous insulin in diabetic rates healthier and safer than the synthetic ones. (chakarborty 1988) Gupta, et al 1967 reported on indigenous Ganj Basoda Tehsil possesses enormous floristic and insulin secretion and glucose uptake in diabetic rales by ethanic diversihes associated with its cultural heritage and the stem juce of Tinospora cardifolia. indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants and their Medicinal Plants used in Ashma and Allergy - Ashthma utilization to cure various human disease. and allergy diseare have become very common all over the The present paper highlights some of the potential medicinal world. This is mainly due to some allergens in the environment plants species that are used as traditional herbal remadies which may be natural or man made in the rural and tribal by the tribal saharia, Bhil, Mena and Banjara people of areas of India have been using Adhatoda vasica (Adusa) Ganj Basoda Tahsil (Vidisha) M.P. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulathy), Piper nigrum (Kalimirch), Material and methods - We have made survey on 25 Zingiber officinalis (Zinger) Ocimum scinctum (Tulsi) withania medicinal plants which used in different disease like diabetes, somnifera (Ashvagandha) Calotropis procera (Aak) for asthma and Allergy, Arthritis, Cancer, Heart Disease by tribal preparation of drugs agains asthma. The ash from the flowers and rural people of Ganj Basoda (Vidisha Distt.) We have and milky later of calotropis was found to be very effective discussed by arranging meetings and dialogues with tribal (Nehra 2014) and rural people, about medicinal value of different medicinal Medicinal Plants Used in Arthritis - Now a days maximum plants.The data of medicinal plants were recorded and people phase a serious problem is arthiritis. Arthiritis become compared according to standard procedures. The gathered a common human problem all over the world, but especially information was cross – checked and present here. among the affluent societies and after have a crippling effect Result and Discussion - in old age. In the rural and tripes regions of Vidisha distt Medicinal Plants used in Diabetes - Now a days diabetes people being using withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Metha become a common human problem across the world arvensis for treatment of all body pains including. specially in the rich and upper middle class with rich food Medicinal Plants used in cancer - Now a days many people habits and sedentary life associated with modern life styles. fight from a seviour disease cancer. Cancer associated with Diabetes is a silent killer and if not under control can damage modern living and lifestyle for which modern medicine has all body organs like heart liver, brain, kidneys. very little to offer. The real answer lies with the revival of Tinospora cardifolia, Azadirecta Indica, Aegle traditional herbal medicine and search for more biochemical marmelos, syzygium cuminii have been traditionally used component which can abnormally growing cells and tissues in India for treatment of diabetes mellitus (Rana 1994) Allium in the human body. *** Guest Faculty (Botany) Govt. S.G.S. P.G. College, Ganj Basoda, Vidisha (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 23

Catharanthus roseus (Syn Vinca rosea) provide the References - valuable weapons vincristine’ and vinblastin to fight leukaernia 1. Ayensu, E.S. ‘Medicinal Plant research in the arab in children. More plants from the traditional medicines of studies, Third congress of the Arab Biologist Amman, Vidisha District have come to light have great potential for University of Jordddan 1984. combalting cancer. These are Withania somnifera, Argemone 2. Bhattacharjee, S.K. and De, L.C. (2005) Medicinal herbs maxicana Bahunia purpurea, (Chowdhary 1988) reported and flowers; Aavishkar pub, jaipur (Raj) chemical compounds withanolide-D’ and withaferin-A’ from 3. Chakraborty - T. Indigenous drugs on the development the leaves of Withania somniferous which have significant of modern medicin, paper at the national symposium anti-tumor activity in vivo against sarcoma 180 cells in mice on Development of Indigenous Drugs in India, New Delhi, they also inhabit RNA synthesis in them. April 8-10, 1988. Plants used in Heart Disease - Heart disease become a 4. Chowdhary, J.R. ‘Anti-Cancer agents from the Indian very common problem in humans Terminalia arjuna, medicinal plants; paper at the national symposium on Terminalia chebula, callotropies procera , Aegle marmelos Development of Indigenous Drugs in India, New Delhi, and Ocimum sanctum have been used traditionally in Vidisha April 8-10, 1988. District for treatment of all kinds of heart disease. Some of 5. Gupta, S.S. (1967), Anti diabetic effects of Tinospora them have gained a great reputation as heart stimulants Cordifolia, part I’ Indian. J. Med. Res. 55; 733-745. and for increasing cardiac outflow. 6. Nehra, S., (2014), ‘Plant derive drugs and herbal Treminalia arjuna and Ocimum sanctum have gained medicines in healthcare’ in herbal folk medicine pointer importance in the treatment of ischernic heart disease. The pub., New Delhi. cardiac output increases without offecting the heart rate or 7. Prajapati, N.D., Purohit, S.S., Sharma, A.K. and kumar, rhythm (VHAI 1998).A herbal drug Encording prepared from T., (2007) A hand book of Medicinal plants, A complete the plant found in vidisha district Thevetia nerifolia. Is being source Book, Agrobios (India) used in insufficiency of the heart amond other topical plants 8. Rana, T.S. ‘Some reports on the indigenous herbal Terminalia chebula is a cardiotonic and has anti- hypertensive remedies for diabetes mellitus from india’ IV ICE principles. Lucknow, November 17-12, 1994. Conclusion - These useful medicinal plants need protection 9. Shukl, P. (2008), Medicinal Plants of India Pointer Pub. more cultivation in the present context. So that the tribal Jaipur (Raj) people may be benefited and our valuable india flora may 10. VHAI, (1998), Medicinal Plants of India New Delhi, also survive. Voluntary Health. Association of India.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 24

Phenolic Compounds in Plant

* Usha Sahu

Abstract - phenolics are another large class of secondary metabolites. It is derived from phenylalanine. It synthesized primarily through the Shikimic acid pathway and the Acetic acid pathway. Plant phenolics may be divided into performed and induced phenolics. It categorized into common, phyto-alexin and phenol oxidizing enzyme. The role of plant phenolics in resistance against fungi is more dynamic. The accumulation of phenolics and phyto-alexin is considered as a major defense mechanism. The phenol oxidizing enzymes acts as fungi toxic substance in the host plants. An important aspect of determining the role of phyto-alexin in resistance is their temporal and spatial distribution after pathogen attack. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins are well known potential antioxidant. Phenolics compounds usually possess different anti-oxidant activity potentials. Keywords - Phenolic, common, phyto-alexin and phenol oxidizing enzyme, the role of phyto-alexin in defense

Introduction - Plant produce a high diversity of natural Plant phenolics are normally soluble in polar organic products or secondary metabolites with a prominent function solvents. Most Phenolic glycosides are water soluble but in the protection against predators and microbial pathogens the corresponding aglycones are usually less so. Some on the basis of their toxic nature and repellence to herbivores phenolics are solubilized in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and and microbes and some of which are involved in defense sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) but in alkaline medium their against abiotic stress and also important for the oxidation is enhanced and therefore treatment with alkaline communication of the plants with other organisms and are solvents should either be performed under N2 or preferably insignificant for growth and developmental processes.9 Plant avoided. Phenolics with only few hydroxyl groups are soluble secondary metabolites are divided into 3 main categories in ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. that are Tarpens, Phenolic compound and nitrogen containing Methanol, ethanol, water and alcohol water mixture are most secondary metabolites. The number and variety of Phenolic commonly used for dissolving Phenolic compounds for compound found in plants is quite large and include the analytical purpose.5 anthocyanins, leuco- anthocyanin , anthoxanthines, All Phenolic compounds exhibits intense absorption in glycosides, sugar esters of Phenolic acid, counarin the UV region of the spectrum and those that are coloured derivatives and several other. Plants need Phenolic absorbed strongly in the visible region as well. Each class compounds for pigmentation, growth, reproduction, of Phenolic compounds has distinctive absorption resistance to pathogens and for many other functions.2 characteristics. Example – phenols and Phenolic acid in Several classes of phenolics have been categorized on the the range of 250 – 290 nm; cinnamic acid derivative in the basis of their basic skeleton: C6, C6-C1, C6-C2, (C6-C3-C6)n range of 290 – 330nm. etc.. Generally the role of Phenolic compounds in defense Some of the Phenolic compound; taking part in defense in related to their antibiotic, anti-nutritional or unpalatable of plants; are found both in healthy as well as in diseased properties.6 Besides their involvement in plant – animal and/ plants. Plant phenolis may be divided in two classes: or plant – microorganism relationships. Flavonoids are one 1. Performed phenolics that are synthesized during the of the largest classes of phenolics. normal development of the plant tissues. Phenolic Compound : - Phenolics are another large class 2. Induced phenolics that are synthesized by plants in of secondary metabolites produced by plants to defend response to physical injury, infection or when stressed themselves against pathogen. The most abundant classes by suitable elicitors such as heavy metal salts, UV of secondary Phenolic compound in plant are derived from irradiation, temperature etc.. Induced phenolics may phenylalanine via elimination of an ammonia molecules to also be constitutively synthesized but additionally their form annamic acid. Generally the Phenolic compounds are synthesis is often enhanced under biotic or abiotic synthesized primarily through the shikimic acid pathway and stress.8 the acetic acid pathway.1 Phenolics usually accumulate in These Phenolic compounds can be categorized into the central vacuoles of guard cells and epidermal cells as simple or common and phyto-alexin. well as sub-epidermal cells of leaves and shoots. Some · Common Phenolic Compound: - The Phenolic phenolics are found covalently linked to plant cell wall; other compounds which are toxic to pathogens are produced at a occurs in waxes or on the external surface of plant organs. faster rate after infection in a resistant variety. Example:- * Asst. Prof. of Botany, Govt. Auto. P.G. Girls College of Excellence, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 25

1. Chlorogenic acid in potato attacked by Ceratocystis It is fungicidal at high concentration and fungistatic at fimbriata. low concentration against Scerotinia fructigena. 2. Caffeic acid and Umbelliferon are found in sweet potato Some other phyto-alexins are Glyceolin in s oybean, infected with the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata. alfalfa & clover; Camelexin in Arabidopsis thaliana; 3. Orthodiphenols and scopoletin are found in potato Gossypol in cotton and Capsidiol in pepper; affected by Phytophthora infestans. Medicarpin in alfafa.4 4. In date palm tree roots, cell wall found hydroxyl benzoic l Phenol Oxidizing Enzyme: - The most common enzyme acid and sinapic acid increase 11 – 12 times as much found both in healthy and diseased plants are the phenol in cultivars resistant to Fusarium than they did in oxidizing enzymes such as Phenolases etc. They susceptible cultivars. oxidize several Phenolic compounds in the presence of There are several examples of constitutive phenolics oxygen and result in the formation of complicated poly- acting as feeding deterrent for herbivores and inhibitors of phenols such flavonoids, tannins, lignins etc. on the enzymes. removal of hydrogen they form various oxidation l Phyto-alexins- The Phenolic compound which are not products of Phenolic compounds, the quinines, which presented in healthy plants but are produced upon are pigmented and held responsible for browning or stimulation of a plant by a pathogen or by a mechanical discolouration of plant tissue. or chemical injury known as phyto-alexins. Phyto- The importance of poly- phenol oxidase activity in alexins are “isoflavonoids”. They are toxic disease resistance probably stems from its property to antimicrobial substance produced in appreciable oxidize Phenolic compounds to quinines which are often amounts in plant only after stimulation by various types more toxic to micro-organism than the origin phenol. A of phyto-pathogenic micro-organism. They can also complex interaction occurs during fruit ripening in which levels fungi-toxic substance. Most known phyto-alexins are of lipoxygenase increase and breakdown diene, a compound toxic to and inhibit the growth of fungi pathogenic to that is present in young, immature fruit and is toxic to fungi. plants but some are also toxic to bacteria, nematodes These events normally result in infection of the ripening fruit. and other organisms. More than 300 chemicals with In some fruit, however elicitors from non-pathogenic fungi phyto-alexins like properties have been isolated from stimulate production of Phenolic compound epicatechin plant belonging to more than 30 families. Some of the which inhibits decreases degradation of the antifungal diene, better studied phyto-alexins include: - thereby preventing decay of the ripening fruit by anthrcnose 1. Ipomeamarone is produced in sweet potato affected fungi. Another phenol oxidase enzyme “Peroxidase” is not with the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata. It has been only anti-microbial in itself and release highly reactive for synthesized through the acetate pathway. It acts as an Phenolic compounds into lignin like substance. These inhibitor of electron transport and energy transfer substances are then deposited in cell walls and papillae reactions. and interfere with the further growth and development of the 2. Orchinol is produced by orchids upon infection by the pathogens1. The phenol oxidizing enzymes acts as fungi- fungus Rhizoctonia repens and other mycorrhizal fungi. toxic substance in the host plants. They such as This is a strong fungitoxic substance against the phenolonidases, peroxidase and other may be responsible mycelial growth of R. repens. for increasing the resistance in several host plant. Active 3. Hircinol is a derivative of Orchinol. It also has phyto- oxygen species may also be involved in host defense alexin like action. It also inhibits the growth of certain reactions through the oxidation of Phenolic compounds into mycorrhizal fungi. more toxic quinines and also lignin like compounds. 4. Rishitin has been isolated from resistant potato tubers Mechanism - The role of plant phenolics in resistance infected with late blight fungus Phytophthora infestans. against fungi is more dynamic than their role against insects. It possesses plant growth and fungal growth retarding Many Phenolic compounds inhibit hyphae development or properties and also has been isolated from potato they bind the enzymes released by the fungus during cell leaves. invasion. Many Phenolic compounds are potent inhibitors 5. Isocoumarin is produced in the roots of carrot infected of many hydrolytic enzymes of plant pathogens. Lignification by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata. It inhibits the is a mechanism for disease resistant in plant. Lignin provides growth of this fungus in culture. an excellent physical barrier against pathogen attack. During 6. Pisatin is produced in pea pods with the infection of defense lignin or lignin like Phenolic compound accumulation severa fungi. It has been isolated from the endocarp of was shown to occur in a variety of plant microbe interactions. attached pea pods inoculated with a non-pathogenic An important aspect of determining the role of phyto-alexins fungus Monilinia fructicola or Ascochyta pisi. It is a weak in resistance is their temporal and spatial distribution after antibiotic with board spectrum. Production of pisatin is pathogen attack. In most cases the phyto-alexin are localized reduced at high temperature or anaerobic storage. in the tissue beneath or very close to, the site of fungal or 7. Phaseolin is similar to pisatin in function and chemistry. bacterial infection. The difference between susceptible and Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 26 resistance plants appears to be related to the rapidly of the red, blue and purple pigments as antioxidant and metal host response including phyto-alexin induction. Phyto-alexin chelators as signaling agents both above and below ground disrupt pathogen metabolism or cellular structure but are between pant and other organisms and as UV light screen. often pathogen specific in their toxicity. Most of the pre-infectional secondary metabolites are The accumulation of phenolics and phyto-alexins such significantly induced like phenolics and the division between as Medicarpin and Maackiain is considered as a major constitutive and induced defense metabolites are not clear. defense mechanism frequently observed and well characterized in chickpea. Phyto-alexin is antimicrobial or References- fungi toxic substances produced by host pathogen 1. Mehrotra R.S. “Plant Pathology” Defense Mechanism interaction. Several fungi produce â- Glycosidase or to in Plant pp 169-170. liberate the same from plant tissue. This production released 2. Pandey B.P. “Plant Pathology: Pathogen and Plant fungicidal Phenolic substance that involved in defense Disease” Defense Mechanism pp 84-86. mechanism. Most phyto-alexin elicitors are generally high 3. Agrios George N. “Plant Pathology” 5th edition Defense molecular weight substances that are constituents of the through production of secondary metabolites: phenolics fungal cell wall such as Glucans, Chitosan, Glycoproteins pp 233-235. and Polysaccharides. The elicitor molecules are released 4. Cumagun Christian Joseph R. “Plant Pathology” Novel from the fungal cell wall by host plant enzyme. Most such Elicitors induce Defense Responses in Cut flower pp elicitors are non-specific they are present in both compatible 85-113. and incompatible races of the pathogen. Furanocoumarins 5. Attanzio V.,Lattanzio V.M.T. and Cardinali A. are Phenolic compounds produced by a wide variety of plants “Phytochemistry: Advance in research” 2006 Role of in response to pathogen or herbivore attack. They are Phenolics in the resistance Mechanisms of Plants activated by ultraviolet light and can be highly toxic to certain against Fungal Pathogens and Insects pp 23-67. vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores due to their integration 6. Freeman B.C. and Beattie G.A. 2008 An Overview of into DNA which contributes to rapid cell death. Plant Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores “ The Tannins are toxic to insects because they bind to Plant Health Instructor” (journal) salivary proteins and digestive enzymes including trypsin 7. Li Jie Wen et al “Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant and chymotrypsin resulting in protein inactivation. Phenolics Activities of Liriope muscari Molecules 2012,17,1797 – compounds usually possess different anti-oxidant activity 1808 (journal) potentials because of their Phenolic hydroxyl groups which 8. Bennett N. Richard and Wallsgrove M. Roger Tansley can act as a hydrogen or electron donor. Phenolic acids, Review No. 72 “Secondary Metabolities in Plant Defense flavonoids and tannins are well known potential antioxidants. Mechanisms” New Phytol (1994) 127, 617-633. Conclusion:- Plant phenolics are toxic for fungi pathogen 9. Mazid M, Khan TA, Mohammad F “Role of Secondary and herbivores. It is produced not only in diseased tissues Metabolites in Defense Mechanisms of Plants” Biology but also healthy tissues. It have also key role as the major and Medicine, 3(2) Special Issue 232- 249, 2011.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 27

Aloe Vera And Its Medicinal And Traditional Uses

* * * Prof. Shailendra Sisodiya Prof. B.K. Rawat

Abstract - Safe drinking water remains inaccessible for about 1.2 billion people in world. About half the population in developing world, at any given time, is suffering with waterborne diseases due to biological contamination of drinking water. Unsafe water slows down economic and social development. Ill health in poor people caused by unsafe water further perpetuates poverty. Water purification is an ancient practice. Hindu and ancient Sanskrit writing recommend water treatment, such as filtration, boiling and straining. Cause and type of contamination is important for choice of water treatment process, system and technology to be used because there are various technologies which cater to the different needs of water purification The object of treatment is to make use of combination of physical, chemical and biological process to remove contaminants from water so as to make it fit for use. Along with technologies many devices are available in market to obtain safe water for consumption. Key Words : Safe drinking water, Treatment technologies, Conventional methods, Solar energy

Introduction - Aloe vera is a succulent plant species that var. chinensis, however, the species varies widely with regard is found only in cultivation, having no naturally occurring to leaf spots and it has been suggested that the spotted populations, although closely related aloes do occur in form of Aloe vera may be conspecific with A. massawana.The northern Africa. The species is frequently cited as being used species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century Aloe perfoliata var. vera, and was described again in 1768 AD. Extracts from A. vera are widely used in the cosmetics by Nicolaas Laurens Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe barbadensis some ten variously having rejuvenating, healing, or soothing properties. days after Burman in the Gardener’s Dictionary. There is, however, little scientific evidence of the effectiveness Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species medicinal purposes, and what positive evidence is available endemic to Yemen. Similar techniques, using chloroplast is frequently contradicted by other studies. DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also Description - Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed suggested it is closely related to Aloe forbesii, Aloe inermis, succulent plant growing to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall, Aloe scobinifolia, Aloe sinkatana, and Aloe striata. With the spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green exception of the South African species A. striata, these Aloe to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on species are native to Socotra (Yemen), Somalia, and Sudan. their upper and lower stem surfaces. The margin of the leaf The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall, origin. each flower being pendulous, with a yellow tubular corolla Distribution and Cultivation - The natural range of A. vera 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long. Like other Aloe species, Aloe vera is unclear, as the species has been widely cultivated forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the throughout the world. Naturalised stands of the species occur plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil. in the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula, through North Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study Africa (Morocco, Mauritania, Egypt), as well as Sudan and for possible bioactivity, such as acetylated mannans, neighbouring countries, along with the Canary, Cape Verde, polymannans, anthraquinone C-glycosides, anthrones, and Madeira Islands. This distribution is somewhat similar anthraquinones, such as emodin, and various lectins. to the one of Euphorbia balsamifera, Pistacia atlantica, and Aloeveera Taxonomy and etymology - The species has a few others, suggesting that a dry sclerophyll forest once a number of synonyms: A. barbadensis Mill., Aloe indica covered large areas, but has been dramatically reduced due Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. vulgaris Lam. to desertification in the Sahara, leaving these few patches Common names include Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True isolated. Several closely related (or sometimes identical) Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, First Aid Plant. The species species can be found on the two extreme sides of the Sahara: epithet vera means “true” or “genuine”. Some literature dragon trees (Dracaena) and Aeonium being two of the most identifies the white-spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera representative examples.

* * * Head of the Department Botany Head of the Department Zoology, Govt. P.G. College Sendhwa, Distt. Badwani (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 28

The species was introduced to China and various parts of discontinue its use. Other uses for extracts of Aloe vera southern Europe in the 17th century. The species is widely include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of naturalised elsewhere, occurring in temperate and tropical sheep, as a fresh food preservative, or for water conservation regions of Australia, Barbados, Belize, Nigeria, Paraguay, in small farms. It has also been suggested that biofuels Mexico and the US States of Florida, Arizona and Texas.The could be obtained from Aloe vera seeds. Aloe is also used actual species’ distribution has been suggested to be the as a food substance, possibly for its gelling properties. result of human cultivation. Traditional medicine - Early records of Aloe vera use appear Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. in the Ebers Papyrus from the 16th century BC, in both The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder’s Natural medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers, form, and History written in the mid-first century AD along with the succulence. This succulence enables the species to survive Juliana Anicia Codex produced in 512 AD. The species is in areas of low natural rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of many and other low water-use gardens. The species is hardy in countries. Aloe vera, called kathalai in Ayurvedic medicine, zones 8–11, although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or is used as a multipurpose skin treatment. This may be partly snow. The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, due to the presence of saponin, a chemical compound that though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, and aphid acts as an antimicrobial agent. species may cause a decline in plant health.In pots, the Dietary supplement - Aloin, a compound found in the species requires well-drained, sandy potting soil and bright, exudate of some Aloe species, was the common ingredient sunny conditions; however, Aloe plants can burn under too in over-the-counter (OTC) laxative products in the United much sun or shrivel when the pot does not drain the rain. States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration The use of a good-quality commercial propagation mix or banned it because the companies manufacturing it failed to packaged “cacti and succulent mix” is recommended, as provide the necessary safety data. Aloe vera has potential they allow good drainage. Terra cotta pots are preferable as toxicity, with side effects occurring at some dose levels both they are porous. Potted plants should be allowed to when ingested or applied topically. Although toxicity may completely dry prior to rewatering. When potted, aloes be less when aloin is removed by processing, Aloe vera that become crowded with “pups” growing from the sides of the contains aloin in excess amounts may induce side effects. “mother plant”, they should be divided and repotted to allow A two-year National Toxicology Program (NTP) study on oral room for further growth and help prevent pest infestations. consumption of nondecolorized whole leaf extract of Aloe During winter, Aloe vera may become dormant, during which vera found evidence of carcinogenic activity in male and little moisture is required. In areas that receive frost or snow, female rats. The NTP says more information is needed to the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses. determine the potential risks to humans. Large-scale agricultural production of Aloe vera is undertaken Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the in Australia, Bangladesh, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, digestive system, but there is neither scientific evidence nor China, Mexico, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania and South regulatory approval to support this claim. The extracts and Africa,[ along with the USA to supply the cosmetics industry quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be with Aloe vera gel. dose-dependent for toxic effects. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Commodities - Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it Award of Garden Merit.Aloe vera gel being used to make a is promoted as a moisturiser and anti-irritant to reduce dessert. chafing of the nose. Cosmetic companies commonly add Uses - 6000 year old stone carvings in Egypt contain images sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as of the plant, which they referred to as the “plant of immortality”. makeup, tissues, moisturizers, soaps, sunscreens, incense, It was given as a burial gift to deceased pharaohs. shaving cream, or shampoos. A review of academic literature Preparations made from Aloe vera are often referred to as notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to “aloe vera”.Scientific evidence for the cosmetic and its “moisturizing emollient effect”. therapeutic effectiveness of aloe vera is limited and when Toxicity - In 2011, the NTP carried out a series of short- and present is frequently contradictory.Despite this, the cosmetic long-term carcinogenicity studies of a nondecolorized whole and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims leaf extract of Aloe barbadensis miller (Aloe vera) in rats and regarding the soothing, moisturizing, and healing properties mice, in which the extracts were fed to the rodents in drinking of aloe vera commercially advertised mainly for skin water. The studies found “clear evidence of carcinogenic conditions such as sunburns, cold sores and frostbite. Aloe activity” in the rats, but “no evidence of carcinogenic activity” vera gel is also used commercially as an ingredient in in the mice. Both the mice and rats had increased amounts yogurts, beverages, and some desserts, although at certain of noncancerous lesions in various tissues. The NTP believes doses, its toxic properties could be severe whether ingested further studies of oral preparations of aloe are important, as or topically applied. The same is true for aloe latex, which are studies of the oral exposure of humans to aloe; topical was taken orally for conditions ranging from glaucoma to preparations are still considered safe.Oral ingestion of Aloe multiple sclerosis until the FDA required manufacturers to vera may also cause diarrhea, which in turn can lead to Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 29 electrolyte imbalance, kidney dysfunction, dry mouth, 6. Yates A. (2002) Yates Garden Guide. Harper Collins headache, and nausea, while topical application may induce Australia contact dermatitis, erythema, or phototoxicity. 7. Random House Australia Botanica’s Pocket Gardening Research into medical uses - Two 2009 reviews of clinical Encyclopedia for Australian Gardeners Random House studies determined that all were too small and faulty to allow Publishers, Australia strong conclusions to be drawn from them, but concluded, 8. Gong M, Wang F, Chen Y (January 2002). “[Study on “there is some preliminary evidence to suggest that oral application of arbuscular-mycorrhizas in growing administration of aloe vera might be effective in reducing seedings of Aloe vera. blood glucose in diabetic patients and in lowering blood lipid 9. King GK, Yates KM, Greenlee PG, et al. (1995). “The levels in hyperlipidaemia. The topical application of aloe vera effect of Acemannan Immunostimulant in combination does not seem to prevent radiation-induced skin damage. It with surgery and radiation therapy on spontaneous might be useful as a treatment for genital herpes and canine and feline fibrosarcomas”. Journal of the psoriasis. American Animal Hospital Association. The evidence regarding wound healing is contradictory. 10. Eshun, K.; He, Q. (2004). “Aloe Vera: A Valuable More and better trial data are needed to define the clinical Ingredient for the Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic effectiveness of this popular herbal remedy more precisely.” Industries—A Review”. Critical Reviews in Food Science One of the reviews found that Aloe has not been proven to and Nutrition . offer protection for humans from sunburn, suntan, or other 11. ”Aloe vera, African flowering plants database”. damage from the sun.2007 review of aloe vera’s use in burns Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. concluded, “cumulative evidence tends to support that aloe Retrieved 2008-06-20. vera might be an effective interventions used in burn wound 12. “Taxon: Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.”. Germplasm Resources healing for ûrst- to second-degree burns. Further, well- Information Network, United States Department of designed trials with sufûcient details of the contents of aloe Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-07-16. vera products should be carried out to determine the 13. Ombrello, T. “Aloe vera”. Archived from the original on 5 effectiveness of aloe vera.” Topical application of aloe vera July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-21. may also be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. 14. Liao Z, Chen M, Tan F, Sun X, Tang K (2004). References - “Microprogagation of endangered Chinese aloe”. Plant 1 . Akinyele BO, Odiyi AC (2007). “Comparative study of Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture . the vegetative morphology and the existing taxonomic 15. Jamir T. T., Sharma H. K., Dolui A. K. (1999). “Folklore status of Aloe vera L.”. Journal of Plant Sciences . medicinal plants of Nagaland, India”. 2. Ernst E (2000). “Adverse effects of herbal drugs in 16. Wang H, Li F, Wang T, et al. (September 2004). dermatology”. Br J Dermatol. “[Determination of aloin content in callus of Aloe vera 3. Marshall JM (1990). “Aloe vera gel: what is the var. chinensis evidence?”. Pharm J . 17. Gao W, Xiao P (November 1997). “[Peroxidase an 4. Boudreau MD, Beland FA (2006). “An Evaluation of the 18.Lyons G. “The Definitive Aloe vera, vera?”. Huntington Biological and Toxicological Properties of Aloe Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 25 July Barbadensis (Miller), Aloe Vera”. Journal of 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-11. Environmental Science and Health Part . 18. d soluble protein in the leaves of Aloe vera L. var. 5 . Vogler BK, Ernst E (Oct 1999). “Aloe vera: a systematic chinensis (Haw.)Berger]”. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi review of its clinical effectiveness”. Br J Gen Pract 49 = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese (447): 823–8. PMC 1313538. Retrieved 6 March 2013. materia medica .

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 30

^maV H$m amÓQ≠>r` d•j dQ (Ficus Benghalensis) ñ bm{H$ dZÒ[oVH$ —oÔ>H$m{U

S>m∞.e°b ]mbm gmßYr * em{Y gmamße ñ dQ> `m ]aJX ^maV H$m amÓQ≠>r` d•j h°& bm{H$ dmZÒ[oVH$ —oÓQ> g{ dQ> d•j Ymo_©H$ _hÀd H{$ gmW-gmW Am°fYr` JwUm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r AÀ`moYH$ C[`m{Jr h°& Bg d•j H{$ odo^fi ^mJ O∂S>, VZm, [Œmr, N>mb Edß \$b AmoX H$m C[`m{J Am`wd}oXH$, hm{Â`m{[°Wr Edß `yZmZr [’oV _{ß [maß[naH$ Am°foY H{$ Í$[ _{ß oS>g{›Q≠>r, S>m`na`m, _Yw_{h, ÀdMm am{Jm{ß H{$ ob`{ VWm d_Z AmoX H{$ C[Mma H{$ ob`{ oH$`m OmVm h°& dQ> _{ß EßQ>rBß‚b{_{Q>ar, EßQ>rAm∑grS{>ßQ>, EßQ>r[mà{oQ>H$ VWm EßQ>rS>m`]{oQ>H$ JwU [mE OmV{ h°& Am°fYr` _hŒmm H{$ gmW-gmW oh›Xy Y_© _{ß Bg{ AÀ`ßV hr [odÃ Edß [yOZr` _mZm J`m h°& e„X Hwß$Or ñ dQ>, EßQ>r Bß‚b{_{Q>ar, EßQ>r Am∑grS{>ßQ>, EßQ>r[mà{oQ>H$, EßQ>rS>mB©o]oQ>H$

‡ÒVmdZm - odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z ¤mam bJ^J 20 hOma [m°Ym{ß H$r d•j H$m ]m{P CR>mZ{ bm`H$ hm{ OmVr h°&4 OmoV`m{ß H$m Am°fYr` [m°Y{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& ^maV _{ß 2500 [oŒm`m±- BZH$r [oŒm`m± Mm°∂S>r, Jm{bmH$ma VWm oMH$Zr hm{Vr h°& [Œmr H$r [mX[ OmoV`m{ß H$m C[`m{J X{er Edß Am`wd}oXH$ XdmB©`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[`m{J bÂ]mB© 10g{_r. g{ 20 g{._r. VWm Mm°∂S>mB© 5g{._r. g{ 13 g{._r. VH$ hm{Vr oH$`m OmVm h°&1 Am`wd}oXH$ [maß[naH$ Am°fYr` Edß Ymo_©H$ _hŒmm H$m{ X{IV{ h°& BZH$m aßJ Jham ham hm{Vm h°& hwE dQ> d•j H$m{ ^maV _{ß bm{H$ dmZÒ[oVH$ _hÀd[yU© [m°Ym _mZm J`m h° & \$b- Bg d•j H{$ \$b AßOra H{$ g_mZ N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> hm{V{ h°& BZ_{ß Sß>R>b Zht dQ> `m ]aJX H{$ d•j H$m dmZÒ[oVH$ Zm_ \$mBH$g ]{ßJ{ßb{ßogg (Eb) hm{Vm h° & ]aJX H$m \$b EH$ ode{f ‡H$ma H$m [wÓ[H´$_ hm{Vm h°& Om{ Jm{b h°& `h _m{a{gr Hw$b H{$ A›VJ©V≤ AmVm h°& dQ> H$m{ AßJ´{Or _{ß "]Z`Z Q≠>r' H$hV{ AmH$ma b{H$a \$b ]ZmVm h°& BgH{$ \$b H{$ AßXa ]hwV N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> H$rQ> hm{V{ h°& oh›Xr _{ß Bg{ ]a, ]aJX dQ> `m ]Q> H$hV{ h°& gßÒH•$V _{ß Bg{ dQ>:, ]ßJmbr h°& `{ H$rQ> EH$ [wÓ[ g{ Xyga{ [wÓ[ _{ß KwgV{ h° oOgg{ [wÓ[ H{$ Za, _mXm j{Ã EH$ _{ß dm∞Q>, JwOamVr _{ß d∂S> VWm Vo_b _{ß dS>m H$hm OmVm h°& Xyga{ g{ gß[H´$© _{ß AmV{ h°, VWm [amJU oH´$`m H$m{ [yU© H$aV{ h°& dQ> d•j H{$ odo^›Z AßJm{ß H$m C[`m{J ÀdMm am{J, a∫$em{YH$, gyOZ, amgmòZH$ gßJR>Z- dQ> _{ß odo^›Z ‡H$ma H{$ amgmòZH$ VÀd [mE OmV{ S>m`na`m, oS>g{›Q≠>r, _Yw_{h, Î`yH$m{na`m, H$\$, o[ŒmZmeH$, AÒW_m, ]]mgra, h°& BZH$r N>mb Edß H$br _{ß o_ÎH$r b{Q{>∑g (Amjra) Q{>oZZ Edß d{∑g [m`m AÎga Edß JoR>`m AmoX am{Jm{ß H{$ C[Mma H{$ ob`{ oH$`m OmVm h°&2-3 OmVm h°& N>mb _{ß hm`[m{ΩbmBgm{o__ ΩbyH$m{gmBS> [m`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ ]aJX `m dQ> H$m d•j KZ{ [Œmm{ß dmbm N>m`mXma d•j h°& `h ^maV H{$ Abmdm Î`yH$m{ EßWm{gmòZZ, Î`yH$m{o[ba Jm{oZoS>Z, Î`yH$m{a_{Zm{gmBS> bJ^J g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß ]hwVm`V g{ [m`m OmVm h°& [`m©daU H$r —oÓQ> g{ ^r ΩbyH$m{gmBS>, S{>Î\$roS>Z, a{ÂZm{gmBS>, Edß H$rQ>m{›g [mE OmV{ h°& Om{ H$r EßQ>r `h d•j AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© h° BgH$r O∂S{> o_Q>≤≤Q>r H$m{ [H$∂S{> aIVr h° Am°a S>m`]{oQ>H$ ‡^md H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aV{ h° VWm _Yw_{h H{$ ob`{ C[`m{Jr hm{Vm h°& [oŒm`m± hdm H$m{ ew’ H$aVr h°& [oŒm`m{ß _{ß H´$yS> ‡m{Q>rZ, H´$yS> \$mB]a, Í$Q>rZ, o\´$S>brZ, Q{>oZZ, g{[m{oZZ Edß dJr©H$aU- ]rQ>m ogÒQ>m{oÒQ>amb [m`m OmVm h°& BZH{$ d•j _{ß g\{$X oM[oM[m ag oZH$bVm dmZÒ[oVH$ Zm_ \$mBH$g ]{ßJ{ßb{ßogg (Eb) h° oOg{ Amjra `m b{Q{>∑g H$hV{ h°, Bg_{ß a{oOZ, EÎ„`yo_Z, ogarZ, eH©$am 5-6 FICUS BENGHALENSIS(L) Edß _°obH$ EogS> hm{Vm h°& OJV - [mX[ Am°ofYr` JwU- [maß[naH$ XdmAm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß- d•j H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß C[ OJV - Q≠>{oH$`m{]m`m{›Q>m H$m C[`m{J [maß[naH$ Am°ofoY`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& O°g{ [oŒm`m{ß H$m dJ© - _{æm{ob`m{ß\$mBQ>m C[`m{J a∫$em{YH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß AÎga _{ß VWm Ob{ hwE ÒWmZ [a bJmZ{ H{$ ob`{ ∑bmg - _{æm{ob`m{oflgS>m Edß \w$ßgr _{ß [woÎQ>g H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Vm h°& N>mb H{$ H$m∂T{> H$m C[`m{J oS>g{›Q≠>r Edß JU - AoQ©>H{$Îg S>m`na`m _{ß oH$`m OmVm h° VWm Bg{ C]mb H$a BgH{$ H$m∂T{> H$m{ [rZ{ g{ Hw$b - _m{a{gr S>mò]oQ>O H$m C[Mma hm{Vm h°& O∂S>m{ß H$m C[`m{J Jm{Zm{na`m, og\$obg dße - \$mBH$g AmoX ]r_mar H{$ ob`{ [maß[naH$ Am°fYr H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ OmoV - ]{ßJ{ßb{ßogg b{{Q{>∑g / XyY H$m{ JoR>`m `m gyOZ _{ß bJm`m OmVm h¢ VWm \$Q>r hwB© Eo∂S>`m{ß 7 gßaMZm - dQ> `m ]aJX EH$ odemb Am°a oMaOrdr, ]hwV ]∂S{> j{Ã _{ß \°$bZ{ _{ß BgH$m XyY bJmZ{ g{ \$m`Xm hm{Vm h°& dmbm d•j h°& BgH$r D∞$ßMmB© 20 _rQ>a g{ 30 _rQ>a VH$ hm{ gH$Vr h°& BgH$r Pharmacognostic Properties- ]∂S>r-]∂S>r _m{Q>r emImAm{ß g{ O∂S{> oZH$bVr h° oO›h{ß OQ>mE± `m ÒVÂ^_yb 1. EßQ>rW{bo_o›Q>H$ ‡^md- Bg d•j H{$ ag EßQ>rW{bo_o›Q>H$ goH´$`Vm H{$ H$hV{ h°& `{ OQ>mE± Yra{-Yra{ ^yo_ H{$ AßXa [h∞wM OmVr h° Am°a Cgr _{ß O_ ‡^md H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aV{ h° Om{ H•$o_ AmoX H$m{ ZÓQ> H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© OmVr h°& bß]{ g_` ]mX `{ VZ{ H{$ g_mZ H$R>m{a Am°a _O]yV hm{ OmVr h°& VWm H$aV{ h°& BZH{$ ag _{ß \$rZm{obH$, Q{>oZZg, g{[m{oZ›g, Â`ybrb{O Edß *ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dZÒ[oVemÛ) emgH$r` _hmamZr b˙_r ]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 31

EÎH{$bm`S> AmoX [mX[ amgmòZH$ VÀd [mE OmV{ h° Om{ H•$o_ H$m Zme H$m{ ]∂T>mVm h°, `hr H$maU h° oH$ oh›Xy Y_© _{ß `h d•j A_aÀd H$m ‡VrH$ h° H$aV{ h°&8 VWm ^maV H$m amÓQ≠>r` d•j h° &14 2. EßQ>rS>m`]{oQ>H$ ‡^md- BZH{$ N>mb _{ß [mE OmZ{ dmb{ amgmòZH$ VÀd a∫$ _{ß C[oÒWV eH©$am H$m{ H$_ H$aH{$ EßQ>rQ>m`]{oQ>H$ ‡^md H$m{ ‡Xoe©V gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$aV{ h°& BZH$r N>mb a∫$ _{ß H$m{bÒQ≠>mb H$m{ H$_ H$aVr h°& Eb.S>r.Eb. 1. Prakash V., Indian medicinal plants current status, H{$ ÒVa H$m{ H$_ H$aH{$ EM.S>r.Eb. A¿N{> H$m{b{ÒQ≠>mb H{$ ÒVa H$m{ a∫$ _{ß Ethnobotany, 10,112-121, 1998. 9 2. The wealth of India, A dictionary of Indian raw material ]∂T>mVr h° oOgg{ a∫$ _{ß H$m{b{ÒQ≠>mb H$m ÒVa ghr ahVm h°& and industrial products., CSIR IV, 24-26, 1999. 3. EßQ>r]{∑Q>rna`b ‡^md- dQ> d•j H$m ag EßQ>r ]{∑Q>rna`b ‡^mdr hm{Vm 3. Chopra R. N., Nagar S. L., Chopra I. C., Glossary of h°& `{ ]°∑Q>rna`m H$r 5 odo^fi OmoV`m± O°g{ ]{grbg g]oQ>brg, Indian medicinal plants, CSIR, II, 1956. ÒQ{>\$mBbm{H$m{H$g, gmb_m{Z{bm, ‡m{oQ>`g, VWm Ò`yS>m{_m{Zmg AmoX 4. Kitikar K R, Basu B.D, Indian medicinal plants, ]°∑Q>rna`m Om{ AmßVm{ g{ gß]ßoYV am{J CÀ[fi H$aV{ h° BZH{$ ‡^md H$m{ international book distributors and publishers, Dehradun 10 , India, III, 2018,2313,2312, 2005. H$_ H$aV{ h° VWm [{Q> g{ gß]ßYr am{Jm{ß H{$ C[Mma _{ß C[`m{Jr hm{V{ h°& 5. Sankar S. and Nair A. G. R. I., Sterols and Flavonols of 4. EßQ>r Am∑grS{>ßQ> ‡^md- BgH{$ d•j _{ß ‡m`m{oJH$ oZarjU g{ O∂S>, Ficus bergalensis, Phytochemistry, 9 (12), 2583-84, VZm, Edß N>mb _{ß EßQ>r Am∑grS{>ßQ> VÀdm{ß H$r C[oÒWoV H$m{ ‡_moUV 2001. oH$`m J`m h°&11 6. Kumar R. V., Augusti K. T., Insulin sparing action of a 5. EßQ>r [mà{oQ>H$ Edß EZmbJ{ogH$ ‡^md- Bg d•j H{$ N>mb H{$ ag H$m{ leucocynidin derivative isolated from Ficus bengalensis Linn. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 31, ¡daZmeH$ _mZm J`m h°& BgH{$ ag H$m{ ¡da g{ [ro∂S>V am{Jr H$m{ X{Z{ g{ 73-76, 1994. ¡da H$m{ H$_ oH$`m OmVm h°&13 7. Dev S., Prine Ayurvedic plant Drugs, Anamaya 6. EßQ>r Bß‚b{_{Q>ar ‡^md- dQ> _{ß odo^fi ^mJm{ß H{$ ag _{ß EßQ>r Bß‚b{_{Q>ar Publishers New Delhi 237-240, 2006. ‡^md H$m{ d°kmoZH$ Í$[ g{ ‡_moUV oH$`m J`m h°& Bg_{ß C[oÒWV 8. Aswar M., Aswar V., Watkar B., Vyas M., Wagh A., ‚b{d{Zm`S> VÀd BgH{$ EßQ>rBß‚b{_{Q>ar ‡^md H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°&12 Gujar K. N., Anthelmintic activity of ficus bengalensis, IJGP, 2, 3, 2008. dQ> d•j H$m Ymo_©H$ _hÀd- ^maV _{ß oh›Xy Y_© _{ß Bg d•j H$m{ AÀ`ßV hr 9. Singh R. K., Mehta S., Jaiswal D., Rai P. K., and Watal [odÃ Edß [yOZr` _mZm J`m h°& H$hm OmVm h° oH$ `h [{∂S> oÃ_yoV© H$m ‡VrH$ G., Antidiabetic effect of Ficus bengalensis aerial roots h°& BgH$r N>mb _{ß odÓUw, O∂S>m{ß _{ß ]´Âhm VWm emImAm{ß _{ß oed H$m dmg h°&14 in experimental animals, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, _yb{ ]´Âhm ÀdMm odÓUw emIm eßH$a _{d M, 123, 110-114, 2009. 10. Parekh J., Darshan J., and Sumitra C., Efficacy of [Ã{-[Ã{ gd©X{dm`m_≤ d•j amkm{ Z_m{ÒVwV{& aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal dm_Z[wamU H{$ AZwgma dZÒ[oV H$r Ï`wÀ[oŒm _{ß AoÌdZ _mg _{ß odÓUw plants for potential antibacterial activity, Turk J. Biol., H$r Zmo^ g{ O] H$_b ‡H$Q> hwAm, V] A›` X{dm{ß g{ ^r odo^fi d•j CÀ[fi 29, 203-211, 2005. hwE, Cgr g_` `jm{ß H{$ amOm "_oU ^´X' g{ dQ> H$m d•j CÀ[fi hwAm& Bgr 11. Gupta V. K., and Sharma S. K., In vitro antixoidant H$maU g{ [wamUm{ß _{ß Bg d•j H$m{ `jdmg, `jVÍ$, `jmdmÍ$H$ Zm_m{ß g{ ^r activities of aqueous extract of Ficus bengalenesis L., 15 Int. J. Biol. Chem., 4, 134-140, 2010. [wH$mam OmVm h°& oh›Xy Y_© _{ß Bg{ ode{f ÒWmZ X{H$a BgH$r ajm H$r 12. Patil V. V., Pimrikar R. B., Patil V. R., H$m_Zm H$r JB© h°& oh›Xy H$WmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma gmodÃr Z{ Bgr d•j H{$ ZrM{ Pharmacognostical studies and evaluation of anti- A[Z{ _•V [oV gÀ`dmZ H{$ OrdZ H$m{ dmo[g bmZ{ _{ß g\$b hwB© Wr, V^r g{ inflammatory activity of Ficus bengalnesis Linn, ìdQ> gmodÃrí H$r [yOm _{ß AmO ^r ^maVr` _ohbm`{ß dQ> d•j H$r [yOm H$aVr Pharmacognosy, 1, 49-53, 2009. h° VWm d´V aIH$a A[Z{ [oV H$r XrKm©`w H$r H$m_Zm H$aVr h°& 13. Patil V. V., Bhanagales S. C., Narkhede S. B, Jawle N. M , Patil V. R., Analgesic and antipyretic activities ^maV H{$ ha ‡X{e _{ß EH$ Z EH$ ‡og’ dQ> d•j h° oH$›Vw ‡`mJ H$m of Ficus bengalenesis Bank, International Journal of Aj`dQ>, AdßoVH$m H$m og’ dQ>, ZmogH$ H$m [ßMdQ>, J`m H$m ]m°oYd•j, Pharmaceutical Research, 2, 2, 2010. dß•XmdZ H$m dßerdQ> [a AmolV l’m H{$ H{$›–m{ß _{ß dQ> [yOm H$r [aÂ[am 14. og›hm amH{$e Hw$_ma aod- JmWm dQ> d•j H$r, Ao^Ïò∫$ team goX`m{ß [wamZr h°& `h d•j Z H{$db Am°ofYr` _hÀd aIVm h° ]oÎH$ AmoW©H$, [email protected]. Ymo_©H$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a A‹`moÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ bm{H$ dmZÒ[oVH$ _hÀd 15. ]aJX- ^maV oS>ÒH$dar ‡ÒVwoV (Internet)

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 32

Nutritional Value Of Fish Flesh

* Meena Swamy Introduction - Our diet influences our health throughout our (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). entire life. Nutrition and diet have a major impact on growth These polyunsaturated and long-chain fatty acids are and development in the foetal, infant, child and youth years. key building blocks in the cell membranes of fish, shellfish Fish is one of the most nutritional food and important source and marine mammals, while plants and land animals of protein for humans. It is a very healthy meat for the heart, generally have poor production of these fatty acids. It is, is low in fat, and is full of nutrients. “Fish provides a good therefore, important to consume sufficient quantities of these source of high quality protein and contains many vitamins fatty acids through ones diet. and minerals.Research over the past few decades has shown Nutritional Content Of Fish Flesh - Biochemical comp. of that the nutrients and minerals in fish, and particularly raw fish,-The principle biochemical contents of fish flesh are the omega 3 fatty acids found in pelagic fishes, are heart- Biochemical contents Percentage friendly and can make improvements in brain development Protein 12 to 24% and reproduction. This has highlighted the role for fish in the Fat functionality of the human body. Now a day fish cosider as a Water 55%-83% “Recipe for a Healthier Diet”. Minerals 1% to 2% Consumption Of Fish - According to FAO statistics- Vitamins l Countries may be classified on the basis of their per Enzymes capita consumption of fish as follows:- High in proteins – low in carbohydrates Very high (20 kg or more) Proteins, fat and carbohydrates are the energy sources in l Iceland l Norway the food we consume. Fish contains mainly proteins and fat l Sweden l Burma and has a very low content of carbohydrates. It contains 12 l Japan l Phillipines to 24 % protein, depending on the species. Fish protein High (10kg-20kg) contains all the essential amino acids, which means that l Belgium l Denmark fish may be used as the sole source of protein. Protein occurs l England l Holland in fish are Myosin, Myogen, Myoalbumin and Globulin and l Portugal l Germany also content all intra cellular components of muscle fibre, l Spain l South Korea…etc Collagen and connective tissue fibres, Phospho-protein and Medium (5kg-10kg) nucleo-protein. l Finland l Greece Flesh is rich in proteins and fat. It contains A and D l France l Italy vitamins, Phosphorus and several minerals. “Besides the protein, there are a number of non protein l Canada l USA nitrogenous components” l Australia……etc. l Fish oils - These are chiefly triglyceride esters of fatty Low (below 5 kg) acids combined with small amounts of free fatty acids, some l Ireland l Austria vitamins, sterols, hydrocarbons, phosphor-lipids and colour l Mexico l India substances. l Switzerland l Turkey l Minerals- These constitute 1% to 2% of fish flesh l Central and South America composition. The bulk is concentrated in fish bones. Fish As A Unique Food - Fish flesh is an important source The principle minerals are Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Fe, S, Cl, for vital nutrients such as proteins, vitamin D, vitamin B12, Cu, Mn, I, Br etc. selenium and iodine. It also has a favourable fatty acid Non protein components- Peptides composition. Fatty fish and cod liver oil are the most l Free amino acids (histidine). important sources of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 l Creatine, histamine, uric acid, glycine, nucleic acids. fatty acids and vitamin D, and is favourable with respect to Fat - Depending upon the fat content,the fish may be both cardiovascular diseases and foetal development. classified as - The main beneficial health effects of eating fish flesh are l Fish is seen as a particularly good protein source as it linked to the omega-3 fatty acids. Fatty fish is a good source of two important omega-3 fatty acids: Eicosapentaenoic acid contains little saturated fat. * Asst Prof. of Zoology , Govt. Auto. P. G. College, Chhindwara (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 33

l Oils or fat (Fat content more than 8 %) Fish skin & Leather - Skin is treated, dried and tanned to l Average fat (Fat content 1%-8%) prepare leather, which is used for making shoes, bags, l Lean (Fat content less than 1%) suitcase and other ornamental articles. Depot fat- The principle sites of the depot fats are Fish Manure - Fishes are simply dried in the sun and are muscles,head tissues,milt,liver,skeletal tissue,sub ground forming the manure for the fields. It is also the bye cutaneous connective tissue and viscera. product of curing yards and oil extracting plants. l Liver in fish is the main site with large deposits. Fish silage - This is a good animal food and is either liquid l Brain shows the highest concentration of fat and heart od semi-solid product of a high nutritive value. the lowest. Fish Flour and Biscuits - Fish flour is a high quality fishmeal. l Liver and kidney rank intermediate. It is mixed with wheat flour and baked to manufacture l The fat content of fish flesh is a factor that detrmines biscuits. the quality of the fish and hence price. Artificial Pearl - Artificial pearls are prepared from hollow Economic Value Of Fish - Fishes are economically very glass beads, which are polished with material prepared from important to man. It serves as an important item of food and the scrapping of the silvery covering of the scales of some provides many important bye-product also. fish species. Fish as food - Fish have been used as good food to man. Medicines and disease control - Fishes such as Gambusia The flesh of fish has a good taste and flavour. A good fish affinis, Trichogaster, Esomus, and Barbus etc. are used to meal has low fat and salt content and less then 10% control mosquito larvae. As these fishes eagerly feed on moisture. Much of the flesh can be digested easily as mosquito larvae, they are transmitted and distributed to the compared to beef and poultry meet by man. pond, lakes and water reservoirs so that diseases like malaria Fish meal - Many fishes are dressed and cooked. Then can be controlled. they are dried. Fishes are made into fine powder. This is For Preparing Insulin - Pancreas of sharks and other large called fish meal. It is used by weak and convalsent people sized fishes is used as a raw material for preparing insulin. and also used as food in poultry, pigs and cattle. Vitamins - Fish provides vitamins A,B and D. l Liver is particularly rich in vitamin B12 and B complex, vitamin A and D. l Vitamin A and D occur more in inner organs of the body. l Vitamin B occur more in liver,eyes,skin,kidney and intestine. l Eels and prawns are rich in vitamin A whereas mackerel in vitamin D. Vitamin Content of Fist and Shellfish (TableSee the ) Nutritional value of raw fish - The nutritional value of fish meat is comparable and even higher than that of the meat of cattle, beef, pig, lamb, sheep and poultry. l Fish flesh provides an excellent source of all essentials Fish Sausage and Soup - Fish sausage is prepared from amino acids needed in human diet. fish meat. The meat is mixed with salt, sugar and spices to l Fish protein is also highly nutritious as child food and it improve taste and flavour. is easly tolerated by infants. Fish Oil - From the liver of the many fishes oil is extracted. l The digestability of fish flesh is in the order of 96%,fairly It is one of the most important by product of fish industry. high as compared to the beef and poultry Large amount of unrefined oil of fishes is used for making l Fish is an effective supplementary food where diet is paints, pesticides, soaps, medicines etc. principaly plant oriented,cereal and rice based. A. Cod liver oil - It is extracted from the cod fishes. Nutritional value of preserved fish - The nutritive value of B. Shark liver oil - It is extracted from the liver of the shark. preserved and processed fish and fishery products is These oils contain A and D vitamins. generally lower than that of raw fish Table I Typical fat content of fish This is due to loss of some nutritive value during various Species Fat ( per cent) stages and processes of fish preservation, handling and Cod 0.1-0.9 preparation. Hake 0.4-1.0 Comperative Chart of Content of Fish and other food Halibut 0.5-9.6 material - (Table See ) Plaice 1.1-3.6 Herring 0.4-30.0 Comperative Chart of Content of Fish and other food Mackerel 1.0-35.0 material - Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 34

References - 4. The study of fishes by Gunther. 1. Hand book of the freshwater fishes of India by C.R. 5. An introduction of fishes by S.S. Khanna. Bevan. 6. Indian fisheries by Qureshi and Qureshi. 2. Fish handling and processing by Burbess. 7. Fish culture By S.N. Vadapalli. 3. Biology, culture and production of India by N.M. Charka 8. www.wikipedia.co.in Basti.

Vitamin Content of Fish and shellfish (per 100g raw edible portion unless otherwise specified) Type of Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Seafood mcg mcg mg mg mg mg mcg Cod 2 tr 0.44 0.04 0.05 0.18 1 Hoddock tr tr 0.39 0.04 0.07 0.39 1 Plaice tr tr n 0.20 0.19 0.22 1 Herring 44 19 0.76 0.01 0.26 0.44 13 Mockerel 45 8.2 0.43 0.14 0.29 0.41 8 Tuna 26 7.2 n 0.10 0.13 0.38 4 Salmon 13 5.9 1.91 0.23 0.13 0.75 4 Trout 49 10.6 0.71 0.20 0.11 0.34 5 (Rainbow) Oyster 75 1 0.85 0.15 0.19 0.16 17 Mussel n tr 0.74 0.02 0.35 0.08 19 Lobster tr tr 1.47 0.08 0.05 0.08 3 (boiled) Crob tr tr n 0.07 0.86 0.16 tr (boiled) Prawn tr tr 2.85 0.04 0.12 0.05 7

Comperative Chart of Content of Fish and other food material - Food Group Calories Protein Fat Carbohydrate Callcium Iron VitaminA (gm) (gm) (gm) (mg) (mg) (mg) (I U) Milk 100-35 4.0 7-8.5 5 210 Low 100 Grains 340 6.0 2.0 73 50 6 30 Rice (unripe) 350 7.0 0.5 80 10 3 4 Wheat (Flour) 350 12.0 1.5 71 40 30 50 Beans 340 23.0 1.5 59 140 6 140 Groundnut 610 19.0 51.0 18 320 10 60 Potato 80 2.0 0.5 17 60 1 340 Green 50 4.0 1.0 52 90 15 7500 Vegetables 70 1.0 0.5 15 30 2 470 Fruits Meet 140 21.0 5.0 - 50 2 470 Fish 30 19.0 19.0 2 240 4 100 Egg 30 13.0 13.0 low 60 3 1200

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 35

Physico-chemical parameter of Yeshwant sagar reservoir Indore (M.P.)

* Archana Sharma

Abstract - Yeshwant sagar reservoir is near to 30 kilometer Indore city. The main purpose of Yeshwant sagar reservoir is fish culture ,irrigation, drinking water supply to Indore township agariculture and also for domestic purpose . The study is carried out for a period of twelve month during acadamic year of 2013.The parameter such as water temperature, pH, Total alkalinity, Dissolved oxygen ,Total hardness and Phosphorus. Key words - Yeshwant sagar reservoir , Physico.chemical perameter,Limnology.

Introduction -The water bodies of India includes a large better understanding of the relationship between the fishes number of river, ponds, dams, ipoundment and lakes. The and water quality. reserverine system ,have different envionmental compact to Water temperature - Water temperature play an important reservoir. Idealy the quality of water should be assessed on role in thermal stratification which have some effect on the basis of physico-chemical and biological parametersin chemical and biological activities of aquatic media like order to provide the complete spectrum of information for dissolved oxygen,carbon oxide, water, and air temperature the purpose of fisheries management. go more or less hand inhand .It ranged from 19.20°c to Yeshwant sagar reervoir is located near Indore city. It is 38.20°c . The minimum value was recorded during the month an important fresh water reservoir of Indore.It is manmade of January and the maximum during June. shallow type reservoir.It was constructed by then Maharaja Turbidity -Turbidity of natural water is due to suspended Rao Holkar statestate in 1936. Therefore it is popularly spoken inorganic and organic substance such as slit, clay ,planktonic as Yeshwant sagar reservoir.Itis perennial impoundment built organism etc.Penetration of sunlight and reduces on river Gambhir , a tributary of Chambal river .The reservoir photosynthesis activity. Productivity of pond depends upon is meant for supply of water to Indore city.Yeshwant sagar it. The turbidity of water is mainly depend upon the particulate reservoir is major source for irrigation, water supply nd fish matter in the water it was observed. production. It is shallow reservoir with lot of submerged The turbidity of water is mainly depend upon the particulate weeds and various of fishes. The catchment area of the matter in the water it was observed minimum 23 NTU monthly reservoir is about140 square kilometer. Physico-chemical of May and maximum 55NTU was recorded in month of July. study of Yeshwant sga reservoir show high positive corrlations pH -pH is the scales of intensity of acidity of and alkanity of amongs factors. water and measures the concentration of H± ions ,most of Material and Methods - Yeshwant sagar reservoir is an the biological process and biological reactions as pH drinking water body having a total length of about 14.04 (km), dependent. Swingle (1967) states that water having a pH a catchment area 140 square kilometer, grass storage range of 6.5 to 9.0 as recorded before day break are most capacity 500 million qube feet.It is located 30 kilometer, suitable for reservoir culture and those having pH values of Indore-Depalpur road.For the purpose of study, the water more than 9.5 (alkaline) as unsuitable . The pH recorded samples were collected from the reservoir in the morning ranged in Yeshwnt sagar reservoir from 7.2 to 9.1 . Minimum hours(from 7 am to 12 am) on monthly basis . Four study value was observed in the month of Febuary and maximun site namely study site 1,2,3 and 4 are selected for study.The in month of June and July. temperature were recorded at the time of sampling ,on the Total Alkalinity -The total alkalinity of water is significant spot using centigrate thermometer,turbidity by secchi disc for biological activity of water is the capacity to neutralize a methods,pH was measured with standered pH meter. Other strong acid and is characterized by the presence of hydroxyl parameter were estimated by the procedure given by ion . Acidic water is danger for fish growth , the reservoir APHA(1989). should have alkalinity so that the acids can be neutralized Result and Discussion - The physico-chemical and fish production is possible . The alkalinity might be due characteristics of reservoir are greatly releted with the life to the high pH or it may be caused by cations of Ca,Mg, Na, condition of reservoir there goes on an inricate pattern of K, NH and Fe combined either as CO3 or bicarbonate as environmental factors themselves interact in varing manner hydroxides. Alikunhi (1957) in the highly productive water from season to season. Therefore , it is necessary to study alkalinity reach to over 100 ppm and according Schaperlaus the physico-chemical characteristics of reservoir water for a (1933) most productive water is that which titrates 200 to *** Guest Assistant Professor (Zoology) Govt.college, Niwali - Barwani (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 36

500 ppm aquivalent Calsium carbonate. The total alkalinity to 251mg/l also ,less than 8 pH, Do and hardness of water values at Yeshwant sager reservoir were found to be inthe is 6.1mg/l to 9.2 mg/l and 71mg/l to 98 mg/l, phosphorus range of 91mg/l to 251mg/l. Ganeshan (1989) observed total ranged observed 0.1 mg/l to 0.9 mg/l.Which is the suitable alkalinity ranged between 72.00 to 360mg/l in khan and condition for fish growth. Hence ,Yeshwant sagar reservoir Kshipra river. having large area for catchment can be utilized for the Dissolved oxygen -Do is one of the important parameter in production of fish and drinking water supply. water quality assesment . Its presence is essential ti maintain Acknowledgement -The author thankful to the Dr. the higher from of biological life in the water . There are two L.K.Mudgal, Govt.P.G.College .Moti Tabela,Indore for his main source of Do in water ie diffusion from air and invaluable guidance , constant encouragement and photosynthetic activity is a biological function brough about inspiration though the study period of this work. by autotrapohs. References - In present study ,value of Do ranged from 6.1mg/l to 1. Alikunhi 1957:Fish culturein India , F.M Bull. Indian count 9.2mg/l Sreenivasan (1964) reported Do range from 9.0 mg/ . Agri Res -20:144 p. l to 10 mg/l in Aliyar and Amaravaty reservoir . 6.00 to 8.2 2. APHA 1995:Standerd methods for Fithe examination of respectively. Choubey(1990) studies on Gandhi sagar water and waste water , American Public Health observed Do ranged 7.4 to 10.5mg/l.Yeshwant sagar reservoir Association, 19th Edn. was much favorable for the growth and the maintenance of 3. Choubey, U. 1990:Studies on physico-chemical and fish. biological parameter of Gandhi Sagar , Mandsaur district Total Hardness - The term hardness is frequently used an (M.P) assessment of the quality of water supplies . The hardness 4. A ph.D thesis, Vikram University.Ujjain. is governed by the contents of Calcium and Magnesium salts 5. Ganeshan, V.Effect of sewage and industrial Effluents largely combined with carbonates and bicorbonates led to on water quality of river Khan,Kshipra and the temporary hardness. The hardness is accompanied reproductive Biology of fishes. withSulphates ,Chloride and other an-ions of the minerals 6. A ph.D thesis, Vikram University, Ujjain (MP). constitute permanent hardness. 7. Lind, O.T.1979 :Handbook of common methods in In present study , value of total hardness ranged from71 limnology . The C.V.mosby Co. 2nd. edn. st.Loues, mg/l to 98 mg/l. Choubey (1990) has reported the total Massori, 199pp. hardness between 70 mg/l to 108 mg/l.Pathak (2004) has 8. Pathak, S.K.2004:Limnology of tropical impoundment reported hardness value from 150 to 233 mg/l inVirla reservoir -A comparative study of major reservoir (Madras state) (Khargone) MP. ,India Schewiz, Z. Hydrol. Beikhauserverlong Basel, Phosphorus - It varied from 0.1mg/l to 0.9mg/l phosphorus 32:405-417. occure in both organic and inorganic forms and vital role in 9. Swingle, H.S. 1967:Standardiazation of chemical the aquatic system. Netural water, phosphorus occurs analysis for water and pond mud . FAO fish leaflet, mostly as phosphate. The major sources of phosphorus and wash, (311):260 p. other in the aquatic ecosystem are the rocks or soil , 10. UnnikComparative Comparative limnology of several decomposing organic material and agricultural run-off. reservoir ofcentral India. Hydrobiol,70 (6) 845-856. Sreenivasion (1970 a) reported phosphate in traces in south Indian reservoir Madras . Choubey (1990) reported phosphate 11. Wagh, N.S.1988:Hydrobiological Hydrobiological range from 0.01 mg/l to 0.18mg/l at Gandhi sagar reservoir. parameter of Harsul dam in relation to pollution,ph.D Conclusion -The water of Yeshwant sagar reservoir is found thesis, Dr. BAM University, Aurangabad. to be more suitable for fish culture and drinking purpose . 12. Welch1953 :Limnological methods. Mcgraw Hill Book The water is productive having maximum alkalinity 91 mg/l Co. New York.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 37

Comparative Study Of Alienation And Different Aspects Of Self And Self-Concept Of Adolescent Boys And Girls

* * * Teena Pandya Dr. Kantibhai S. Dedun Abstract-The present study is undertaken to access the relationship between alienation and different aspects of self and self-concept for boys and girls. The present study is conducted on 200 IX grade students’ 100 boys and 100 girls from Hindi medium co-educational government school of Ahmedabad, based on the R.B.S.E. pattern which had constituted the sample of the present study. The rating scale devised by Pratibha Deo was used to define the self-concept of an individual. While alienation among the subjects was measures by ‘Alienation Scale’ developed by R.R. Sharma (1988). The results indicate the significant relationship of self concept and alienation. Introduction - Adolescence is a time of active destruction, He adjusts to his feelings of inadequacy by dropping out of construction, reconstruction a period in which past, present and the race. Dropping out of the quest for achievement lead future are rewoven and strung together on the threads of fantasies him to justify his decision to give up his goals by developing and wishes that do not necessarily follow the laws of linear feelings of contempt. Mechanization and meaningless pursuit chronology, with it have combined several current developments of education may be viewed as necessarily contributing to a that make the study of adolescents relevant today. state of alienation among adolescents. Thus alienation may Throughout the 20th century, the concept of alienation be defined as a feeling of estrangement from one’s society has received substantial attention in the social sciences. and culture. The values and norms seem meaningless to Since its introduction by Hegel and Marx, this concept has the alienated person and this contributes to the feeling of been defined in a variety of ways that reflect the various loneliness and frustration. disciplines and specific views of researchers who study it. Self-concept is the cognitive or thinking aspect of self Alienation has been described as a life style characterized (related to one’s self-image) and generally refers to “the totality by a syndrome of attitudes and feelings of distrust, cynicism, of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned pessimism and a view of people as uncaring and emotionally beliefs, attitudes and opinions that each person holds to be distant. Loneliness enters into crucial period of development true about his or her personal existence.” and critical experiences in childhood and reaches full In educational setting, self-esteem and unidimensional significant in adolescence when an increasing urgency of perspectives of self-concept are not as useful as the social identification is manifested as an escape from this multidimensional perspective to self-concept. This same phenomenon. conclusion also applies when assessing anti-social behaviour, Sharma (1988) refers to alienation as an extraordinary physical performance, mental health, personality factors and variety of psycho-social disorders including loss anxiety well-being. states, despair, depersonalization, powerlessness, Self-concept is a person’s sense of identity. The set of meaninglessness, isolation and loss of beliefs and values. beliefs about what he\she is like as an individual (Break According to Stokols (1975) behaviour such as failure to well; 1992, Hattie; 1992). Self-concept is an organized participate in work group activities adopting extremist causes, collection of belief and self-perception about oneself (Baron protests are characterized as alienation. It can be viewed and Byrne, 2000). Self-concept is the totality of an individual’s as a form of dissatisfaction resulting from one’s perceived thoughts and feelings having reference to himself\herself as association with negative values, persons, group of culture. an object (Hawkins et. al., 1998). Rokach (1997) described alienation as pervasive social Basic assumption of self-concept are written here, as it is problem, viewed largely as a unidimensional experience well known concept that many of the successes and failures compromising of five clearly distinguished factors: that people experience in many areas of life are closely l Emotional Distress related to the ways that they have learned to view themselves l Social Inadequacy and their relationships with others. It is also becoming clear l Alienation Growth that self-concept has at least three major qualities of interest l Interpersonal Isolation to counselors: (1) it is learned, (2) it is organized, and (3) it is dynamic. Each of these qualities, with corollaries follow. l Self-isolation Self-concept is learned, as far as we know, no one is An adolescent characterized alienated when he born with self-concept. It gradually emerges in early months becomes discouraged by his own feelings of incompetence. of life and are shaped and reshaped through repeated

* ** Research Scholar, Pacific University, Paher, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Associate Professor, College of Education, Daramali (Gujarat) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 38 perceived experiences, particularly with significant others. Finding shows that dimensions of self and self-concept Objectives - To ascertain the relationship between alienation of boys, girls and total sample have insignificant correlation and different aspects of self and self-concept for boys and with Alienation (Table- 1.1) girls. Thus, the hypothesis “Different aspects of self and self- Hypotheses - The hypotheses are given below: concept is significantly correlated with alienation for boys 1. Different aspects of self and self-concept will be and girls” is partially proved. This hypothesis is found true significantly correlated with alienation for boys and girls. for total sample (boys & girls) but not confirmed for boys 2. There will be significant difference in alienation between and girls separately. subjects score high and low on dimension of self. Table 1.2 infers that boys having high perceived self, 3. There will be significant effect of self-concept and gender ideal self & social self scores (Group 1) have significantly on alienation. low alienation scores than the boys having low perceived Methodology - The present study is conducted on 200 IX self, ideal self & social self scores (Group 2) which are having grade students’ 100 boys and 100 girls from Hindi medium high alienation scores. (t= 6.61, p<.01), (t= 5.86, p<.01), grant-in-aid schools of Ahemdabad, which had constituted (t= 4.35, p<.01) The results are similar for girls. (t= 3.85, the sample of the present study. The rating scale devised p<.01), (t= 4.56, p<.01), (t= 6.15, p<.01) by Pratibha Deo was used to define the self-concept of an Thus, the hypothesis “There will be significant difference individual. Alienation among the subjects was measures by in alienation between subjects score high and low on ‘Alienation Scale’ developed by R.R. Sharma (1988) this is dimension of self” is proved for boys and girls. a standardized tool to measure ‘Student Alienation’. The data Table 1.3 (A) infers that girls have more alienation mean was collected from the respondents on the various variables scores in comparison to boys similarly subject with negative under study at their respective schools. The test was self-concept scored high on alienation. administrated in group. Table 1.3 (B) interprets the main effect of Gender and Self- Results & Discussion concept and their interaction were found to have significant upon Alienation (F= 7.8, p<.01), (F= 76.62, p<.01), (F= 6.93, Table- 1.1 p<.1) Correlation of Alienation with Dimensions of Self & Therefore, the hypothesis “There will be significant effect Self-Concept for boys, girls & total. of self-concept and gender on alienation” is partially proved. Alienation Adolescent alienation from society is a serious issue Dimensions of Self Boys Girls Total confronting many developing and developed nations. It is Perceived Self 0.010 0.016 -0.047 represented by the worthless relationship between the Ideal Self -0.000 0.006 -0.056 adolescent and their family, society, school, peers or self. It Social Self 0.018 0.038 -0.072 is characterized by lacking in sense of belongingness with Self-concept -0.054 0.019 0.001 feeling of cut off from family, friends or school. It is considered as non-affirmative aspect of young people’s lives, associated Results & Discussion Table- 1.1 (See the last page) with behaviours such as violence, school failure and involvement in other forms of deviant behaviour. Whilst the Table 1.3 (A) alienation of adolescents affects them in their home and Mean scores of Alienation social life, it is the effected by their self that is the particular Self- Concept concern of this study. Formation of Self- concept is complex Groups Positive Negative phenomenon as it is one of the most private unique and Mean mean special characteristics the person possess, the self concept Gender Boys 21.02 30.82 is also a fundamental dependent of self which is further Girls 20.72 36.02 dependent on social creation, a byproduct of social interactions and social manifestations. Society is delicately balanced between the need to Table 1.3 (B) maintain a dependable social order and the need to preserve 2X2 factorial analysis of variance for alienation independence of action for individual. In complex society Source of Sum of df Mean F-Ratio individuals have various possibilities for reacting to conditions Variation Squares Square to achieve favorable out come for themselves. Gender 813.944 1 813.944 7.803** The person with negative self-concept has a feeling of Self 7992.924 1 7992.924 76.629** rejection. The need to belong is basic and powerful motivation 2-Way 722.947 1 722.947 6.931** the social self-exclusion is a direct blockage that thwarts Interactions this motivation. To feel rejected or excluded is thus to Residual 20444.023 196 104.306 experience frustration and experience alienation. Total 29472.795 199 148.104 In a nutshell it can be said that boys with high self ** Significant at .01 level system have a feeling of positiveness in the life while the Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 39 boys with a low self system have always a feeling of They have lack of feeling that school was worth persevering estrangement from one’s society and culture. for them and helps them in shaping their careers. The finding reveal that the significant gender effect on The interaction effect is found significant for alienation. alienation. The girls were found to scored high on alienation This may be due to that the alone the gender or the category in comparison to boys. This may be due to the girls who of self may or may not affect the alienation but when taken have low self often have the feeling of aloneness while facing together has its significant effect over alienation. the tremendous power and complexities of social system as they lack in the power game due to the man dominated References - society. They have to face a multidimensional rushing 1. Baron, R.A., Byrne, D. (2000). Social Psychology (Ninth impressions and unable to handle them emotionally which adition) Pearson Education Pte. Ltd., India. detach them more and more. They have the less feeling of 2. Break well, G.M. (1992). Social psychology of identity social values to guide her in different situations.They are and self-concept. NY academic press. odds with their culture and even with people close to them 3. Burke, B. (1997). The Problem of Generations, with the feeling of absolutely alone. It can be summarized Daedalus, 91, Win. that girl with weaker self-system experiences that they are 4. Edington, R. P. and Gardner, T. H. (1998). A comparison called unfulfilled and unproductive for the social upliftment. of alienation between adolescent boys and girls in They are alienated from the decision making process certainly secondary school. International Journal of Sociological the empowerment is required for these girls. This view is Research. Vol-6, No. 14. supported by studies of Burke, 1997 and Stolp, 2000, 5. Hattie, J. A. and Break Well (1992). Self-Concept. New Edingtion and Gardner, 1998 they supported the notion that Jersey: Laurence Erlbaum. significant effect of gender on alienation. 6. Hawkins, L. W. (1998). Self-concept: 1998. American The results indicate that there is a significant effect of Psychologist, 34, 859-865. self on alienation. Because they feel they have no control 7. Prathiba Deo, (1987). Self-concept list. National over what is happening to them, are unable to make choices, Psychological Corporation Agra. and feel that school ignores their interests in favor of the 8. Sharma, R.R. (1988). Activism and Alienation in school’s rules and policies. They may also feel that they Psychosocial Perspective National Psychological have a lack of immediacy, they did not feel that school was Corporation Bhargava Bhawan, 4/230, Kacheri Ghat, meeting their needs right now, and they seem unable to Agra-282004. P.R., 16-23. connect what is happening to them right now with their future. 9. Stokols, D. (1975) Towards a Psychological Theory of They have the perception that there was a lot of fighting at Alienation, Psychological Review, 82. the school, intolerance, and that there was one group of 10. Stolp, D. G. (2000). Alienation and student orientation students in particular, who were classified as trouble makers, in the contemporary University, Dissertation Abstracts they are really tough to manage even by the authorities. International- A, 4904- A.

Table 1.2 Mean, S.D. & t-value of alienation in different groups for boys & girls. Dimensions Gender Variable Groups Mean S.D. t –value Alienation Boys Perceived Group 1 27.78 04.66 06.61** Self Group 2 34.74 05.81 Ideal Self Group 1 24.02 06.99 05.86** Group 2 31.78 06.22 Social Group 1 24.62 08.72 04.35** Self Group 2 32.86 10.15 Girls Perceived Group 1 30.20 09.86 03.85** Self Group 2 23.22 08.18 Ideal Self Group 1 24.08 10.59 04.56** Group 2 33.46 09.38 Social Self Group 1 23.44 09.35 06.15** Group 2 33.62 07.04 ** Significant at .01 level Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 40

]mb A[amY H{$ H$maH$m{ Edß CZH{$ C[Mmam| H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. ^mdZm a_°`m *

em{Y gmamße ñ AmO ]Ém{ H$s _mZogH$Vm ]h˛V gßHw$oMV hm{ JB© h° dh ]h˛OZ ohVm` H{$ ÒWmZ [a ÒdohVm` H$s ]mV H$aV{ h°$& AmO ]Ém{ß _| ÒdmW©, K•Um, qhgm, Z\$aV Edß [bm`Z ‡d•oŒm H$m ]m{b]mbm h°$& ^maV _| Hw$N> dfm} _| ]mb-A[amYm{ _| V{Or g{ d•o’ hm{ ahr h°$Om{ AmßH$∂S>{ h_ma{ g_j Am ah{ h°, dm{ Mm°H$m X{Z{ dmb{ h°$& gZ≤ 1951 _| H{$db 12000 ]Ém{ß Z{ A[amY oH$E W{, dhr AmO ]Ém| H{$ ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ A[amYm{ H$s gßª`m ]∂T>H$a 1.27 bmI g{ AoYH$ hm{ JB© h°$& ^maV H{$ J•h _ßÃmb` g{ ‡H$moeV EH$ na[m{Q>© g{ Ò[Ô> hm{Vm h° oH$ o[N>b{ 10 dfm} _| Ohmß b∂S>H$m{ H{$ ¤mam oH$E ]mb A[amY _| 10.8 ‡oVeV H$s d•o’ h˛B© h°, dhr b∂S>oH$`m| _| ]mb A[amY 21.6 ‡oVeV ]∂T> JE h°$& ]mb AoYoZ`_ 1960 H{$ AZwgma 7 g{ 16 df© H{$ b∂S>H$m{ VWm 7 g{ 18 df© H$s Am`w b∂S>oH$`m{ H{$ ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ H$mZyZ odam{Yr Ï`dhma ]mb A[amY H{$ A›VJ©V AmV{ h°$& 1981 _| ^maV _| ]mb A[amYm{ H$m ‡oVeV 4.4 Wm Om{ 1987 _| KQ> H$a 3.7 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m$& 1988 _| 1.7 ‡oVeV VWm 1991 _| 0.8 ‡oVeV [m`m J`m$& 1991 _| g]g{ AoYH$ ]mb A[amY _hmamÔ≠> _| h˛E W{$& eham{ _| ]Â]B© ]mb A[amoY`m{ß H$s _mÃm 1991 _| g]g{ AmJ{ h°$& qbJ H{$ AmYma [a X{Im OmE Vm{ b∂S>oH$`m| H$s gh^moJVm A[amYm{ _{ ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h°$& gmja ]mbH$m| H$s VwbZm _| oZaja ]mbH$m| _| `h ‡oVeV AoYH$ h°$& 1990 _| ]mb A[amoY`m| [a oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Z g{ `h [Vm Mbm oH$ ]mb A[amoY`m{ ¤mam oH$E JE A[amYm| _| 321 hÀ`mEß, 185 A[haU, 96 S>H°$oV`m|, 147 byQ> _ma VWm 9,155 Mm{ar g{ gß]ßoYV A[amY W{$& g]g{ AmÌM`©OZH$ ]mV `h h° oH$ E{g{ A[amY H$aZ{ dmbm| H$s C_´ 7 g{ 21 df© Wr$& gd}jU g{ `h ^r ‡H$Q> h˛Am h° oH$ eham{ _| 17 ‡oVeV H$s VwbZm _| Jmßdm{ _| 7 g{ 21 df© H{$ d`ï g_yh dmbr Hw$b oH$em{a OZgßª`m H{$ 11 ‡oVeV ]mbH$m{ ¤mam A[amYr H$m`© oH$`{ J`{ W{$& Ohmß VH$ H$s ]mV H$h{ Vm{ AmZwdmßoeH$ H$maH$, emarnaH$ H$maH$, [mnadmnaH$ H$maH$, _Zm{d°kmoZH$ H$maH$, gm_moOH$ H$maH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$, ZJarH$aU Bg_| ghm`H$ h°$Edß C[Mmam{ _| _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`mß Edß d°YmoZH$ odoY`mß AoYoZ`_ ]mb ›`m`mb` Am°a gwYma J•h AmoX emo_b h°$& BgH$m g_mYmZ H{$db emgZ H{$ ‡`mgm{ ¤mam gÂ^d Zhr hm{Jm BgH{$ obE [nadma, g_mO H{$ d•’ VWm `wdmdJ©, g_mOg{dr gßÒWmAm| VWm emgH$s` ‡`mgm| H$m o_bmOwbm `m{JXmZ AmdÌ`H$ h°$& e„X Hwß$Or - ]mb A[amY H$maH$, C[Mma - _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`mß, d°YmoZH$ odoY`mß, ]mb ›`m`mb`, ]m{ÒQ>b ÒHy$b, oH$em{a ]ßXr J•h, gwYma J•h, [m{fU J•h, \$m{ÒQ>a hm{_, ‡_moUV ÒHy$b, CŒma ajm gßÒWmEß$& ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡À`{H$ X{e VWm g_mO H$s A[Zr ZroV`mß, aroV`mß VWm ]∂T> JE h°$& ]mb AoYoZ`_ 1960 H{$ AZwgma 7 g{ 16 df© H{$ b∂S>H$m{ VWm [aÂ[am`| hm{Vr h°$& BZH$m [mbZ g_mO H{$ g^r gXÒ`m| H{$ obE AoZdm`© 7 g{ 18 df© H$s Am`w b∂S>oH$`m| H{$ ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ H$mZyZ odam{Yr hm{Vm h°$Mmh{ gXÒ` H{$ Í$[ _| ‡m°∂T> Ïò∫$ hm{ `m ]mbH$$& ]mbH$m| _| AZw^dm{ Ï`dhma ]mb A[amY H{$ A›VJ©V AmV{ h°$& 1857 _| ^maV Reformatory VWm [na[π$Vm H$s H$_r hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU eamaVr hm{Zm EH$ gm_m›` bjU School Act oOgH{$ AZwgma 15 df© VH$ H{$ ]mbH$m| H{$ g_mO odam{Yr h°$& oH$›Vw `{ eamaV{ Edß ZQ>IQ>[Z O] E{gr gr_mAm| H$m CÑßKZ H$aZ{ H$m`© H$m{ ]mb A[amY _mZm OmVm h°$& bJVm h°$& oOgg{ gm_moOH$ _`m©XmAm| VWm H$mZyZm{ H$m CÑßKZ hm{Z{ bJVm 1990 _| ]mb A[amoY`m| [a oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Z g{ `h [Vm Mbm oH$ h°$V] Bg pÒWoV H$m{ ]mb-A[amY H$s gßkm Xr OmVr h°$& dV©_mZ g_` _| ]mb A[amoY`m{ß ¤mam oH$E JE A[amYm{ _| 321 hÀ`mEß, 185 A[haU, ]Ém{ H$m Òd^md g•OZmÀ_H$ H$_ od‹dßgmÀ_H$ AoYH$ hm{ J`m h°$& [ßoS>V 96 S>H°$oV`m{, 147 byQ>_ma VWm 9,155 Mm{ar g{ gß]ßoYV A[amY W{$& Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ H$m{B© ^r amÔ≠> _hmZ Zht ]Z gH$Vm O] g]g{ AmÌM`©OZH$ ]mV `h h° oH$ E{g{ A[amY H$aZ{ dmbm{ H$s C_´ 7 g{ 21 VH$ Cg_| oZdmg H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm| H$s odMmaYmam Edß H$m`© gßHw$oMV hm|J{$& df© g{ Wr$& ^maV _| ]mb A[amY H$s g_Ò`m EH$ Jß^ra g_Ò`m h°$& Bg AmO ]Ém{ H$s _mZogH$Vm ]h˛V gßHw$oMV hm{ JB© h°$dh ]h˛OZ ohVm` H{$ gß]ßY _| O{.gr. XŒm Z{ H$hm h° ^maV _| ]mb-A[amY ]∂S>r Vrd´ JoV H{$ gmW ÒWmZ [a ÒdohVm` H$s ]mV H$aV{ h°$& AmO ]Ém{ _| ÒdmW©, K•Um, qhgm, EH$ Jß^ra gßH$Q> hm{Vm Om ahm h°$& Z\$aV Edß [bm`Z ‡d•oŒm H$m ]m{b]mbm h°$& ^maV _| Hw$N> dfm} _| ]mb- gd}jU g{ `h ^r ‡H$Q> h˛Am h° oH$ eham{ _| 17 ‡oVeV H$s VwbZm _| A[amYm{ _| V{Or g{ d•o’ hm{ ahr h° Om{ AmßH$∂S>{ h_ma{ g_j Am ah{ h°, dm{ Mm°¢H$m Jmßdm{ _| 7 g{ 21 df© H{$ d`ï g_yh dmbr Hw$b oH$em{a OZgßª`m H{$ 11 X{Z{ dmb{ h°$& gZ 1951 _| H{$db 12000 ]Ém{ Z{ A[amY oH$E W{, dhr ‡oVeV ]mbH$m{ ¤mam A[amYr H$m`© oH$`{ J`{ h°$& AmO ]Ém| H{$ ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ A[amYm{ H$s gßª`m ]∂T>H$a 1.27 bmI ]mb A[amY H$s [na^mfm - g{ AoYH$ hm{ JB© h°$& ^maV H{$ J•h _ßÃmb` g{ ‡H$moeV EH$ na[m{Q>© g{ Ò[Ô> ›`y_{à H{$ AZwgma - ]mb A[amY H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ h˛E 'Juvenile hm{Vm h° oH$ o[N>b{ 10 dfm} _| Ohmß b∂S>H$m{ H{$ ¤mam oH$E ]mb A[amY _| Deliquency in modern society' _| obIm h°$& AVï ]mb A[amY H$m 10.8 ‡oVeV H$s d•o’ h˛B© h°, dhr b∂S>oH$`m| _| ]mb A[amY 21.6 ‡oVeV AW© g_mO odam{Yr Ï`dhma H$m H$m{B© ‡H$ma h°$& dh Ïò∫$JV VWm * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ ( µJ•hodkmZ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm gmJa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 41 gm_moOH$ odKQ>Z H$m g_md{e H$aVm h°$& Bg_| EH$ oZYm©naV Am`w g{ H$_ 2. Bagot Z{ `h oZÓH$f© ‡m· oH$`m oH$ _Zm{aßOZ H$m C[`w∫$ gmYZ Z Am`w H$m dh Ïò∫$ hm{Vm h° Om{ g_mO odam{Yr H$m`© H$aVm h° VWm H$mZyZ H$s hm{Z{ g{ ]mbH$m| _| ]mb A[amY H$s ‡d•oŒm CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°$& —oÔ> g{ A[amYr hm{Vm h°$& 3. Glueck Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Zm| _| 500 A[amYr ]mbH$m{ß _| 95 ‡oVeV ]mb A[amY H$m H$maH$ - H$m{ eamo]`mß{, OwAmna`m{ß VWm JwS>m{ H$m o_Ã [m`m$& 1. AmZwdßoeH$ H$maH$ - _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ H$m _V h° oH$ Ïò∫$`m| _| 4. ÒHy$b H$m dmVmdaU C[`w∫$ Z hm{Zm$& A[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm O›_ g{ hr [mB© OmVr h°$& BZH{$ AZwgma A[amoY`m{ß H{$ 6. gÂ‡{fU g{ gß]ßoYV H$maH$ - Hw$N> ode{f emarnaH$ VWm _mZogH$ bjU hm{V{ h°$& BQ>°ob`Z gÂ‡Xm` H{$ h_ma{ g_mO _| odkmZ Am°a VH$ZrH$s H{$ odH$mg H{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ‡_wI Cesare Lombrasso Edß CZH{$ oeÓ` o_VV[ H{$ AoVna∫$ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ gßdmX dmhZ H{$ gmYZ C[b„Y Maundsley, Dugdate AmnX Z{ A[amY H$m H$maU dßemZwH´$_ _mZm h°$& Bg 7. gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$maH$ - ZXr Am°a VQ> [a Am]mX _wSw>Jy_a OZOmoV H{$ gßX^© _| Valentine H$m `h _V C’naV H$aZm `hmß AZw[`w∫$ hm{Jm Am[amoYH$ bm{J AÀ`ßV AmH´$m_H$ W{$& [wÍ$f VWm _ohbmEß g^r PJ∂S>mby Am°a ‡^wÀd ‡d•oŒm`m{ _| AmZwdmßoeH$ bjUm| ¤mam hr ‡m{ÀgmhZ ‡m· hm{Vm h°$& AmH$mßjr W{$& 2. emarnaH$ H$maH$ - ]mbH$m{ _| emarnaH$ Xm{f Edß AÒdÒW eara H{$ 8. ZJarH$aU - ZJarH$aU H{$ H$maU JßXr ]pÒV`m| H$m \°$bmd Ï`dgm`mß{ MbV{ `h g_Ò`m X{Ir OmVr h°$& dh A[Z{ h_ C_´ ]mbH$m{ H$s VwbZm _| Òd`ß Edß C⁄m{Jm{ß C⁄m{J YßYm{ _| odo^fiVm, Ïò∫$dmoXVm IMubm OrdZ, H$m{ H$_Om{a Edß o[N>∂S>m _mZVm h° gmW hr gm_moOH$ A[_mZ H$m gm_Zm ^r [mnadmnaH$ ApÒWaVm, EH$mH$s [nadma ‡oVÒ[Ym©, ]mbl_ _mVmAm| H$m H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°$& oOgg{{ CgH$m Ï`dhma Agm_m›` hm{ OmVm h°$& oOg_| dh H$m_ [a OmZm, _mXH$ [XmWm} H$m g{dZ, gß]ßYm{ H$s ApÒWaVm BÀ`moXV Am[amoYH$ H$m`m} H$m{ H$aZ{ bJVm h°$& (Hootan Mamshabt, Gillian H$maU ]mb A[amY H$m{ O›_ X{ ah{ h°$& and Gillian) ]mb A[amY H$m C[Mma - 3. [mnadmnaH$ H$maH$ - ]mb A[amY H{$ gßX^© _| oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Zm| g{ 1. _Zm{d°kmoZH$ odoY`mß - `h oZÓH$f© ‡m· hm{Vm h°$& (A) _Zm{odÌb{fU - Bg odoY H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ _| _Zm{odÌb{fH$ A[amYr 1. Johnson Z{ X{Im oH$ 52 ‡oVeV A[amYr ]mbH$ E{g{ [nadma H{$ W{ ]mbH$ H{$ AM{VZ _Z H$m A‹``Z H$aVm h°$& dh BZ B¿N>mAm| VWm gßd{Jm{ oOZH$m dmVmdaU R>rH$ Zhr ßWm$& H$m [Vm bJmVm h° oH$ oOZH$m X_Z H$a oX`m J`m Wm$& CZH{$ AmYma [a 2. Healy and Bronner Z{ A_{naH$m ]m{ÒQ>Z Edß oeH$mJm{ ZJam| H{$ `h OmZZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h° oH$ ]mbH$ H{$ A[amYr ]ZZ{ H$m ∑`m H$maU 4000 A[amYr ]mbH$m{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Am°a 2000 A[amYr hm{ gH$Vm h°$& ]mbH$m| H$m{ ^æ [nadma g{ gß]ßY [m`m$& (]) I{b oMoH$Àgm - O] ]mbH$m{ H$m{ A[Zr aMZmÀ_H$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m 3. Elliot Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _| AZ°oVH$ [nadmam| H$s 67 ‡oVeV b∂S>oH$`mß{ Adga Zhr ß‡m· hm{Vm h° Vm{ CZ_| Agm_moOH$ Ad°YmoZH$ Edß AZ°oVH$ H$m`m} _| VWm Burt Z{ 54 ‡oVeV b∂S>H$m| _| Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oŒm`m| H$m{ ‡m· H$m{ H$aZ{ H{$ obE CŒm{OZm ‡m· hm{Vr h°$& AVï Bg ]mV H$m ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE oH$`m$& oH$ CZH$m{ aMZmÀ_H$ ‡d•oŒm`m| H$s Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m gwAdga ‡m· hm{$& 4. Glueck Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _| `h [naUm_ ‡m· oH$`m 66 A[amYr Bg oMoH$Àgm ¤mam gßd{JmÀ_H$ AgßVwbZ dmb{ Ïò∫$`m| ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ ]mbH$ E{g{ [nadmam| H{$ W{ oOgH$s X°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm`| [yar Zhr ßhm{ ]mb A[amYm ß{ H$m{ g_m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° $& (Medinnus And Johnson) [mVr Wr$& Valentine Z{ AÀ`moYH$ oZY©Z [nadmam| g{ ]mb A[amY (g) _Zm{Ao^Z` ï Bg odoY H$m gd©‡W_ C[`m{J 1946 _| oH$`m BZH{$ H$m{ ‡m· oH$E$& AZwgma Bg Ao^Z` odoY _| ]mbH$ H$m{ EH$ H$mÎ[oZH$ ^yo_H$m H$m Ao^Z` 5. Madinnus & Johnson H$m _V h° oH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w H{$ H$maU H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$hm OmVm h°$& oOgg{ dh A[Z{ gßd{Jm{ H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$a gH{$$& A[amYr ‡d•oŒm`m| [mB© OmVr h°$& 6. gm°V{b{ _mVm-o[Vm H{$ AZw[`w∫$ Ï`dhma, AoeojV _mVm-o[Vm ¤mam Ao^Z` H$aV{ g_` ]mbH$m{ H{$ gßd{Jm{, odMmam{ VWm VZmdm| H$s ÒdVßÃ Í$[ ]Ém| H$m{ C[`w∫$ oZX}eZ H$s H$_r [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m| ¤mam AZ°oVH$ g{ Ao^Ïò∫$ hm{Vr h°$& _Zm{Ao^Z` H{$ [ÌMmV ]mbH$ emßoV Edß gßVwoÔ> H$m`©, ]Ém| H$m{ AoYH$ bmS>-fl`ma o_bZm$& AZw^d H$aVm h°, [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ CgH{$ Ï`dhma _| gßVwbZ [m`m OmVm h°$& 4. _Zm{d°kmoZH$ H$maH$ - oZÂZ ]m°o’H$ `m{Ω`Vm (valentine, Burt, (X) AßJwbr oMÃU - _Zm{d°kmoZH$ AßJwbr oMÃU ¤mam ^r _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Healy, Goring, sutherland, Goddard) AdÍ$’ B¿N>m (Mc Dougal) C[Mma H$aV{ h°$& Bg_| ]mbH$ bmb, [rb{, ha{, Zrb{ aßJm{ H$m ‡`m{J H$aH{$ oZamem (Hurlock) gßd{JmÀ_H$ AgßVwbZ (Healy and Bronner ) AßJwob`m{ H{$ ¤mam EH$ H$m{a{ H$mJO [a [{p›Q>®J H$aVm h°$& E{gm H$aZ{ g{ AdÒWm ode{f (Stanley Hall), ^mdZm J´ßoW`mß, g_m`m{OZ Xm{f, Xw]©b, gßd{JmÀ_H$ VZmdm| H$s Ao^Ïò∫$ hm{Vr h°$& Ahß, _Zm{ÒZm`wodH•$oV, Òd^mdJV ApÒWaVm AmoX H$m{ ]mb A[amY H$m 2. d°YmoZH$ odoY`mß - AoYoZ`_ - ]Ém{ß H{$ gwYma VWm BZH$m{ g_mO H$maU _mZm OmVm h°$& H{$ obE C[`m{Jr ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ZdÂ]a 1986 _| ]mb AdMmar ›`m` odY{`H$ 5. gm_moOH$ H$maH$ - bm{H$g^m _| [mnaV oH$`m J`m$& Bg H$mZyZ H$m{ 1 OwbmB© 1987 g{ g^r 1. Shaw & Mackey Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Zm| _| 25 ZJam| H{$ ]mb A[amoY`m| am¡`m| VWm H{$›– emogV ‡X{em{ _| bmJy H$a oX`m J`m$& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ H$m A‹``Z H$aH{$ `m [naUm_ ‡m· oH$`m oH$ JßXr ]pÒV`m{ _| ]mb AZwgma g^r ]mb A[amoY`m{ H{$ O{b XßS> H$m{ g_m· H$aH{$ ]mb J´hm{ß _| A[amY H$s Xa g]g{ AoYH$ Wr$& CZH{$ gwYma H$s Ï`dÒWm H$s JB©$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 42

]mb ›`m`mb` H$s ÒWm[Zm - ^maV _| gZ 1960 _| ]mb AoYoZ`_ H{$ ]T>B© oJar, Xar ]wZZm, H$T>mB© ]wZmB©, H$[∂S>{ Ym{Zm, oOÎXemOr, _Yw[mbZ, A›VJ©V ]mb ›`m` H$s ÒWm[Zm X{e H{$ g^r am¡`m| _| H$a Xr JB©$& H$T>mB©, gßJrV, amOoJar Edß H•$of gß]ßYr ‡oejU) H$s Ï`dÒWm hm{Vr h°$& na_mßS> hm{_ VWm gÂ‡{fUm| J•hm{ß H$s ÒWm[Zm - ]mb A[amY H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ CŒma ajm gßÒWmEß - Cg{ XßS> H$s ]Mr h˛B© AdYr H{$ ob`{ CŒma ajm gßÒWmAm{ obE na_mßS> hm{_ VWm gÂ‡{fU J•hm{ß H$s ÒWm[Zm H$s JB©$& `hmß ]mbH$ H$m{ V] _| ^{O oX`m OmVm h°$& Ohmß [a C›h{ß H$VmB© ]wZmB© H$[∂S>m ogbmB©, Q>m{H$ar VH$ aIm OmVm h°$& O] VH$ H$s ›`m`mb` H$s H$m`©dmhr [yU© Zht hm{ OmVr$& ]ZmZm, bH$∂S>r H$m H$m_, H$mbrZ ]ZmZm BÀ`moX ‡oejU oX`m OmVm h°$& na_mßS> hm{_ VWm gÂ‡{fU J•hm{ß H$m dmVmdaU Edß [nadma O°gm hm{Vm h° VWm Bg [nadma, od⁄mb` Edß g_mO ¤mam oZdmaU - emgZ ¤mam oH$`m J`m [nadma _| ‡m{]{eZ AoYH$mar [nadma H{$ _woI`m H$s ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm h°$& na_mßS> ‡`mg Vm{ o¤Vr`H$ H$m`© h° oH$›Vw [nadma, od⁄mb` Edß g_mO H$s Bg{ hm{_ _| ]Ém| H$s oejm _Zm{aßOZ Edß I{bHy$X H$m ‡]ßY ahVm h°$& gwYmaZ{ _| AJÚr` ^yo_H$m hm{Zm MmohE$& ]m{ÒQ>b ÒHy$b - ^maV _| 1962 _| Vo_bZmSw> _| ]m{ÒQ>b ÒHy$b H$s ÒWm[Zm oZÓH$f©- ]mb A[amY H$s AdYmaUm, H$maH$m{ Edß C[Mmam{ H$m g{ A¿N>{ [naUm_ ‡m· hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU A›` am¡`m{ ]ßJmb, _hmamÔ≠>, H$Zm©Q>H$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ C[amßV `h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ `h VWm _‹`‡X{e _| BZH$s ÒWm[Zm H$s JB©$& dV©_mZ _| X{e _| 9 am¡`m{ _| `{ EH$ JÂ^ra g_Ò`m h° oOgH$m oZdmaU g_` ahV{ AmdÌ`H$ h°$& ∑`m{ßoH$ ÒHy$b g\$bVm[yd©H$ gßMmobV h°$& BZ ÒHy$bm{ _| ]Ém{ H$m{ _w∫$ dmVmdaU _| BgH$s O∂S>{ g_mO Í$[r O_rZ _{ O_ JB© Vm{ gÂ[yU© g_mO, gÂ[yU© amÔ≠> aIH$a AmÀ_oZ`ßÃU Edß CŒmaXmo`Àd H$s ^mdZm H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmVm h°$& odH$amb Í$[ YmaU H$a b{Jm$& Bg_| gaH$ma H$m ‡`mg OÍ$ar h°$& Bg ‡H$ma oH$em{a]ßXr J•hm{ß H$s ÒWm[Zm - d`ÒH$ A[amoY`m{ H{$ gÀgßJ Edß gß[H©$ BgH$m g_mYmZ H{$db emgZ H{$ ‡`mgm{ ¤mam gÂ^d Zhr ßhm{Jm$& BgH{$ g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE oH$em{ ]ßXr J´h H$s ÒWm[Zm H$s JB©$& `hmß oejm H$s [yU© ob`{ [nadma, g_mO H{$ d•’ VWm `wdmdJ©, g_mOg{dr gßÒWmAm| VWm Ï`dÒWm ahVr h°$& emgH$s` ‡`mgm{ H$m o_bmOwbm `m{JXmZ AmdÌ`H$ h°$& gwYma J•h Edß gwYma od⁄mb` H$s ÒWm[Zm - oH$em{a gwYma J•h Edß d`ÒH$ gwYma J•h `h J•h E∑Q> gZ 1897 _| ^maV _| ]Zm Wm oOZH$m Zm_ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Reformetory school act Wm$& oOZH{$ AmYma [a `h J•h ]Zm Wm ]Ém{ß 1. S>m∞. CX`dra g∑g{Zm (1989) - ]mb _Zm{odkmZ gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ H$m{ oH$em{a gwYma J•h _| aIm OmVm h°$& BZ J•hm{ _| o^fi-o^fi ‡H$ma g{ AmJam C⁄m{Jm{ g{ gß]ßoYV ‡oejU oX`m OmVm h°$& 2. [ßoS>V lram_ e_m© 1998 - amÔ≠>g_W© AIS> ¡`m{oV AmMm`© dmS>_` ‡drjU/‡m{]{eZ - CŒma ‡X{e \$ÒQ> Am\{$›S>g© ‡m{]{eZ E∑Q> [mg h˛Am ge∫$ H°$g{ ]Z{ gßÒWmZ _Wwam BgH{$ AZwgma 18 df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ A[amYr H$m{ ›`m`mb` Z ^{OH$a 3. lr_Vr Ama.H{$. e_m© (2001) - e°ojH$ _Zm{odkmZ amYm‡H$meZ ‡m{]{eZ AoYH$mar H{$ [mg ^{Om OmVm h°$& Om{ ]mbH$ H$s gm_moOH$ Edß _ßoXa AmJam _Zm{d°kmoZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm| H$s [yoV© H$aVm h°$& 4. S>m∞. am_Or lrdmÒVd (2002) - AmYwoZH$ odH$mgmÀ_H$ _Zm{odkmZ [m{fU J•h - [m{fU J•hm{ _| Xg df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ ]mb A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ _m{Vr ]m]m ]Zmagr Xmg aIm OmVm h°$& oO›h{ ‡_moUV ÒHy$b _| Zhr aIm Om gH$Vm$& ^maV _| Bg 5. S>m∞. JU{e [mS>{` (2003) - ^maVr` gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m`| amYm g_` 36 [m{fU J•h H$m`© H$a ah{ h°$& _mVm-o[Vm H{$ [naÀ`mJ, VbmH$, H°$X [p„bH{$e›g ZB© oXÑr ISBN-81.7487.253.1 `m _•À`w H{$ H$maU H$_ Am`w H{$ Amdmam ]Ém{ß H{$ [m{fU J•h _| aIH$a gwYma 6. S>m∞. Y_©dra _hmOZ, S>m∞. H$_b{e _hmOZ (2007) - ^maVr` g_mO oH$`m OmVm h°$& _w‘{ Edß g_Ò`mEß odd{H$ ‡H$meZ, oXÑr \$m{ÒQ>a hm{_ - ›`m`mb`m{ H$s AZw_oV g{ ]mb A[amYr H$m{ oH$gr gÂ_moZV 7. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m 2008 _mZd odH$mg [naM` oedm ‡H$meZ [nadma H$m{ Om{ Cg ]mbH$ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar dhZ H$aZ{ H$m B¿N>wH$ d V°`ma hm{, gm¢[m 8. Ah ! oO›XJr ode{fmßH$ 2011 Om gH$Vm h°$& dhmß dh o]ÎHw$b Ka H{$ dmVmdaU _| A›` h_ C_´ ]Ém{ H{$ gmW 9. nagM© OZab Am∞\$ gm{eb ES> bmB©\$ gmB›g (8ISSN-0973- [bVm h°$& Cg [nadma H{$ _woI`m, CgH{$ \$m{ÒQ>a _mVm-o[Vm H$hbmV{ h°$& 3914) (OyZ 2014) ‡_moUV ÒHy$b - ]mb AoYoZ`_ H{$ AZwgma ]Â]B©, AmßY´‡X{e, H{$ab, 10. `wdm X{e AmB©.]r.gr.EZ.Eg.`y.AmB© Am∞ZbmB©Z [oÃH$m _| _Zm{O CŒma‡X{e, [ßOm], oXÑr Edß [pÌM_ ]ßJmb _| ‡_moUV ÒHy$bm{ H$s ÒWm[Zm H$s PwZPwZdmbm H$m b{I 2.8.2012 JB© h°$& BZ ÒHy$bm{ _| gmYmaU oejm H{$ gmW-gmW Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oejU (O°g{

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 43

\$mÒQ> \y$S> `m OßH$ \y$S> g{ ‡m· D$Om© Edß BgH$r [maß[naH$ ^m{¡` [XmW© g{ VwbZm

S>m∞. B_amZm og‘H$r * S>m∞. \$ahmZm Abr **

em{Y gmamße ñ OßH$ \y$S> Am°a \$mÒQ> \y$S> _{ß CZ g^r ^m{¡` [XmWm~ VWm [{` [XmWm~ H$m{ emo_b H$a gH$V{ h¢ oOZ_{ß CÉ dgm, eH©$am, H°$bm{ar VWm Z_H$ hm{Vm h°& BZ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ H$m [m{fU _mZ (Nutritionvalue) H$_ hm{Vm h°& BZH{$ AoYH$ g{dZ g{ dV©_mZ _{ß ]Ém{ß Edß `wdmAm{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr H$B© ]r_mna`m± O°g{ _Yw_{h, a∫$Mm[, hmB[aQ{>ßeZ, oS>‡{eZ, _m{Q>m[m CÀ[fi hm{ ahr h°& Bg [na`m{OZm H$m{ V°`ma H$aZ{ H{$ obE EZ.Q>r.[r.gr H$m{a]m _{ß oÒWV ÒHy$bm{ß-oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b emgH$r` CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ embm, H{$›–r` od⁄mb` H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m& EZ.Q>r.[r.gr ]ÒVr VWm gr.Eg.B©.]r. ]ÒVr H{$ bm{Jm{ß Ed± ]Ém{ß g{ OmZH$mar EH$Ã H$r JB©& Bg [na`m{OZm H$m{ MwZZ{ H$m _wª` b˙` `h h° oH$ dV©_mZ g_` _{ß H$_ C_´ _{ß ]Ém{ß _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr ]r_mna`m±& BgH$m ‡_wI H$maU h° \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H$m V{Or g{ ]∂T>Vm MbZ Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ ¤mam h_Z{ OßH$ \y$S> g{ ‡m· D$Om©, eara [a BZ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ H$m ‡^md Edß [maÂ[naH$ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ g{ BZH$r VwbZm H$m A‹``Z oH$`m h°& OßH$ \y$S> g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ XwÓ[naUm_m{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$ gwPmd Ty>±T>Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& MòZV ]Ém{ß Edß `wdmAm{ß _{ß E{g{ ]É{ Om{oH$ OßH$ \y$S> AmdÌ`H$Vm g{ AoYH$ ImV{ h¢ CZH$m ÒdmÒœ` [arjU H$aZ{ [a [Vm Mbm oH$ BZ ]Ém{ß H$m dOZ CZH$r Am`wZwgma AoYH$ h° , BZ ]Ém{ß _{ß D$Om© H$r H$_r h° oOgg{ BZH{$ H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm H$_ h¢& `wdmAm{ß _{ß ]∂T>Vm JwÒgm, oM∂S>oM∂S>m[Z Am°a ]mV-]mV [a hm{Z{ dmbr ]{M°Zr Bg OßH$ \y$S> g{ hr h°& BgH{$ od[arV d{ ]É{ Om{oH$ OßH$ \y$S> H$m C[`m{J H$_ H$aV{ h¢ `m Zht H$aV{ h° CZH$m eara A[{jmH•$V ÒdmÒW ahVm h°& [maß[naH$ ^m{¡` [XmW© O°g{ BS>br, S>m{gm, gbmX, [gßX H$aZ{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr OoQ>bVmE± Zht [mB© JB™& ‡ÒVmdZm - dV©_mZ _{ß ]Ém{ß H$r OrdZ e°br _{ß [nadV©Z Am`m h° oOgH$m JB© & ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ZmÌVm _{ß br OmZ{ dmbr Im⁄ gm_oJ´`m{ß, ‡^md CZH{$ ÒdmÒœ` [a [∂S> ahm h°& ^maV O°g{ X{e _{ß Ohm± df© 2003 _{ß ‡oVoXZ g{dZ H$r Om ahr \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$r _mÃm, ]Ém{ß H$m dOZ, ÒdmÒœ` \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$r gmbmZm I[V 41000 H$am{∂S> Í$[E Wr Om{ df© 2011 _{ß gß]ßYr OoQ>bVmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& ]∂T>H$a 92000 H$am{∂S> Í$[E hm{ JB©& BgH$m H$maU ]Ém{ß VWm `wdmAm{ß _{ß `h [na`m{OZm MwZZ{ H$m H$maU - h_Z{ Bg [na`m{OZm [a hr H$m`© ∑`m{ß \$mÒQ> \y$S> H{$ ‡oV ]∂T>Vr XrdmZJr h°& oH$`m BgH{$ H$B© H$maU h¢- \$mÒQ> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H$m VrIm ÒdmX, V{O Z_H$, CÉ dgm VWm 1. oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b _{ß [∂T>Z{ dmb{ g_•’ [nadmam{ß H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ ]∂T>V{ eH©$am `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ]hwV [gßX h¢& Q>r.dr. [a oXImE OmZ{ dmb{ AmH$f©H$ dOZ H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ h{Vw odkm[Z ]Ém{ß VWm `wdmAm{ß H$m{ OßH$ \y$S> H$r Va\$ AmH$of©H$ H$aV{ h¢& h_Z{ 2. ]Ém{ß VWm `wdmAm{ß H$r ^m{OZ gß]ßYr AmXVm{ß _{ß [nadV©Z H$m A‹``Z Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ ¤mam ]Ém{ß VWm `wdmAm{ß H$m{ d•o’ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ H$aZ{ h{Vw D$Om© H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& 3. ImZ-[mZ _{ß ]Xbmd g{ ÒdmÒœ` [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z \$mÒQ> \y$S> O°g{ MmC_rZ VWm _°Jr g{ ‡oVoXZ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmbr H°$bm{ar H$aZ{ h{Vw D$Om© VWm [maÂ[naH$ Im⁄ [XmW© O°g{ BS>br, S>m{gm, [H$m{∂S{>, [m{hm C[_m g{ 4. \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H$m eara [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z ‡m· hm{Z{ dmbr H°$bm{ar D$Om© H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& H$m{a]m H$aZ{ h{Vw oOb{ H{$ EZ.Q>r.[r.gr. H$mbm{Zr _{ß oÒWV od⁄mb`m{ß O°g{ emgH$r` CÉVa 5. [maÂ[naH$ ^maVr` ^m{¡` [XmWm~ g{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmbr D$Om© H$m _mZ _møò_H$ embm, oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b VWm H{$›–r` od⁄mb` H$m M`Z kmV H$aZ{ h{Vw oH$`m J`m& BZ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ gm_m›` VWm oZÂZ dJ© VWm g_•’ dJ© H{$ 6. \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H{$ XwÓ[naUm_m{ß g{ ]MZ{ H{$ C[m` Ty>±T>Z{ h{Vw ]É{ A‹``ZaV h¢& BZ ]Ém{ß H$r ImZ{ H$r AmXVm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& gd}jU Edß ‡`m{J - MòZV od⁄m`bm{ß, H°$›Q>rZm{ß, a{ÒQ>m{a{ßQ> VWm XwH$mZm{ß H$m`©odoY - Bg [na`m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V h_Z{ H$m{a]m oOb{ H{$ EZ.Q>r.[r.gr. _{ß gd}jU h{Vw Om{ _wª` Vœ` kmV oH$E JE d{ oZÂZmZwgma h¢- Amdmgr` [naga _{ß oÒWV od⁄m`bm{ß- ÌmmgH$r` CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ 1. od⁄mb` _{ß oZYm©naV Am`w g{ AoYH$ dOZ dmb{ ]Ém{ß H$r gßª`m,H$maU od⁄mb`, oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b, H{$›–r` od⁄mb`, oH$amZm XwH$mZm{ß, H{$›Q>rZm{ß 2. \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß ImZ{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` H$m MwZmd oH$`m& BZ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß [∂T>Z{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß H$r ImZ{ H$r AmXVm{ß H$m gß]ßYr g_Ò`mAm{ß O°g{ S>mò]Q>rO, CÉ a∫$ Xm], hmB[aQ{>ßeZ, A‹``Z oH$`m& \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H$m{ AoYH$ [gßX H$aZ{ dmb{ VWm _m{Q>m[m BÀ`moX H$m [Vm bJm`m& BZH$m AoYH$ C[`m{J H$aZ{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m& BZ ]Ém{ß H$r H$m`© 3. ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]Ém{ß H$r \$mÒQ> \y$S> H{$ gß]ßY _{ß oH$VZr H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm, dOZ, VWm ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr A›` OmZH$mna`m± kmV H$r OmZH$mar h° [Vm bJmZ{ H{$ obE& * ** * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`, Ò`mhr_wXr, H$m{a]m, (N>.J.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 44

4. H°$Q>rZm{ß _{ß ‡oVoXZ [maÂ[naH$ ^maVr` ^m{¡` [XmWm~ H$r VwbZm _{ß emgH$r` CÉ._m.od. H{$ 1-2 ‡oVeV N>mÃm{ß H$m dOZ gm_m›` g{ OßH$ \y$S> VWm \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$r I[V H$m [Vm bJm`m& AoYH$ [m`m J`m& MyßoH$ Bg od⁄mb` _{ß gm_m›` VWm oZÂZ dJ© H{$ N>mÃ 5. oH$amZm ÒQ>m{g© _{ß OßH$ \y$S> H$r o]H´$r H$m [Vm bJm`m& A‹``ZaV h¢ AV: \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> [a AoYH$ [°g{ IM© Zht H$a gH$V{& 6 oMoH$ÀgH$m{ß g{ \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> g{ eara [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b H{$ 25 ‡oVeV N>mÃm{ß H$m dOZ gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ XwÓ[naUm_m{ß H$m [Vm bJm`m& [m`m J`m& Bg od⁄mb` H{$ 50 ‡oVeV ]É{ A[Z{ oQ>o\$Z _{ß \$mÒQ> VWm 7. \$mÒQ> \y$S>/OßH$ \y$S> VWm [maÂ[naH$ ^maVr` \y$S> H$r VwbZmÀ_H$ OßH$ \y$S> bmV{ h¢& MyßoH$ Bg od⁄mb` _{ß g_•’ [nadmam{ß H{$ ]É{ A‹``ZaV H°$bm{ar _mZ kmV oH$`m J`m& h¢ AV: `{ \$mÒQ> \y$S> [a AoYH$ [°g{ IM© H$aV{ h°& H{$›–r` od⁄mb` H{$ 18 Am±H$∂S>m{ß H$m odÌb{fU- Bg [na`m{OZm H$m{ [yU© H$aZ{ [a h_ma{ Xb H$m{ ‡oVeV ]Ém{ß H$m dOZ AoYH$ [m`m J`m& dhm± [maÂ[naH$ Im⁄ [XmWm~ H{$ H$B© OmZH$mna`m± ‡m· hwB© Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h¢- ‡oV N>mÃm{ß H$r Í$oM ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE Hw$N> VarH{$ A[ZmE Om ah{ h¢& gmaUr ñ (1) _{ß [wÍ$f, Zmar VWm ]Ém{ß H$m{ ‡oVoXZ oH$VZr H°$bm{ar D$Om© oZÓH$f©-Bg [na`m{OZm H$m{ [yU© H$aV{ hwE h_ oOg oZÓH$f© [a [hw±ßM{ dh MmohE `h oX`m J`m h°& gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ]Ém{ß Edß `wdmAm{ß H$m{ Am`w Bg ‡H$ma h°- H{$ AZwgma AbJ-AbJ _mÃm _{ß H°$bm{ar D$Om© H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& l MòZV Amdmgr` [naga H{$ 40 ‡oVeV bm{J g·mh _{ß EH$ ]ma Ka gmaUr (2) _{ß ‡oV KQ>m gm_m›` oH´$`mAm{ß H{$ Xm°amZ oH$VZr H°$bm{ar D$Om© H{$ ]mha ImZm [gßX H$aV{ h¢& 60 ‡oVeV ]É{ Edß `wdm ImZ{ _{ß AmdÌ`H$ h° `h oX`m J`m h°& Am±H$S>m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gm_m›` oH´$`mAm{ß O°g{ MmD$_rZ VWm _°Jr ImZm [gßX H$aV{ h¢& BoS>`Z H$m∞\$r hmCg VWm gm{Z{, ]°R>Z{, MbZ{, I{bZ{ H{$ obE D$Om© H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& \$mÒQ> \y$S> g{›Q>am{ß g{ ‡m· Am±H$∂S>m{ß g{ h_ Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hw±M{ oH$ gmaUr (3) _{ß `wdmAm{ß Ed± ]Ém{ß H$m{ A[Zm dOZ gßVwobV aIZ{ H{$ obE ‡oVoXZ bJ^J 150 bm{J `hm±ß \$mÒQ> \y$S> ImZ{ AmV{ h°& oH$VZr H°$bm{ar MmohE, `h oXIm`m J`m h°& BZ Am±ßH$∂S>m{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ l oMoH$ÀgH$m{ß H{$ odMma g{ ]Ém{ß H$r g{hV H{$ obE \$mÒQ> \y$S> hmoZH$maH$ oZoÌMV Am`w dJ© H$m{ oZoÓMV H°$bm{ar D$Om© H$r AmdÓ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& `h h°& dV©_mZ _{ß H$_ C_´ H{$ ]Ém{ß _{ß S>mò]Q>rO, CÉ a∫$ Mm[, D$Om© C›h{ß CZH{$ ¤mam obE OmZ{ dmb{ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ g{ ‡m· hm{Vr h°& òX oM∂S>oM∂S>m[Z, _m{Q>m[m O°gr ]r_mna`m±ß ¡`mXm hm{ ahr h°& [m{fH$ [XmWm~ `w∫$ gßVwobV Amhma ob`m OmEJm Vm{ C›h{ß [yU© H°$bm{ar D$Om© l BgH{$ od[arV [aÂ[naH$ Im⁄ [XmWm~ H$m g{dZ H$aZ{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß H{$ ‡m· hm{Jr Om{oH$ emarnaH$ d•o’ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{Jr& Am±ßH$∂S>m{ g{ `h oZÓH$f© oZH$bm oH$ [maÂ[naH$ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ _{ß g^r gmaUr (4) _{ß _ohbmAm{ß Edß [wÍ$fm{ß H$r bÂ]mB© H{$ AZwgma dOZ oX`m [m{fH$ VÀd hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU BZ ]Ém{ß H$m ÒdmÒœ` ]{hVa h°& J`m h°& g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ H{$ odo^fi ‡`mg- gd}jU g{ ‡m· Am±H$∂S>m{ß g{ gmaUr (5) _{ß [maÂ[naH$ ^maVr` ^m{¡` [XmWm~ _{ß C[oÒWV [m{fH$ VÀd, Ò[ÓQ> hm{ J`m oH$ \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> H$m H°$bm{ar _mZ ]hwV AoYH$ CZH$r ‡oVeV _mÃm VWm H°$bm{ar Xr JB© h°& gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ^maVr` hm{Vm h°& BZ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ _{ß [mB© OmZ{ dmbr dgm, eH©$am, VWm Z_H$ H$r Im⁄ [XmWm~ O°g{ S>m{gm, [m{hm, BS>br, CÀ[_ _{ß g^r [m{fH$ VÀd oZYm©naV CÉ _mÃm ]Ém{ß _{ß H$B© ]r_mna`m{ß H$m{ O›_ X{ ahr h°& h_ma{ emarnaH$ odH$mg _mÃm _{ß C[b„Y h¢& BZH$r H°$bm{ar _mZ ^r CÉ h°& _{ß ghm`H$ h°& gmaUr (6) _{ß Hw$N> [maÂ[naH$ Im⁄ [XmWm~ H{$ H°$bm{ar _mZ oXE JE h¢& \$mÒQ> \y$S> g{ hm{Z{ dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw H$B© ‡`mg oH$E BS>br, S>m{gm, T>m{H$bm, \$bm{ß H$m ag O°g{ Im⁄ [XmWm~ g{ eara H$m{ g^r OmZ{ MmohE- AmdÌ`H$ VÀd ‡m· hm{V{ h¢& eara H$m{ oZoÌMV H°$bm{ar D$Om© ‡m· hm{Vr h°& 1. ]Ém{ß H$m{ gbmX, \$b VWm go„O`m± ImZ{ h{Vw ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm ^maVr` ImZ{ _{ß Xmb{ß, MZm, _Q>a har go„O`m± J{h±y, Hß$X, \$b, _gmb{, MmohE& oJar, V{b dmb{ ]rO, _N>br, XyY, XyY H{$ CÀ[mX AmoX goÂ_obV h¢& `{ 2. ÒdmÒœ`dY©H$ H$m]©oZH$ ^m{¡` [XmWm~ O°g{ AßHw$naV Xmb{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm g^r VÀd eara H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ odQ>mo_Zm{ß O°g{ odQ>mo_Z A, B, C, VWm oX`m OmZm MmohE& D, IoZOm{ß O°g{ bm{hm, _°æroe`_, oOßH$, H$m∞[a, gm{oS>`_ Am°a [m{Q°>oe`_ 3. \$mÒQ> \y$S>/OßH$ \y$S> H{$ [°H{$Q> [a S>m∞∑Q>am{ß ¤mam M{VmdZr obIr hm{Zm H$r [yoV© H$aV{ h¢ Om{ eara H$m{ _O]yV VWm ÒdmÒW aIV{ h°& MmohE& gmaUr (7) _{ß \$mÒQ> \y$S> VWm OßH$ \y$S> _°Jr, MmD$_rZ, [m{Q°>Q>m{ oMflg, 4. T.V. Radio[a junk food H{$ odkm[Zm{ß [a ‡oV]ßY bJmZm MmohE& H$m{ÎS> oS≠>∑g) H$r H°$bm{ar d{Î`w Xr JB© h°& gmaUr X{IZ{ [a [Vm MbVm h° oH$ gmaUr 1 BZ Im⁄ [XmWm~ _{ß eara H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ VÀd oZYm©naV _mÃm _{ß Zht h¢& ‡oVoXZ AmdÌ`H$ H°$bm{ar H$r _mÃm gmaUr (8) _{ß gd}jU g{ ‡m· CZ ]Ém{ß H{$ Am±ßH$∂S{> oXE JE h¢ oOZH$m ]Ém{ß (Am`w g_yh 11, 12 VWm 19) dOZ CZH$r Am`w _mZ g{ AoYH$ h°& gd} g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ `{ ]É{ \$mÒQ> \y$S> (H°$bm{ar / oXZ) ImZ{ H{$ em°H$rZ h¢ & CZH{$ eara _{ß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr OoQ>bVmE±ß ^r [mB© JB©& H$m`© H$m ‡H$ma b∂S>oH$`m{ß H{$ obE b∂S>H$m{ß H{$ obE oMoH$ÀgH$m{ß H{$ odMmam{ß H{$ AZwgma \$mÒQ> \y$S>/OßH$ \y$S> H$m ¡`mXm g{dZ hÎH$m H$m`© 1700-1800 2100-2500 H$aZ{ dmb{ ]Ém{ß _{ß S>mò]Q>rO hm{Z{ H$m IVam AoYH$ hm{Vm h°& BgH{$ od[arV gm_m›` H$m`© 2000-2200 2500-2900 oOZ ]Ém{ß Z{ [maÂ[naH$ Im⁄ [XmWm~ H$m{ A[Zm`m CZH$m eara ÒdÒW VWm oH´$`merb H$m`© 2300-2600 2800-3400 _O]yV h°& AoYH$ oH´$`merb H$m`© 2800-3000 3300-4000 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 45

gmaUr-2 gmaUr -6 H°$bm{ar MmQ©> H$m`© H°$bm{ar/KßQ>m gm_J´r _mÃm H°$bm{ar _mZ gm{Zm 55 BS>br 1 100 ImZm 85 S>m{gm (gmXm) 1 120 em±oV g{ ]°R>Zm 84 S>m{gm (_gmbm) 1 250 I∂S{> ahZm 100 gm±â 1 H$[150 J•h H$m`© 60+ C]bm AßS>m 1 80 gmBoH$b MbmZm 450+ H$Q>b{Q> 1 75 Xm°∂S>Zm 700+ VmOm \$bm{ß H$m ag 1 H$[ 120 obIZm 114 T>m{H$bm 1 49.27 Vme I{bZm 116 gmaUr 7 \$mÒQ> \y$S>/OßH$ \y$S> _°Jr MmD$_rZ [m{Q°>Q>m{ oMflg gmflQ> oS≠>ßH$ gmaUr -3 gmaUr -3 H$m H°$bm{ar _mZVÀd (100 (1 H$[) (35.4h) (1 H°$Z) ]Ém{ß H$m{ dOZ gßVwobV aIZ{ h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ H°$bm{ar ]Ém{ß H$m{ dOZ gßVwobV aIZ{ h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ H°$bm{ar J´m_) Am`w H°$bm{ar _mZ Am`w H°$bm{ar _mZ dgm 24.0% 23.17% 20% 0% 0-5 655 H°$bm{ar gm{oS>`_ 48.0% 47.2% 7% 1% 5-12 855 H°$bm{ar H$m]m}hmBS≠>{Q> 20% 30.89% 6% 12% 1-3 1300 H°$bm{ar ‡m{Q>rZ 22% 20.46% 4% - 4-6 1800 H°$bm{ar H$m{b{ÒQ≠>m∞b 7.3% 3.1% - - 7-10 1800-2000 H°$bm{ar odQ>mo_Z - - - - gmaUr-4 H°$oÎg`_ - - - 1% eara H$r D±$MmB© d _ohbm (dOZ) [wÍ$f dOZ bm{hm - - 1% 1% gß]ßYD±$MmB© oH$bm{J´m_ (dOZ) oH$bm{J´m_ H°$bm{ar 440 407 190 140 4í10'í 49-54 H°$bm{ar H$r AmdÌ`H$ _mÃm 5í0'í 51-57 dgm-33% H$m]m}hmBS≠>{Q>-56.9% ‡m{Q>rZ-10.1% 5í1'í 52-58 gmaUr -8 5í2'í 53-59 59-63 ]Ém{ß H$m gm_m›` g{ oQ>o\$Z _{ß H$maU 5í3'í 54-61 60-64 VwbZmÀ_H$ AoYH$ d∂OZ \$mÒQ> \y$S> 5í5'í 57-63 62-67 A‹``Z bmZ{ dmb 5í6'í 63-68 od⁄mb` 5í10'í 68-73 em.C._m.od⁄mb` 2% 11% 1. gm_m›` dJ© 5í11'í 69-75 NTPC,O_Zr[mbr H{$ ]É{ 6í0'í 71-77 A‹``ZaV 2. _‹`mZ ^m{OZ gmaUr-5 H$r gwodYm [mßa[naH$ ^maVr` BS>br _gmbm S>m{gmCŒm[_ [m{hm oXÑr [o„bH$ ÒHy$b 25% 50% 1. g_•’ [nadmam{ß ImZm{ß_{ß H°$bm{arVÀd H{$ ]É{ A‹``ZaV H°$oÎg`_ 3.3% 3.9% 5.5% 1% 2. AmYwoZH$ H°$bm{ar 7.85% 10.4% 15.8% 7.0% OrdZe°br H$m]m}hmBS≠>{Q> 10.5% 13.17% 17.2% 0.73% 3. Ambgr[Z dgm 0.91% 7.64% 15.8% 3.27% H{$›–r` od⁄mb` 18% 43% 1. g_•’ ]É{ bm{hm 20% 13.75% 26.25% 52.5% 2. OrdZ e°br _{ß odQ>mo_Z B3 17.5% 2.5% 31.25% 25% ]Xbmd ‡m{Q>rZ 11.96% 5.36% 13.93% 5% 3. [mbH$m{ß H$m odQ>mo_Z B2 0.14% 0.17% 0.18% 0.04% Ambgr[Z odQ>mo_Z B1 0.25% 0.34% 0.36% 0.18% gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1. g_mMma [Ãm{ß H$r H$VaZ{ß, X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, hna^yo_& 2. Jm±d H{$ bm{Jm{ß g{ ‡m· gd} na[m{Q©> H{$ AmYma [a& 3. Internet. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 46

EH$ —oÓQ> : Ka{by H$m`©ÒWb H$m [`m©daU

lr_Vr ‡roV Jw·m *

‡ÒVmdZm - [`m©daU EH$ Ï`m[H$ e„X h° & [`m©daU H$m VmÀ[`© g_yM{ C[H$aUm{ß H$m ‡`m{J AmdÌ`H$ h° ,oOgg{ E{gr dm`w o_b gH{$ Om{ A¿N>m ^m°oVH$r Edß O°odH$ odÌd g{ h°; oOg_{ß OrdYmar ahV{ h° , ]∂T>V{ h° Am°a ÒdmÒœ`, Amam_ VWm H$m`© gß[mXZ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{ & _¿N>a, _∑Ir, H$r∂S>m{ß g{ A[Zr Òdm^modH$ ‡d•oV`m{ß H$m odH$mg H$aV{ h° & dÒVwV: [`m©daU dh Adam{YZ h{Vw oI∂S>H$r, XadmO{ [a Ombr bJr hm{ & gmW hr H$m`©ÒWb H$r ]mhar eo∫$ h° , Om{ _ZwÓ` H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h° & H$m{B© ^r _ZwÓ` gd©Wm gOmdQ>, H$m`©H$Vm© H{$ dÛ , Mfl[b AmoX ^r H$m`© Adam{YH$ Zht hm{Z{ EH$b d oZÓH$m_ ahH$a gwIX OrdZ Ï`VrV Zht H$a gH$Vm & _ZwÓ` H$r MmohE & AoYH$mße COm© A[Z{ [`m©daU H$r oÒWoV`m{ß H{$ ‡oV AZwHw$obV hm{Z{ _{ß hr H$m`©ÒWb [a ]hwV g_` VH$ H$H©$e ,Ao‡` em{a ^mdmÀ_H$ ]°M{Zr Ï`` hm{Vr h° & Ka H{$ A›Xa H$m [`m©daU Cg_{ß ahZ{ dmb{ Ïò∑V`m{ß H$r ,WH$mdQ> VWm H$m`© gß[mXZ _{ß H$_r H$r ‡d•oV CÀ[fi H$aVm h° & `⁄o[ g_J´ H$m`©Hw$ebVm ]∂T>mZ{ VWm odlm_ d AdH$me H$m AmZßX ‡XmZ H$aZ{ _{ß Ao‡` em{a g_m· Zht oH$`{ Om gH$V{; VWmo[ C›h{ß H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm ghm`H$ hm{Vm h° & h°& Ka H{$ Mmam{ß Am{a [{∂S> Pmo∂S>`m bJmH$a ]mhar em{a Hw$N> hX VH$ H$_ oH$`m J•ohUr H{$ emarnaH$-_mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` , CgH{$ H$m`© gÂ]›Yr Om gH$Vm h° ,O]oH$ AmVßnaH$ em{a JbrMm{ß, [aXm{ß VWm H$_a{ H{$ gmO _Zm{^mdm{ß , CgH{$ H$m_ H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß Ka{by H$m`© ÒWb H{$ [`m©daU H$m gm_mZm{ ode{f Í$[ g{ O] d{ H$[∂S{> H$r ]ZmdQ> H{$ ]Z{ hm{ ; H$_ oH$`m Om ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° & gwÏ`doÒWV H$m`©ÒWb Ohm± ^´mo›V ,Hw$R>m Am°a Ï`W©Vm gH$Vm h° & Ka{by H$m`m} H$m{ gab Edß Vrd´ ]ZmH$a H$m`©H$Vm© H$r g_` d eo∫$ H$r AZw^woV`m{ß g{ ]MmVm h° ; dhrß J•ohUr H$r gwajm Am°a H$m`©Hw$ebVm H$m{ ]MmZ{ _{ß Ka{by C[H$aUm{ß H$m ode{f `m{JXmZ h°& Ka{by H$m`m} _{ß VwÓQ>rH$aU ]T>mVm h° & H$m`©ÒWb H$m aßJ , oS>∂OmBZ, j{Ã\$b, D±$MmB© d gOmdQ> gwIX H$m{ CÉV_ gr_m VH$ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß BZ C[H$aUm{ß H$m A¿N>r Xem _{ß hm{Z{ H{$ gmW hm{Zr Mmoh`{ & agm{B©Ka H$m j{Ã\$b gm° dJ©\$rQ> Edß e`ZH$j, AoVoWH$j hr CZH$m CoMV ÒWm[Z ^r AoZdm`© h° & BZ C[H$aUm{ß H{$ ‡MbZ H$m em{a H$m j{Ã\$b EH$ gm° [Mmg dJ©\$rQ> g{ H$_ Z hm{ & agm{B©Ka _{ß CŒm{OH$ aßJm{ß H$m ‡oVÒHß$Xr MQ>mB© aIH$a H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & ‡`m{J hm{ VmoH$ ImZm ]ZmZ{ dmbm goH´$` ]Zm ah{ ; ]Ém{ß H{$ H$_a{ß Zb H$r Q>m{ßoQ>`m , oOZ_{ß g{ Ob Q>[H$Vm hm{ ; [ßI{, Om{ AmdmO H$aV{ hm{ ‡gfiVm[yU© ,M_H$rb{ aßJ`w∫$ hm{ ; e`ZH$j emßV _ßX aßJ H{$ Amam_Xm`H$ ; XadmO{, Om{ My±-My± H$r AmdmO H$aV{ hm{ , H$r _aÂ_V VwaßV H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ oS>∂OmBZ H{$ hm{ & ÒZmZKa _{ß AoYH$ aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J WH$mZ CÀ[fi H$aVm h° & h° & H$m`©H$Vm© H$r Ïò∫$JV AmXV{ß Mw[Mm[ `m em{a H$aH{$ H$m_ H$aZ{ H$r ÒZmZKa _{ß ha{-Zrb{ Ob H{$ g_mZ aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J VmOJr CÀ[fi H$aVm h° & ‡d•oV ^r Ka{by [`m©daU H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h° & O]oH$ H$m`© H$aV{ g_` H$_a{ _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ dmbr gy`©-‡H$me H$r _mÃm d H$_a{ H{$ AmH$ma H$m{ ‹`mZ ]OZ{ dmbm emßV gßJrV H$m`© gß[mXZ H$r _Zm{aßOH$Vm ]∂T>m gH$Vm h° VWm _{ß aIH$a hr aßJ-oZYm©aU H$aZm MmohE &AJa H$_a{ H$m AmH$ma ]∂S>m h° d WH$mZ H{$ AZw^d H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{ gH$Vm h° ; oOgg{ AoYH$ gy`©-‡H$me [`m©· _mÃm _{ß AmVm h° Vm{ Jha{ aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm MmohE H$m`© gÂ[moXV hm{ gH$Vm h° & Edß H$_a{ H$m AmH$ma N>m{Q>m h° d gy`©-‡H$me H$_ _mÃm _{ß AmVm h° Vm{ hÎH{$ aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm MmohE & Bgr ‡H$ma gß[yU© Xrdma _{ ere{ H$r oI∂S>oH$`m± gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$m`©ÒWb H$m{ odÒVma ‡XmZ H$aVr h° & 1. ^≈> S>m∞. [wafm{Œm_, 2004 , [`m©daU M{VZm, _‹` ‡X{e ohßXr J´ßW H$m`©ÒWb H$m ‡H$me H$m`©H$Vm© H$r Am±Im{ß d H$m`© H{$ AZwÍ$[ hm{ & AH$mX_r ^m{[mb [{O Z. 1 H$m`©ÒWb H$r dm`w H$m{ Yyb,[amJ H$Um{ß,Ao‡` J›Ym{ß d ‡XyfU g{ _w∫$ 2. bwB O{oZgZ o[Q> , 1986 , Ka{by C[H$aU , ha`mUm gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, aIZ{ H{$ obE C[`w∫$ Vm[_mZ ,Am–Vm VWm gßdmVZ ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmb{ MßS>rJ∂T> [{O Z. 743-746

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (J•hodkmZ) emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` , C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 47

Usage of Feedback Form in Hotel Industry

* Vinod Kumar Singh Bhadauria

Abstract - Feedback forms are used widely in hotel industry to know the response of customers towards the services provided by the hotels. It is a tool which is helpful in catering to the needs of customers and raise the standard of hotels by providing customized services. As feedback forms are so useful it has been considered appropriate to study the usage of feedback form in 3 star or above hotels and below 3 star hotels. A comparative study of these two group of hotels has been conducted at Udaipur, Jaipur & Jodhpur. To know whether feedback forms are filled in the hotels, to know whether the feedback are analyzed and to know whether feedback is considered while decision making; a thorough research has been done. Key Words - Feedback form, 3 star or above hotels, Below 3 star hotels, Feedback form analysis, Feedback forms in decision making.

Introduction - A feedback form is composed of questions H3 All the hotels use feedback form and there is no on issues that you want feedback on from your customers. significant difference in the usage of feedback form while It may have open ended, close ended, true/ false, multiple decision making between 3 star or above hotels and below choice questions so that the customers can put their own 3 star hotels. feedback comments. The importance of a feedback form is Research Analysis & Findings - that it shows your customers that you are interested in their 1. Collected data revealed that feedback forms are filled comments. This is a chance to let hoteliers know what in 86.67% three star or above hotels while in below three customers think about the hotel. star hotels just 30% are such where feedback forms Information collected from the Feedback Form should are filled. be held in strict confidence and used for the sole purpose of Category Feedback Forms are Filled improving the quality of service provided by the hotel. 3 Star or above hotels 86.67% To study whether the hotels in Udaipur, Jaipur & Jodhpur Below 3 Star hotels 30% are using feedback forms a research was conducted with the following objectives: 1. To know whether feedback forms are filled in the hotels. 2. To know whether the feedback are analyzed. 3. To know whether feedback is considered while decision making. 10 three star or above hotels and 10 below three star hotels of Udaipur, Jaipur & Jodhpur were studied to meet the research objectives. Sample design Udaipur Jaipur Jodhpur Total 3 star or above 10 10 10 30 Below 3 star 10 10 10 30 Total 20 20 20 60

The following hypotheses were framed to fulfill the research objectives:

H1 All the hotels get the feedback forms filled and there is no significant difference between 3 star or above hotels and below 3 star hotels. The critical value of Z for level of significance .05 is 1.96. Since the computed value of Z = 5.44 is higher than H2 All the hotels analyze the filled feedback forms and there is no significant difference between 3 star or above critical value. The difference is significant. Thus H1 is rejected hotels and below 3 star hotels. and it is concluded that there is significant difference in filling * Director, Pacific Institute of Hotel Management, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 48 of feedback form between 3 star or above hotels and below 3 star hotels. Particulars 3 Star or Below 3 above Hotels star hotels Proportion (p) .8667 .3 Sample Size 30 30 Calculated value of z 5.44 2. Collected data revealed that feedback forms are analysed in 70% three star or above hotels while in below three star hotels just 16.67% are such where feedback forms are analysed. Category Feedback Forms are Analysed 3 Star or above hotels 70% Below 3 Star hotels 16.67%

Particulars 3 Star or Below 3 above Hotels star hotels Proportion (p) .6333 .10 Sample Size 30 30 Calculated value of z 5.146

The critical value of Z for level of significance .05 is 1.96. Since the computed value of Z = 5.146 is higher than

critical value. The difference is significant. Thus H3 is rejected and it is concluded that there is significant difference in the usage of feedback form while decision making between 3 star or above hotels and below 3 star hotels. Conclusion - 3 star or above hotels give more emphasis on filling feedback form, its analysis and usage while decision Particulars 3 Star or Below 3 making than below 3 star hotels. It clearly shows that they above Hotels star hotels are more customer oriented and that’s why they serve better and earn money & fame both. Proportion (p) .7 .1667 Reference - Sample Size 30 30 1. Banqueting And Catering Management, R.K. Arora ISBN Calculated value of z 4.946 8131310191, 9788131310199 The critical value of Z for level of significance .05 is 2. Encyclopaedia of Hotel And Hospitality Management 1.96. Since the computed value of Z = 4.946 is higher than Textbook Of Food And Beverage Services R. K. critical value. The difference is significant. Thus H2 is rejected Arora ISBN: 8131310418, 9788131310410 and it is concluded that there is significant difference in 3. Hotel Management U. K. Singh / J. M. Dewan ISBN: analysis of feedback form between 3 star or above hotels 8131305279, 9788131305270 and below 3 star hotels. 4. Principles of Hotel Menagement V. Prakesh Kainthola 3. Collected data revealed that feedback forms are ISBN: 8189645226, 9788189645229 considered while decision making in 63.33% three star or 5. Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism: Pearson New above hotels while in below three star hotels just 10% are International Edition 6th, Philip Kotler, John Bowen , such where feedback forms are considered while decision James Makens Jul 2013, ISBN13: 9781292020037 making. 6. Introduction to Hospitality: Pearson New International Category Feedback Forms are Edition John Walker 2013, ISBN13: 9781292020068 Considered While 7. Hospitality Management: An Introduction Tim Knowles Decision Making 1998, ISBN13: 9780582312715 3 Star or above hotels 63.33% 8. Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism A.J. Veal, Below 3 Star hotels 10% Financial Times Prentice Hall 2011 ISBN 13: 9780273717508 ISBN 10: 0273717502 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 49

Role Of State Civil Supplies Corporation In Public Distribution System In M.P.

* Dr. Iffat Khan *

Introduction - Food Security to poor is provided through Table No. 1 - Procurement of Wheat by efficient Public Distribution System. 50 Percent of Madhya MPSCSC,2008-09 to 2012-13 Pradesh Population is below Poverty line. The percentage (Rs. In crores) of scheduled caste and scheduled tribes population are Year Wheat PSS Wheat 12.6% and 16.8% respectively. One of the important problems 2008-09 1637 114 of agriculture in Madhya Pradesh is relating to marketing of 2009-10 2185 513 agricultural products. Below poverty line (BPL) and destitute 2010-11 3590 129 population cannot afford high prices of food grains. Public 2011-12 6247 239 Distribution system make available essential commodities to the poor at affordable prices. On the other hand PDS is 2012-13 10971 3 helping farmers by providing profitable food grains. Food Source: Annual Plan 2008-09 to 2012-13 MPSCSC. corporation of India and M.P. state civil supplies corporation Under price support system MPSCSC procured 75 purchases food grains from farmers . crores rice in the year 2008-09 increased to 413 crore in the M.P. State Civil Supplies Corporation was established year 2012-13. Procurement of Rice under PPS increased on 3rd April, 1974 Public Distribution of wheat, Rice, Sugar, about 6 times during 2008-09 to 2012-13 as is clear from Edible oil was entrusted to M.P. state Civil supplies the following table: Corporation on 2nd October 1985. From January 1986 it Table No.2 - Procurement of Rice by started the work of distribution of essential commodities MPSCSC 2008-09 to 2012-13 including Kerosene in Tribal areas of M.P. through 20 mobile (Rs. In crores) vehicles. Year Rice PSS Rice Paddy Research Methodology - The study tests the hypothesis 2008-09 75 106 62 that food security to provide through efficient Public 2009-10 213 36 109 Distribution system. Below Poverty line Population cannot 2010-11 301 118 271 afford high prices of essential commodities. Data relating to 2011-12 563 87 548 M.P. State civil supplies corporation and Food corporation 2012-13 413 01 849 of India were collected from annual reports. Views of farmers Source: Annual Plan 2008-09 to 2012-13 MPSCSC. were taken with the help of questionaire. Views of public Public Distribution System - Public Distribution System were taken through personal interviews on role of fair price make available essential commodities – Rice, Wheat, Sugar, shop. Kerosene, Iodine salt under different schemes of the Procurement Of Foodgrains - M.P. State Civil Supplies Government like BPL, APL for the benefit of the weaker Corporation is the main agency for foodgrain procurement in section of society at affordable prices. Under PDS in M.P. Madhya Pradesh. Under the price support scheme wheat and rice are lifted from Food Corporation of India procurement of wheat and paddy is done by MPSCSC.It is base depot according to allotment. Wheat and rice also helping farmers in getting reasonable price of their products. procured under Price support system by MPSCSC. Wheat MPSCSC is the main agency for procurement of wheat,paddy and rice are transported to 189 issue centres of MPSCSC and coarse grains.Registration of farmers who want to sell for Storage. As per delivery order it is sold to lead/link their products to F.C.I.,M.P.Civil Supplies Corporation is societies. compulsory. Bpl & Apl Yojna - Below poverty line families are provided Under price support system MPSCSC procured 1637 wheat and rice at reduced rates. Sale of wheat under BPL crore wheat in the year 2008-09 increased to 3590 crores in Scheme in the year 2008-09 was 144087 M. tons increased 2010-11 and 10971 crores in 2012-13.Procurement of wheat to 8509989 M. tons in 2012-13. Sale of rice under BPL under PPS increased 6 tons in the last five years i.e.2008- Scheme in the year 2008-09 was 130104 M. ons increased 09 to 2012-13 as is clear from the following table. to 508975 M. tons in 2012-13. Sale of wheat and Rice ** ***Guest Faculty (Commerce) Govt. M.L.B. College, Bhopal(M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 50 increased 4 times during 2008-09 to 2012-13 as is clear Levy Sugar - MPSCSC lifts sugar from sugar factories of from the following table - U.P. and Maharastra as per allocation by Government of Table No.3 - Sale of Wheat and Rice under BPl India and transport through its supply centres to lead Scheme 2008-09 to 2012-13 cooperative societies. Lead cooperative societies send levy (Rs. In M.tons) sugar to fair price shops. MPSCSC lifted 102071 M. tons Year Wheat Rice sugar and sold 103020 M. tons in 2008-09. In the year 2012- 2008-09 144087 130104 13 lifting and sale oif levy sugar increased to 161658 and 2009-10 1206416 127109 149321 M. tons respectively. 2010-11 1171105 369589 Fair Price Shops- Fair price shops are the last link in Public Distribution system in Madhya Pradesh. In order to remove 2011-12 5325981 382350 short coming of fiar pricre shops from march 1992. Its 2012-13 8509989 508975 operation and functioning has been given to Sahakari Source: Annual Plan 2008-09 to 2012-13 MPSCSC. Institutions, In urban areas a Co-operative society is allotted Mid Day Meal Yojna - Under Mid-Day meal Yojana wheat only one fair price shop. But in rural areas there is no and rice are lifted from base depot of Food Corporation of restriction on the number of fair price shops run by cooperative India as per allotment and make available to schools. Govt. society. Over 20,000 fair price shops spread across M.P. of India provides grants to food Corporation of Indiato provide Ration card holders take their ration supply from fair price good quality of Wheat and Rice to MPSCSC. Mid day meal shops. Yojna was started from 2 October 1995 from 297 tribal Public Distribution System was completely manual. It blocks. This scheme has been extended in all Govt. Schools. was not in a position to cope up with information regarding Following table shows distribution of wheat and rice for 2008- short supply of essential commodities, Government of India 09 to 2012-13. for enhancing efficiency and improving Public Distribution Table No.4 - MID DAY MEAL Distribution of Wheat and System adopted e- Governance program. In the year 2012- Rice By MPSCSC , 2008-09 to 2012-13 13 procurement of food grains was computerize 2316 (Rs. In M.tons) procurement agencies have been provided computers and Year Wheat Rice hardware. Effective monitoring in equitable distribution of 2008-09 160088 41910 essential commodities to fair price shop has improved PDS 2009-10 155617 41910 in Madhya Pradesh. It has brought transparency in Public 2010-11 146439 52061 Distribution system. This system can be adopted in other 2011-12 157213 55205 states of our country and also in under developed countries 2012-13 136724 710451 when the Government runs subsidized scheme for weaker Source: Annual Plan 2008-09 to 2012-13 MPSCSC. sections. st Turn Over Of MPSCSC - Performance of M.P. Civil supplies From 1 March 2014 food security has come into Corporation is evident from its turnover. In the year 2006-07 force in Madhya Pradesh. 5.46 Crores population of M.P. its turnover was Rs. 899.02 crores, increased to Rs. 8402 i.e. 67% of population will be covered under food security . crores in the year 2011-12 as show below : - Govt. of India will provide wheat and rice at Rs.3 and Rs. 4 Table No.5 - M.P. State Civil Supplies Turnover respectively. Wheat, Rice and Salt will be sold at the rate of 2006-07 to 2011-12 Rs. 1/-per kg. margin will be borne by State Government. (Rs. In Crores) Success of food security and PDS depends on elimination of bogus ration cards and adoption of electronic ration cards. Year Turnover References - 2006-07 899.02 1. Azam, K.M. -Public Intervention in Agriculture Marketing. 2007-08 897.43 2. Dhokalia & khurana -Public Distribution System, 1979. 2008-09 2332.67 3. Kotler , Philip - Marketing Management, 2006 2009-10 3200.96 4. Kothari, C.R. - Research Methodology IIed. 2010-11 4805.12 5. Navani, N.P. - Towards food for All- ideas for New Public 2011-12 8403.00 distribution, 1995 6. Taimni, K.K. - Studies in Retailing consumer Source: Annual Plan of MPSCSC 2006-07 to 2011-12. Cooperation & Public Distribution System ,1975 The above table shows effective role of MPSCSC in Public 7. Townsend, J.C. -Introduction to Experimental Methods, Distribution System in M.P. 1953 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 51

Performance of Mining and Marketing of Rock Phosphate and Limestone by Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited

* * * Harish Singh Nayak Dr. P.R. Somani

Introduction - Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Limited • Checking correctness of assessment of demand of incorporated as Government Company in December 1974 is minerals excavated involved in mining and marketing of Rock Phosphate, • Adherence to mining activity with reference to mining Gypsum, Limestone, Lignite and other minerals. The plan and actual mining Company has four mineral based Strategic Business Units • Ascertaining capacity utilisation of departmental plant and Profit Centre (SBU&PC) at Udaipur, Bikaner, Jodhpur & machinery and Jaipur engaged in mining and marketing of Rock • Comparing contractual mining vis a vis departmental Phosphate, Gypsum, Limestone and Lignite respectively. mining The Company is mining 87 per cent of the total Rock • Efficacy of contracts for excavation and transportation~ Phosphate production in the country and fulfils 19 per cent • Review of sale pricing policy and marketing policy~ and of total demand of Rock Phosphate and balance 81 per cent • Internal check/ internal control system, manpower and demand per cent respectively of the total revenue earned by fund management system. the Company during 2004-09. is fulfilled by imported Rock Planning and statutory compliance - The Company’s Phosphate. Rock Phosphate and Limestone had contributed planning was not adequate as it failed to prepare long term almost 59 and 12. The main objective of the Company is to plan and the mining schemes were also faulty. The company procure, purchase, take on lease or otherwise acquire and did not comply with the statutory requirements viz; obtaining deal with any mines, mining rights and concessions, environment clearance, preparation of mine plan, operating prospecting and development rights at any place and to mines under minor mineral category despite being covered acquire by purchase or otherwise land containing mineral of under major mineral, delay in reclamation of excavated mine all descriptions and any interest therein and to explore, work area. The Company had to close down its mining operations exercise, develop and turn to account the same. at eight mines since May 2004 due to non compliance of Objectives - Performance audit of mining and marketing of the statutory requirements. Resultantly, the Company Rock Phosphate and Limestone by the Company was carried incurred idle expenditure of ‘ 62.46 crore on these closed out to evaluate and assess that: mines towards land tax and dead rent. Non converting the • the mining activities have been carried out as per the Limestone mines under major mineral resulted in avoidable mandate and mining policy of Government of Rajasthan payment of premium charges amounting to ‘ 66.49 lakh on (GOR)/Government of India (GOI) transferring the same in its name. The status of the mines/ • production of minerals has been done keeping in view mine leases under SBU&PC- Rock Phosphate and the market demand, capacity utilisation and in cost Limestone were as under: effective manner (See Table in next page) • the Company was able to market the mineral effectively Production of minerals - The production performance of keeping in view the demand and competition with the Company was at variance with both Mine Plan (MP) and imported mineral in the country Annual Plan (AP). The quantity of ore (Rock Phosphate) • the contracts for mining and transportation of mineral excavated during 2004-09 ranged between 85 and 110 per were awarded in an economic and efficient manner cent whereas the quantity of over burden removed ranged • funds were arranged in an economical manner and between 86 and 123 per cent of quantity projected in the AP. utilised properly to achieve maximum return and The excavation targets fixed for contractors for SMS grade • there was an effective and efficient internal control and Limestone were not commensurate with the MP/AP monitoring mechanism. projections. The Limestone produced by the Company at Methodology - The following methodology for scrutiny of Gotan was 12.68 per cent of the total production despite the records was adopted: fact that it had 43.58 per cent of total lease area. • Scrutiny of Board Agenda and Minutes The Company could not utilise the heavy earth moving • Review of mineral rules and regulations machines (HEMMs) optimally in excavation of mineral due *** * *** Research Scholar, Pacific University , Udaipur (Raj.) Ex HOD, Department of Accountancy, B.N.P.G. College, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 52 to high number of breakdowns which resulted in loss of mentioning the cross section wise excavation of mineral production of 4.17 lakh MT during 2004-09. Despite having and the APs should have been based on approved mining sufficient quantity of low grade ore, the crusher plant was scheme and deviationsshould be approved by the not utilised optimally. Consequently, the Industrial competent authority. Beneficiation Plant (IBP) could not be utilised to its installed Contract Management - The contract management of the capacity. The crushing and screening plant at SBU&PC- Company was deficient in award of contracts and their Limestone also remained idle. As a result the Company was execution. The Company ignoring the defects noticed during deprived of revenue of ‘ 23.16 crore. It was observed that: inspection/trial run of the excavator accepted the supply. • The actual excavation was at variance with both MP as The Company awarded repair and maintenance contract well as AP. The quantity of ore (Rock Phosphate) without obtaining competitive bids. The Company did not excavated during the period under review ranged include any penal provision in the contract awarded for between 85 and 110 per cent whereas the quantity of determining load limits in wagons due to which the Company OB removed ranged between 86 and 123 per cent of failed to recover penalty from the transporters for overloading quantity projected in the AP. The grade wise excavation and got involved in unnecessary litigation resulting in of high grade ore varied between 89 (2008-09) and 115 payment of ‘ 6.84 crore as penalty charges to Railways. (2004-05 & 2007-08) per cent and 82 (2008-09) and 113 Marketing/sales Management - There was no documented (2005-06) per cent in respect of Low grade of AP sales policy at SBU&PC Rock Phosphate and Limestone. projections. Due to non-review of sale price in comparison to effective • AP did not conform to the approved MP i.e. AP only increase in cost led to loss of revenue of ‘60.23 crore. The gave grade wise quantities to be excavated and did not losses of the SBU&PC-Limestone (Gotan) were exceptionally specify cross section wise and level wise excavation to high in 2007-08. The Company also failed to recover ‘ 46.27 be carried out in respect of Limestone mines. Further crore towards Mineral Right Cess imposed retrospectively no detailed AP was prepared for Rock Phosphate mine by the State Government from the consumers. for the year 2007-08 and 2008-09. As a result, scientific Financial Management - The SBU&PC- Limestone in extraction of the ore could not be vouchsafed. violation of the guidelines kept the funds with the unit without Comparison of actual excavated quantity with the any use. The Company did not utilise the corpus fund and available reserves also could not be done for the same adopted other methods for financial assurance. The reason. Company issued (June 2003) guidelines for operation of each • Mining scheme prepared for the years 2008-13 in SBU&PC which inter alia provided that all payments and respect of Rock Phosphate did not mention cross remittances initially deposited with the SBU&PC would be section wise excavation of over burden and further the transferred to the Corporate office on the same day. For deviation for mining scheme for the period 2003-08 was day-to-day functioning, the SBU&PC required to send their not mentioned cross section wise in respect of ore and funds requirement with a detailed weekly break to the Finance overburden.SBU&PC (Limestone) and Accounts Division were of the Corporate Office at least • The excavation targets fixed for contractors for SMS one week before the beginning of the month. It was also grade Limestone excavated mineral were not provided that the SBU&PC would also have a cash credit commensurate with the MP/AP projections. Further the limit available with it to meet the contingent requirements. AP fixed more than the targets were also more than the As per State Government directives, the surplus fund with environment clearance projection.Thus quantity the company was to be deposited monthly in Personal mentioned the Company also violated environment Deposit Account (PD Account) i.e. an account with clearance Conditions in environment clearance Government treasury. projections.The production at Gotan was not Management Manpower - The company did not have any commensurate with the size of mine lease held by the structured manpower policy. The manpower deployed at Company. The Company’s production at Gotan was SBU&PC- Limestone was excess whereas SBU&PC- Rock 12.68 per cent of the total production as against 43.58 phosphate was facing shortage of manpower. The consultant per cent of total lease area allotted by DMG. Further, appointed to assess the requirement of manpower at each with reference to total increase of 16.28 lakh MT SBU&PC after amalgamation of the Company with RSMDC production at Gotan during 2006-09,the share of the suggested (March 2003) manpower of 110 executives and Company’s production was only 2.46 lakh MT.The 949 workmen for SBU&PC Rock Phosphate and 93 Government stated (November 2010) that the Company executives (combined for proposed SBU&PC Gypsum and generally adhered to the approved scheme of mining Limestone) and 110 workmen exclusively for limestone but the variations took place on account of specific mines. requirements of ore, based on the demand and also We noticed that there was a shortage of manpower (38 restrictive nature in certain areas, due to water logging to 70 workmen) at SBU&PC (Rock Phosphate) during the and other considerations. The reply is not acceptable year 2007-09 due to which the shift for crushing of HGO as the Company was toprepare scheme of mining, plant had been cancelled number of times. It was also noticed Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 53 that the manpower at SBU&PC (Limestone) was in excess Limestone. The price of saleable minerals was also not (41 to 35 workmen) in 2007-09, the Company, however, did calculated as per the procedure prescribed in the manual. not initiate any action to rationalise the manpower deployed Absence of structured manpower study resulted in at various SBU&PC. deployment of excess manpower at SBU&PC (Limestone) Conclusion and Recommendation - The Company’s and short manpower at SBU&PC (Rock phosphate). planning was inadequate as it failed to prepare long term References - plan. The mining schemes were also faulty as it did not 1. Khan,Z., Arora, R.K. (1975) : public Enterprises in India, specify cross section- wise and level-wise excavation to be Associated, New Delhi carried out in respect of Limestone mines. The Company 2. Memorandum and Articles of Association of State also did not comply with the statutory requirement viz~ Enterprises, Rajasthan. obtaining environment clearance, preparation of mine plan, 3. Ministry of Finance, Bureau of Public Enterprises, operating mines under minor mineral despite covered under Annual Reports on the Working of Industrial and major mineral, delay in reclamation of excavated mine area. Commercial Undertaking of the Rajasthan Government. The production performance of the Company was at variance 4. Mishra, R.K.(1988) : Performance Evaluation of Public with both Mine Plan and Annual Plan. Despite having Enterprises in India, Institute of Public Enterprises sufficient market demand of limestone and wide mine area, Journal Hyderabad, oct-Dec. the production of Limestone was not commensurate with 5. Public Enterprises Profile 4995-96 to0 1999-00, Bureau the demand. The reclamation of excavated area was not of Public Enterprises , State Enterprises Department done as per EIA/EMP plans at Limestone mines. Delay in Jaipur, Rajasthan. obtaining environment clearance and surrendering the mine 6. Verma, M.M.,Agarwal, R.K. (1988) : Management of leases for inoperative mines resulted in idle expenditure of ‘ Public Enterprises. 62.46 crore. The Company could not utilise the heavy earth 7. Administrative Reforms Commission Reports of Study moving machines optimally in excavation of mineral. team on Financial Administration, (1967). Non-utilisation of the crusher plant optimally, the performance 8. Annual Reports of the State Enterprises under Industries of the Industrial Beneficiation Department, Rajasthan. Plant was affected substantially. There was no 9. Annual Reports on the functioning of various documented sales policy at SBU&PC Rock Phosphate and administrative Ministries in the Rajasthan

Sl.No. Mineral and Name Area in hectare Mineable reserves as Status of mine of mine on 01 April 2009 (in lakh MT) Roc k Phosphate 1 Jhamarkotra 1370.369 223.98 Operative 2 Badagaon 215.600 0.35 Non-operative 3 Kanpur 379.490 7.99 Non-operative 4 Kharbaria ka Guda 105.590 0.64 Non-operative 5 Dakan Kotra 159.770 6.10 Non-operative Lim estone 6 Sanu-I 1000.000 213.00 Operative 7 Sanu –II 998.400 230.20 Operative 8 Gotan-I 938.230 56.80 Operative 9 Basani 2084.100 97.00 Operative Fluo rspar 10 Tavidar 600.000 2.94 Non-operative 11 Karara 150.000 1.55 Non-operative 12 Lakhawas-I 225.000 0.93 Non-operative 13 Lakhawas-II 100.000 0.56 Non-operative Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 54

Hindrancs In Quality Management Overcome Barriers To Quality Management

* ** Dr. Ramesh Nagda Reena Dutt Sharma Abstract - “The manager’s job is to create an environment in which excellent work man ship flows from wise human resource development and deployment.” D. Wood Organizational systems developed for quality improvements were in the beginning of the 21st century one of the highest ranked priorities for management. In general a system can be defined as “a specific methodology for organizing activities in order to achieve a purpose”. This involves directing flows of work, information, money, people, materials and equipment. A quality management system (QMS) can be defined as “a set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives to direct and control an organization with regard to quality”. The different QMSs aim to improve quality and organizational efficiency whether it is through cost reductions, eliminating defects or waste, improving processes and procedures, changing the organizational culture, or adding quality control as a top priority. The different methodologies can be combined and intertwined in order to facilitate the strive for total quality management, or they can be used as stand-alone tools in order to improve specific processes and procedures. Implementing a QMS is not dependent on the specific size of the organization but is argued to be applicable to organizations regardless of size, however smaller companies are more likely to have problems implementing quality systems due to a lack of time and resources required.

Introduction - When quality management systems first 7. use problem-solving processes, arrived it was intended for production and manufacturing 8. communicate, industries but has over time developed further, and is today 9. encourage employees and suitable for other industries such as the service industry. 10. try different approaches. QMSs are today more about creating quality thinking within These 10 steps emerged from any company’s the whole organization and across business channels rather experiences in human resource management consulting and than just eliminating defects or unsatisfactory quality levels training.And what is the basis for the need? in products. Hence it can be said that QMSs are no longer Consider it from the perspective of employees in a specific to any industry or sector but can be applied to all number of client companies who talked with me recently organizations. about barriers to quality. A foreman said, “they provide poor The main focus within quality management systems equipment and expect precision work. I used to tell them research has been on how organizations can implement a about it what’s expected and required. QMS, to the best abilities, and what results they can expect. Top priority. Quality becomes a top priority when we focus However we believe that there is a gap regarding the problems on the “people issues.” People count, whether on your payroll and barriers inherent with an implementation of a QMS and or providing it. Quality improvement processes. Will simply specifically how organizations can prepare themselves for be programs instead of a way of life, until people are actively them. Few researchers have studied the problems and involved at all levels in the organization. barriers in implementing a QMS, prior to the implementation, Barriers -Companies face at least six barriers to quality and only focused on the identifying the problems after the improvement: organizations had started working with a QMS. There is a 1. A proper definition. Three prevalent definitions of ten-step approach can be applied:- quality:-Quality is a process, not a program. While A TEN-STEP APPROACH to creating Quality calls for the programs-or training-provide tools,to implement the manager to:- process, there is the, activity will become an end in 1. show, itself. 2. involve people, Joseph Jordan defines quality as fitness for use, 3. take a long – term approach, Phillip Crosby defines quality as conformance to 4. start small, requirements, and W. Edwards Deming defines quality 5. focus on teamwork, as a consistent and predictable degree of uniformity. 6. train thoroughly, One must set upon a single definition. A suggested *** Principal, The Nobles T.T.college, Kherwara, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA *** *** Research Scholar, Pacific University (PAHER) Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 55 definition would be corifoT7TlO.TtloCtcustomer requirements, problem: lack of teamwork. . Deming calls this “driving real or perceived. out fear so that looking bad” or allowing someone else 2. Focus on 8 quick fix. Management is under constant to get ahead of you. This can every one can work for pressure to find and fix problems quickly, with immediate the company.” results. This leads to treating symptoms instead of Overcoming Barriers - Barriers to quality take on many solving problems. shapes and forms. In general, they involve poor human Management must provide a long-term focus and look resource development and deployment.. So to implement a towards the future. Some companies report that it takes quality approach, management must create ways for three to five. years to attain organizational focus on employees to “buy in” to corporate goals-that is, genuinely quality and problem solution. have a part of the “action.” 3. Who’s responsible? :- The focus is generally on “who’s Problem statement responsible” for something rather than “what happened,” 1. Data collection and “how can we prevent this problem from occurring in 2. Analysis the future?” Management’s immediate response was, 3. Planning “who was on shift that day; who shipped it?” The 4. Developing alternatives response was “Who can we blame?” rather than “What 5. Comparing alternatives happened, how did it happen, what system allowed this 6. Choosing the best solution to happen and how can we prevent it in the future?” 7. Planning for implementation Many organizations operate on what we call the 8. Implementing the necessary steps ‘to take corrective “Thermodynamic Theory” of management: “There is only and preventive action. so much heat to go around. So the more that I can shift Literature Review - Quality Assurance in Elementary to someone else, the less I have to absorb.” In other Education Purpose - To reveal what are the teacher’s and words, the focus is on who’s responsible, not how to fix administration perceptions in the setting of elementary the real problem and prevent future ones. schools regarding the adoption of total Quality Management 4. Wh8t ..:- know and don’t know. This barrier includes principles in school and It can serve two major purposes: what’ we know and don’t know about people, equipment, Improvement and Accountability. processes, products, and services. It is important for Tool and Technique - Self – review report, Site Visits, employees and managers to realize what we know as Surveys ( questionnaires, interviews etc. ), Performance well as what we don’t know. Training must provide indicators. employees with the of is a opportunity to really do their Conclusion - Numerous analysts seem to agree that the job and have pride must! Managers must learn what is impact of quality assurance systems on teaching and known and what is unknown. This will allow them to learning is difficult to assess and is thus in need of further plan the right training. Management workmanship. research. 5. Failing to fix problem.- People issues, management References - vs. leadership, processes, procedures, and systems 1. Department of education, training and youth Affairs can all cause problems. Many times we treat symptoms (2000), The Australian Higher Education Quality and overlook problems. The manager’s role is to find Assurance Framework, Occasional Paper Series, and fix problems. Actually, problem pm;entionis an even Australia. greater role. Employees need to be trained in a problem- 2. Higher Education Funding Council For England (2001) solving process that can translate into solutions for many Reducing costs and building partnerships for better types of problems. accountability in the Higher Education Sector, London, 6. Numbera, numbera, numbera:- When we focus only PA Consulting Group. on the numbers, we forget the emotions and hearts of 3. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Iceland the employees. Nelson has said that the most important (2003) Higher Education External Review: Guidelines figures in any company are unknown and unknowable. for Self – Evaluation, Quality Assurance Authority of Deming has translated, “He who runs a company on New – Zealand (1999) Proposals for the Structure and figures alone will have neither company nor figures.” Implementation of a Quality Regime for Tertiary Sound statistical methods can help convert data into Education. meaningful information...... 1 for me” syndrome. In many 4. The International Encyclopedia of Indian Education Vol- C9mpanies, politics and the desire to“look good” override II (L-2) J.S. Rajput. the decision-making process. This is generally a 5. National Curriculum Framework, New Delhi, NCERT symptom of fear of losing a job, “ symphonize deeper (2005). Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 56

Accounting Education And Research In India

* * * Dr. Vimmi Behal Dr. Anil Shivani

Abstract - This paper issues of accounting education and research in India have been discussed the view of changing economic environment of the Indian business and industry. The environment for accounting education has totally changed and new challenges in this regard. the information technology and the globalization of markets are the two major factors impacting various changes in the accounting education . Commerce and accounting education is taking slowly a professional approach. The accounting research at the doctoral level in India is quite scanty. There is also a lack of interface between the accounting researchers and the business and industry. Hence the accounting educators and accounting professionals should find out the ways and means of resturcting the accounting education. Keywords - Commerce education , globalization , liberalization , online education , E- commerce , ICWA , ICAI , ICSI, technology .

Introduction - In the liberalized economic scenario in India environment from which the accounting postomlates are in particular and all over the world in general, the business derived. The committee stated that accounting postulates and industry is exposed to many challenge like cut throat necessarily are derived from the economic and political competition, technological up gradation ,quality and cost environment and from the modes of thoughts and customs consciousness, outsourcing and new combinations of the of all segments of the business community.The earliest means of production. The result of these challenges, the treatise on accounting was given by Luca paciol who owners of business enterprises have lot of expectations from happens to be the first person to bring out a book on the the accounting professionals and they are expected to be double entry system of book keeping brought about 500 equipped with lot of skill and immense ability to perform years back in 1494 in Italy. Like many other countries, the accounting and managerial decision making jobs. The Indian system of accounting is also based on the double accountancy colleges and universities have also started entry system of book keeping (Batra, 1997) realizing that there is an urgent need for updating the The different socio-economic environment in different accountancy curriculum with the present day requirement countries of world have given birth to different Generally of business and industry. accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) at the national level Accounting Education in certain developed countries thus crating barriers for the international harmonization of the has undergone a paradigm shift in changing the global accounting principles and standards. Recently the economic environment. The developing new challenges have contemporary and human resource accounting have emerged emerged. Hence the accounting education and profession and are getting due recognition in the business world. should not be neglected in this scenario. The information The commerce and business education in India was technology and the Globalization of markets are the primary started in the year 1886 with the establishment of the first factors requiring various changes in the accounting education commercial school in madras, Calcutta in 1895 and 1903 and research. In this paper the emerging issues of accounting respectively. At university level, commerce education had education and research is based on the secondary data its beginning in 1913 when a college of commerce and collected from various government publication, professional economics was established in Bombay. There are few college institutes, universities and colleges in the country. and universities on the eve of independence in 1947 to impart Acconting Education Is Retrospection - Accounting is the commerce and business education. an art of recording, classifying and summarizing in terms of Now almost all the universities in the country have their money transaction or the events of a financial character and own department of commerce (Agarwal, 1999). The professional interpretation of the result thereof. The different economic bodies like The institute of charted Accountants of India, The system has tremendous influence on the accounting Institute of cost works accounts of India and the institute of process. Therefore the evolution of accounting is a product company secretaries of India have much more important role of its socio-economic environment. The special committee of play in imparting accounting education in India on the of Research program of the American Institute of certified professional front. A study by Rehman and saha(1996) pointed public Accounts (AICPA) recognized the importance of out that the number of accounting researches in comparison * ** Guest Prof. (Commerce Department) H.O.D. (Commerce Department) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal ( M.P ) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 57 to researches conducted in other allied areas of commerce or Knowledge in accounting theory and practice. business studies in India is far less. The purpose of accounting is to generate and Accounting Education In India - Accounting education in communicate useful information about the events of business India is imparted at senior secondary level in schools at enterprises. Accounting Research however should serve a undergraduate level in colleges and at master level in very useful purpose in determining that how accounting universities as a segment of commerce stream. The colleges principals should be adjusted to suit the changing business and universities act as feeling institutions for the professional environment. institutes Like ICWA, ICSI, ICAI, and ICFAI. The professional A study by Rehman and saha (1996) pointed out that accounting students who complete their final examination the number of accounting researches in comparison to the of ICAI and ICWA are only accorded the status of a research conducted in various allied areas of commerce and professional accountant. The quality of professionals management is quit less. The number of researches in the produced by these institutions is quite good but the number field of working capital management have been conducted of students passing out is not good enough to meet the and the researches on accounting conducted in India however increasing requirements of Indian business and industry. covered the following areas viz, cash flow Accounting, Keeping in view the emerging challenges, there is growing financial reporting, Harmonization of accounting standerds, need for restructuring the accounting education and research inflation accounting, social Accounting, social Audit, value to meet the present day needs of business in the liberalized added Accounting and financial statements etc.The economic environment . In the college cadre institutions in accounting researches at the doctoral level in India are still India, however B.Com is a specialized program which scanty on the whole. One of the reasons of this state of provides commerce education at under graduate’s level, affairs is the lack of interface between the accounting whereas M.Com education at the post graduate level is meant academia and industry. Hence efforts need to be made also primarily for a teaching career. on this front to improve the picture in this regard. It is being felt that the present accounting education The importance of accounting has been well recognized system in India has failed to keep pace with the requirement in the conduct of economic activates globally. It also includes of the fast changing business world. The most commerce the advanced stage of internationalization of the accountancy graduates go in for professional qualification in accounting, Profession. Hence accounting educators, researchers and financial management, company secretary, taxation and law the professionals must find out the ways and means to meet etc. and that those who do not they usually seek accounting this challenge. and finance jobs in business industry and in the public sector. It is suggested that the following steps should be taken The many universities in India have gone in for specialization to improve the state of accounting research and profession in Accounting and finance. At the post graduate level, M.Com in India. program with specialization in Accounting finance 1. Efforts should be made to create a conducive management, Banking, Taxation and international finance environment in which the interaction between the etc is largely being offered by various universities. universities, academic institutions, professional A glance sat the accounting education in India indicates institutes and industries could be possible. that the accounting education has suffered from ad-hocism 2. There should be separate Accounting departments in remain fragmented, lacks co-ordination between industry and the universities and colleges to promote the accounting accountancy, academia,lack practical applicability and is research. in the dire need for updating its course curriculum. 3. Accounting research should be made much more As for as teaching aids and methodology is concerned, purposeful so as to meet the requirements of various till date accounting education has been imparted through professional institutions. class room lectures and the numerical problems. To make 4. The teaching methodologies in accounting at the the teaching of accounting more effective, it is better if the university and institute level should be changed in order teaching aids like projectors, case studies project and market to strengthen the computational and conceptual skill of surveys, role playing group discussion and audio video the scholars in the field. techniques are followed for teaching of accounting in various Implications Of Study - The domain of accounting is colleges and universities in the country. though back seated in economics, statics and law but of Accounting Research In India - Accounting to late it has emerged as a separate field of study, with the Tricker,R.(1979) accounting research is “ the search of information technology revaluation, it requires integration with answer to questions that widen and deepen existing computers and communication technology. The accounting Knowledge in the subject.” Research is however a systematic specialists for the international market gear themselves to investigation carried out in order to expend the frontiers of gain an in-depth Knowledge of econometrics, research human Knowledge. Accounting research may also be viewed methodology international economics, international trade, with a similar analogy and can be stated as an organized international finance and e-commerce so as to sub serve activity the purpose of which is to expend the horizons of the accounting profession more effectively. Hence it is almost Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 58 desirable that the accounting researchers and the developments in information technology, and with the help professional must gear themselves up to meet the challenges of color television, video cassettes and computers. Our of changes and come up to the expectations of the society. market is vast and their requirements are varied, hence it is There is a need for purposeful relationship between to provided for varied courses and not one straight jacket, universities and stator professional institutes like ICAI, ICSI the changes are very fast and courses must keep pace with and ICWA. These bodies should take the challenge of the changes. Therefore one should adopt the changing improvement of standers of accounting education and environment. research and ensuring a code of conduct for its members References- so as to make accounting education more useful to meet 1. Issues in Accounting Education. the requirements of fast changing business world in this 2. Grover, R.K.(1998) Accounting education, need for region. professional approach by universities, Indian journal of The developments of global accounting standards is commerce, Vol 51,No.1. another emerging issue in the present day accounting world. 3. Agarwal N.L.(1999) Commerce education-vision 21 There is also an urgent need for the global curriculum in century-The Indian of commerce Voi.52,No.4. Accounting for various schools of accounting and commerce 4. Khandelwal,N.M (2000) Accounting education for new in the country so as to pave the way for true globalization millennium, Indian Journal of accounting,Vol VXXX1. and liberalization of the economy of the economy. The problem 5. Gowda J. made (1996) doctoral research in commerce of accounting education also affect the accounting research. and management with special reference to Most of the researchers in Accounting are applied in nature. accounting research. vol x no.2 . The various emerging market economic with particular 6. Rehman ARM and saha , AB (1996) accounting reference to India so as to bring a paradiam shift in the growth research in changing environment and the trend of of business and industry in the region. accounting research in India Conclusion - In a growing economy, much of the expansion 7. Tricker, R.I “ research in accounting and potential. takes place in service sector which particularly requires the Accounting purpose, process and potential. Accounting types of skills and knowledge that our courses offers. The and business research. much needed practical bias also can be brought in with the 8. Issues in accounting education spring pg. 95-97.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 59

Need For Foreign Universities In India

* ** Dr. Anil Jain Smt. Nidhi Saxena Abstract -The purpose of this paper is to identify Quality is essentially determined by the knowledge that the higher education and research institutions impart both in terms of knowledge and also the training provided to its students. Creation of knowledge takes place mainly in higher education institutions. This knowledge later gets converted to commodity or technology for the market place. From that point of view, creation of knowledge may not become a prime factor for the foreign universities. They are more likely to treat this as a financial Endeavour. This can be seen in our industries and commercial activities that are now responsible for growth in GDP Real knowledge contribution on a global scale comes essentially from foreign countries and a few of our eminent institutions, and our GDP growth is more due to our service industries using knowledge growth of the developed countries and not due to original contribution.

Introduction -The Union Cabinet has approved the Foreign countries will be studying in the same institution. Whereas, Educational Institution (Regulation of Entry and Operation) when a foreign university sets up a campus in India, it will Bill, 2010 which is to be tabled before the Parliament. be more of a subsidiary and naturally of a lower standing. It Arguments generally given in favour of foreign universities is is not clear whether foreign universities will be judged by the that the best universities of the West will start quality same yardstick or an international yardstick will be evolved programmes in higher education in the emerging areas in to evaluate both the Indian and foreign institutions. Quite India. We already have different types of universities and often the employment market by itself does not determine university level institutions; Central Universities, state quality. Given this background, it is possible that we learn universities, private universities, deemed universities and a more about how to do better in the arena of higher education number of institutions which are collaborating with western if the foreign universities Bill is put to public debate and universities and giving a degree of foreign universities. In taken up at a later stage with relevant modifications. That addition, we also have institutions of eminence like NITs, way the country would be benefited rather than be harmed. IITs, IIMs, IIScRs, IISc and so on which are providing Define Education -Education can be defined as the art or opportunities for excellent education and research. To the process of imparting skill and knowledge. The word existing scenario, the Government would like to add foreign Education means “to educe”. Education can be either formal universities. In what way will the addition of foreign universities or informal. The success of education lies in harnessing the enhance the quality of higher education and in what way will latent potential of an individual. Formal education on the it contribute to economic wellbeing. other hand, is a deliberate effort by a person to learn the As it is, there is a craze for foreign degree and some skills and techniques considered important for a particular institutions cash on it: an institution that collaborates with a job or activity. Here we are concerned about formal education. foreign institution normally charges heavily in the range of Formal education can bring in a lot of specialization. Rs 10 to 12 lakh a year for a degree like MBA. This The profit motive -A foreign university cannot repatriate collaboration means a few teachers from abroad give one or money that it makes in India. And any university seeking two courses to an Indian institution and the institution is not entry to India must be accredited by bodies in its home bound by any regulations of higher education in the country. country. “Quality control is key and we will build the safeguard If by an Act of Parliament, an Indian institution in mechanism with each of the universities,” a second official collaboration with a foreign university is permitted to give in the HRD ministry said. The two HRD ministry officials foreign degree it could encourage the prevalent practice. If, said enough changes have been made to make it attractive independently, a foreign university of repute establishes a for foreign universities to enter India. The India campus will campus in India, certainly it would attract people who can function as a branch campus of the parent, rather than as afford, denying the opportunity to the less fortunate people. an independent campus. The universities will offer the same Another important factor cannot be ignored; learning in a degree they are offering in their parent campus. And the foreign country in their university has a definite advantage in ministry has reduced the deposit universities have to maintain terms of ambience, cultural environment and provides an with the ministry (and which they will forfeit in case of any international mix to the student as students from different violation) from Rs.50 crore to Rs.25 crore. *** Asst. Professor of Commerce,Govt. R. V. College, Manasa,Distt. Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA ** Research Scholar ,Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 60

Why welcome foreigners? To Indians (at least those who can afford it), it is an Minister Sibal seems to have several goals for permitting opportunity to receive quality education without leaving India foreign universities to enter the Indian market. The foreigners (and without paying in dollars). And to India, it could mean are expected to provide the much needed capacity and new significant foreign direct investment. Companies registered ideas on higher education management, curriculum, teaching under Section 25 of India’s Companies Act cannot distribute methods, and research. It is hoped that they will bring profit or dividends to members, which means that the foreign investment. Top-class foreign universities are anticipated to universities cannot repatriate money—a constraint that was add prestige to India’s postsecondary system. All of these criticized by at least one expert. Several foreign universities assumptions are at the very least questionable. While foreign have been keen to enter India to tap a higher educational transplants elsewhere in the world have provided some market that is worth Rs.46,200 crore and expanding by 18% additional access, they have not dramatically increased every year, according to 40 million by 2020, a report from student numbers. Almost all branch campuses are small audit and consulting firm EY. They have been constrained and limited in scope and field. In the Persian Gulf, Vietnam, by the need to do so through partnerships. and Malaysia, where foreign branch campuses have been Observations & Learning’s -As students passed from active, student access has been only modestly affected by these foreign Universities could not manage their Institutions them. Branch campuses are typically fairly small and almost (Organizations) from financial disaster how our students are always specialized in fields that are inexpensive to offer and going to be benefitted. This is truly going to be a move that have a ready clientele such as business studies, technology, will change the face of India. Consider the case when foreign and hospitality management. companies entered India for Business, they completely Few branch campuses bring much in the way of changed the face of Indian IT industry though we had Infosys, academic innovation. Typically, they use tried and true Patni and other Indian Companies in India at that time. These management, curriculum, and teaching methods. The foreign Software Companies offerered lucrative pay packages branches frequently have little autonomy from their home and set the benchmarks for All the Indian companies as university and are, thus, tightly controlled from abroad. While well and today we can see that job in Software industry is some of the ideas brought to India may be useful, not much dream for almost all Indians. Similarly as these universities can be expected. will enter India, these will set benchmarks for almost all Objectives of the study -The Present Paper is basically Institutes in India and out of competition Indian institutes concerned with the following objective :- will be forced to raise their standards to survive. So let us India has universities of every hue and calibre. By bringing welcome this change with open arms. in foreign universities, will it enhance the quality of higher Conclusion -India’s higher education needs are significant. education and contribute to economic well-being of the The country needs more enrolment capacity at the bottom country are seminal questions. of the system as well as more places at its small elite sector Research Methodology -The Indian varsities interested in at the top. The system needs systemic reform. Furthermore, foreign collaboration should have received the highest fresh breeze from abroad might help to galvanize local accreditation grade from the National Assessment and thinking. Yet, it is impossible for foreigners to solve or even Accreditation Council (NAAC) and the National Board of make a visible dent in India’s higher education system. Accreditation (NBA) to become eligible for a tie-up with a Foreign institutions, once they realize the challenges of the foreign institution. The degrees will be awarded by the Indian Indian environment, are unlikely to jump in a big way. Some universities for their acceptability in India. UGC has also may wish to test the waters. Many others will be deterred mandated that institutes failing to abide by the guidelines by the conditions put into place by the Indian authorities would be penalized. The proposed move creates a qualitative and the uncertainties of the local situation. barrier in the form of accreditation or ranking in such collaborations. Foreign universities interested in setting up References - campus in India will have to wait longer as UGC has put this plan on hold. The plan to allow foreign institutions deemed 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/education-in-india Indian as universities or private universities under State laws has Education Services- A Hot opportunity (CS-00493). also been shelved. 2. The ailments of the Indian Education System Amrita Description Research -The government has decided to Jain, October 12, 2009. allow foreign universities to operate independently in India, 3. The Chronicle of Higher Education June 2009. set up campuses and offer degrees without having a local 4. The Impact of Foreign Study: The Indian Experience, partner—a move that finally opens the gates for foreign Amar Kumar Singh. educational institutions seeking to establish a presence in 5. Major steps to revamp Indian Education system on anvil the country. To foreign universities, the move presents an : Sibal. opportunity to tap a country with a population of 1.2 billion. 6. A profile of the Indian Education System. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 61

[ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ^maVr` odX{er Ï`m[ma-EH$ gd}jU

S>m∞. A_a Hw$_ma O°Z *

em{Y gmamße ñ Ï`m[ma oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H$r Am›VnaH$ Edß ]m¯ AmoW©H$ Ï`dÒWm H$m ‡_wI Ad`d hm{Vm h° gmW hr amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$r d•o¤ Edß gw—UrH$aU _{ß ^r BgH$m ‡_wI `m{JXmZ hm{Vm h°& Ï`m[ma H{$ H$maU hr oH$gr X{e _{ß CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[moXV _mb H{$ odH´$` H$r ZroV H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m OmVm h° gmW hr A‡À`j Í$[ g{ [yßOr oZ_m©U H$m H$maU ^r Ï`m[ma hr hm{Vm h°& O] Bg Ï`m[ma H$r oXem Am›VnaH$ gr_m H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a A›` X{em{ g{ o_b OmVr h° Vm{ `h odX{er Ï`m[ma ]Z OmVm h{& odX{er Ï`m[ma H{$ H$maU hr odÌd J´m_ _{ß oH$gr X{e H$r [hMmZ ÒWmo[V hm{Vr h°& ‡À`{H$ X{e MmhVm h{° oH$ dh AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ oZ`m©V H$a odX{er _ww–m AoO©V H$a{& odX{er _w–m dmÒVd _{ß X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ gw—UrH$aU H$m gyMH$ hm{Vr h° Bg{ X{IH$a oH$gr ^r X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ T>m±M{ H$r H$Î[Zm ghO hr H$r Om gH$Vr h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^maV H$m odX{er Ï`m[ma H$m BoVhmg H$m\$r ‡mMrZ h° _wJb gmnaUr 1 : 1990 g{ [yd© [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ^maVr` odX{er H$mb _{ß AßJÓm{ß{ d [wV©Jmob`m{ H{$ gmW Ï`m[ma H{$ Ò[ÓQ> ‡_mU h_ma{ [mg Ï`m[ma H$r oÒWoV (H$am{∂S>m{ _{ß) odY_mZ h°, VÀH$mbrZ g_` _{ß X{e H$r odX{e ZroV H$m oZYm©aU BßΩb°S> H´$ß.`m{OZm oZ`m©V dmof©H$ Am`V dmof©H$ Ï`m[ma dmof©H$ H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ Cfi`Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ oH$`m OmVm Wm VWm odX{e ZroV AdoY Am°gV Am°gV e{f Am°gV H$m ‡_wI o]ßXw `hm± H$r l{ÓR> dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ H$_ bmJV _{ß Xm{hZ H$a BßΩb°S> 1 ‡W_ [ßMdfr©` 3109 622 3651 730 -542 -108 [hw±MmZm hm{Vm Wm& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m{ ]XbH$a `m{OZm (1951-52 g{ 1955-56) ÒdmdbÂ]Z H$r ZroV [a H$m`© AmaÂ^ oH$`m J`m VWm Ï`m[ma ZroV H$m{ 2 o¤Vr` [ßMdfr©` 3063 613 5402 1080 -2339 -467 ZB© gm{M d odÒVma ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m& A‹``Z gwodYm H$r —oÓQ> g{ h_ Bg (1956-1961) em{Y Amb{I H$m{ ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [ÌMmV g{ df© 1990 VH$ VWm df© 1991 g{ 3 V•Vr` [ßMdfr©` 3735 747 6119 1224 -2384 -477 A] VH$ Xm{ ^mJm{ _{ß od^moOV H$aH{$ X{I{J{& ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· df© 1947 H{$ (1961-66) [yd© ^maV o]oQ≠>e gaH$ma H$m EH$ C[oZd{e hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU odX{er Ï`m[ma 4 dmoßf©H$ `m{OZmE 3708 1236 5775 1925 -2067 -689 [a BgH$r N>m[ Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ oXImB© X{Vr h°& Bg g_` BΩb°S> gohV A›` (1966-1969) Ï`m[mnaH$ X{em{ H$m{ Im⁄ [XmW©, gyVr YmJm gohV A›` H$É{ [XmW© H$m 5 MVwW© [ßMdfr©` 9049 1810 9862 1972 -813 -162 oZ`m©V H$a CgH{$ ]Xb{ _ßhJ{ Xm_m{ [a oZo_©V `m V°`ma _mb H$m Am`mV (1969-1974) H$aVm Wm& BZ X{em{ H$m BgH{$ [rN{> C‘{Ì` Ò[ÓQ> Wm AoYH$V_ bm^ H$_mH$a 6 [mßMdr [ßMdfr©` 17922 4480 22880 5220 -4958 -740 ^maV H$m{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ o[N>S{>[Z d Jwbm_r H$r oÒWoV _{ß ]ZmE aIZm& `m{OZm Am°Ym{JrH$aU H$r `m{OZm H$m H$m{B© gyÃ[mV AßJ´{Or emgZ H$r AdoY _{ß (1974-1978) 7 1978-79 5726 - 6814 - -1088 - ^maV _{ß Zht oX`m J`m oOgH$m Ò[ÓQ> ‡^md ÒdVßÃVm H{$ ]mX _{ß H$B© 8 1979-80 6418 - 9142 - -2724 - XeH$m{ VH$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm& 9 N>R>dr [ßMdfr©` 44834 8967 73415 14683 -28581-5390 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ [ÌMmV ^maV Z{ Ï`m[ma H{$ C[oZd{eJV T>m±M{ H$m{ ‡W_ `m{OZm ‡`mg _{ß hr ]XbH$a Am°Ym{oJH$ odH$mg H$m amÒVm MwZm oOgH{$ obE (1980-1985) H$maImZm{ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r VWm H$maImZm{ H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ 10 gmVdr [ßMdfr©` 86910 17382 125561 25112 -38651-7730 _erZar VWm H$b[wOm} H$m Am`mV odH$mgmÀ_H$ Am`mV H$r —oÓQ> g{ oH$`m `m{OZm J`m& ^maV Z{ odH$mgmÀ_H$ Am`mV H{$ AoVna∫$ OrUm}¤ma Am`mV (1985-1990) [Miantenance imports] H{$ A›VJ©V AmdÌ`H$ H$b[wOm} d dÒVwAm{ Source :- RBI Bulletin July 2004 H$m Am`mV oH$`m [naUm_V: Am`mV _{ß d•o¤ d oZ`m©V _{ß H$_r g{ ‡maoÂ^H$ C[`w∫$ gmnaUr H{$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ‡W_ [ßMdfr©` dfm} _{ß ^maV H$m Ï`m[ma e{f ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m Wm oOgH{$ H$maU odX{er `m{OZm _{ß Am°gV dmof©H$ Ï`m[ma KmQ>m 108 H$am{∂S> Í$[`m Wm oOgH$m _wª` F$U H$r _mÃm _{ß d•o¤ hm{ JB©& ^maV _{ß AoYH$ OZgßª`m H{$ H$maU Im⁄ H$maU ZE C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ JoV ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß ÒWm`r [yßOrJV AoVa{H$ H$r oÒWoV ]Z hr Zhr [m`r [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Ï`m[ma e{f ‡oVHy$b dÒVwAm{ß H$m Am`mV oH$`m J`m Wm, gmW hr Bg AdoY _{ß oZ`m©V ^r hr ]Zm ahm& odo^fi [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ _{ß ^maV H{$ odX{er Ï`m[ma H$m{ gßVm{fOZH$ Zht Wm& o’Vr` [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm AdoY _{ß BÒ[mV H$maImZm{ß h_ oZÂZ gmnaUr g{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{J{& H$r ÒWm[Zm, ZB© a{b bmBZ H$m odÒVma Edß ZdrZrH$aU VWm 805 H$am{∂S>

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` AJ´Ur _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 62

Í$[`m{ß H{$ Im⁄mfi Am`mV Z{ Am°gV Ï`m[ma e{f H{$ KmQ{> _{ß 467 H$am{∂S> VH$ dmof©H$ Am°gV (1992-93-1996-97) [hwßMm oX`m gÂ[yU© `m{OZm AdoY _{ß 2339 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m Ï`m[ma e{f 86,257 97,609 -11,352 ‡oVHy$b ahm& Bg `m{OZm _{ß ‡W_ `m{OZm H$r VwbZm _{ß dmof©H$ Ï`m[ma e{f 1997-98 130,101 1,54,176 -24,076 432 ‡oVeV ‡oVHy$b ahm& V•Vr` [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H$r AdoY _{ß MrZ d 1998-99 139,753 178,322 -38,579 [moH$ÒVmZ g{ `w’ bS>∂{ JE, oOgH{$ H$maU [yar AW©Ï`dÒWm hr Vhg- 1999-00 159,561 215,236 -55,675 Zhg hm{ J`r ajm d Im⁄mfi _{ß ^mar Am`mV Z{ Ï`m[ma e{f _ß{ ‡oVHy$bVm 2000-01 203,571 230,873 -27,302 477 H$am{∂S> Í$. dmof©H$ VH$ ]∂T>m Xr& Xm{ `w’m{ß Z{ X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ ∂T>m±M{ H$m{ 2001-02 209,018 245,200 -36,182 odH•$V H$a oX`m, oOgH{$ H$maU MVwW© [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H{$ ÒWmZ [a [hbr dmof©H$ Am°gV (1997-98-2002-02) ]ma 3 EH$-EH$ dfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ A[Zm`m J`m& 1966 _{ß ^maVr` 168,401 204,764 -36,363 Í$[`{ H$m 36.5 ‡oVeV Ad_yÎ`Z oH$`m J`m& Iam] _m°g_ VWm CXma 2002-03 2,55,137 297,206 -42,069 Am`mV ZroV H{$ g_J´ ‡^md Z{ 1967-68 _{ß 788 H$am{S> Í$. H$m ‡oVHy$b 2003-04 2,93,637 359,108 -65,741 Ï`m[ma e{f ]Zm`m b{oH$Z AJb{ df© oZ`m©V _{ß d•o’ Z{ Bg{ 373 H$am{S> Í$[`{ VH$ hr gro_V aIm, gmW hr g_` AZwHy$b AmZ{ [a df© 1969 g{ 2004-05 3,75,340 501,065 -125,725 [wZ: MVwW© [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H$m{ ewÍ$ oH$`m J`m& 2005-06 4,65,748 6,95,412 -2,29,664 Bg `m{OZm AdoY H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r ode{fVm `h ahr oH$ df© 2006-07 5,71,779 8,40,506 -2,68,727 1972-73 _{ß [hbr ]ma Ï`m[ma e{f 104 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ AZwHy$b hwAm, 2007-08 6,55,864 10,12,312 -3,56,448 Bg AZwHy$bVm H$m H$maU Am`mV [a ‡oV]ßYmÀ_H$ C[m` H{$ gmW oZ`m©V _{ß 2008-09 8,40,755 13,74,436 -5,33,680 gßVm{fOZH$ d•o’ ahr& AJb{ df© 1973-74 _{ß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a _yÎ` 2009-10 8,45,534 13,63,796 -5,18,202 d•o’ Z{ [{Q≠>m{ob`_ CÀ[mXm{ß, BÒ[mV d A›` YmVwAm{ß, `yna`m VWm Cd©aH$m{ß 2010-11 11,39,500 17,35,100 -5,95,600 H$r H$r_Vm{ _{ß A‡À`moeV d•o’ H$a Xr [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Ï`m[mae{f [wZ: 2011-12 14,82,500 23,94,600 9,12,100 432 H$am{∂S> g{ ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m& gßj{[ _{ß H$h{ß Vm{ `h `m{OZm A^r VH$ H$r Úm{V:- ^maV 2013 ‡H$meZ od^mJ- gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma [•. 125 g^r `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß l{ÓR> Wr& [yd© H{$ dfm~ _{ß [{Q≠>m{ob`_ CÀ[mXm{ß _{ß V{Or H$m gmnaUr H´$_mßH$-2 H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h°, oH$ ^maV Í$I [mßMdr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm AdoY _{ß ^r H$m`_ ahm h°, hm∞ Bg [ßMdfr©` _{ß OZgßª`m d•o’ VWm AZwÀ[mXH$ CÀ[mXm{ß _{ß ÏìJV oÒWoV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `m{OZm H$r ‡_wI ode{fVm `h ahr oH$ `m{OZm H{$ ‡À`{H$ df© oZ`m©V _{ß d•o’ H{$db 1972-73 H$m{ N>m{S>H$a h_{em Ï`m[ma e{f _{ß ‡oVHy$bVm H$r oÒWoV hwB© VWm Ohm∞ ‡maßo^H$ df© _{ß `h 3329 H$am{∂S> Í$[`m H$m oZ`m©V H$aZ{ _{ß ]Zr ahr CXmarH$aU bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ‡W_ df© 1991-92 _{ß Ï`m[ma e{f _{ß g\$b ahm, dhr 1977-78 _{ß 5404 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m oZ`m©V oH$`m J`m, b{oH$Z Bg df© Ï`m[ma e{f 621 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ ‡oVHy$b ahm& 3809 H$am{∂S> H$r ‡oVHy$bVm ]Zr ahr VWm AJb{ df© `h oÒWoV Am°a Jß^ra N>R>dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß amOZroVH$ CR>m-[Q>H$, H{$ Xm°a g{ CâH$a hm{ J`r O] CXma Am`mV odH$mgmÀ_H$ ZroV H{$ H$maU Ï`m[ma e{f 9687 EH$ Z`r VÒdra ]ZmZ{ H$m Xmo`Àd Bg gaH$ma [a Wm, `m{OZm H{$ ‡maßo^H$ H$am{∂S> VH$ ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m Bg df© oZ`m©V _{ß hmbmoH$ 21.9 ‡oVeV d•o’ df© 1980-81 _{ß Ohm± Ï`m[mae{f 5838 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ ‡oVHy$b Wm, hwB© b{oH$Z Xygar Am{a Am`mV _{ß d•o’ g{ Ï`m[ma e{f ‡oVHy$b hr ahm& dhr `m{OZm H{$ AßoV_ df© _{ß Bg _{ß H$_r AmB© Am°a `h 5390 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ AmßH$bZ H$r —oÓQ> g{ `h df© [yd© df© ^r VwbZm _{ß A¿N>m ahm& Bg df© Ohmß ‡oVHy$b ahm& gmVdt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm H{$ Amaßo^H$ df© 1985-86 _{ß Hw$b oZ`m©V _{ß 29.92 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ XO© H$r J`r dhm± Am`mV _{ß H{$db 10895 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m oZ`m©V oH$`m J`m, b{oH$Z `h Bg df© H{$ Am`mV 15.35 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ —oÓQ>JV hm{ ahr oOgH{$ H$maU Ï`m[ma e{f H$r VwbZm _{ß 8763 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$_ Wm, `m{OZm AdoY _{ß Hw$b 38651 KQ>H$a 3350 H$am{∂S> È[`{ hm{ J`m& df© 1995-96 _{ß Ï`m[ma e{f 16325 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m Ï`m[ma ‡oVHy$b ]Zm ahm, Om{ oMßVmOZH$ Wm& Bg `m{OZm H$am{∂S> È[`{ VH$ ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m& df© 2000-01 _{ß Ohm± oZ`m©V _{ß 27.08 _{ß amOZroVH$ CR>m-[Q>H$ H$m Xm°a Omar ahm VWm EH$ g_` odX{er _w–m H{$ ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB© dhr Am`mV _{ß _mÃ 7.12 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg df© ‡]ßYZ H{$ obE gaH$ma H$m{ ÒdU© VH$ odÌd ]¢H$ _{ß O_m H$a odX{er _w–m H$m{ Ï`m[ma e{f _{ß 27302 H$am{∂S> H$r ‡oVHy$bVm ahr b{oH$Z `h JV df© H$r X{e _{ß bmZm [∂S>m Wm& VwbZm _{ß 28665 H$am{∂S> È. H$_ Wr Bg —oÓQ> g{ `h df© ^wJVmZ g›VwbZ gmnaUr 2: 1990-91 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV H$m odX{er Ï`m[ma H$r oÒWoV _{ß C[bo„Y dmbm ahm df© 2001-02 g{ 2003-04 VH$ ‡oVHy$bVm df© H$am{∂S> Í$[E ]∂T>H$a Hw$b 65741 H$am{∂S> VH$ Om [hwßMr& df© 2002-03 _{ß oZ`m©V Am`mV oZ`m©V Am`mV Ï`m[ma e{f H$m ‡oVeV 83.4 ‡oVeV VH$ hm{ J`m& N>R>dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm [a 1990-91 32,558 43,193 -10,635 [mßMdr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß ‡^md [nabojV hm{ ahm Wm& OZVm gaH$ma H$r 1991-92 44,042 47,851 -3,809 CXma AmoW©H$ ZroV Z{ Ï`m[ma e{f H{$ KmQ{> H$m{ oM›VmOZH$ ]Zm oX`m& 1992-93 53,688 63,375 -9,687 df© 2004-05 _{ß JVdf© 2003-04 H$r VwbZm _{ß 59984 H$am{∂S> 1993-94 69,751 73,101 -3,350 È[`{ AoYH$ ‡oVHy$bVm Ï`m[ma e{f _{ß X{Ir J`r Om{ oZgßX{h oM›VZr` 1994-95 82,674 89,971 -7,297 Wm& 2008-∂09 _{ß d°oÌdH$ _ßXr H{$ H$maU dÒVwJV oZ`m©Vm{ß d Am`mVm{ß _{ß 1995-96 106,353 1,22,678 -16,325 d•o’ Xa _{ß AÀòYH$ oJamdQ> XO© H$r J`r oJamdQ> H$m `h Xm°a A∑Qy>]a 1996-97 118,817 1,38,920 -20,103 2009 d oXgÂ]a 2009 VH$ Omar ahm, b{oH$Z 2009-10 _{ß Am`mVm{ß _{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 63 d•o’ F$UmÀ_H$ hr ahr& 2010-11 _{ß 3∂5.17 ‡oVeV H$r oZ`m©V d•o’ 5 M_∂S>m 17,167,67 22,947,68 33.67 hwB© Om{ gÂ_mZOZH$ Wr OyQ>, H$mOy hÒVoeÎ[, aÀZ d Am^yfU, gm‚Q>d{à 6 OdmhamV, JhZ{ 167,845,69 224,762,11 33.91 VWm agm`Zm{ß H{$ oZ`m©V _{ß `h b˙` [m`m J`m& Bg df© o[N>b{ df© H$r 7 I{bHy$X H$m gm_mZ 726.60 998.27 37.39 VwbZm _{ß Am`mV ^r 23.45 ‡oVeV ]∂T>m VWm Ï`m[ma e{f 518202 8 agm`Z Am°a gß]ßoYV141,083,10 189,593,39 34.38 H$am{∂S> È VH$ ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m& df© 2011-12 _{ß oZ`m©V _{ß 28.3 VWm CÀ[mX Am`mV _{ß 39.3 ‡oVeV d•o’ XO© H$r J`r [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Ï`m[ma e{f 9 BßOroZ`naßJ gm_mZ 272,589,54 278,082,12 2.01 naH$mS©> 912100 H$am{∂S> È g{ ‡oVHy$b ahm& 10 Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ gm_mZ 40,792,21 43,237,85 6.00 ^maV H$m Ï`m[ma e{f oZa›Va ‡oVHy$b Om ahm h° Om{ oZÌM` hr 11 [na`m{OZm gm_mZ 298.05 209.74 -29.63 oM›Vm H$m odf` h°& ^wJVmZ g›VwbZ H{$ obE h_{ß oZ`m©V ZroV _{ß gwYma H$r 12 dÛ 102,082,66 130,072,79 27.42 AmdÌ`H$Vm h° O]oH$ CXma Am`mV ZroV H$m{ H$R>m{a ]ZmZ{ H$r b{oH$Z Bg 13 hÒVoeÎ[ 1,504,49 1,118.94 -25.63 CXmarH$aU H$m{ Xm°a _{ß `h H°$g{ gß^d hm{Jm `h EH$ odMmaUr` Edß ¡dbZ 14 H$mbrZ 4,463,22 4,052,04 -9.21 ‡ÌZ h°? oOgH$m CŒmma ôdÓ` _{ß odX{er Ï`m[ma ‡]ßYZ H$r ZroV [a 15 H$[mg 12,979,92 21.623,06 66.59 oZ^©a H$a{Jm& 16 [{Q≠>m{ob`_ CÀ[mX 188,443,22 265,818,71 44.06 gmnaUr 3 : ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$m j{Ãdma oddaU 17 AdJr©H•$V CÀ[mX 47,044,63 79,982,77 70.01 H´$_mßH$ j{Ã 2000 2005 2011 2012-13 Ûm{V:- ^maV 2013 ‡H$meZ od^mJ- gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma [•. 127 -01 -06 -12 (A‡°b-ZdÂ]a) C[am{∫$ gmnaUr _{ß 2011 Edß 2012 H{$ ‡_wI ^maVr` oZ`m©VH$ 1 `yam{[ 25.9 24.2 19 18.7 dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ Xem©`m J`m h°& C[am{∫$ AdoY _{ß BZ dÒVwAm{ß _{ß Ohm± AdJr©H•$V 2 A\´$rH$m 5.3 6.8 8.1 9.6 dÒVwAm{ß VWm H$[mg _{ß CÑ{IZr` d•o’ H´$_e: 70.01 d 66.59 ‡oVeV 3 A_{naH$m 24.7 20.7 16.4 19.5 XO© H$r J`r h°, dht Xygar Am{a, A`ÒH$ Am°a IoZO _{ß 15.70 ‡oVeV, 4 Eoe`m 37.4 46.9 50.0 50.4 [na`m{OZm gm_mZ _{ß 29.63 ‡oVeV, hÒVoeÎ[ dÒVwAm{ß _{ß 25.63 ‡oVeV, H$mbrZ 9.21 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r [nabojV hm{ ahr h° Om{ 5 gr.AmB© Eg > 2.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 oM›VmOZH$ h°& d [ydm}Œma VQ gmnaUr 6 : ‡_wI ^maVr` dÒVwAm{ß H$m Am`mV Source:-Economics Servey 2012-13 Government of India H´$ß. dÒVwEß A‡°b-_mM© A‡°b-_mM© ‡oVeV Ministry of Finance February 2013 P.131 2011 2012 d•o’ C[`w©∫$ gmnaUr H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 2000-01 (odJV) g{ 2011-12 VH$ H$r AdoY _{ß Ohm∞ `yam{[ d A_{naH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß ^maVr` 1 Cd©aH$ 32,632,06 55,178,71 69.09 _{ß H´$_e: oJamdQ> XO© H$r J`r dhr `h ‡oVeV Eoe`m d A\´$rH$m _hm¤r[ 2 Im⁄ V{b 29,860,40 46,242.22 54.86 _{ß oZ`m©V H$r ^mJrXmar _{ß CŒmam{Œma ‡JoV XO© H$am ahm h°& df© 2000-01 3 Abm°h YmVw 18,590.22 23,405.95 25.90 _{ß `yam{[ _{ß ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$m ohÒgm 25.9 Wm Om{ df© 2011-12 _{ß 4 YmVw_` A`ÒH$ d 44,216.59 64,124.05 45.02 KQ>H$a 19 ‡oVeV ah J`m AWm©V≤ 6.9 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r XO© H$r J`r Bgr CÀ[mX ‡H$ma A_{naH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß Ohm± ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$r ^mJ{Xmar 24.7 ‡oVeV 5 bm°h, ÒQ>rb 47,275.36 57,433.83 21.49 Wr dh 2011-12 _{ß KQ>H$a 16.4 ‡oVeV hm{ J`r Bg_{ß ^r 8.30 ‡oVeV 6 [{Q≠>m{ob`_ H$É{ V{b 482,281.69 742,762.47 54.01 H$r H$_r AmB©& Edß CÀ[mX _m{Vr, Eoe`m _hm¤r[ _{ß ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$r ^mJ{Xmar _{ß df© 2000-01 H$r_Vr Am°a A’© H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2011-12 _{ß 12.6 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ XO© H$r J`r VWm H$r_Vr [ÀWa Bgr AdoY _{ß A\´$rH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß `h d•o’ 2.8 ‡oVeV ahr& C[am{∫$ 7 VßÃ 188,549,34 248,352.98 31.72 gmnaUr g{ `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma _{ ß^maV H$r ^mJrXmar 8 H$m{`bm, H$m{H$ Am°a 44,669.93 83,412.78 86.73 A_{naH$m d `yam{[ g{ H$_ hm{H$a Eoe`m d A\´$rH$m _{ß odÒVma [m ahr h°& H$m{`b{ H$r B©Q> gmnaUr 5 : ‡_wI ^maVr` dÒVwAm{ß H$m oZ`m©V 9 H$m]©oZH$ Am°a 69,349.76 90,827,60 30.97 H´$ß. dÒVwEß A‡°b-_mM© A‡°b-_mM© ‡oVeV d•o’ AH$m]©oZH$ IoZO 2011 2012 10 amgmòZH$ CÀ[mX 13,278.07 16,609.71 25.09 (odJV) 11 Ï`mdgmo`H$ dm⁄ `ßÃ 19,200.00 25,263.97 31.58 1 I{Vr 6,154,47 5,672,50 40.91 12 o]Obr H$m gm_mZ 121,017.19 156,357.17 29.20 2 H•$of gß]ßYr CÀ[mX 81,593,29 1,497,51 62.32 13 gm{Zm MmßXr 193,562.30 293,929.80 51.85 3 g_w–r CÀ[mX 11,529,69 16,588,18 43.87 14 H$Âfl`yQ>a d _m°obH$ 5,147,08 7,819,48 51.92 4 A`ÒH$ Am°a IoZO 46,343,52 39,072,84 -15.70 C[H$aU Ûm{V:- ^maV 2013 ‡H$meZ od^mJ- gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma [•. 127-128 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 64 d•o’ F$UmÀ_H$ hr ahr& 2010-11 _{ß 3∂5.17 ‡oVeV H$r oZ`m©V d•o’ 5 M_∂S>m 17,167,67 22,947,68 33.67 hwB© Om{ gÂ_mZOZH$ Wr OyQ>, H$mOy hÒVoeÎ[, aÀZ d Am^yfU, gm‚Q>d{à 6 OdmhamV, JhZ{ 167,845,69 224,762,11 33.91 VWm agm`Zm{ß H{$ oZ`m©V _{ß `h b˙` [m`m J`m& Bg df© o[N>b{ df© H$r 7 I{bHy$X H$m gm_mZ 726.60 998.27 37.39 VwbZm _{ß Am`mV ^r 23.45 ‡oVeV ]∂T>m VWm Ï`m[ma e{f 518202 8 agm`Z Am°a gß]ßoYV141,083,10 189,593,39 34.38 H$am{∂S> È VH$ ‡oVHy$b hm{ J`m& df© 2011-12 _{ß oZ`m©V _{ß 28.3 VWm CÀ[mX Am`mV _{ß 39.3 ‡oVeV d•o’ XO© H$r J`r [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Ï`m[ma e{f 9 BßOroZ`naßJ gm_mZ 272,589,54 278,082,12 2.01 naH$mS©> 912100 H$am{∂S> È g{ ‡oVHy$b ahm& 10 Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ gm_mZ 40,792,21 43,237,85 6.00 ^maV H$m Ï`m[ma e{f oZa›Va ‡oVHy$b Om ahm h° Om{ oZÌM` hr 11 [na`m{OZm gm_mZ 298.05 209.74 -29.63 oM›Vm H$m odf` h°& ^wJVmZ g›VwbZ H{$ obE h_{ß oZ`m©V ZroV _{ß gwYma H$r 12 dÛ 102,082,66 130,072,79 27.42 AmdÌ`H$Vm h° O]oH$ CXma Am`mV ZroV H$m{ H$R>m{a ]ZmZ{ H$r b{oH$Z Bg 13 hÒVoeÎ[ 1,504,49 1,118.94 -25.63 CXmarH$aU H$m{ Xm°a _{ß `h H°$g{ gß^d hm{Jm `h EH$ odMmaUr` Edß ¡dbZ 14 H$mbrZ 4,463,22 4,052,04 -9.21 ‡ÌZ h°? oOgH$m CŒmma ôdÓ` _{ß odX{er Ï`m[ma ‡]ßYZ H$r ZroV [a 15 H$[mg 12,979,92 21.623,06 66.59 oZ^©a H$a{Jm& 16 [{Q≠>m{ob`_ CÀ[mX 188,443,22 265,818,71 44.06 gmnaUr 3 : ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$m j{Ãdma oddaU 17 AdJr©H•$V CÀ[mX 47,044,63 79,982,77 70.01 H´$_mßH$ j{Ã 2000 2005 2011 2012-13 Ûm{V:- ^maV 2013 ‡H$meZ od^mJ- gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma [•. 127 -01 -06 -12 (A‡°b-ZdÂ]a) C[am{∫$ gmnaUr _{ß 2011 Edß 2012 H{$ ‡_wI ^maVr` oZ`m©VH$ 1 `yam{[ 25.9 24.2 19 18.7 dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ Xem©`m J`m h°& C[am{∫$ AdoY _{ß BZ dÒVwAm{ß _{ß Ohm± AdJr©H•$V 2 A\´$rH$m 5.3 6.8 8.1 9.6 dÒVwAm{ß VWm H$[mg _{ß CÑ{IZr` d•o’ H´$_e: 70.01 d 66.59 ‡oVeV 3 A_{naH$m 24.7 20.7 16.4 19.5 XO© H$r J`r h°, dht Xygar Am{a, A`ÒH$ Am°a IoZO _{ß 15.70 ‡oVeV, 4 Eoe`m 37.4 46.9 50.0 50.4 [na`m{OZm gm_mZ _{ß 29.63 ‡oVeV, hÒVoeÎ[ dÒVwAm{ß _{ß 25.63 ‡oVeV, H$mbrZ 9.21 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r [nabojV hm{ ahr h° Om{ 5 gr.AmB© Eg > 2.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 oM›VmOZH$ h°& d [ydm}Œma VQ gmnaUr 6 : ‡_wI ^maVr` dÒVwAm{ß H$m Am`mV Source:-Economics Servey 2012-13 Government of India H´$ß. dÒVwEß A‡°b-_mM© A‡°b-_mM© ‡oVeV Ministry of Finance February 2013 P.131 2011 2012 d•o’ C[`w©∫$ gmnaUr H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 2000-01 (odJV) g{ 2011-12 VH$ H$r AdoY _{ß Ohm∞ `yam{[ d A_{naH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß ^maVr` 1 Cd©aH$ 32,632,06 55,178,71 69.09 _{ß H´$_e: oJamdQ> XO© H$r J`r dhr `h ‡oVeV Eoe`m d A\´$rH$m _hm¤r[ 2 Im⁄ V{b 29,860,40 46,242.22 54.86 _{ß oZ`m©V H$r ^mJrXmar _{ß CŒmam{Œma ‡JoV XO© H$am ahm h°& df© 2000-01 3 Abm°h YmVw 18,590.22 23,405.95 25.90 _{ß `yam{[ _{ß ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$m ohÒgm 25.9 Wm Om{ df© 2011-12 _{ß 4 YmVw_` A`ÒH$ d 44,216.59 64,124.05 45.02 KQ>H$a 19 ‡oVeV ah J`m AWm©V≤ 6.9 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r XO© H$r J`r Bgr CÀ[mX ‡H$ma A_{naH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß Ohm± ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$r ^mJ{Xmar 24.7 ‡oVeV 5 bm°h, ÒQ>rb 47,275.36 57,433.83 21.49 Wr dh 2011-12 _{ß KQ>H$a 16.4 ‡oVeV hm{ J`r Bg_{ß ^r 8.30 ‡oVeV 6 [{Q≠>m{ob`_ H$É{ V{b 482,281.69 742,762.47 54.01 H$r H$_r AmB©& Edß CÀ[mX _m{Vr, Eoe`m _hm¤r[ _{ß ^maVr` oZ`m©V H$r ^mJ{Xmar _{ß df© 2000-01 H$r_Vr Am°a A’© H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2011-12 _{ß 12.6 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ XO© H$r J`r VWm H$r_Vr [ÀWa Bgr AdoY _{ß A\´$rH$m _hm¤r[ _{ß `h d•o’ 2.8 ‡oVeV ahr& C[am{∫$ 7 VßÃ 188,549,34 248,352.98 31.72 gmnaUr g{ `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma _{ ß^maV H$r ^mJrXmar 8 H$m{`bm, H$m{H$ Am°a 44,669.93 83,412.78 86.73 A_{naH$m d `yam{[ g{ H$_ hm{H$a Eoe`m d A\´$rH$m _{ß odÒVma [m ahr h°& H$m{`b{ H$r B©Q> gmnaUr 5 : ‡_wI ^maVr` dÒVwAm{ß H$m oZ`m©V 9 H$m]©oZH$ Am°a 69,349.76 90,827,60 30.97 H´$ß. dÒVwEß A‡°b-_mM© A‡°b-_mM© ‡oVeV d•o’ AH$m]©oZH$ IoZO 2011 2012 10 amgmòZH$ CÀ[mX 13,278.07 16,609.71 25.09 (odJV) 11 Ï`mdgmo`H$ dm⁄ `ßÃ 19,200.00 25,263.97 31.58 1 I{Vr 6,154,47 5,672,50 40.91 12 o]Obr H$m gm_mZ 121,017.19 156,357.17 29.20 2 H•$of gß]ßYr CÀ[mX 81,593,29 1,497,51 62.32 13 gm{Zm MmßXr 193,562.30 293,929.80 51.85 3 g_w–r CÀ[mX 11,529,69 16,588,18 43.87 14 H$Âfl`yQ>a d _m°obH$ 5,147,08 7,819,48 51.92 4 A`ÒH$ Am°a IoZO 46,343,52 39,072,84 -15.70 C[H$aU Ûm{V:- ^maV 2013 ‡H$meZ od^mJ- gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma [•. 127-128 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 65

_‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H•$fH$m{ß H$m AmnW©H$ Edß gm_mnOH$ ndH$mg: EH$ ndÌb{fU

S>m∞.Aem{H$ d_m© * S>m∞. oXbr[ [mQ>rXma * * S>m∞. H{$ VmdS{> * * * ‡ÒVmdZm - `h gÀ` Edß ‡_mnUH$ h° nH$ ^maV EH$ H•$nf ‡YmZ X{Ìm h° B›hr Z Vm{ Ï`dÒWm Wr Z BgH{$ nbE H$m{B© gßJR>Z AWdm gßÒWm _m°OyX Wr& _hmH$m°Ìmb ndÌm{fVmAm{ß g{ _‹`‡X{Ìm ^r [na[yU© h° & nOgH$r bJ^J 70 ‡nVÌmV OZgßª`m j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV XrKm©dnY gmI gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ gßMmbZ h{Vw _‹` ‡m›V Edß ]ama H•$nf [a nZ^©a h°& Edß amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m bJ^J 30 ‡nVÌmV H•$nf VWm Cgg{ Ow∂S{> am¡` _{ß df© 1937 g{ ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ ‡^mdÌmrb Wm& C⁄m{Jm{ß g{ ‡m· hm{Vm h°& _ZwÓ` Z{ O] g{ I{Vr H$aZm ‡maß^ nH$`m h° V]g{ b{H$a Z`{ _‹`‡X{Ìm H{$ JR>Z H{$ C[am›V H•$nf ndH$mg h{Vw XrK©H$mbrZ H•$nf dV©_mZ VH$ nH$gmZ H$r "_mVm' H$ht OmZ{ dmbr "H•$nf ^yn_' ‡mH•$nVH$ Edß gmI H$r gwMmÍ$ Ï`dÒWm [a Om{a nX`m J`m VWm XrK©H$mbrZ H•$nf gmI H{$ nbE _mZdr` nH´$`mAm{ß g{ g_m`m{OZ H$a H${ Ï`n∫$ H$r emarnaH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß ÒVar` ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ ‡`mg df© 1958-59 g{ ‡maß^ hw`{ _‹`‡X{Ìm ^m{OZ, H$[∂S>m AmnX H$r [ynV© H{$ gmW hr ÒdmÒœ`, nÌmjm, gm_mnOH$, ghH$mar ]¢H$ ¤mam Om{ nH$ A[Zr EH$ emIm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Bg H$m`© H$m{ X{I ahm gÂ_mZOZH$ Edß Amam_Xm`H$ gwndYmAm{ß H$r [ynV© ^r H$aVr Am ahr h°& H•$nf Wm, [ßOr`H$, ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVmndV C[nZ`_ VWm JR>Z H$r `m{OZm AmYmnaV Edß gßMmnbV [ew[mbZ, ^{∂S>[mbZ, C⁄m{J, Ï`m[ma AmnX am{OJma ‡ÒVwV H$r JB©& BgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ 21 _mM©, 19Ì1 H$m{ _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar Edß Am` _ybH$ Ûm{V ^r gd©ndnXV h°& ^yn_ ndH$mg ]¢H$ _`m©nXV, O]b[wa H$m [ßOr`Z hwAm, nOgZ{ 1 AJÒV, 19Ì1 Bg ‡H$ma h_Z{ _mZ Vm{ nb`m H$r H•$nf h_mar ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ar∂T> g{ H$m`© H$aZm ‡maß^ nH$`m& am¡` ÒVar` ]¢H$ ]ZZ{ H{$ ]mX ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ß XrK©H$mbrZ H$r h»r h° b{nH$Z ∑`m h_ BgH{$ ndH$mg Edß gwajm H$m [wªVm ]ßXm{]ÒV H$a [m`{? gmI H$r Ï`dÒWm H$m`_ H$aZ{ H{$ nbE ‡`mg nH$E JE& \$bÒdÍ$[ 19Ì1-19Ì2 Zht ∑`m{ßnH$ AmO ^r h_mar I{Vr _mZgyZ Edß [aÂ[amJV ndnY`m{ß [a nZ^©a h°& _{ß 13, 19Ì2-Ì3 _{ß 15, 19Ì3-Ì4 _{ß 04, 19Ì8-Ì9 _{ß 11, 1975-7Ì _{ß 2 bJ^J Ì0 ‡nVÌmV I{V n]Zm ]mnaÌm H{$ ]ßOa ]Z OmV{ h°, ndŒmr` Ï`dÒWm H{$ nObm ÒVar` ^yn_ ]ßYH$_‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ AßÒWmJV Ûm{Vm{ß H{$ „`mO Í$[r Omb _{ß CbPH$a nH$gmZ Hß$Jmb hm{ OmVm h°, gwIm, ÒWmn[V nH$`{ J`{& dV©_mZ _{ß _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß 38 nObm ]¢H$ (50 nObm{ß) _{ß H$m`©aV h°& AH$mb, AnVd•nÓQ> Edß A›` ^m°Jm{nbH$ nd[nŒm`m{ß H{$ gmW hr ZH$br ^y-]ßYH$ ]¢nH$J H$m ‡gma dmÒVd _{ß ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam JnR>V ImX, ]rO, O°gr _mZdr` Ï`dÒWmE± X{Ìm H$r H•$nf AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ J´m_rU gmI gd}jU gn_nV (1954) H{$ ‡nVd{XZ H{$ nH´$`m›d`Z g{ ‡maß^ Mm°[Q> H$a ahr h°& BZ [nanÒWnV`m{ß _{ß h_ma{ ndH$mg H$X_m{ß H$m{ AmYma H°$g{ n_bVm& hm{Vm h°& gn_nV _{ß ‡W_ –ÓQ>`m EH$ AbJ XrKm©dnY ghH$mar gmI T>mßMH$r 1951 g{ hr h_ H•$nf ndH$mg H$r nXÌmm _{ß H$X_ ]∂T>m ah{ h°& b{nH$Z AmO ^r h_ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m{ [hMmZm Am°a ‡À`{H$ am¡` _{ß ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]¢H$ H{$ JR>Z H$r H•$nf CÀ[mXm{ß H$r d•n” _{ß ghm`H$ ngßMmB© H{$ [`m©· gmYZ, CﬁV ImX Edß ]rO, An^ÒVmdZm H$r& gn_nV Z{ ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]°H$m{ß ¤mam _mÃ F$U nd_m{MZ h{Vw gmI AmYwnZH$ H•$nf C[H$aU Edß H•$nf H$m`© h{Vw d°kmnZH$ ndnY`m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H{$ gmW hr C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ [a CÀ[mX ‡MnbV h{Vw ndnZ`m{OZ gmI C[b„Y A›` H•$nf gß]ßYr H$m`m} h{Vw nH$gmZm{ß H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ XrK©H$mbrZ ndŒm H$r [ynV© b˙` H$amZ{ H$r AZwÌmßgm H$r& Bgr g_` [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AmnW©H$ AZwgma gßÒWmJV Í$[ g{ Zht H$a [m`{ h°& nZ`m{OZ AmZ{ g{ ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]¢H$m{ß H$r F$U ndVaU gß^mdZm`{ß H$m∞\$r [nadnV©V Bgr nXÌmm _{ß EH$ ‡`mg ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam df© 1929 g{ ^yn_ ndH$mg hwB© Am°a B›h{ß CÀ[mXr ‡`m{OZ h{Vw XrKm©dnY ndnZ`m{OZ gmI C[b„Y H$amZ{ ]¢H$ (dmÒVndH$ ÒWm[Zm ) dV©_mZ am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg H$m H$m`© gm¢[m J`m& Bgr nXÌmm _{ß _‹`‡X{Ìm H$m{ Am∞[a{nQ>Ïh b°S> _mJ}O ]¢H$ ]¢H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ nH$`m Om ahm h°& Bg ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm nH$gmZm{ß H$m{ _hmOZm{ß Edß AnYnZ`_ 1937 _{ß gßÌmm{YZ H$aH{$ H•$fH$ g_mO Am°a C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r IwÌmhmbr gmhwH$mam{ß H{$ ßMßJwb g{ _w∫$ H$amZ{ H{$ gmW hr CZH$m{ ^yn_ gwYma, ngMmB© gßgmYZ _{ß d•n” H$aZ{ h{Vw ^yn_ ndH$mg ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ 19ÌÌ ‡^mdÌmrb hwAm& df© Edß H•$nf ghm`H$ AmdÌ`H$ Edß AmYwnZH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm h{Vw XrK©H$mbrZ 19Ì9 _{ß 14 Ï`m[mnaH$ ]¢H$m{ß H{$ amÓQ≠>r`H$aU H{$ [yd© H•$nf H{$ nbE XrKm©dnY gmI ndŒm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ nbE H$r JB© Wr& C[b„Y H$amZ{ h{Vw ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]¢H$ EH$ _mÃ gßÒWmJV Ûm{VÏ`dÒWm Wr& H•$nf _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß ^yn_ ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß ndH$mg ñ 1 ZdÂ]a [wZnd©Œm nZJ_ 19Ì2, H•$nf [wZnd©Œm Edß ndH$mg nZJ_ 1978 Edß AßVV: H•$nf 195Ì H$m{ Z`{ _‹`‡X{Ìm JR>Z H{$ g_` `⁄n[ ‡X{Ìm _{ß _hmH$m°Ìmb j{Ã _{ß Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ (Zm]mS©>) 1982 H{$ JR>Z H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ `m{OZm›VJ©V XrK©H$mbrZ H•$nf gmI H$r Ï`dÒWm Wr, [a›Vw CgH$m ÒdÍ$[ AmO O°gm Zht F$U [a AnYH$ Om{a nX`m J`m& Zm]mS©> ¤mam ]¢H$ H$m{ß ndŒmr` gßgmYZ C[b„Y Wm& gZ≤ 1935 _{ß grµ[rµ ES> ]ama _{ß Om{ ghH$mar ^yn_ ]ßYH$ ]¢H$ ]Z{ W{, CZ_{ß g{ H$am`{ OmV{ h°& XrKm©dnY ghH$mar gmI ∂T>m±Mm A] Z H{$db H•$nf g{ gß]ßnYV ng\©$ am_[wa, O]b[ya, nZangßh[ya, Am°a IS>dm hr A[Zm AnÒVÀd ]ZmE± aI{ ndnZ`m{OZ gmI C[b„Y H$am ahm h° daZ≤ H•$nf g{ gß]ßnYV ghm`H$ ‡`m{OZ W{& _hmH$m°Ìmb j{Ã _{ß BZ 4 ]¢H$m{ß H{$ AnVna∫$ 12 H{$›–r` ghH$mar ]°H$m{ß H{$ O°g{ [ew[mbZ, _wJr©[mbZ, _N>br[mbZ, ^{∂S> [mbZ AmnX A›` CX{X≤Ì`m{ß h{Vw _m‹`_ g{ XrK©H$mbrZ F$U ndVnaV hm{ ahm Wm, [a›Vw XrK©H$mbrZ gmI H{$ nbE ^r H•$fH$m{ß H$r Am` ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw F$U C[b„Y H$am ahm h° Am°a AnYH$ ndndYrH$aU AbJ g{ am¡` ÒVar` ]¢H$ Zht Wm& am¡` ghH$mar ]¢H$ A[Zr XrK©H$mbrZ H•$nf H$r nXÌmm _{ß ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam J°a H•$nf F$U ndVaU H$r ewÍ$AmV df© 1987-88 _{ß H$r gmI H{$ ¤mam Bg H$m`© H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aVm Wm& Z`{ _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß ndb` hm{Z{ dmb{ JB© nOg_{ß J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß J´m_rU XÒVH$ma, Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J, bKw C⁄m{J emn_b h°& A›` j{Ãm{ß _‹`^maV, nd‹`‡X{Ìm, ^m{[mb VWm ngam{ßO _{ß XrK©H$mbrZ F$U H$r ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg h{Vw gßÒWmJV gmI H$r * gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb` Edß ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, g{›Ydm ** ghm.‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, oZdmbr ***ghm.‡m‹`m[H$ (agm`Z) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, oZdmbr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 66

Ï`dÒWm H{$ [wZarjU h{Vw JnR>V gn_nV (nÌmdam_ gn_nV 1981) ¤mam `h ndH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE g_m· hm{ JB© `m ]¢H$ ¤mam A[Zr ÒWm[Zm H$m b˙` ‡m· CÑ{I nH$`m J`m nH$ ^yn_ ndH$mg ]¢H$ gX°d _mÃ ^yn_ [a AmYmnaV F$U H$a nb`m? Zht$, ∑`m{ßnH$ AmO ^r nH$gmZ dJ© H$m EH$ ]S>m ^mJ ]¢H$ H$r Am{a ‡Umbr bmJy Zht aI gH$V{, O] VH$ J°a ^yn_ [a AmYmnaV F$U ndVaU ‡maß^ XrK©H$mbrZ ndŒm H$r [ynV© h{Vw `mMH$ X•nÓQ> g{ß X{I ahm h°& bß{nH$Z ]¢H$ BZ F$U _mßJm{ß Zht H$aV{ Edß C›h{ß A] J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ ]ZZm hm{Jm& Bgr H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ AÒdrH$ma H$a ahr h°& BgH{$ [rN{> ‡_wI H$maU emgZ H$r ZrnV`m∞ h° nO›hm{ßZ{ ]¢H$ ndY{`H$ H´$_mßH$ 221999 _‹`‡X{Ìm amO[Ã AgmYmaUnXZmßH$ 0Ì OwbmB©, H$m{ß [ßJw ]Zm nX`m h°& Zm]mS©> ¤mam ]¢H$ H$m{ b˙`mZwgma dgybr Zht H$aZ{ [a F$U 1999 [•ÓR> gßª`m 1015-101Ì(25) bm`m J`m nOg{ AnYnZ`_ H´$_mßH$ ndVaU h{Vw ndŒmr` gßgmYZ C[b„Y Zhr H$am`{ OmV{ h°& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ F$U 202000 H{$ Í$[ _{ß amÓQ≠>[nV H$r 5 OwbmB©, 2000 H$m{ ÒdrH•$nV n_bZ{ [a H$mZyZ ndVaU Z hm{Z{ g{ ]¢H$ Edß nH$gmZm{ß H{$ _‹` nddmX ]T>V{ Om ah{ h¢& ]Z J`m Am°a Bg{ am¡` gaH$ma Z{ AnYgyMZm ¤mam ‡d•ŒmnH$`m& Bg ‡H$ma _‹`‡X{Ìm Bg gß]ßY _{ß ]¢H$ H$m VH©$ h¢ nH$ nH$gmZ g_` [a F$U ^wJVmZ Zht H$aV{ ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ 1999 ]Z J`m& Bgr H{$ VhV O]nH$ nH$gmZ ZH$br ]rO , ImX, XdmB© Edß ‡H•$nV H{$ ‡H$m{[ g{ e{f ]Mr 2 A∑Qy>]a, 1999 H$m{ ^yn_ ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$m Zm_ nObm ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU \$gb H$m{ Xbmbm{ß , _‹`ÒWmß{ Edß gmhwH$mam{ß H{$ MßJwb g{ Zht ]Mm [m ah{ h° Am°a Hw$N> ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$a nX`m J`m& `h g^r nObm{ß _{ß H$m`©aV h° Om{ A[Zr bJ^J 3Ì0 ]MVm h° Vm{ dh gm_mnOH$ [aÂ[amAm{ß H$r ^ß{Q> M∂T> OmVm h¢& nH$gmZ n\$a Hß$Jmb hr emImAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ am¡` _{ß XrK©H$mbrZ H•$nf ghH$mar gmI C[b„Y H$am ahr h°& ah OmVm h° Om{ A[Z{ [nadma H$r AmYma^yV AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [ynV© Z H$a [mZ{ _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$r nÒWnVñ Am°a gßÒWmJV VWm AgßÒWmJV F$Um{ß H$m{ Z MwH$m [mZ{ H{$ H$maU A[_mnZV hm{H$a _‹`‡X{Ìm H$r [wªVm [hMmZ H$m AmYma H•$nf j{Ã H$r XrK©H$mbrZ ndŒmr` AmÀ_hÀ`m O°gr ÃmgXr H$m{ Jb{ bJm ah{ h¢ & AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [ynV© H$m ‡`mg am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ ∑`m h_ AmO BVZ{ H$_Om{a Am°a ÒdmWr© hm{ JE h¢ nH$ h_ma{ H$U©Yma ¤mam am¡` _{ß 38 nObm ]°H$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gßMmnbV bJ^J 3Ì0 emImAm{ß H{$ nH$gmZ H$m{ _mZH$ OrdZ ÒVa ‡XmZ Zht H$a gH$V{ O]H$r _{hZV Am°a À`mJ gh`m{J g{ nH$`m Om ahm h°& 31, A∑Qy>]a 2000 H$m{ nd^mOZ H{$ [yd© am¡` _{ß 45 Vm{ oH$gmZ H$m hr h°& `h h_ nH$g nXÌmm _{ß Om ah{ h¢ ? ∑`m h_ma{ OrdZ _{ß Xmb nObm ]¢H$ H$m`©aV≤ W{ nH$›Vw dV©_mZ _{ß 38 nObm ]¢H$ hr 50 nObm{ß _{ß ndŒmr` am{Q>r H$r H$m{B© Ahn_`V Zhr h°& BZ gdmbm{ß H$m{ gnX`m{ß g{ [wN>m Om ahm h¢ b{nH$Z g_mYmZ h{Vw gßMmnbV h°& `hm± `h ]mV ‹`mZ X{Z{ `m{Ω` h° nH$ ]¢H$ ‡ÌmmgZ ¤mam Odm] OmZV{ hwE ^r g^r nOÂ_{Xma AZwŒmnaV h°& "O] OmJm{ß V] gd{am' e„Xm{ß H$m{ß df© 1998 Edß ]mX _{ß nZn_©V nObm{ß _{ß nObm _wª`mb` [a gßMmnbV emImAm{ß ‡`m{J _{ß bm`m Omd{ Vm{ H•$nf Edß nH$gmZ ndH$mg H$m ‡`mg AmO g{ hr ‡maß^ nH$`m H$m{, nObm ]¢H$ Km{nfV Zht nH$`m h° daZ≤ emIm Í$[ _{ß hr _mZm h°& Bgr H$maU Om gH$Vm h¢ Om{ h_ma{ AfiXmVm Edß h_ma{ ^ndÓ` H$m{ gwanjV Edß gwIr H$a{Jm& dV©_mZ _{ß _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß ]∂S>dmZr, Ì`m{[wa, H$Q>Zr, nS>S>m{ar, C_na`m, haXm, Zr_M, gwPmd ñ emgZ ¤mam Bgr nXÌmm _{ß ^yn_ Edß nH$gmZ ndH$mg H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ ÒWmn[V ]wahmZ[wa, AÌmm{H$ZJa, AZy[[wa, AbramO[wa Edß ngßJam°br nObm _wª`mb` _‹` ‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$m{ nH$gmZm{ H$m{ [wZ: [a H$m`©aV≤ ]¢H$ emIm Í$[ _{ß hr H$m`© H$a ahr h¢& _‹`‡X{Ìm _{ß 10 gß^mJm{ß _{ß XrK©H$mbrZ ndŒm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ nbE gj_ ]ZmE OmZ{ H$m ‡`mg AnVÌmrK´ gßMmnbV nObm ]¢H$m{ß H$r nÒWnV H$m{ AmJ{ Ò[ÓQ> nH$`m Om ahm h°& nH$`m OmZm MmnhE nOgg{ H$r nH$gmZ A[Zr AmnW©H$ Edßß gm_mnOH$ nÒWßnV _{ß VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 gwYma H$aZ{ H{$ gmW hr X{Ìm H{$ ndH$mg _{ß A[Zr Ztd _O]yV H$a gH{$ & ]¢H$ H$m{ [wZ: H´$. gß^mJ nObm ]¢H$ gj_ ]ZmZ{ß h{Vw Hw$N> gwPmdm{ß H$m{ß ‡`m{J _{ß bm`m Om gH$Vm h¢ Om{ AJńbnIV h°- 1µ MÂ]b n^S>, _wa°Zm l AmnW©H$ g_Ò`mAm{ßnd[fiVmAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw emgZ ¤mam ]¢H$ H$m{ß EH$ 2µ Ωdmnbà Ωdmnbà, JwZm, XnV`m, nÌmd[war ßndŒmr` [°H{$O nX`m OmZm MmnhE& 3µ C¡O°Z C¡O°Z, X{dmg, emOm[wa, aVbm_, _ßXgm°a l emgZ ¤mam j{Ã _{ß nH$gmZm{ß H$r dmÒVndH$ CÀ[mXZ Edß Am` nÒWnV H{$ 4µ BßXm°a BßXm°a, IS>dm, IaJm{Z, Pm]wAm, Yma AZwgma hr ]¢H$ H$r dgybr amnÌm nZYm©naV H$r OmZr MmnhE VmnH$ nH$gmZ 5. ^m{[mb ^m{[mb, nghm{a, am`g{Z, ndnXÌmm, amOJ∂T> Cg nH$ÌV H$m{ AmgmZr g{ MwH$m gH{$ Am°a ]¢H$ Edß Òd`ß H{$ ndH$mg _{ 6µ Z_©Xm[wa_ ]°Vwb, hm{ÌmßJm]mX `m{JXmZ X{ gH{${& 7µ gmJa gmJa, X_m{h, [fim, N>Va[wa, Q>rH$_J∂T> l ]¢H$ H$m{ [yU© ]¢H$ H$m XOm© nX`m OmZm MmnhE VmnH$ ]¢H$ ]°nHß$J g{dmE∞ 8µ O]b[ya O]b[ya, ]mbmKmQ>, Zangßh[wa, ngdZr, C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ gmW hr j{nÃ` ndH$mg _{ß ]MV Edß ndnZ`m{J H$r nN>›Xdm∂S>m, _S>bm ‡m{ÀgmnhV H$a gH{$ß & 9µ ardm ardm, gVZm, grYr l emgZ,Zm]mS©> Edß ]¢H$ ‡ÌmmgZ ¤mam A[Z{ nZ`_H$mZyZ _{ß g_m`m{OZ 10µ ehS>m{b ehS>m{b H$aV{ hwE ]¢H$ H{$ gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ Xm{fm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ Edß ]¢H$ H{$ g^r ÒVam{ß [a Ûm{V :- _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$, ^m{[mb& AmdÌ`H$ AnYH$ma Edß AmnW©H$, AmYwnZH$ Edß _mZdr` gßgmYZ C[b„Y C[`w©∫$ VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° nH$ O]b[ya gß^mJ _{ß g]g{ H$amZm MmnhE VmnH$ ]¢H$ H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· nH$`m Om gH{$ & AnYH$ Ì nObm ]¢H$ H$m`©aV≤ h°& O]nH$ g]g{ H$_ ehS>m{b gß^mJ _{ß _mÃ 01 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- nObm ]¢H$ H$m`©aV h°& AV: ‡ÌmmgZ ¤mam j{nÃ` nÒWnV, H•$nf OZgßª`m Edß 1µ _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ 1966 _m∞J AZwgma nObm ]¢H$m{ß Edß emImAm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mE± OmZ{ H$m ‡`mg nH$`m OmZm Edß 1999 MmnhE& 2µ ndH$mg nd^mJ, _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$, oZÓH$f© ñ ]¢H$ ¤mam nH$E JE XrK©H$mbrZ ndnZ`m{J H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md ^m{[mb& am¡` _{ß AmgmZr g{ AZw^d nH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& nH$gmZm{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß d•n¤ 3µ S>m∞µamY{Ì`m_ n¤d{Xr, H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ & H{$ gmW CZH$m AmnW©H$ Edß gm_mnOH$ ndH$mg Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ß nXImB© X{Vm h°& `h 4µ S>m∞µ]rµEgµ _mWwa, ghH$mnaVm: X{Ìm-ndX{Ìm & H$hZm AnVÌ`m{n∫$ Z hm{Jr H$r ]¢H$ Z{ _µ‡µ _{ß H•$nf Edß nH$gmZm{ß H$m{ [wªVm [hMmZ 5µ Zm]mS©> , J´m_rU ndH$mg [nÃH$m & nXbmZ{ _{ß gmW©©H$ Edß _hÀd[yU© ^yn_H$m nZ^mB© h°& b{nH$Z ∑`m _‹`‡X{Ìm _ß{ H•$nf 6µ AmaµS>rµ g∑g{Zm, _µ‡µ ghH$mar gm{gm`Q>r nZdm©MZ ndnY nZX}nÌmH$m & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 67

H•$of odH$mg Edß [`m©daUr` gm_ßOÒ` H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[:Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß

S>m∞. Eg.H{$. C‡{ob`m * ‡ÒVmdZm - OZgßª`m d•o’, Am°⁄m{JrH$aU, ZJar`H$aU Ed H•$of odH$mg _{ß H$m{ COmJa H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h° oOgg{ OZ OmJ•oV bmH$a H•$of- hm{ ah{ Vrd´ odÒVma H{$ H$maU ^yo_ C[`m{J, Ob Edß dZÒ[oV [a Xdm] ]∂T>Vm [`m©aU H$r gß_[m{ofV AdYmaUm H$m{ _O]yV oH$`m Om gH{$ & Om ahm h° & dZ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ AßYmYwßY odXm{hZ H{$ \$bÒdÈ[ _•Xm A[aXZ H{$ Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H$r OZgßª`m gZ≤ 1951 g{ 2011 H$maU AoYH$moYH$ ^yo_ ]ßOa ^yo_ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{{Vr Om ahr h°& ZJam{ß Edß df©©© OZgßª`m OZgßª`m H$r d•o’% Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oVÓR>mZm{ß g{ oZH$bZ{ dmb{ _bOb H{$ Vmbm]m{ß, Prbm{ß Edß ZoX`m{ß _{ß 1951 334951 1.22 odg©OZ H{$ H$maU YamVbr` Ob H$m ‡XyfU BVZm AoYH$ ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h° oH$ 1961 412406 21.66 H$B© ÒWmZm{ß [a Ob Z H{$db [rZ{ H{$ ob`{ AZw[`w∫$ h°, daZ≤ ogßMmB© Edß [fwAm{ß H{$ 1971 519290 25.91 C[`m{J H{$ ob`{ ^r hmoZH$maH$ hm{ J`m h° & ^maV _{ß [`m©daU AdZ`Z H{$ H$maUm{ß 1981 650445 25.25 _{ß Vrd´ JoV g{ ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H$m{ g]g{ _wª` H$maU _mZm OmVm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ 1991 785496 20.76 oZa›Va ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H{$ H$maU X{e H{$ gro_V ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß [a X]md 2001 957646 21.92 ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h° & dmÒVd _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ odÒVma , ZJarH$aU, H•$of _{ß odÒVma 2011 1091854 14.04 VWm odH$mg , `mVm`mV VWm gßMma H{$ gmYZm{ß _{ß d•o¤ AmoX OZgßª`m d•o¤ H{$ Úm{V -Zaogßh[wa oObm gmßoª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 1999 Edß 2009 [naUm_ h¢ & _mZd g_wXm` H$m{ ^wI_ar Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmAm{ß g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ ob`{ C[am{∫$ gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gZ≤ 1951 H$r VwbZm _{ß gZ≤ 2011 H$r d°kmoZH$ VH$ZrH$m{ß Edß CfiV ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m odH$mg H$aZm [∂S>m h° [naUm_ OZgßª`m _{ß bJ^J VrZ JwZm d•o’ [nabojV hm{Vr h° & ÒdÈ[ OZgßª`m _{ß d•o¤ Xa H$r A[{jm ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ odXm{hZ H$r Xa oZaßVa ]∂T>Vr hwB© OZgßª`m H$r CXa [yoV© H{$ ob`{ Im⁄mfim{ß H$r _mßJ (gro_V ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h° oOg H$maU H$B© H$r_Vr VWm AZdrH$aU dmb{ gßgmYZm{ß H$m H•$of ^yo_ H{$ A›VJ©V) oZaßVa ]∂T> ahr h° oOgH$r [yoV© H{$ obE H•$of odH$mg H{$ Am^md hm{Vm Om ahm h° & ob`{ AZ{H$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ h¢ O°g{- A‹``Z j{Ã- X{e H{$ ˆX` ÒWb _‹`‡X{e H{$ XojU _‹` _{ß Zaogßh[wa ^yo_ C[`m{J _{ß [nadV©Z (O°g{- dZ odZme ) H$aH{$ H•$of ^yo_ _{ß odÒVma -H•$of oObm [w` gobbm Z_©Xm H{$ H$N>ma _ß{ß 22040"CŒmar Ajmße g{ 23015"CŒmar CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H{$ ob`{ oH$`{ J`{ gVV≤ ‡`mg H{$ A›VJ©V gZ≤ 1994-95 g{ Ajmße VWm 78038"[ydr© X{emße g{ 79038" [ydr© X{emße H{$ ]rM H$H©$ a{Im H{$ H•$of ^yo_ _{ß ^mar odÒVma hywAm h° & CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ VmobH$m _{ß 136207 h°∑Q{>. XojUr ^mJ _{ß A[Zr oÒWoV aIVm h°, oOb{ H$m Hw$b j∂{\$\$b 5133 dJ© ^mJ H$m{ dZ H{$ A›VJ©V oXIm`m J`m h° Om{ dmÒVodH$Vm g{ ]hwV Xya h° & gZ≤ oH$_r0 h° & gZ≤ 2011 H$r OZJUZm H{$ AZwgma oOb{ _{ß 1091854 bm{J 1994-95 g{ b{H$a gZ≤ 2008- 2009 VH$ H•$of ^yo_ _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h° oZdmg H$aV{ h¢ oOg_{ß 568810 [wÈf VWm 523044 _ohbm`{ß gÂ_obV h¢ & oOgH$r [yoV© dZm{ß H{$ odZme ¤mam hr hwB© h° & oZÂZ VmobH$m _{ß ^yo_ C[`m{J Z_©Xm ZXr Bg oOb{ H{$ ]rMmß{-]rM [yd© g{ [oÌM_ oXem _{ß ‡dmohV hm{{Vr h° & `hmß gßdßYr Vœ`m{ß H$m{ COmJa oH$`m J`m h° & H$r Obdm`w CÓU H$oQ>dßYr` _mZgyZr h° oOg_{ß _hm¤r[r` Obdm`w H$m ‡À`j Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß ^yo_ C[`m{J gZ≤1994-95 g{ 2008-09 (VmobH$m ‡^md oXIbm`r [∂S>Vm h° oOg_{ß erVH$mb gm_m›` Rß>S>m VWm J´rÓ_ H$mb _ß{ß _B© [r{N{> X{I|> ) OyZ H{$ _hrZ{ AÀòYH$ J_© hm{V{ h¢ & dfm© F$Vw _{ß XojU [oÌM_ _mZgyZm{ß g{ ogßoMV j∂{Ã VWm ogßMmB© gmYZm{ß _{ß d•o’ H$aH{$- H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ h{Vw bJ^J 120 g{0_r0 dfm© hm{Vr h° & ‡emgH$r` —oÓQ> g{ `h oObm [mßM Vhgrbm{ß H•$of ^yo_ _{ß odÒVma H{$ gmW-gmW ogßMmB© H{$ gmYZm{ß Edß ogßoMV ^yo_ _{ß ^r Edß N>: odH$mg IS>m{ß _{ß od^moOV h° & gÂ[yU© oOb{ _{ß H$mbr o_≈>r H$m odÒVma oZa›Va d•o’ hwB© h° & BgH{$ A›VJ©V ogßMmB© H{$ [aÂ[amJV gmYZm{ß H{$ ÒWmZ [a [m`m OmVm h° & ZoX`m{ß H$r KmoQ>`m{ß _{ß [rbr H$mß[ o_≈>r [m`r OmVr h° & H•$of H{$ ob`{ Zham{ß H{$ odH$mg [a AÀòYH$ Om{a oX`m J`m h° & Zham{ß ¤mam AoZ`ßoÃV ogßMmB© C[`w∫$ o_≈r Edß ogßMmB© H$r gwodYm H{$ H$maU H•$of H$aZm `hmß H{$ oZdmog`m{ß H$m H{$ H$maU ^yo_ _{ß jmar`H$aU VWm AÂbr`H$aU H$r g_Ò`m CÀ[fi hwB© h° oOgg{ _wª` Ï`dgm` h°& H•$of VWm H•$of AmYmnaV C⁄m{J `hmß H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m odÒV•V ]ßOa ^yo_ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{ ahr h° & ‡_wI AmYma h° ß& `hmß Im⁄mfi \$gbm{ß H$r I{Vr ‡_wIVm g{ H$r OmVr h° BgH{$ H•$of agm`Zm{ß (amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$, H$rQ> VWm O°d ZmeH$) H{$ C[`m{J AoVna∫$ odo^fi Ï`dgmo`H$ \$gbm{ß H{$ j∂{Ã\$b _{ß ^r AÀòYH$ d•o’ H$r _{ß d•o’ -H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ amgmòZH$ ‡d•oŒm [nabojV hm{Vr h° & Cd©aH$m{ß VWm \$gbm{ß H$m{ am{Jm{ß Edß H$rQ>m{ß g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$rQ> ZmeH$m{ H{$ ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß oOb{ H$r OZgßª`m _{ß hm{ ahr V´rd d•o’ H{$ \$bÒdÈ[ CÀ[mXZ VWm C[`m{J _{ß d•o’ hwB© h° oOg H$maU EH$ Am{a ^yo_JV Ob _{ß BZH$r bm{Jm{ß H$r Im⁄mfi AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H{$ ob`{ H•$of j{Ã _{ß oH$`{ J`{ odo^fi gm›–Vm ]∂T>r h° Vm{ Xygar Am{a BZH{$ oZa›Va AÀ`moYH$ C[`m{J H{$ H$maU o_≈>r AmYwoZH$ H•$of odH$mg gß]ßYr ‡`mgm{ß H$m Obdm`w XemAm{ß _{ß gß^modV ‡^mdm{ß H$r Cd©aH$Vm [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md [∂S>m h° & oZÂZ VmobH$m _{ß amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H{$

*ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 68

C[`m{J gßdßYr AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m{ Xem©`m J`m h° & H$m{ COmJa H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h° oOgg{ H•$of odH$mg H{$ gmW -gmW AmßH$∂S>m{{ H$m Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV OZ OmJ•oV bm`r OmH$a [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r g_Ò`m H$m{ amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H{$ ‡`m{J _{ß oZa›Va d•o¤ hwB© h° oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ H•$of oZ`ß∂oÃV oH$`m Om gH{$ & CÀ[mX _{ß JwUmÀ_H$ d•o’ hwB© oH$›Vw amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H{$ AoZ`ßoÃV C[`m{J H{$ H$maU ^yo_JV Ob _{ß BZH$r gm›–Vm ]∂T> ahr h° \$bÒdÈ[ ^yo_JV Ob gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ‡XyofV hm{ ahm h° oOg H$maU Ob OoZV odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r ]r_mna`m{ß H$m ‡H$m{[ 1. oObm JO{oQ>à Zaogßh[wa ]∂T> ahm h° & H•$of odH$mg ¤mam ^b{ hr Im⁄mfi g_Ò`m g{ _wo∫$ o_b J`r h° , 2. oObm gmßoª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 1999 Edß 2009 [a›Vw Bgg{ H$B© ^`mdh [`m©daUr` g_Ò`m`{ß CÀ[fi hm{ J`t h¢& `h gÀ` h° oH$ 3. [`m©daU ^yJm{b- god›– ogßh ‡`mJ [wÒVH$ ^dZ Bbmhm]mX- ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H$r ^yI o_Q>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ H•$of j{Ã _{ß odH$mg H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h° 2004 [a›Vw `h ^r ‹`mZ X{{Z{ß `m{Ω` h° oH$ Bg odH$mg H{$ MbV{ [`m©daUr` g_Ò`m Bg 4. [`m©daU ^yJm{b-hare Hw$_ma IÃr-2012 gr_m VH$ Z ]∂T> Om`{ oH$ _mZd H$m AoÒVÀd hr IVa{ _{ß [∂S> Om`{ & ‡ÒVwV em{Y 5. [`m©daU A‹``Z Edß ‡dYZ S>m∞.bm{H{$e lrdmÒVdemaXm [wÒVH$ ^dZ [Ã _{ Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H•$of odH$mg H{$ \$bÒdÈ[ [`m©daU _{ß hm{ ah{ [nadV©Zm{ß Bbmhm]mX-2012

Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß ^yo_ C[`m{J gZ•1994-95 g{ 2008-09 df© ^m°Jm{obH$ j{Ã dZ j{Ã H•$of H{$ ob`{ Om{ A›` AH•$Ó` ^yo_ H•$of `m{Ω` ^yo_ [∂S>Vr ^yo_ oZam ]m{`m ^yo_ C[b„Y oOg_{ß [∂S>Vr ^yo_ J`m j{Ã Zht h° emo_b Zht h° 1994-95 513651 136207 23636 23869 10294 12200 374172 1995-96 513651 136207 23957 23869 10317 10947 394548 1996-97 513651 136207 24038 23869 10609 11138 402344 1997-98 513651 136207 24055 28706 10609 10827 409210 2006-07 513651 136207 25712 28615 14622 9238 388415 2007-08 513651 136207 25712 28511 14622 9043 388361 2008-09 513651 136207 25712 28607 14622 9043 388361 Úm{V -Zaogßh[wa oObm gmßoª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 1999 Edß 2009 Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß ogßMmB© H{$ odo^fi gmYZ VWm ogßoMV j{Ã gZ≤ 1994-95 g{ 2008-09(og{oMV j{Ã h{∑Q{>0 _{ß ) df© Zham{ß ¤mam ZbHy$[ ¤mam Hw$Am{ß ¤mam A›` gmYZm{ß g_ÒV Úm{Vm{ß g{ ew’ ogßoMV j{Ã ogßoMV j{Ã ogßoMV j{Ã ogoMV j{Ã. ¤mam ogoMßV j{Ã Hw$b ogoMV j{Ã H$m ew’ ]m{`{ j{Ã g{ ‡oVeV 1994-95 2124 36101 83284 11492 133075 34.95 1995-96 2404 42309 86474 10718 141905 35.34 1996-97 2046 53234 76059 10798 145200 35.32 1997-98 2230 60736 74930 15299 153195 36.81 2006-07 1095 77210 92766 7350 178489 57 2007-08 1095 77413 92975 7357 178503 57 2008-09 1095 77413 92975 7378 185110 57 Úm{V -Zaogßh[wa oObm gmßoª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 1999 Edß 2009 CfiV H•$of H{$ A›VJ©V j{Ã Edß _mÃm df© CfiV ]rO amgmòZH$ Im⁄ [m°Y gßajU Vab Xdm ]rOm{[Mma j{Ã _mÃm j{Ã _mÃm j{Ã _mÃm j{Ã _mÃm j{Ã _mÃm (oπ$.) (oπ$.) (oπ$.) (oπ$.) (oπ$.) 2006-07 11850 9134 39900 37459 31710 785 6120 4610 8250 23.15 2007-08 11973 9212 39819 38212 31978 798 6378 4795 8378 24.11 2008-09 11895 9245 39975 38307 31995 793 6452 4799 8382 24.23 Úm{V -Zaogßh[wa oObm gmßoª`H$r` [woÒVH$m 1999 Edß 2009 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 69

nObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©nXV IaJm{Z H{$ H$m{f nZnY ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r Vœ`mÀ_H$ g_rjm

S>m∞. gwZrb _m{a{ * ‡ÒVmdZm - IaJm{Z oObm ^maV X{e H{$ _‹`‡X{e am¡` H{$ XojUr ‡oVeV `m Cgg{ AoYH$ Om{ ^r naOd© ]¢H$ oZYm©naV H$a{ß, ZH$X È[ _{ß [oÌM_r gr_m [a oÒWV h°& [oÌM_r oZ_m∂S> H{$ Vm°a [a OmZm OmZ{ dmb{ Bg aIZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& oOb{ H{$ CŒma _{ß Yma, BßXm°a d X{dmg XojU _{ß _hmamÓQ≠>, [yd© _{ß I∂S>dm, VmobH$m H´$. 01 ]wahmZ[wa VWm [oÌM_ _{ß ]∂S>dmZr h°& Z_©XmKmQ>r H{$ bJ^J _‹` ^mJ _{ß oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r aojV oZoY oÒWV Bg oOb{ H{$ CŒma _{ß odß‹`mMb VWm XojU _{ß gV[w∂S>m [d©V l{oU`mß H´$. df© aojV oZoY (amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) h°& 1. 2005 328.54 oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z [oÌM_ oZ_m∂S> H{$ 2. 2006 474.00 IaJm{Z d ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ß H{$ A›VJ©V H$m`©aV≤ h°& IaJm{Z oOb{ß _{ß 9 3. 2007 622.95 odH$mgI∂S> VWm 9 Vhgrb h°& AmoXdmgr ]mhwÎ` oObm IaJm{Z _{ß oObm 4. 2008 667.93 ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV IaJm{Z 16 oXgÂ]a 1949 H$m{ [ßOrH•$V hwB© 5. 2009 728.11 Wr& dV©_mZ _{ß ]¢H$ H$r Hw$b 66 emImE{ß VWm 9 odÒVma emImE{ß H$m`©aV≤ h°& 6. 2010 836.19 naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m AoYoZ`_ H$r gßem{oYV Ymam 42 H{$ AZwgma 7. 2011 988.25 am¡` ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ AZwgyoMV ]¢H$m{ß H$r l{Ur ‡XmZ H$r JB© h¢& A] BZ 8. 2012 1,189.74 ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ d{ g^r gwodYm`{ß Edß bm^ ‡m· hm{ gH{$ßJ{ Om{ AZwgyoMV ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z ‡m· hm{V{ h¢& BZ gwodYmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma A] am¡` ghH$mar ]¢H$ ÒWmZr`, C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar ‡›`mgm{ß VWm e°joUH$ gßÒWmAm{ß g{ oZj{[ ‡m· H$a gH{$ßJ{ VWm gaH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r aojV oZoY _{ß gZ≤ 2005 H$r VwbZm _{ß R{>H$m H$m`m~ H{$ obE ]¢H$ ‡À`m^yoV `m{OZm AYrZ CZH{$ ¤mam gaH$mar gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 1073.73 bmI È. (326.82 ‡oVeV) H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& od^mJm{ß H$m{ Xr JB© Jma›Q>r _m›` hm{Jr& AZwgyoMV ]¢H$m{ß H$r l{Ur _{ß Am VmobH$m H´$. 02 OmZ{ [a A] am¡` ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ Hw$b Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m 3 ‡oVeV oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r H•$of gmI ^mJ amoe-‡{fU `m{OZm H{$ AYrZ naOd© ]¢H$ H{$ [mg O_m H$amZm hm{Jm, ÒWm`rH$aU oZoY O]oH$ [hb{ BZH$m{ A[Z{ _m±J Edß AdoY Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m H´$_e: 2.5 ‡oVeV H´$. df© H•$of gmI ÒWm`rH$aU Am°a 1 ‡oVeV O_m H$amZm hm{Vm Wm& Hw$b Xmo`Àdm{ß H$r JUZm H$aV{ g_` oZoY(amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) am¡` gaH$ma Edß go_oV`m{ß g{ ‡m· gßM` H$m{f H$r amoe H$m{ goÂ_obV Zht 1. 2005 219.52 oH$`m Om`{Jm& Ymam 18 H{$ AZwgma g^r ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ naOd© ]¢H$ g{ 2. 2006 313.38 CXma eVm~ [a F$U gwodYmE± ‡m· hm{ßJr& 3. 2007 407.75 naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam oZYm©naV H$m{f oZoY H{$ ‡mdYmZ- 4. 2008 493.74 l ZH$X H$m{f Ï`dÒWm - Ymam 44 H{$ AZwgma ‡À`{H$ ghH$mar gmI 5. 2009 475.85 gßÒWm H$m{ Òd`ß H{$ [mg `m naOd© ]¢H$ H{$ [mg Mmby ImV{ _{ß `m H{$›–r` 6. 2010 540.69 gaH$ma ¤mam Zm_mßoH$V ]¢H$ H{$ [mg A[Zr Hw$b O_mAm{ß H$m 15 ‡oVeV `m 7. 2011 631.93 Cgg{ AoYH$ Om{ ^r naOd© ]¢H$ oZYm©naV H$a{, ZH$X È[ _{ß aIZm hm{Jm& 8. 2012 752.83 ghH$mar gmI gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ ‡À`{H$ Xyga{ _mh H$r 15 VmarI VH$ Edß oddaUr 9. 2013 880.34 naOd© ]¢H$ H$m{ ^{OZr hm{Jr, oOg_{ß _mh H{$ ‡À`{H$ ewH´$dma H{$ oXZ _m±J Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z VWm gmdoY O_m amoe H$m CÑ{I hm{Jm& l Vab gÂ[oŒm - ]¢oHß$J (oZ`_Z) AoYoZ`_ _{ß ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß Bg VmobH$m H{$ A‹``Z g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar g{ gÂ]o›YV gßem{YZ bmJy H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ `h Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h° oH$ H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r H•$of gmI ÒWm`rH$aU oZoY _{ß gZ≤ naOd© ]¢H$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma aIr JB© ZH$X amoe (15 2005 H$r VwbZm _{ß gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 660.82 bmI È. (301.02 ‡oVeV) ‡oVeV) H{$ AoVna∫$ BZ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ [mg Hw$b O_mAm{ß H{$ 30 H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢&

*od^mJm‹`j (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, AßO∂S> (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 70

VmobH$m H´$. 03 VmobH$m H´$. 05 oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r ^dZ oZoY oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r gßoXΩY Sy>]V H´$. df© ^dZ oZoY (amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) „`mO H$m{f 1. 2005 118.88 H´$. df© gßoXΩY Sy>]V „`mO H$m{f 2. 2006 118.88 (amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) 3. 2007 138.88 1. 2005 1,267.35 4. 2008 155.18 2. 2006 1,267.35 5. 2009 185.46 3. 2007 1,267.35 6. 2010 230.18 4. 2008 1,741.43 7. 2011 273.88 5. 2009 3,143.74 8. 2012 273.88 6. 2010 3,143.74 9. 2013 308.88 7. 2011 3,318.74 8. 2012 4,469.43 Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z 9. 2013 4,469.43 Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r ^dZ oZoY _{ß gZ≤ 2005 H$r VwbZm _{ß H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r gßoXΩY Sy>]V „`mO H$m{f _{ß gZ≤ 2005 gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 190 bmI È. (159.82 ‡oVeV) H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& H$r VwbZm _{ß gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 3202.08 bmI È. (252.65 ‡oVeV) H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& VmobH$m H´$. 04 VmobH$m H´$. 06 oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r gßoXΩY Sy>]V oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r A›` oZoY`mß F$U H$m{f H´$. df© A›` oZoY`mß H´$. df© gßoXΩY Sy>]V F$U H$m{f (amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) (amoe bmIm{ß _{ß) 1. 2005 633.37 1. 2005 1189.88 2. 2006 1178.90 2. 2006 1,597.39 3. 2007 1,598.16 3. 2007 2,247.39 4. 2008 2,099.72 4. 2008 2,897.39 5. 2009 2,582.49 5. 2009 3,247.39 6. 2010 3,041.64 6. 2010 3,417.39 7. 2011 3,701.29 7. 2011 3,542.55 8. 2012 3,619.57 8. 2012 3,542.55 9. 2013 5,555.70 9. 2013 4,041.11 Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar Ûm{V: oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r A›` oZoY`mß _{ß gZ≤ 2005 H$r VwbZm _{ß gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 4922.33 bmI È. (777.16 ‡oVeV) H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oObm ghH$mar gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z H$r gßoXΩY Sy>]V F$U H$m{f _{ß gZ≤ 2005 1. _‹`‡X{e gßX^© 2012 : _.‡. OZgß[H©$ H$m ‡H$meZ, ]mUJßJm, H$r VwbZm _{ß gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 2851.23 bmI È. (239.62 ‡oVeV) H$r ^m{[mb d•o’ hwB© h¢& 2. AJ´dmb, _mWwa, Jw·m : ghH$mar oM›VZ Edß J´m_rU odH$mg, a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{ß, O`[wa 3. oObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, IaJm{Z [woÒVH$m 4. odoH$[roS>`m EH$ _w∫$ kmZH$m{f Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 71

Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H$m X{dmg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg [a ‡^md Edß gß^mdZmE±

S>m∞. b˙_rZmamÙ e_m© * S>m∞. _h{e e_m© ** ‡ÒVmdZm -BoVhmg _mZd g‰`Vm H{$ KQ>ZmH´$_ H$m b{Im h°& AX≤^wV Bg H$Â[Zr H$m Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ H$m 2.24 ‡oVeV odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m J`m KQ>ZmE± KQ>r oOZH$r [yU© `WmW©Vm ‡_oUV hm{Zm A] gß^d Zht, ^maV H{$ VWm Hw$b am{OJa H$m 3.27 ‡oVeV am{OJma C[b„Y H$adm`m J`m Bgr ˆX`-ÒWb _mbdm _{ß AZ{H$ E{oVhmogH$ CWb-[wWb hwE, ^yJm{b Vm{ dhr Vah X{dmg oOb{ _{ß gd}ojV AdoY _{ß Q>mB©Îg Edß ogZ{Q>ar d{`g© H$r ^r 03 ahm, b{oH$Z BoVhmg ]Xbm& ‡moMZ ]gmhQ>m{ß _{ß Amoœm©H$ Edß Am°⁄m{oJH$ ÒH$›Y H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB© h°& BZ H$Â[oZ`m{ß _{ß 64.03 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$m odH$mg Z{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© h°& odoZ`m{OZ VWm 2878 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma C[b„Y H$adm`m J`m h° Bg gZ≤ 1991 H$m{ ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam Km{ofV Eb.[r.Or. (CXmarH$aU, C⁄m{J _{ß Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ H$m 13.14 ‡oVeV h° VW Hw$b C[b„Y am{OJma ZroOH$aU Edß d°ÌdrH$aU) H$r ZroV Z{ X{dmg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ H$m 11.05 ‡oVeV h°& Bgr ‡H$ma X{dmg oOb{ _{ß gd}ojV AdoY _{ß ogJa{Q> Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m h°, Bg oOb{ H$m{ gZ≤ 1972 g{ H{$›– o\$ÎQ>a, bm{hm, Am°fYr Edß [dZ D$Om© CÀ[mX g{ gß]ßoYV 04 gß`w∫$ ÒH$›Y Edß am¡` gaH$ma Z{ ìAí l{Ur H$m o[N>∂S>m oObm Km{ofV oH$`m h° VWm gZ≤ ‡_S>bm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h° BZ H$Â[oZ`m{ß _{ß 33.37 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m 1991 H$r Eb.[r.Or. ZroV Z{ Bg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ odoZ`m{OZ VWm 3689 bm{Jm{ß H{$ am{OJa C[b„Y H$adm`m J`m h° Om{ Hw$b odH$mg H$m{ Am°a JoV Xr h° Om{ oZÂZ VobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° :- odoZ`m{Z H$m 6.85 ‡oVeV VWm Hw$b C[b„Y am{OJma H$m 14.17 ‡oVeV (VmobH$m-[rN{> X{>I|> ) h°& C[`w©∫$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Eb.[r.Or. ZroV g{ 2013 VH$ X{dmg VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ Eb.[r.Or.ZroV H{$ [ÌMmV≤ X{dmg oOb{ oOb{ _{ß odo^fi 07 C⁄m{J g_yh _{ß Hw$b 487.56 H$am{∂S> H$m odoZ`m{OZ _{ß gßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß 37 gß`w∫$ ÒH$›Y ‡_S>bm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB,© Bg_{ß g{ H$`m J`m VWm BZ_{ß bJ^J 26010 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡XmZ H$`m J`m gdm©oYH$ 10 ÒH$›Y ‡_S>b gm{`m V{b Edß gm{`m CÀ[mX g{ gß]ßoYV h°, h°& gm{`m C⁄m{J g_yh _{ß Hw$b 202.36 H$am{∂S> H$m odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m J`m VW em{Y oZÓH$f© - C[`w©∫$ A‹``Z g{ oZÂZ em{Y oZÓH$f© ‡m· hm{V{ h°:- Bg C⁄m{J g_yh Z{ 8998 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma C[b„Y H$adm`m h°, Bg 1. Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H$m X{dmg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ C⁄m{J g_yh _ß{ 2013 VH$ Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ H$m 41.05 ‡oVeV ^mJ odH$mg [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md hwAm h°& odoZ`m{oOV oH$`m J`m VWm Hw$b am{OJma H$m 34.59 ‡oVeV am{OJma 2. Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H{$ [ÌMmV≤ X{dmg oOb{ H{$ gßJoR>V j°Ã _{ß gdm©oYH$ C[b„Y H$am`m J`m, Om{ gdm©oYH$ h°& BßoOoZ`naßJ C⁄m{J g_yh _{ß Hw$b 8 10 H$Â[o`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h° ∑`m{ßoH$ _mbdm j{Ã _{ß gdm©oYH$ g`w∫$ Ò]ß›Y ‡_S>bm{ _{ß 81.25 H$am{S> Í$[`{ H$m odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m J`m _mÃm _{ß gm{`m]rZ H$m CÀ[mXZ oH$`m OmVm h°& VWm 2584 bm{Jm{ H$m{ am{OJma C[b„Y H$am`m J`m, Bg C⁄m{J g_yh _ß{ 3. gd}ojV AdoY _{ß X{dmg oOb{ _{ß g^r Vah H{$ C⁄m{J g_yh H$m odH$mg 2013 VH$ H{$ Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ H$m 16.66 ‡oVeV odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m hwAm h°& J`m VWm Hw$b am{OJma H$m 9.23 ‡oVeV am{OJma C[b„Y H$am`m J`m, 4. gd}ojV AdoY _{ß odo^fi C⁄m{J g_yhm{ß _{ß 487.56 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m Bgr ‡H$ma gd{o©jV AdoY _{ X{dmg oOb{ _{ gyVr o_olV VWm D$Zr H$[S>m odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m J`m Om{ gaH$ma H$r Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H$r g\$bVm C⁄m{J H$r 09 H$Â[oZ`mß ^r ÒWmo[V H$r JB©& Bg C⁄m{J g_wh _{ Hw$b H$m AßJ h°& odoZ`m{OZ H$m 74.68 H$am{S> Í$[`{ VWm 5161 bm{Jm{ H$m{ am{OJma C[b„Y 5. gd{}ojV AdoY _{ß Bg j{Ã _{ß Hw$b 26010 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma C[b„Y H$adm`m h°{ß, Om{ Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ H$m 15.32 ‡oVeV VWm Hw$b am{OJma H$m H$adm`m J`m h°, Om{ gaH$ma H$r ]{am{OJmar [a oZ`ßÃU H$aZ{ H$r 19.84‡oVeV h°& Bgr ‡H$ma X{dmg oOb{ _{ß 1991 g{ 2013 H{$ _‹` ZroV H$r g\$bVm H$m ⁄m{VH$ h°& M_S>m Edß M_S{> H{$ gm_mZ CÀ[mX H$r 02 H$Â[oZ`m± ÒWmo[V H$r JB©, oOZ_ß{ 6. X{dmg oOb{ _{ß Am°⁄mo{JH$ AmYma^yV gwodYmAm{ß H$r [`m©·Vm Zht h°& bJ^J 20.94 H$am{S> Í$[`{ H$m odoZ`m{OZ oH$`m J`m Om{ Hw$b odoZ`m{OZ òX gaH$ma BZ [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ZroV oH´$`mo›dV H$aVr h° Vm{ ôdÓ` H$m 4.29 ‡oVeV h¢, VWm BZ H$Â[oZ`m{ _{ß 1859 bm{Jm{ H$m{ am{OJma _{ß Am°⁄{oJH$ odH$mg Am°a V{O JoV g{ hm{ gH$Vm h°& C[b„Y H$am`m J`m h°, Om{ Hw$b am{OJma H$m H$m 7.15 ‡oVeV ‡oVeV h¢, AV: Eb.[r.Or. ZroV H{$ [ÌMmV≤ X{dmg Ob{ H{$ gßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß X{dmg oOb{ _|{ Bg AdoY _{ß EH$ agm`Z C⁄m{J H$r ^r ÒWm[Zm 10.93 Am°⁄{oJH$ odH$mg H$r JoV gßVm{fOZH$ ahr h°& gaH$ma H$m{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ H$am{S> H$r [yßOr g{ H$r JB© oOg_{ß bJ^J 850 bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hwAm& odH$mg h{Vw Am{a gH$amÀ_H$ ZroV A[ZmZm MmohE, oOgg{ ‡X{e Edß X{e * AoVoW od¤mZ, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa _mbdm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** fl´mm‹`m[H$ (dmo¡`) emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 72

H{$ g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß gßJoR>V Edß AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ odo^ﬁ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odH$mg 2. _.‡. ÒdU© O`ßoV 2011 X{dmg oOb{ _{ß C⁄m{Jm{ H$r gß^mdZm Edß oH$`m Om gH{$& gwodYmE±& 3. X{dmg oObm gmßoª`H$r [oÃH$m, ‡H$meH$ oObm gmßoª`H$r AoYH$mar, gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- X{dmg& 1. Establishment of Labour in M.P. 2014 Publish by Labour 4. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– X{dmg g{ ‡m· ‡oVd{XZ& Commission, Bhopal 5. X{dmg oObm Egm{ogEeZ Am∞\$ B›S>ÒQ≠>rO g{ ‡m· ‡oVd{XZ&

VmobH$m

H´$ oddaU BH$mB©`m{ß H$r gßª`m odoZ`m{OZ C[b„Y am{OJma am{OJma ‡oVeV amoe(H$am{∂S> [´oVeV Í$[`{ _{ß) 1. gm{`m V{b Edß gm{`m CÀ[mX 10 202.36 41.50 8998 34.59 2. BßOroZ`naßJ 08 81.25 16.66 2584 9.93 3. ÒmyVr, o_olV Edß D$Zr H$[∂S>m 09 74.68 15.32 5161 19.84 4. M_∂S>m Edß M_∂S{> H$m gm_mZ 02 20.94 4.29 1859 7.15 5. agm`Z 01 10.93 2.24 850 3.27 6. Q>mB©Îg Edß g{Z{Q>ar 03 64.03 13.14 2878 11.05 7. ogJa{Q> o\$ÎQ>a, bm{hm, Am°fYr Edß 04 33.37 6.85 3689 14.17 [dZ D$Om© `m{J 37 487.56 100 26010 100

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 73

^maVr` H•$of j{Ã - oÒWoV Edß gÂ^mdZmE±

S>m∞.g[Zm gm{Zr *

em{Y gmamße ñ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H•$of j{Ã H{$ `m{JXmZ Am°⁄m{oJH$ Edß g{dm j{Ã H$r VwbZm _{ß [nadoV©V oXImB© X{Vm h°, Om{ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r CﬁV AdÒWm H$m{ Xem©Vm h°& oH$›Vw ]hwgßª`H$ H$m`©erb OZgßª`m H$m H•$of j{Ã _{ß gßbæ hm{Z{ g{ Am` odVaU H$m{ gßVwobV H$aZ{ h{Vw gh H•$of j{Ã H{$ odH$mg Edß H•$of [XmWm} H{$ oZ`m©V H$r _hŒmr AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&

‡ÒVmdZm - d•hX H•$of j{Ã X{e _{ß ‡mWo_H$ j{Ã H$r ar∂T> h°& X{e H$r Hw$b gh]’ j{Ã H$r Am°gV dmof©H$ d•o’ b˙` 4 ‡oVeV H{$ odÍ$’ 3.6 l_eo∫$ H$m bJ^J 58.2 ‡oVeV ^mJ, H•$of Edß H•$of gÂ]’ j{Ãm{ß g{ hr ‡oVeV H$r ahr& `h C[bo„Y o[N>br `m{OZm H$r VwbZm _{ß [`m©· g{ AoYH$ A[Zm OrdH$m{[mO©Z H$a ahm h°& H•$of j{Ã H$r d•o’ Xa X{e, H{$ gH$b ahr h°& `h b˙` oH$gmZm{ß H$r ghm`Vm, Im⁄ ‡]›YZ h{Vw C[`w∫$ Edß Ka{bw-CÀ[mX (‡mWo_H$ j{Ã) _{ß BgH{$ `m{JXmZ H$m{ oZYm©naV H$aVr h°& gm_o`H$ ZroVJV hÒVj{[m{ß, _mZgyZ gÂ]›Yr [yd© ôdÓ`dmoU`m{ß H$r X{e H{$ gH$b Ka{bw-CÀ[mX _{ß Mmby _yÎ`mß{ [a H•$of j{Ã H$m `m{JXmZ 2004- odÌdgZr`Vm _{ß gwYma H$r oXem _{ß _hÀd[yU© [hbm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hmogb 05 _{ß 19 ‡oVeV, 2005 _{ß 18.3 ‡oVeV, 2006-07 _{ß 17.4 ‡oVeV, hm{ [m`m h°& 2007-08 _{ß 16.8 ‡oVeV, 2008-09 _{ß 15.8 ‡oVeV, 2009-10 ]hwodoY \$gb, C[O _{ß gwYma VWm \$gbm{ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß [nadV©Z _{ß 14.7 ‡oVeV, 2010-11 _{ß 14.5 ‡oVeV, 2011-12 _{ß 14.00 XrKm©doY H{$ obE CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$r g\$bVm H$m ahÒ` h°& odJV N>: ‡oVeV, 2012-13 _{ß 13.8 ‡oVeV ahm h°& AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H•$of j{Ã H$m XeH$m{ß _{ß ‡_wI H•$of \$gbm{ß H$r C[O H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{er` ÒVa [a g_J´ Í$[ KQ>Vm ‡oVeV ‡mWo_H$ j{Ã g{ o¤Vr`H$ (Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã) Edß V•Vr`H$ g{ AoYH$ d•o’ X{IZ{ _{ß AmB© h°& Om{ AJ´ VmobH$m H´$. 01 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°& j{Ã (g{dm j{Ã) H{$ ]XbV{ hwE `m{JXmZ H$m{ Xem©Vm h°& odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 _{ß H•$of j{Ã (‡mWo_H$ j{Ã) H$m KQ>Vm Í$PmZ Òdm^modH$ h° oH$›Vw Bg j{Ã VmobH$m H´$. 01 odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ J{hw±, Mmdb, ¡dma, ]mOam, _{ß ]hwgßª`H$ H$m`©erb OZgßª`m H$m gßbæ hm{Zm Am`-odVaU H$r —oÓQ> _∏$m AmoX _m{Q{> AZmOm{ß H$r C[O _{ß _wßJ\$br, gagm{, gm{`m]rZ, Mm`, g{ oM›VZr` h°& H$m\$r H$r A[{jmH•$V H$_ d•o’ XO© hwB© h°& O]oH$ AIm⁄mfi \$gbm{ß H$m∞Q>Z, am{OJma H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{e _{ß H•$of j{Ã g{ Z H{$db 52 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß H$m{ OyQ> _{ß AÀòYH$ d•o’ [abojV oXImB© X{Vr h°& `⁄o[ C[O H{$ ÒVam{ß H{$ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ am{OJma o_bm hwAm h° O]oH$ 6.2 ‡oVeV bm{J H•$of ‡XmWm} d•o’ (]mX H$r AdoY`m{ß _{ß (1991-92 g{ 2011-12) [`m©· gßVwobV H{$ Ï`m[ma, [nadhZ, ‡gßÒH$aU AmoX _{ß bJH$a A[Zr AmOrodH$m H$_mV{ hm{ JB© h°&) OZgßª`m H$r odH$mg Xa H$m{ X{IV{ hwE Im⁄ H$r _mßJ _{ß ]T>m{Œmar h°& H•$of j{Ã, am{OJma-gO•Z H$m ‡_wI gmYZ h° bJ^J 115.5 o_ob`Z EH$ Òdm^modH$ ghdVr© oH´$`m h°, BgH{$ ]mdOyX Am`-ÒVam{ß _{ß ]Xbmd Edß H•$fH$ [nadmam{ß H$r AmOrodH$m H$m _m‹`_ h°& `⁄o[ X{e _{ß 1951 _{ß H$m`©H$mar bm{Jm{ß H$r ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß Z{ ^r odo^fi Im⁄-CÀ[mXmß{ _{ß d•o’ H$m{ gÂ^d OZgßª`m 69.5 ‡oVeV H$m`©H$mar OZgßª`m H•$of j{Ã H{$ bJr hwB© Wr, ]Zm`m h°& `hr Zht H•$of gh]’ CÀ[mX, _wª`V: \$b go„O`m{ß, XwΩY, Om{ 1991 d 2011 _{ß KQ>H$a H´$_e: 66.9 ‡oVeV VWm 58.2 ‡oVeV _mßg, AS>m, _N>br O°g{ Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ Edß C[^m{J _{ß ^r A[{ojV H•$of OZgßª`m H$r Bg j{Ã [a oZ^©a h°& oH$›Vw X{e H$r OZgßª`m _{ß V{Or g{ d•o’ [abojV XO© hwB© h¢& Bg ghm`H$ j{Ã H$m CÀH•$ÓQ> ôdÓ` VWm AVrV ahm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H•$of _{ß bJr hwB© dmÒVodH$ OZgßª`m _{ß ]hwV ]∂T>m{Œmar hwB© h°& h°& `h I{oVha _OXyam{ß, bKw Edß gr_m›V oH$gmZm{ß O°g{ Xy]©b dJm} H$r Am` O]oH$ H•$of _{ß ‡`w∫$ ^yo_ _{ß H$m{B© ode{f d•o’ [nabojV Zht hwB© h°& ]∂T>m{Œmar _{ß ghm`H$ og’ hm{ ahm h°& X{e _{ß [ewYZ _mobH$m{ß H$r oZÂZ AHw$eb H•$of _OXyam{ß H$r H•$of j{Ã [a oZ^©aVm g{ Ohm± EH$ Am{a gr_m›V AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H{$ H$maU AoYH$mße [ewAm{ß H$m [mbZ-[m{fU AZwHy$bV_ CÀ[mXH$Vm _{ß H$_r AmB© h°, dht Xygar Am{a AÎ[ am{OJma, N>Ÿ ]{am{OJmar oÒWoV`m{ß _{ß Zht hm{ [mVm h°& BZ H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^maV odÌd H$m O°gr g_Ò`mE{ß ^r [°Xm hm{ JB©& Om{ X{e H$r ]{amOJmar _{ß oXZ-‡oVoXZ gdm©oYH$ XyΩY CÀ[fi H$aZ{ dmbm X{e h°& d•o’ H$a ahr h°& N>Ÿ ]{amOJmar H$r Bg g_Ò`m± H$m{ H•$of ghm`H$-j{Ã, Mm` CÀ[mXZ _{ß ^r ^maV, odÌd _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>m CÀ[mXH$ Edß C[^m{∫$m O°g{ [ew[mbZ, XyΩY C⁄m{J, D$Z-C⁄m{J, a{Ìm_-C⁄m{J, _Yw_ªIr-[mbZ, X{e h°& H$m\$r CÀ[mXZ _{ß ^maV H$m N>Q>m ÒWmZ h° VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ a]a _{ß Hw$∏$wQ>-[mbZ, _ÀÒ`[mbZ, gm_moOH$ dmoZH$r AmoX H$m g_woMV odH$mg Mm°Wm ÒWmZ ‡m· h°& Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg H$r —oÓQ> g{ H•$of H$m ode{f _hÀd H$a ]{am{OJmar H$m{ H$_ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& h°& AZ{H$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ H•$of j{Ã g{ hr H$Ém _mb o_bVm h°, gmW hr AZ{H$ 9 dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß H•$of odH$mg Xa H$r Am°gV dmof©H$r 2.5 Am°⁄m{oJH$ dÒVwAm{ß (H•$of C[H$aU, Q°>∑Q>a, Cd©aH$, H$rQ>ZmeH$) H$m H•$of ‡oVeV, VWm 10 dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß 2.4 ‡oVeV Wr, oH$›Vw H•$of H{$ j{Ã _{ß C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°, oOgg{ CÀ[mXH$Vm _{ß d•o’ gÂ^d hm{ [mVr ]{hVa ‡mdYmZ H{$ H$maU 11 dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß H•$of H•$of VWm h°& oH$›Vw dV©_mZ _{ß H•$of ^yo_ H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ Edß Amdgr` C[^m{J _{ß d•o’ * ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (dmoU¡`) ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 74 hm{Z{ g{ Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ _{ß g_Ò`m [wZ: CÀ[fi hm{V{ oXImB© X{Z{ bJr h°& AV: [a odo^fi \$gbm{ß H{$ ‡_moUV JwUdŒmm ]rO C[b„Y H$amZm h°& Bg H•$of ^yo_ H{$ C[`m{J [nadV©Z H$m{ ‡oV]o›YV oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& H$m`©H´$_ H{$ VhV 2005-06 H{$ 140.5 bmI oπ$ßQ>b g{ ]∂T>H$a 2012- ^maV H{$ oZ`m©Vm{ß _{ß ^r H•$of j{Ã H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ h°& H•$of 13 _{ß 328.6 bmI oπ$ßQ>Z ‡gßÒH$aU ‡_moUV ]rOm{ß H$r C[b„YVm H$amB© [XmWm} H{$ oZ`m©V g{ X{e, ]hw_yÎ` odX{er _w–m H$m AO©Z H$aVm h°& H•$of Edß JB© h°& [ydm}Va am¡`m{ß H{$ [d©Vr` XyaXamO H{$ j{Ãm{ß H{$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ g_` [a gÂ]’ [XmWm} H{$ oZ`m©Vm{ß _{ß _wª`V: Mm`, H$m\$r, J{hw±, VÂ]mHw$, _gmb{, gÒV{ ]rOm{ß H$r C[b„YVm H{$ gmW go„gS>r ^r Xr Om ahr h°& H•$of H$m`m} _{ß H$mOy, ZQ>, Ibr, \$b, go„O`m{ß, g_w–r CÀ[mXm{ß Edß H$[mg, MrZr gßgmoYV C[`w∫$ _erZrH$aU A[ZmZ{ g{, CÀ[mXZ Am°a H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm _{ß d•o’ Im⁄, [m∞ÎQ>ar Edß S{>àr CÀ[mX emo_b h°&gZ≤≤ 1995-96 _{ß X{e H{$ gH$b 10-15 ‡oVeV, \$gb Vrd´Vm _{ß 5-20 ‡oVeV, ]rO _{ß ‡^mdr ]MV oZ`m©V _{ß H•$of H$r ohÒg{Xmar 19.2 ‡oVeV, 2002-03 _{ß 12.8 ‡oVeV, 15-20 ‡oVeV, Cd©aH$ Am°a agm`Z _{ß 15 g{ 20 ‡oVeV VH$ VWm g_` 2005-06 _{ß 10.2 ‡oVeV Edß 2011-12 _{ß 10 ‡oVeV H{$ bJ^J h°& Am°a l_ H$m{ 20 g{ 30 ‡oVeV ]Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& AoYH$mße j{Ãm{ß _{ß odÌd _{ß ^maV XyY, XbhZ, OyQ> H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß ‡W_ ÒWmZ [a Am°a Mmdb, H•$of Om{Vm{ß H{$ AmH$ma N>m{Q{> Edß gr_m›V hm{Z{ g{ H•$of _erZar H$m ‡`m{J J{hw±, _yßJ\$br, go„O`m{ß \$bm{ Edß H$[mg CÀ[mXZ _{ß Xwga{ ÒWmZ [a VWm gro_V AdÒWm h°& BgH{$ obE hmB©Q{>H$ _erZar ]¢H$m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm h{Vw H$X_ _gmbm{ß, am{[U \$gbm{ß, [ewYZ, _moÀÒ`H$r VWm Hw$Hy$Q> [mbZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß CR>m`{ OmZ{ A[{ojV h°& H•$of j{Ãm{ß H{$ o]Obr H$r C[b„YVm ^r 1975- AJÚr CÀ[mXZH$Vm© h°& oZ`m©V H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡oVeV H{$ AmYma [a H•$of j{Ã 79 H$r 48 oH$bm{dmQ> ‡oV h°∑Q>a H$r VwbZm _{ß 2011-12 _{ß 1073 H$m `m{JXmZ KQ>m h°& oH$›Vw _mÃmÀ_H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r —oÓQ> g{ H•$of oZ`m©V _{ß d•o’ oH$bm{dmQ> ‡oV h°∑Q>a [mB© JB© h° Am°a Bg_{ß 2015 VH$ 2 oH$bm{dmQ> ‡oV hwB© h°& Om{ ôdÓ` _{ß ^r H•$of oZ`m©V H{$ _hÀd _{ß d•o’ ‡XmZ H$a{Jm& h{∑Q>a C[b„Y H$am`{ OmZ{ H$m b˙` oZYm©naV h°, oH$›Vw AZ{H$ XwaXamO BZ H•$of [XmWm} H$m oZ`m©V, X{e H$r Ï`m[mnaH$ ZroV, Im⁄ gwajm j{Ãm{ß _{ß 24 K›Q>m{ß H$r o]Obr H$r C[b„YVm gwoZoÌMV oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r H$m gwoZoÌM` VWm Ka{bw C[b„YVm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a oH$gmZm{ß H$r Am` AmdÌ`H$Vm A[{ojV h°& ]∂T>mZ{ Edß oZ`m©V ]mOmam{ß H{$ oZ_m©U gÂ]›Yr C‘{Ì`m{ß g{ emogV ahVm h°& X{e H{$ odo^fi H•$of ^mJm{ß _{ß ogßMmB© ‡Umob`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z H{$ obE ogVÂ]a 2011 g{ gaH$ma Z{ J{hw±, ]mg_Vr Mmdb, VWm H$[mg H$m{ _w∫$ JoR>V naO©d ]¢H$ H$r go_oV na[m}Q> H$a{ßgr ES> \$mBZ{ßg 2001-02 H{$ gm_m›` bmB©g{ßg H{$ A›VJ©V aIm h°& ^maV odÌd _{ß, H•$of CÀ[mXm{ß H{$ 15 AZwgma odo^fi am¡`mß{ VWm odo^fi \$gbm{ß H{$ ]rM ogMmßB© H$r C[b„YVm AJÚr oZ`m©VH$m{ß _{ß g{ h°& odÌd Ï`m[ma gßJR>Z ¤mam ‡H$moeV A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _{ß ]hwV ¡`mXm A›Va h°& [ßOm] _{ß 97.8 ‡oVeV H•$of j{Ã _{ß ogßMmB© Ï`m[ma gmßoª`H$r 2011 H{$ AZwgma ^maV H{$ H•$of oZ`m©V 23.2 o_ob`Z gwodYmE{ß C[b„Y h°, dhm± _hmamÓQ≠> _{ß H{$db 18.1 ‡oVeV H•$of j{Ã [a A_arH$r S>mba h° VWm ^maV H$m H•$of Am`mV 17.5 odbr`Z A_arH$r ogMmßB© gwodYmE± C[b„Y Wr& odo^fi \$gbm{ß H{$ _‹` J{hw± _{ß 88 ‡oVeV S>mba h°& ^maV odÌd _{ß Im⁄ V{b H{$ ]∂S{> CÀ[mXZH$Vm©Am{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h° o\$a ^r j{Ã [a Vm{ Mmdb _{ß 50.2 ‡oVeV j{Ã Xmbm{ß _{ß H{$db 14.4 ‡oVeV [Mmg ‡oVeV Ka{bw OÍ$aV H$m{ Am`mV g{ [yam oH$`m OmVm h°& oOg_{ß H´$wS> oVbhZm{ß _{ß 22.7 ‡oVeV ^mJ [a ogßMmB© gwodYm C[b„Y ahr h°& oH$›Vw [m_ Am`b (gr.[r.Am{.) VWm Ama]rS>r [m`m{brZ bJ^J 77 ‡oVeV dV©_mZ _{ß Am°a gm{`m]rZ 12 ‡oVeV Am`mV hm{Vm h°& dfm© gßoMV oH$gmZ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm Am°a bm^m{À[mXH$Vm _{ß gwYma H$r X{e _{ß odo^fi H•$of CÀ[mX H$r _mßJ H{$ AZwÍ$[ odo^fi H•$of Obdm`w ghm`Vm H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ Ob gßajU ‡Umob`m{ß H$m odH$mg oH$`m J`m h°& j{Ãm{ß _{ß CJmB© OmZ{ dmbr \$gbm{ß _{ß ^mdr Ka{bw CÀ[mXZ gßdY©Z Aeßem{YZ ogßMmB© H$r XjVm h{Vw gVhr Ob Am°a ^yOb Xm{Zm| hr _m‹`_ g{ _‹`_ H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& VmoH$ H•$of Am`mV _{ß H$_r H$r Om gH{$& oÒWa Ï`m[ma- ogßMmB© `m{OZmAm{ß g{ [`m©· ogßMmB© H$r gß^mdZm g•oOV H$r Om ahr h°& _mM© ZroV, gram Am°a EWZmb O°g{ C[ CÀ[mXm{ß [a _mÃm Edß gßMbZ O°g{ ‡oV]›Y 2011 VH$ Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ VhV 7622.5 hOma h{∑Q>a _{ß ‡_wI/_‹`_/ H$m{ hQ>mZm, OyQ> [°oHß$J H$r AoZdm`©Vm H$m{ g_m· H$aZm, \$gbm{ß H{$ ›`yZV_ bKw ogßMmB© [na`m{OZmAm{ß g{ ogßMmB© gß^mdZm H$m gO•Z oH$`m Om gH$m h°& g_W©Z _yÎ` H$r g_` [a Km{fUm H$aZm, ÒdVßÃ Q°>na\$ ZroV H$m g_` [a (H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ Bg C‘{Ì` H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ h{Vw 1996-97 _{ß ÀdnaV ogßMmB© oZYm©aU, MrZr, Jfim, Im⁄ V{b H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ dÒVw AoYoZ`_ _{ß [yU© bm^ H$m`©H´$_ Amaß^ oH$`m Wm) VWm 31 oXgÂ]a 2012 VH$ 55416 g_` ‡oV]o›YV aIZm, Ka{bw oH$gmZm{ß Edß C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ ohV _{ß hm{Jm H$am{∂S> H$r amoe H{$›–r` F$U ghm`Vm/AZwXmZ H{$ obE amoe Omar H$r Om gmW hr Im⁄ V{bm{ H{$ Q°>na\$ _yÎ` (Om{ 2009 g{ A[nadoV©V ah{ h°) H$m{ ^r MwH$r h°& oOgg{ gw—T> ogßMmB© gÂ^mdZm goO•V Edß C[`m{Jr hwB© h°, Om{ ]mOma ÒVa [a A⁄VZ H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° VmoH$ ]∂T{> hwE Am`mV odo^fi am¡`m{ß H{$ _‹` ogßMmB© A›Va H$m{ H$_ H$a ahr h°& ewÎH$ g{ AoVna∫$ Am`mV amOÒd CÀ[fi hm{ gH{$& dV©_mZ _{ß X{e ÒdX{er CÀ[mXZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ 80 ‡oVeV VH$ A[Zr H•$of C[O _{ß gwYma XrYodoY d•o’, ‡m°⁄m°oJH$r, JwUdŒmm[yU© ]rOm{ß `yna`m AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r [yoV© H$aVm h°& oH$›Vw [m{Q{>ogH$ (K) Am°a \$mÒ\$m{ag H$m C[`m{J, Cd©aH$m{ß, H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß, gw˙_ [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß Am°a ogßMmB© H{$ C[`m{J (P) Cd©aH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m\$r hX VH$ Am`mV [a oZ^©a h°& ZmBQ≠>m{OZ gohV H$B© H$maH$m{ß [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°& BZ_{ß g{ ‡À`{H$ H$m C[O ÒVa [a (N), \$mÒ\$m{ag (P) VWm [m{Q>me (K) H$m dmßoN>V AZw[mV 4:2:1 h° oH$›Vw oZYm©aU Am°a CÀ[mXZ ÒVa ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°& Bg H$∂S>r _{ß H•$of dmÒVodH$Vm _{ß BgH$m C[`m{J 5:2:1 hm{ ahm h° Bgg{ ^yo_ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm \$gbm{ß _{ß ZB© oH$Ò_m{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ VWm oH$gmZm{ß H{$ [a ‡oVHy$b ‡^md [∂S> ahm h°& 2007-08 _{ß `yna`m S>rE[r VWm o_l Cd©aH$ AoYH$mam{ß H$r ajm H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ ^maVr` ]rO H$m`©H´$_ (2005-06) H$r Hw$b I[V 299.22 bmI Q>Z Wr, Om{ 2012-13 _{ß 340.44 bmI bmJy oH$`m J`m h°& oOg_{ß H{$›– Am°a am¡` gaH$mam{ß, ^maVr` H•$of 2005- Q>Z hm{ JB© h°& Bgr ‡H$ma [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$m C[`m{J ^r 116.50 g{ ]∂T>H$a 06 AZwgßYmZ [nafX≤, am¡` H•$of odÌd od⁄mb`m{ß, ]rO ghH$mar go_oV`m{ß 141.30 hm{ J`m h°& Cd©aH$m{ß Edß [m{fH$VÀdm{ß [a 2010 _{ß bmJy go„gS>r Am°a oZOr j{Ãm{ß H$r ^mJrXmar h°& BgH$m C‘{Ì` oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ gÒVr H$r_V `m{OZm H{$ VhV go„gS>r g{ [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$r EH$ oZ`V _mÃm H{$ AmYma [a Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 75

‡Xm` H$r Om ahr h°& ZdÂ]a 2012 H$r oÒWoV H{$ AZwgma oH$gmZ Cd©aH$m{ ]{hVa ]ZZm, \$gbm{ß H$r gyIm-‡oVam{Yr oH$Ò_m{ß H$r I{Vr, Ob C[b„YVm H$r gw[X©Jr bmJV H$m _mÃ 58 g{ 73 ‡oVeV ^wJVmZ H$a ah{ h°, e{f ^mJ H$m odd{H$[yU© C[`m{J, Cd©aH$m{ H{$ g›VwobV C[`m{J, I{V XjVm H{$ ÒVa _{ß go„gS>r H{$ Í$[ H{$ odVaU hm{Z{ g{ gaH$ma H$m{ EH$ ]∂S{> ^ma H$m dhZ H$amZm gwYma, _erZrH$aU VWm VH$ZrH$r ‡`m{J H$m{ ]∂T>mdm, ogßMmB© gwodYmAm{ß [∂S> ahm h°& 2007-08 _{ß odVnaV H$r JB© go„gS>r bJ^J 40000 H$am{∂S> H{$ Ï`m[H$ C[`m{J H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ C[m`, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ]mOmam{ß _{ß ÒWm`r Í$[`{ H$r Wr, Om{ 2011-12 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 76000 H$am{S> Í$[`{ hm{ JB© h°& H•$of aUZroV, _•Xm A[aXZ bdUVm, Ob âmd, H•$of CÀ[mXm{ß H$r OJh Bgg{ H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ hm{ ahr h°& ]ZmZm, Am°a [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H{$ g›VwobV CÀ[mX, AdZV ^yo_ Am°a Ob H•$of-j{Ã _{ß CÉ CÀ[mXZH$mar oH$Ò_m{ß H$m odVaU,_•Xm H$r Cd©aH$Vm gßgmYZm{ß H{$ [wZ©dmgH{$ ]{hVa ‡]›Y, ‡gßÒH$aU doY©V XjVm, H•$of ]Zm`{ aIZ{, CÀ[mXZ H$r —oÓQ> g{ o[N>∂S{> am¡`m{ß H$m{ H•$of Am`m{OZm Ï`` gmßoª`H$r H$m gw—∂T>rH$aU Edß g_` [a C[b„YVm, Hw$eb Im⁄ ^ßS>maU C[b„Y H$amZ{, I{V [a Ob-‡]›YZ, ^ßS>maU, od[UZ, H•$of C[O _yÎ`- Edß od[UZ, _m°g_ AmßH$bZ H$r odÌdZr`Vm O°g{ odo^fi C[m`m{ß H$m{ gßdY©Z \$gb ododoYH$aU, ‡_moUV ]rOm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaU, H•$of AoYH$ [naÓH•$V oH$E OmZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& [m{fU gwajm gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ gßß`ßÃ odVaU, Ia-[VdmaZmer XdmAm{ß H$m odVaU, oÒ‡ßH$b oH$Q> H$m obE Im⁄mfi H$r ‡oV Ïò∫$ C[b„YVm _{ß d•o’ Zht daZ≤ ‡m{Q>rZ-odQ>mo_›g odVaU, ]mJdmZr Edß erK´ ZÓQ> \$gbm{ß H$m H$m{ÎS> M{Z odVaU, \$gb ZÓQ> `w∫$ ‡Mwa _Xm{ß [a ^r Om{a oX`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg h{Vw ]mJdmZr, [a VÀH$mb amhV Edß ]r_m Xmdm{ß H$r joV[yoV©, oH$gmZ H{$oS>Q> H$mS>m} H$m S{>àr Edß H•$of gh]Y j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg [a ^r g_woMV ‹`mZ oX`{ OmZ{ H$r odVaU, ]¢H$ EßS{>S> H´${oS>Q> ob∑S> go„gS>r, S{>àr j{Ã, Hw$Hy$Q> j{Ã [ew[mbZ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& C[am{∫$ BZ Edß A›` gwYmam{ß H{$ gmW ]mahdt [ßMdfr©` odH$mg Edß H•$of oZ`m©V ]∂T>m{Œmar C[m` H$m{ H$a H•$of j{Ã H{$ _yb^yV ∂T>mßM{ H{$ `m{OZm _{ß H•$of Am°a gh]’ j{Ã H{$ obE oZYm©naV 4 ‡oVeV b˙` ]ZmE odH$mg H$m gw—∂T>rH$am, J´{oSß>J Edß _mZH$rH$aU H$a ahr h°& aIZm gÂ^d hm{ gH{$Jm& oH$›Vw X{e H$r bJmVma ]∂T>Vr Am]mXr H$m{ Im⁄ H$r H$∂S>r MwZm°Vr H$m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°& Im⁄mfim{ß H$r ‡oV Ïò∫$ C[b„YVm _{ß oJamdQ> ^r 1. ^maV _{ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß ZroV- o_l Edß [yar oMßVm H$m odf` h°& H•$of AZwg›YmZ [a Ï`m[H$ Ï``, J´m_rU ]woZ`mXr 2. AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2000 g{ 2013 VH$ H{$ g_ÒV AßH$ ∂T>mM{ _{ß ^mar oZd{e, ]mOmam{ß VH$ AoYH$ [hw±M, F$U gwodYmE± H$m{ AoYH$ 3. ^maVr` H•$of _ßÃmb` H$r d{] gmB©S>&

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 H•$of CÀ[mXZ H$r XeH$r` d•o’ (‡oV h°∑Q>a CÀ[mXH$Vm oH$bm{J´m_ _{ß)

\$gb 1954-55 1961-62 1971-72 1981-82 1991-92 2001-02 2011-12 Mmdb 820 1028 1141 1308 1751 2079 2346 J{hw± 803 890 1380 1691 2394 2762 3026 ¡dma, ]mOam, _∏$m 520 519 564 733 778 1131 1574 Xmb{ 500 485 501 483 533 607 649 _wßJ\$br 766 725 823 972 818 1127 1294 gagm{ 425 425 396 541 895 1002 1161 gm{`m]rZ - - 426 741 782 940 1206 Sugarcane 36303 42349 48322 58359 66069 67370 68879 Mm` - - 1182 1461 1800 1670 1879 H$m\$r - - 814 624 805 937 868 H$mQ>Z 100 103 106 152 216 186 491 OwQ> 1021 1104 1032 1130 1662 2007 2285 VÂ]mHy$ 737 842 810 1065 1369 1565 - Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 76

]¢oHß$J Edß odŒm-Ï`yh aMZm Edß 21 dt gXr _{ß ^maVr` ]¢oH$J H{$ g_j MwZm°oV`m±

S>m∞. gmnaH$m o_lm * em{Y gmamße -^maV _{ß ]¢oHß$J H$m BoVhmg ]hwwV [wamZm h°& [a›Vw 21 dt gXr H{$ Bg gm°[mZ [a AmoW©H$ CXmarH$aU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam AW© Ï`dÒWm H$m{ oZòßÃV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ]¢oH$ßJ j{Ã _{ß H$B© ‡H$ma H$r gwodYm`{ß ‡XmZ H$r JB© h° BgH{$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Ï`m[mnaH$ ]°oßHß$J [na—Ì` _{ß H$B© [nadV©Z hwE h°& BZ [nadV©Zm{ß H$m{ ]¢oH$ßJ gwYmam{ß H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h°& oZOr j{Ã H{$ ]¢H$m{ß H{$ AmZ{ H$r dOh g{ ]¢oH$ßJ j{Ã _{ß H$B© MwZm°oV`m Am JB© h°& d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß odX{er ]¢H$m{ H{$ [Xm[©U H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maVr` ]°ßH$m{ H{$ g_j H$B© MwZm°oV`m IS>r hwB© h°& BZ MwZm°oV`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ^maVr` ]¢oH$ßJ C⁄m{J Z{ g_`mZwHw$b aUoZoV`m∞ A[ZmB© h°& _¢ A[Z{ Bg em{Y [Ã H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Hw$N> gwPmd ‡ÒVwV H$a ahr h∞y& Hß$wOr e„X - ^maVr` ]¢H$, ]¢oH$ßJ ‡Umbr, ]¢oH$ßJ ZroV, odoZ`m{J ]¢H$, ^maVr` ]¢oH$ßJ gwYma Am°a ]¢oH$ßJ MwZm°oV`m∞& ‡ÒVmdZm - ]¢H$ EH$ AoV ‡mMrZ Ï`dÒWm h°& ]¢oH$ßJ H$r$ Om{ Ï`dÒWm ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]ßJmb H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm Wm& VÀ[ÌMmV≤ 1840 B©. _{ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ dV©_mZ _{ß h° d°gr [hb{ Zht Wr& A[Zr Bg dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm Edß H$m`©‡Umbr _{ß ]Â]B© VWm 1843 _{ß ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _–mg H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©, ^maVr`m{ß H{$ ‡`mg g{ AmZ{ g{ [hb{ ]¢H$mß{ Z{ EH$ bß]m g_` JwOmam h°& ]¢H$ oH$gr ^r X{e H$r AmoW©H$ 1849 _{ß [ßOm] Z{eZb ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& BZ ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ Zm{Q> oZJ©o_V ‡JoV H$m X[©U hm{V{ h¢& ^maV _{ß AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ ]¢H$ h° Om{ oH$gr Zm oH$gr j{Ã H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· Wm& _{ß odoeÓQ>Vm aIV{ h°& EH$ Am{a X{er ]¢H$a h¢ Vm{ dhr Xygar Am{a Ï`m[mnaH$ ]°H$ ^r V•Vr` H$mb - Bg `wJ _{ß gd©‡W_ 1865 _{ß Bbmhm]mX ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r h°, BZ g] gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ D$[a naOd© ]¢ßH$ h° Om{ X{e H$m H{$›–r` ]¢H$ h°& ^maV _{ß JB©& Bg `wJ _{ß ^maV H$m [hbm ^maVr` ]¢H$ AdY H$m∞_oe©`b ]¢H$ 1881 _{ß ]¢oH$J H$m`© XrK© H$mb g{ oH$`m OmVm ahm h°& `⁄o[ 1990 H{$ ]mX CXmarH$aU ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m& 1901 _{ß [r[wÎg ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& Am°a d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ C[am›V ^maVr` ]¢oH$J ‡Umbr Edß H$m`©odoY`m{ß _{ß Ï`m[H$ 1906 g{ 1913 H{$ ]rM ^maV _{ß 18 ]¢H$ ÒWmo[V oH$`{ J`{ W{& oOg_{ß Hw$N> ]¢H$ [nadV©Z hwE h°& `{ [nadV©Z ^maVr` ]¢oH$J H$m{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© _{ß ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H{$ ob`{ ]›X hm{ MwH{$ h¢ b{oH$Z dV©_mZ _{ß H$m`©aV ]hwV g{ _hÀd[yU© Am°a ‡_wI ]¢H$ Bgr OÈar W{& ∑`m{ßoH$ oH$gr ^r X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m odH$mg Cg X{e H$r ]¢oH$J `wJ H$r X{Z h° O°g{ ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m (1906), ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]∂S>m°Xm (1909), Ï`dÒWm [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°& ^maVr` ]¢oH$J ‡Umbr Z{ Am`{ BZ [nadV©Zm{ß g{ BoS>`Z ]¢H$ (1907), [ßOm] ES> og›Y ]¢H$ (1908), ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _°gya Hw$N> MwZm°oV`m∞ Vm{ IS>r hwB© h° b{oH$Z H$B© MwZm°oV`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ _{ß `h [nadV©Z (1913) `{ g^r ]¢H$ naOd© ]¢H$ H{$ gXÒ` h°& ghm`H$ og’ hwE h°& MVwW© H$mb - Bg `wJ _{ß 1913-17 H{$ ]rM ]¢H$ gßH$Q> H{$ [naUm_ÒdÈ[ ]¢H$ H$m gßoj· BoVhmg - ]¢H$ e„X BQ{>ob`Z ^mfm H{$ e„X Banco g{ ]Zm OZVm H$m ]¢H$m{ß [a odÌdmg H$_ hm{Z{ bJm Wm& Bgr `wJ _{ß ^maV _{ß ]¢oH$J h°, Om{ \${M ^mfm H{$ Bankes g{ ]XbVm hwAm AßJ´{Or ^mfm _{ß Bank hm{ J`m& odH$mg H{$ A›VJ©V ‡{grS{>›gr ]¢H$m{ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& BgH{$ A›VJ©V ]¢H$ ^maV _{ß AmYwoZH$ ]¢oH$ßJ H$m ‡Mma AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ AmZ{ H{$ gmW hr gmW ewÈ hwAm Am∞\$ ]Â]B©, ]¢H$ Am∞\$ _–mg VWm ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$bH$Œmm H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©& BZ ]¢H$m{ß Wm& [a›Vw ^maV _{ß d°oXH$ H$mb, _ZwÒ_•oV VWm _hmH$mÏ` (am_mÙ Edß H$m ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J H{$ odH$mg _{ß ode{f `m{JXmZ ahm h°& df© 1921 _{ß BZ VrZm{ß _hm^maV) H$mb _{ß ]¢oHß$J JoVodoY`m∞ H$m\$r V{O hm{ MwH$r Wr& ^maV H{$ ‡mMrZ ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ o_bmH$a BÂ[rna`b ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& 1930 _{ß AW©emÛr MmU∑` Z{ ^r ‡mMrZ H$mb _{ß dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢H$am{ß H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam JoR>V H{$›–r` ]¢ßoHß$J Om∞M go_oV Z{ X{e _{ß H{$›–r` ]¢H$ H$r ]Vm`m h°, Om{ O_mE{ß ÒdrH$ma H$aZ{, F$U X{Z{ Edß hwS>r oZJ©V H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ ÒWm[Zm VWm EH$ dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢oHß$J H$Â[Zr E∑Q> ]ZmE OmZ{ H$r og\$mnae W{& A‹``Z H$r gwodYm H{$ odMma g{ ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J H{$ ‡maoÂ^H$ BoVhmg H$m{ H$r& VÀ[ÌMmV≤ H{$›–r` ]¢H$ H{$ È[ _{ß df© 1935 _{ß naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m H$r Mma H$mbm{ _{ß ]m∞Q>m Om gH$Vm h°& ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& ÒdV›ÃVm [ÌMmV≤ ]¢H$m{ß H{$ H$m`©, gßJR>Z VWm ZroV`m{ß g{ 1) ‡mMrZH$mb g{ ‡{ogS{>›gr ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm VH$ (1806 B©. VH$) gÂ]o›YV, _hÀd[yU© [nadV©Z oH$E J`{ Bgr H´$_ _{ß \$adar 1949 _{ß ]¢oHß$J 2) ‡{ogS{>›gr ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm AWm©V 1806 g{ 1860 B©. VH$& H$Â[Zr AoYoZ`_ 1949 ]Zm`m J`m& 1962 _{ß BgH$m Zm_ ]XbH$a ]¢oHß$J 3) 1860 B©. g{ 1913 B©. VH$ H$m g_`& oZ`_Z AoYoZ`_ aI oX`m J`m& X{e _{ß ]¢oHß$J Ï`dgm` [a CoMV oZ`›ÃU 4) 1913 B©. g{ 1969 B©. VH$& aIZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ 1955 _{ß gd©‡W_ ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BoS>`m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& ‡W_ H$mb - Bg `wJ _{ß ]¢oHß$J H$m dmÒVodH$ odH$mg 17 dt eVm„Xr _{ß 19 OwbmB© 1969 H$m{ ^maV H{$ 14 ‡_wI dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢H$m{ß H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU H$a o]óQ>e emgZH$mb g{ ‡maÂ^ hwAm, B©ÒQ> BoS>`m H$Â[Zr Z{ A[Zr ]¢oH$J oX`m J`m& oZOr j{Ã _{ß H$m`© H$a ah{ 6 A›` ]¢H$m{ß H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU 15 A‡°b AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maV _{ß Anency Houses H$r ÒWm[Zm 1980 H$m{ H$a oX`m J`m& Bg ‡H$ma amÓQ≠>r`H•$V ]¢H$m{ß H$r gßª`m 20 hm{ JB©& H$r& 1970 B©. _{ß ^maV _{ß [hbm ]¢H$ The Bank of Hindustan ÒWmo[V oH$`m ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr Edß ]¢oHß$J ZroV - ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr H{$ A›VJ©V ]¢H$ T>m∞M{ H{$ J`m& Bg `wJ _{ß ]¢oHß$J H$m H$m`© ‡m`: _hmOZm{ß Am°a gmhyH$mam{ß ¤mam gÂ[fi oH$`m g›X^© _{ß CÎb{I o_bVm h° ]°oHß$J ‡Umbr _{ß ‡_wI H$m`© ]¢H$ H{$ È[ _{ß naOd© ]¢H$ OmVm Wm& Am∞\$ BoS>`m H$m l{ÓR> ÒWmZ h° VWm BgH{$ AoYZÒW ]¢H$ O°g{ g_ÒV amÓQ≠>r`H•$V o¤Vr` H$mb - Bg `wJ H$m ‡maÂ^ 1806 B©. g{ hm{Vm h°& 1806 B©. _{ß B©ÒQ> ]¢H$ Om{ AZwgyoMV Edß J°a AZwgyoMV ]¢H$ H$m{ ^r goÂ_obV oH$`m OmVm h°& BßoS>`m Hß$[Zr H{$ Amkm[Ã H{$ AZwgma ]¢H$ Am∞\$ H$bH$Œmm H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB© oOg{ ‡_wIV: naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, ^maVr` Am°⁄m{oJH$ ]¢H$, ^maVr` oZ`m©V- ** ***AoVoW od¤mZ, AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r oh›Xr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 77

Am`mV ]¢H$, amÓQ≠>r` H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$, Amdmg ]¢H$, Ï`mdgmo`H$ H$aZ{ _{ß H$m\$r H$oR>ZmB© hm{Vr h°& ^maVr` ]¢H$m{ _{ß gh`m{J H$m ]hwV A^md h°& ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ ]¢oH$J ‡Umbr H{$ A›VJ©V goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°& naOd© ]¢H$ Am∞\$ ]hwV g{ ]¢H$ A[Zr A[Zr emImE± CZ ÒWmZm{ß _{ß ^r Im{b X{V{ h¢ Ohm± [a [hb{ g{ BoS>`m C∫$ g_ÒV ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ ÒdÈ[ H{$ AZwgma AÎ[H$mbrZ Edß ]hwV-gr emImE± Xyga{ ]¢H$m{ß H$m H$m_ H$aVr ahVr h¢& Bgg{ ]¢H$m{ß _{ß Am[gr XrK©H$mbrZ odŒm H$r [yoV©H$a AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ ‡XmZ ‡oV`m{oJVm ]∂T>Vr h° Am°a ]¢H$ H$m{ ZwH$gmZ CR>mZm [∂S>Vm h°& H$aVr h°& ]hwV g{ ^maVr` ]¢H$ AMb gÂ[oŒm H$r O_mZV[a ^r J´mhH$m{ß H$m{ H$O© gm_moOH$ oZ`›ÃU `m{OZm H{$ A›Xa ]¢H$m{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV g^r H$mZyZm{ß _{ß X{V{ h¢& Hw$N> ]¢H$ Vm{ A[`m©· O_mZV [a ^r H$O© X{Z{ H$m H$m_ H$aV{ h¢& Bg Vah Ohm∞ ^r O_mH$Œmm©Am{ß H{$ ohV e„X W{ CgH{$ ÒWmZ [a ]¢oHß$J ZroV H{$ ohV _{ß ^maVr` ]¢H$ ]¢oHß$J og’m›Vm{ß H$m [yU©V: [mbZ Zht H$aV{ h¢& bm{Jm{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V (In the Interert of banking policy) obI oX`{ J`{ ]¢oHß$J ZroV _{ß [m∞M ]mV{ß H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maVr` ]¢H$ PyR{> Am±H$∂S>m{ß H$m ^r ‡H$meZ H$aV{ h¢& Bgg{ OZVm emo_b H$r J`r- ]¢H$m{ß H{$ ]mhar oXImdm g{ ‡^modV hm{H$a A[Z{ YZ H$m odoZ`m{OZ E{g{ ]¢H$m{ß _{ß 1) O_mH$Œmm©Am{ß H{$ ohV gwaojV MmohE& H$a X{Vr h°& ]¢oHß$J g{ gÂ]o›YV H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ Abmdm ^maVr` ]¢H$ g≈m AmoX 2) X{e _{ß _m°o–H$ ÒWmo`Àd ]Zm ahZm MmohE& H$m ^r H$m_ H$aV{ h¢& ]¢H$m{ß H$m `h H$m_ o]ÎHw$b hr AZwoMV H$hm Om gH$Vm h° 3) gmYZm{ßß H$m odVaU ‡mWo_H$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß `Wm{oMV hm{Zm MmohE& ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg Vah H{$ H$m`© g{ hmoZ hm{Z{ [a BgH$m ‡^md O_mH$Œmm©Am{ß [a [∂S>Vm h°& 4) AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m{ ]b o_bZm MmohE& gwPmd- ]¢H$ H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ CoMV ‡oejU VWm CZH$r oZ`wo∫$`m{ß _{ß gmdYmZr 5) gmYZm{ß H$m l{ÓR> C[`m{J hm{Zm MmohE& Edß gVH©$Vm ]aVZr MmohE VWm ]¢H$ H{$ H$m`© _{ß oZ[wU, Cg_{ß ÈoM b{Z{ dmb{ Edß ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J H$r MwZm°oV`m∞ - ^maVdf© _{ß A^r VH$ ]¢oHß$J ‡´´Úmbr H$m AZw^dr Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ ^r ^mJ b{Z{ X{Zm MmohE& ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ h_{em A[Z{ YZ H{$ g_woMV odH$mg Zht hm{ [m`m h°& BgobE h_mar ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr ]hwV hr o[N>∂S>r AoYH$ _mJ© H$m{ gaH$mar ‡oV^yoV`m{ß _{ß odoZ`m{J H$aZm MmohE& Ohm± VH$ hm{ gH{$ hwB© h°& ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr H$r _hÀd[yU© ode{fVm Am°a Xm{f BgH$r oZVm›V gßMmbH$m{ß H{$ ÒdmW© dmbr H$Â[oZ`m{ß _{ß ^mJ b{Zm MmohE& A[`m©·m h°& ^maV O°g{ odemb Am°a AoYH$ OZgßª`m dmb{ X{e H{$ obE ]¢H$ ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ h_{em H$O© X{V{ g_` H$O© b{Z{dmb{ H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$r ^br- VWm odŒmr` gßÒWmE± ]hwV H$_ C[b„Y h°& AJa VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m ^m±oV Om±M H$a b{Zr MmohE& ]¢H$ H$^r ^r AMb gÂ[oŒm VWm A[`m©· O_mZV OmE Vm{ gß`w∫$ am¡` A_{naH$m _{ß gmV hOma OZgßª`m [a VWm J´{Q> o]´Q{>Z _{ß H{$db [a H$O© Zht X{ VWm H$O© X{V{ g_` Om{oI_ H$m odo^fi Ï`dgm`m{ß Am°a ÒWmZm{ß _{ß Mma hOma OZgßª`m [a EH$ ]¢H$ Am∞o\$g Am[ [m`{ßJ{, O]oH$ h_ma{ `hm± 26 CoMV ]±Q>dmam H$a b{Zm MmohE& ]¢H$ H$m{ MmohE oH$ AßeYmna`m{ß H{$ ]rM bm^- hOma OZgßª`m H{$ obE EH$ ]¢H$ h°& ^maV _ß{ ]¢H$m{ß H$m odVaU ]∂S>m hr odf_ h¢, CR>mZ{ H{$ [hb{ [`m©· gwaojV H$m{f VWm gÂ[oŒm H$r oKgmB© H{$ obE È[E H$m ¡`mXmVa ]¢H$ X{e H{$ Hw$N> hr ZJamß{ _{ß oÒWV h°& N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> H$Ò]{ Am°a gÂ[yU© CoMV ‡]›Y H$a b{ V] o\$a bm^mße H$m odVaU H$a{ß& ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ Bg Vah H$r H$m{B© X{hmVr j{Ã _{ß BZH$m ]hwV A^md h° ^maV _{ß AZwgyoMV ]¢H$m{ß H{$ oOVZ{ ^r ^r ZB© emIm Zht Im{bZr MmohE oOgg{ Am[g _{ß ‡oV`m{oJVm CÀ[›Z hm{ Om`& H$m`m©b` h¢ CZH{$ 50 ‡oVeV H$m`m©b` og\©$ E{g{ ZJam{ß _{ß oÒWV h° Ohm± H$r emIm dhr Im{br Om` Ohm± bm^ H$r CÂ_rX hm{& Am]mXr 50,000 g{ AoYH$ h°& My±oH$ ^maV EH$ H•$of ‡YmZ X{e h° BgobE Jm±dm{ß AmoW©H$ CXmarH$aU d d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ `wJ _{ß oZOr ]¢H$m{ß H{$ gmW hr odX{Ìmr _{ß ]¢H$m{ß H$m IwbZm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& AmO gaH$ma J´m_rm ]¢H$m{ß H{$ Ona`{ Jar] ]¢H$m{ H{$ [Xm[©U g{ ^maVr` ]¢H$m{ß H{$ g_j Hw$N> Am°a ^r _w‘{ h° Om{ ôdÓ` H$r oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ _XX X{Z{ H{$ obE H$_ Am]mXr dmbr OJhm{ß _{ß ^r ]¢H$m{ß H$m{ Im{b ahr h°& MwZm°oV`m∞ hm{ gH$Vr h°& O°g{ J´mhH$ H$r odoŒm` oÒWoV H$m ghr AmH$bZ, J´m_rU Om{ ^r ]¢H$ ^maV _{ß h¢ CZ_{ß g{ ¡`mXmVa Ï`m[mnaH$ ]¢H$ hr [m`{ OmV{ h¢ J´mhH$ OmZH$mar g{dm H$m A^md, [maXoe©Vm, oZOr Edß odX{er ]¢H$m{ß H{$ gmW A^r VH$ Wm{∂S{> hr gaH$mar ]¢ßH$m{ß H$m odH$mg hm{ gH$m h°& O]oH$ H•$of ]¢H$, ‡oVÒ[Ym©, AZwÀ[mXH$ gÂ[oŒm`m{ß H$m{ ›`yZV_ H$aZm, [naMmbZ bmJV _{ß H$_r Am°⁄m{oJH$ ]¢H$, odoZ`m{J ]¢H$ (Investment Bank), odoZ`m{J ‡›`mg d bm^ _{ß d•o’ H$aZm, ]¢oHß$J B©H$mB`m{ß H$m gßodb`Z, Ωbm{]b ]¢oHß$J AmoX& (Investment Trust), BH$mB© ‡›`mg (Unit Trust), oZJ©_ J•hm{ß (Issue C[am{∫$ MwZm°oV`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maVr` ]¢oH$J C⁄m{J H$m{ A[Zr Houses), dJ°ah H$m ^r gmW-hr-gmW odH$mg hm{Z{ g{ A¿N>m hm{Jm& ÒdV›ÃVm g_J´ aUoZoV _{ß [nadV©Z H$aZm hm{Jm& ‡mo· H{$ ]mX Am°⁄m{oJH$ odŒm oZJ_ H$r ÒWm[Zm 1948 _{ß hwB©, CgH{$ [hb{ Bg oZÓH$f© - AmYwoZH$ g_` _{ß ]¢H$ AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ H{$›– o]›Xw, gßMmbH$ Edß Vah H$r gßÒWmAm{ß H$m A^md Wm& `hm± Ï`m[mnaH$ ]¢H$m{ß H{$ ¤mam oOVZ{ ^r H$O© oZ`›ÃH$ H{$ È[ _{ß H$m`© H$aV{ h° Am°a AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß ^mar `m{JXmZ X{V{ h° oX`{ OmV{ h¢ CZH$m og\©$ Xm{ ‡oVeV H$O© hr H•$of-H$m`© H{$ obE oXE OmV{ h¢ Om{ BZH$r ghm`Vm g{ hr X{e _{ß odŒm-Ï`dgm` gßMmobV hm{Vm h° VWm g_ÒV gÂ[yU© H•$of-odŒm H$m og\©$ 9%& Bg ‡H$ma ^maV _{ß Hw$N> hr ‡H$ma H{$ ]¢H$ Am°a gmI-Ï`dÒWm gßJoR>V hm{Vr h°& X{e Mmh{ odH$ogV hm{ `m odH$mgerb ]¢H$m{ß H$r odŒmr` gßÒWmE± [m`r OmVr h¢, CZ_{ß ododYVm Zht h°& oZVm›V AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& AmO H$r Ï`m[mnaH$ ‡Umbr Am°a h_mam AmoW©H$ OrdZ ^maV _{ß gßJoR>V _w–m ]mOma H$m A^r A^md h°& `hm± odoZ_`-[Ãm{ß H$m EH$ goH´$` Am°a g•—∂T> ]¢oHß$J Ï`dÒWm H{$ A^md _{ß gwMmÈ È[ g{ Zht Mb ‡`m{J ]hwV hr gro_V È[ _{ß ‡MobV h°& BgobE odoZ_`-[Ã ]mOma H$m gH$Vm& ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam hr Am°⁄m{oJH$ g_mO _{ß [y∞Or oZ_m©U ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ H$r CÀ[oŒm H{$ odH$mg ¡`mXm Zht hm{ [mVm h°& o]b ]mOma H{$ odH$mg H{$ A^md _{ß ^maV _{ß ]¢H$ gmW-gmW Ï`m[ma VWm dmoU¡` H$m ^r odÒVma hm{Vm h°& ]¢H$ hr Ï`m[ma VWm ¤mam gmI H$m oZ_m©U (Creation of Credit) ¡`mXmVa ZJX gmI AmYma dmoU¡` Am°a Ï`dgm` H$r Y_Zr H{$›– h° `h EH$ H$Qw> gÀ` h° oH$ AmO ]¢oHß$J (Cash Credit Basis) [a hr hm{Vm h°& o\$a o]b ]mOma H{$ odH$mg H{$ A^md Ï`dgm` H$B© MwZm°oV`m∞ H$m gm_Zm H$a ahm h° [a›Vw BZ MwZm°oV`m{ß H$m g_mYmZH$a _{ß ^maVr` ]¢oHß$J ‡Umbr _{ß bm{M (Elasticity) ^r ]hwV H$_ [m`{ OmV{ h¢& ]¢oH$J Ï`dgm` g\$bVm H{$ Z`{ Am`m_ ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ `hm± [a o]bm{ß H$m [`m©· ‡MbZ Zht hm{Z{ g{ ^maVr` ]¢H$ gmI _{ß gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma H$_r-]{er Zht H$a [mV{ h¢& 1. ‡m{. ]r. [r. AJ´dmb gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH{$eZ, AmJam ^maVr` _w–m ]mOma H{$ ]hwV g{ AßJ h° Am°a d{ AgßJoR>V h¢ BgobE naOd© 2. a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa gZ≤ 2010 ]¢H$ H$r H$m`©-gr_m gro_V hr ah OmVr h° Am°a CgH$m oZ`›ÃU ‡^mdr 3. ]¢H$ gmjmÀH$ma oH$aU ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr 4. S>m∞. bm{H{$e d_m© Anah›V [o„bH{$e›g obo_Q{>S>& (Effective) Zht hm{ [mVm h°& h_ma{ X{e _{ß EH$ ]¢H$ H$m ‡]›Y Xyga{ ]¢H$ H{$ 5. [oÃH$m X°oZH$-10/3/14 ‡]›Y g{ H$m\$r o^fi hm{Vm h° BgobE bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ‡À`{H$ ]¢H$ H{$ gmW Ï`dhma 6. ZdrZ em{Y gßgma (em{Y [oÃH$m) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 78

_mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$m ^odÓ` Am°a C^aVr MwZm°oV`mß dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß

S>m∞. oXZ{e Hw$_ma Mm°Yar *

em{Y gmamße ñ Bg ]mV [a ]ma-]ma _hÀd nX`m J`m h° nH$, _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$m{ gßJR>Z H{$ ]m¯ Am°a AmßVnaH$ dmVmdaU _{ß hm{ ah{ [nadV©Zm{ß H{$ ‡nV gßd{XZÌmrb ]ZZm hm{Jm & ]m¯ dmVmdaU ‡m°⁄m{nJH$r, Z`{ ]mOma, gm_mnOH$-amOZ°nVH$ _mßJm{ß AWdm H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ gß^mndV g_yh H{$ ]XbV{ Z°nVH$ _yÎ`m{ß Am°a A[{jmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß [nadV©Z H$aZ{ H$r ewÍ$AmV H$a{Jm& gßJR>Z H{$ [mg Xm{ amÒV{ h¢ : Cg g_` VH$ ‡Vrjm H$aZm O] VH$ nH$ `h ]hwV _hÀd[yU© Z hm{ OmEß Am°a V] X]md _{ß AmH$a [nadV©Z H$aZm AWdm CZ_{ß g{ Hw$N{>H$ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß [ydm©Zw_mZ bJmH$a AmdÌ`H$ gßÌmm{YZ H$aZm& `nX gßÌmm{YZ H$m`m©n›dV Z ^r nH$`{ OmEß Vm{ ^r CZH{$ AmYma [a `m{OZmEß V°`ma H$a aIr Om gH$Vr h¢& e„X Hwß$Or ñ _mZd, gßgmYZ, ‡]ßY, H$m°Ìmb, `m{Ω`Vm, g•OZmÀ_H$Vm, ‡m°⁄m{nJH$r, Z`{ ]mOma, ^maVr` _nhbmE∞&

_mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$r AdYmaUm - _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY ‡m`: hm{Z{ dmb{ hm{ßJ{& Bg [na‡{˙` _{ß nZ`n_V _mZdÌmn∫$ Am`m{OZm H{$ gmW- VrZ e„Xm{ß H{$ _{b g{ ]Zm h°, _mZdgßgmYZ‡]ßYZ& _mZd gßgmYZ EH$ gmW gßJR>Z H$m{ H´$n_H$ Am`m{OZm [a ^r ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{Jm& d°nÌdH$ ÒVa ]hwAm`m_r gßgmYZ h° Om{ ‡À`{H$ H$m`©ÒWb [a gßJR>Z H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r [ynV© [a EH$ Am°a ‡d•nŒm X{Ir J`r h° dh l´_Ìmn∫$ H$r ndf_Vm H$r Am{a ‹`mZ H{$ nb`{ A[Z{ gß[yU© kmZ, H$m°Ìmb, `m{Ω`Vm, g•OZmÀ_H$Vm, —nÓQ>H$m{U d AmH$nf©V H$aVr h°& H$B© H$maUm{ß g{, amÓQ≠> AWdm ndÌd H{$ AZwÍ$[ ndnÌmÓQ> Ï`dhma H{$ gmW C[nÒWV ahVm h°& Í$[ g{, nH$g^r gßJR>Z _{ß AmO H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ n^fi - n^fi ‡H$ma H{$ g_yh Bg ]mV [a ]ma-]ma _hÀd nX`m J`m h° nH$, _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ _m°OyX h¢& BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> gm_mnOH$-amOZ°nVH$ H$maUm{ß g{ Am`{ hm{ßJ{ Am°a Hw$N> H$m{ gßJR>Z H{$ ]m¯ Am°a AmßVnaH$ dmVmdaU _{ß hm{ ah{ [nadV©Zm{ß H{$ ‡nV gßJR>Z H{$ gam{H$mam{ß H{$ H$maU Am`{ hmß{J{& BZ ndndY g_yhm{ß g{ [aÂ[amJV gßd{XZÌmrb ]ZZm ah{Jm& ]m¯ dmVmdaU ‡m°⁄m{nJH$r, Z`{ ]mOma, Vah H$m EH$ g_mZ \$m_©ybm A[Zm H$a ‡^mdr Í$[ g{ H$m_ Zht nb`m Om gm_mnOH$-amOZ°nVH$ _mßJm{ß AWdm H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ gß^mndV g_yh H{$ ]XbV{ gH$Vm& C›h{ß ‡^mdr Í$[ g{ gßMmnbV H$aZ{ H{$ nbE ndn^fi H$m`©ZrnV`m{ß H$r Z°nVH$ _yÎ`m{ß Am°a A[{jmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß [nadV©Z H$aZ{ H$r ewÍ$AmV H$a{Jm& OÍ$aV hm{Jr& AßV _{ß, `h OÍ$ar h° Am°⁄m{nJH$ gß]ßYm{ß H{$ [aÂ[amJV VarH$m{ß BZ [nadV©Zm{ß H{$ nb`{ AmßVnaH$ ÒVa [a _mßJ H$r Om gH$Vr h° - `h H$r g_rjm H$r OmE& gm_ynhH$ gm°X{]mOr H$r ‡nH´$`m H$m ‡^mdr hm{Zm _mßJ _m°OyXm ZrnV`m{ß Am°a [”nV`m{ß Ï`mdgmn`H$ nd[UZ AWdm _mZd nZYm©naV nH$`{ J`{ _w‘m{ß [a Am°a Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H$r nÒWnV EH$ Xyga{ H$r VwbZm gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H{$ H$maU gm_Z{ AmZ{dmb{ _m_bm{ß H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ hm{ _{ß nH$VZr AnYH$ en∫$Ìmmbr h° Bg ]mV [a nZ^©a H$aVm h° Am°a gß^d h° gH$Vr h°& `nX Ï`mdgmn`H$ AWdm nd[UZ H$m`©ZrnV`m{ß _{ß [nadV©Z hm{Vm Xm{Zm{_{ß [nadV©Z hm{ J`{ hm{ß& nZaßVa ]Xb ah{ [na—Ì` _{ß _mZd gßgmYZ h° Vm{ Ï`n∫$`m{ß H$r _m°OyXm j_VmAm{ß H$m{ n\$a g{ [°Zm ]ZmZm hm{Jm AWdm ‡]ßYZ H{$ [XmnYH$mar H$m`©ZrnVH$ gmP{Xma h¢ Am°a d{ _mZd gßgmYZ A›` Z`{ Ï`n∫$`m{ß H$m{ bmZm hm{Jm& H$^r-H$^r H$m`©ZrnVH$ [nadV©Zm{ß _{ß ‡Umnb`m{ß _{ß Om{ ^r [nadV©Z H$aV{ h¢ CZH$m A›` ZrnV`m{ß H{$ nbE ^r gmßÒH•$nVH$ ÒVa [a hÒVj{[ hm{Vm h°& ndÌm{f Í$[ g{ _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ _hÀd[yU© hm{Zm OÍ$ar h° nOZH$m C‘{Ì` gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ ‡^mdm{À[mXH$Vm H$m{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß E{g{ VrZ ÒVa h¢ nOZ_{ß `hmß _m°OyX ‡nH´$`mAm{ H{$ gnH´$` ÒdÍ$[ ]∂T>mZm h°& H{$ H$maU [nadV©Z hm{ gH$V{ h¢& `{ VrZ ÒVa h¢ i) Ï`n∫$, ii) H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m em{Y A‹``Z d _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H{$ C‘{Ì` - g_yhC[ g_yh Am°a iii) Am°⁄m{nJH$ gß]ßYm{ß H$r ‡nH´$`m O°g{ñO°g{ gßJR>Z l ‡^mdÌmmbr Edß C[`w©∫$ _mZd gßgmYZ ZrnV`m{ß H$m{ ndH$ngV H$aZm odH$ogV hm{Vm h° Z`{ ñ Z`{ H$_©Mmar A[Z{ gmW o^fiño^fi ad°`{ AWdm l gßJR>Z H{$ nb`{ ghr Ï`n∫$ H$r ^Vr© H$a ghr g_` [a CgH$m C[`m{J H$aZm Ao^_wIVm bmV{ h°m g_mO _|$ Om{ O°Z{a{eZ J°[ H$r YmaUm h° dh gßJR>Z _| l gßJR>Z _{ß _mZd gß[Xm H$m â[ya Edß ‡^mdÌmmbr C[`m{J H$aZm ^r hm{Vr h°m gßJR>Zm| H$m{ Bg [a ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{Jm Am°a A[Zr _mZg gßgmYZ l Ï`n∫$`m{ß H{$ ndH$mg H{$ [yU© Adga gwnZnÌMV H$aZm ZroV`m| Am°a Ï`dhma H$r g_rjm H$aZr hm{Jrm Xyga{ odÌd â _| `h X{Im l gßJR>Z H{$ g^r Ï`n∫$`m{ß H{$ nhVm{ß H$m ‹`mZ aIZm J`m h° oH$ EH$ g_yh H{$ È[ _| H$_©Mmoa`m| H$m JR>Z g_`-g_` [a ]XbVm l gßJR>Z H{$ g^r H$m`m} H$m{ [yU© H$aV{ hw`{ gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ T>m∞M{ H$m{ gw—∂T> H$aZm Om ahm h° Om{ ndn^fi g_` [a AbJ-AbJ _w‘{ gm_Z{ bmVm h°& CXmhaU H{$ l gßJR>Z H{$ g^r H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ ‡{aUm X{Zm Edß gm_mnOH$ gwajm H$r nbE gßJR>Z H{$ H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r Am`w gßaMZm nH$gr nZnÌMV g_` [a `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gßMmbZ H$aZm& ndnÌmÓQ> OÍ$aV{ß [°Xm H$a gH$Vr h°& `nX nH$gr gßJR>Z H$m ndÒVma EH$ em{Y A‹``Z H$r ndnY - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z _{ß Am°⁄m{nJH$ KamZm{ß, ndnÌmÓQ> AdnY H{$ Xm°amZ hwAm h° Vm{ CgZ{ EH$ g_mZ Am`w dJ© H{$ H$_©Mmna`mß{ Ï`dgmn`H$ ‡nVÓR>mZm{ß, N>m{Q{> Edß ]∂S{> C⁄m{Jm{ß, H•$nf ndH$mg ]¢H$m{ H{$ AmH$∂S>m{ß H$m{ ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ [a ^Vr© nH$`m hm{Jm Am°a A] CZ_{ß g{ AnYH$mßÌm g{dm nZd•Œm H$m{ nb`m nH$`m J`m h°& BZ AmH$∂S>m{ß _{ß dmnf©H$ ‡nVd{XZ ndn^fi N>h _mngH$ * * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) amO_mVm ogßoY`m emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oNß>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 79

AmH$∂S{>ß [Ã Edß [nÃH$mAm{ß H{$ AmH$∂S{> emn_b nH$`{ J`{ h°& BZ AmH$∂S>m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Am°gV, AZw[mV Edß ‡nVÌmV O°gr JnUVr` ndnY`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$n_`m{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ C[m` H$a A[{njV [naUm_ ‡m· nH$`{ Om gH{$ßJ{& 1. Z`r ^Vr© C^aVr hwB© MwZm°nV`mß Am°a _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$m ^ndÓ` - 2. j_Vm H$m [Vm bJmH$a C[`w∫$ H$m`©nZ`m{OZ BnVhmg Bg ]mV H$m Jdmh h° nH$, _mZd gßgmYZ ZrnV`m{ß AWdm [”nV`m{ß 3. _m°OyXm H$m{ ‡nÌmjU, H$m`© H$r OmZH$mar VWm H°$na`a _{ß [nadV©Z ]m¯ AWdm AmßVnaH$ ‡nH´$`mAm{ß H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ hwE h°& dÒVwV: H$mCßgnbßJ ¤mam gj_ bm{H$ (Ï`n∫$) ‡]ßYZ H{$ ndH$mg H$r ‡nH´$`m ^r A[Z{ Am[ E{g{ hr X]mdm{ß 4. H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ g^r ÒVam{ß [a gßJR>Z H$r C[bn„Y`m{ß Am°a H$m [naUm_ h°& e°jnUH$ ndYmAm{ß O°g{ _Zm{ndkmZ, gm_mnOH$ _Zm{ndkmZ, MwZm°nV`m{ß H$r OmZH$mar X{Z{ H{$ nbE ‡Umnb`mß ndH$ngV H$aZm g_mO-ndkmZ, amOZrnVÌmmÛ Am°a A›` ¤mam ndH$ngV kmZ Z{ _mZd _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]›Y H$m ]m¯ dmVmdaU - d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ H$maU ndÌd Ï`dhma H{$ E{g{ H$B© [hbwAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar Xr h° Om{ gßJR>Z H{$ nbE _hÀd[yU© EH$ ]∂S>m ]mOma ÒWb ]Z J`m h°& Bgg{ Bg ]mOma _{ß J´mhH$ AZ{H$ CÀ[mXm{ß h¢ Am°a nO›h{ß bm{H$ ‡]ßYZ H$m`© _{ß A[Zm`m J`m h°& _wª`V: g_mO H{$ ]•hV Am°a CÀ[mXH$m{ß _{ß g{ A[Zr [gßX H$m CÀ[mX Am°a CÀ[mXH$ MwZ gH$Vm h°°& Z [na‡{˙` _{ß H$B© ndMma h° nOZH$r `nX ghr Vah g{ OmßM H$r OmE Vm{ gßJR>Z H{$db CgH{$ [mg A[Zr [gßX H{$ AZwgma MwZZ{ H$r gwndYm h° ]nÎH$ dh _{ß _mZd Ï`dhma [a CZH$m ‡^md X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& hmß, `h ^r hm{ gH$Vm A[Zr B¿N>mZwgma _mßJ ^r H$a gH$Vm h°& A[Z{ ‡nVÒ[nY©`m{ß g{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ h° nH$ H$m{B© gßJR>Z C›h{ß Agß]” _mZH$a CZ [a ndMma Z H$a{ AWdm d{ Cg{ H{$ nbE Hß$[nZ`mß E{gr _mßJm{ß H$m{ [yam ^r H$aVr h° nOgg{ J´mhH$ H$r nÒWnV AgßJV _mZH$a N>m{∂S> X{Z{ g{ [hb{ CgH{$ _hÀd H$r ‡Umbr]” VarH{$ Am°a Am°a _O]yV hm{ OmVr h°& `h CÀ[mX AWdm g{dm H$r JwUdŒmm H$r gßÌmm{nYV Jß^raVm g{ OmßM H$a{ß& [na^mfm H$m _yb AmYma h°& Bgg{ gßJR>Z H$r ‡nH´$`mAmß{ _ß{ J´mhH$ H$r Bg ]mV H{$ ‡nV A] OmJÍ$H$Vm ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h° nH$ _mZd gßgmYZ ^yn_H$m ‡YmZ hm{ J`r h°& J´mhH$m{ß H$r OÍ$aVm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ nbE CZ H{$ _m_bm{ß H$m{ Ï`mdgmn`H$ H$m`©ZrnV`m{ß H$m nhÒgm ]ZmZm hr MmnhE& O] [a ‡nVnH´$`m H$rnOE& \$rS>]°H$ [a ‡nVnH$aZm _hÀd[yU© ‡nH´$`mEß h° nO›h{{ß H$m{B© gßJR>Z ^mdr Ï`mdgmn`H$ nÒWnV H$r VwbZm _{ß{ A[Zr nÒWnV H$r AmYma ]ZmH$a A›` ‡nH´$`mEß V°`ma AWdm gßÌmm{nYV H$r OmVr h°& BgZ{ g_rjm H$aVm h° V] CgH$r _mZd gßgmYZ Í$[a{Im Bg g_rjm H$r _hÀd[yU© Cg [aÂ[amJV [na—Ì` H$m{ CbQ>m H$a nX`m h° nOg_{ß{ gßJR>Z [hb{ g] KQ>H$ hm{Vr h°& gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ Bg dmÒVndH$Vm H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm hr hm{Jm nH$ Hw$b AmßVnaH$ Í$[ g{ V°`ma H$aV{ W{ Am°a _ß{ Cg{ ]mOma _{ß bmV{ W{& BgH{$ C›hß{ ^ndÓ` H$m gm_Zm A[Zr _m°OyXm l´_Ìmn∫$ g{ hr H$aZm h°& Z`r nd[arV AmO H$r ‡_wI JnVndnY `h h° nH$ [hb{ J´mhH$ H$m{ [H$∂S>m OmE ndÌm{fkVm Am°a ‡m{⁄m{nJH$r H$m g_md{Ìm _hÀd[yU© Am°a AnZdm`© ^r b{nH$Z n\$a J´mhH$ H$r OÍ$aV H{$ AZwgma AmßVnaH$ ‡nH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ Am[g _{ß n_bm

_m°OyXm l´_Ìmn∫$ hr AnYgßª`H$ hm{Jr& AV: C›h{ß EH$ gmW Om{∂S>Z{ H{$ nbE nb`m OmE& A] PwH$md ]m¯ _mZXßS> H$r Am{a h° nH$ [hb{ H{$ g_mZ AmßVnaH$ AmdÌ`H$ C[m` gm{MZm _hÀd[yU© h°& BgH$r [yd© AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$m ‡nH´$`mAm{ß H$r Am{a& gßj{[ _{ß J´mhH$ H$r A[{jmAm{ß Am°a \$rS>]°H$ H{$ AZwgma [Vm bJmZm h° nH$ VmH$V AWdm H$_Om{na`mß ∑`m h¢, VmnH$ "VmH$Vm{ß' H$m JwUdŒmm V` H$r OmVr h° Am°a BZ JwUdŒmm gß]ßYr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam ‡`m{J nH$`m Om gH{$ Am°a "H$_Om{na`m{ß' H$m{ Xya nH$`m Om gH{$ß& AV: H$aZ{ H{$ nbE CÀ[mXZ, nZ`ßÃU, nZarjU, bmJV nZH$mbZ{ Am°a gw[wX©Jr H$m`©ZrnVH$ _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ AmßXm{bZ H{$ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h¢ß& H$r AmßVnaH$ ‡nH´$`mEß V°`ma H$r OmVr h°& ^maVr` _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]›Y H$m AmßVnaH$ dmVmdaU - AmßVnaH$ _m°OyXm H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r ^mdr H$m`©ZrnV nZU©` Í$[ g{ _m°OyX H$maH$m{ß H{$ ]rM Z`{ H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ Z°nVH$ _yÎ` Am°a An^_wIrH$aU, gj_Vm gyMr ]ZmZm l´_Ìmn∫$ H$m OZgmßnª`H$r ÒdÍ$[ Am°a `ynZ`Z VWm Egm{ngEÌmZ H$r nÒWnV Hw$N> E{g{ dV©_mZ _w‘{ h¢ nOZ [a ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& VmH$Vm{ß Am°a H$_Om{na`m{ß ∑`m OÍ$ar h° : nZÂZ H{$ nbE Z`{ Z°nVH$ _yÎ` Am°a An^_wIrH$aU - [aÂ[amJV Í$[ g{ gßJR>Z H$m [Vm bJm`{ß _hÀd[yU© gj_VmAm{ß H$m [Vm l{Ur]” hm{V{ W{ Am°a H$_©Mmar Cg [XmZwH´$_ dmb{ T>mßM{ H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$aV{ W{& - d°`n∫$H$ ÒVa [a bJm`{ß gmW hr, d{ Cg Z°nVH$ _yÎ` ‡Umbr H$m{ ^r _mZV{ W{ Om{ BgH{$ gmW ‡MnbV - g_yh ÒVa [a - Ï`n∫$`m{ß Wr& d{ h°ng`V H{$ gmW Ow∂S{> AnYH$ma H$m gÂ_mZ H$aV{ W{ Am°a Cg{ ÒdrH$ma - gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ gßÒH•$nV ÒVa - AßVa d°`n∫$H$ g_yh AßVa g_yh H$aV{ W{& n]Zm H$m{B© ‡ÌZ nH$`{ AmX{Ìmm{ß H$m AZw[mbZ H$aZm C[`w∫$ Ï`dhma [a ÒVam{ß [a gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ ‡nH´$`mEß _mZm OmVm Wm& EH$ Í$∂T> _mZngH$ T>m±Mm Bg ]mV H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$aZ{ H{$ nbE V°`ma Wm nH$ Om{ Ïò∫$ Cg [X [a h° CgH{$ [$mg CgH{$ AYrZÒW g^r H$n_`m{ß H$m [Vm bJm`{ : Ïò∫$`m|$ H{$ ‡ÌZm|$ H{$ CŒma h° ñ dh [a_ ]wo’_mZ h° Am°a BgobE Cg [a d{ j{Ã Ohmß hÒVj{[ OÍ$ar h° oZ^©a H$aZm hr MmohEm CgH{$ [mg g^r g_Ò`mAm|$ H$m{ gwbPmZ{ H{$ C[m` - d°`n∫$H$ kmZ Hw$ÌmbVm ad°`m h¢$ Am°a ‡À`{H$ H$m{ CgH{$ AmX{em|$ H$m [mbZ H$aZm MmohEm - AßVa d°`n∫$H$ gß]ßY BgH{$ nd[arV `wdm [r∂T>r EH$ AbJ dmVmdaU _{ß ndH$ngV hm{ ahr h° - g_yh Ohmß Ï`n∫$ H$m{ ]wOwJm} AWdm dnaÓR> [X [a H$m`©aV Ï`n∫$`m{ß g{ ‡ÌZ H$aZ{ - AßVa g_yh gß]ßY H$r H{$db AZww_nV hr Zht hm{Vr ]nÎH$ C›h{ß BgH{$ nbE ‡m{ÀgmnhV nH$`m OmVm h°& Bg{ bm{H$VßÃ H$m nZnd©dmX Z°nVH$ _yÎ` _mZm OmVm h°& A] Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 80 g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ gwbPmZ{ H$m EH$ gm_m›` —nÓQ>H$m{U ndH$ngV hm{ J`m h°& C[gßhma - CâV{ hwE dmVmdaU H{$ EH$ Am°a _hÀd[yU© [hby [a ‹`mZ Ï`n∫$ H$r j_VmAm{ß H$m{ _hÀd X{Zm AmO H{$ gm_mnOH$ [na—Ì` H$m EH$ X{Zm OÍ$ar h°& `h h° Q{>≠S> `ynZ`Zm{ß H$r ]XbVr hwB© nÒWnV& `h nXbMÒ[ ]mV ^mJ ]Z J`m h°& AV: Ò[ÓQ>rH$aUOmZH$mar _mßJZm AWdm d°H$nÎ[H$ h° nH$ H$B© Q{>≠S> `ynZ`Z ‡]ßYZ H$r A[{jm A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ V{Or g{ [wZA©n^_wI C[m` Ty>ßyT>Zm EH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ [hby ]Z J`m h° Om{ `h ]VmVm h° nH$ Ï`n∫$ H$aZ{ _{ß OwQ>r hwB© h°& Z`r [r∂T>r H{$ H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ X]md Am°a gmW hr Z{V•Àd A[Z{ ndH$mg _{ß Í$nM b{ ahm h° Am°a Bg _Zm{d•nŒm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmnhV nH$`m OmVm h°& H{$ —nÓQ>H$m{U _{ß Am`{ ]Xbmd H{$ H$maU X{Ìm H$r H$B© Q{>≠S> `ynZ`Z E{g{ d°H$nÎ[H$ EH$-Xyga{ H{$ ‡nV AmXa ^md aIZm, VmnH©$H$ —nÓQ>H$m{U, g_mZVm, gh^mnJVm VarH$m{ß H$m [Vm bJm ahr h¢ß nOZg{ `ynZ`Zm{ß H$m gßMmbZ nH$`m Om gH{$& d{ ]wnZ`mXr Z°nVH$ _yÎ` h° Om{ Z`{ H$_©Mmar A[Z{ gmW b{H$a Am`{ßJ{& `ynZ`Z AmO gh`m{Jr —nÓQ>H$m{U H{$ nbE V°`ma h¢ Am°a A[Zr ^yn_H$m H$m{ ^maVr` _nhbm H$_©Mmar - EH$ E{gm g_yh nOgH{$ nbE AbJ H$m`©ZrnV EH$ Z`m Í$[ X{Zm MmhVr h°& amÓQ≠>r` ]¢H$ [wU{ _{ßß Am`m{nOV EH$ AZm{I{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& E{nVhmngH$ Í$[ g{ _nhbmEß g_mO H{$ AmnW©H$ H$m`m} _{{ß ^mJ gÂ_{bZ _{ß CÉ ‡]ßYZ, nbn[H$r` ÒQ>m\$ `ynZ`Z Am°a AnYH$mar gßK H{$ b{Vr ahr h¢ [a AnYH$mßÌm g_` C›h{ß H$_©Mmar H{$ Í$[ _{ß{ X{Im J`m& BgH$m 56 ‡nVnZnY`m{ß Z{ H$B© E{g{ j{Ãm{ß H$m nZYm©aU nH$`m Am°a CZ [a ]mVMrV EH$ H$maU `h ^r Wm nH$ d{ AnYH$mßÌmV: AgßJnR>V j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV Wr H$r nOZ [a gm_ynhH$ Í$[ g{ ‡`mg H$a ]¢H$ gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ ‡^mdr ]Zm`m Om (Am°a AmO ^r H$a ahr h°) ]hahmb, n[N>b{ Xm{ XÌmH$m{ß _{ß d{ gßJR>Z _{ß gH$Vm h°& Am°⁄m{nJH$ gß]ßY H{$ A[Z{ [maÂ[naH$ _wR>^{∂S> dmb{ VarH{$ H{$ ÒWmZ Am°[MmnaH$ Í$[ g{ AmZ{ bJr h°& AnYH$mßÌm gm_mnOH$ ndkmZ emImAm{ß [a gh`m{Jr ad°`m A[ZmZ{ H$r CZH$r VÀ[aVm A] Ò[ÓQ> nXIm`r X{ ahr h°& ¤mam nX`{ J`{ gh`m{J H{$ H$maU A] CZH$m ‡d{Ìm Am°a AnÒVÀd EH$ Q{>≠S> `ynZ`Zm{ß _{ß Bg ‡H$ma H{$ [nadV©Zm{ß g{ H$m`© gßÒH•$nV [a XyaJm_r ‡^md ÒWm`r ndÌm{fVm ]Z J`m h°& C›h{ß EH$ gmW bmZ{ _{ß Om{ _w‘{ emn_b h¢ d{ [S{>∂ßJ{& _mZd gßgmYZ [XmnYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ Bg [nadV©Z H{$ gwJ_ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ndndYVm ‡]ßY H$m CXmhaU h°& emarnaH$ Í$[ (_mßg[{Ìmr` ]b) _{ß H$_Om{a [hb H$aZr MmnhE& hm{Z{ H$r ]mYm g{ _nhbmAmß{ H$r nÒWnV ‡mJ°nVhmngH$, H•$nf Am°a Am°⁄m{nJH$ MaUm{ß _{ß Jm°U ahr h°& VWmn[ ^ndÓ`d{Œmm gyMZm `wJ _ß{ß _nhbmAmß{ H$m C¡Odb gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ^ndÓ` X{I ah{ h° Ohmß nX_mJr VmH$V g\$bVm H$r Hw$wßOr hm{Jr& 1. _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY, gmnhÀ` ^dZ [n„bH{$ÌmZ, [•ÓR> H´$.-22 Bg [na—Ì` _{ß _nhbmAm{ß g{ A[{jm H$r Om ahr h° nH$ d{ A[Z{ n[N>br 2. [marH$ `y, o]`m›S> _°Z{O_{›Q> Am∞∑g\$m{S©> AmB©]rEM obo_.µ >µµ[•> H´$. 994 H$_r H$m{ [yam H$a AmJ{ nZH$b Om`{ßJr& n\$a ^r n[N>b{ Xm{ XÌmH$m{ß _{ß hwE 3. `m{OZm _mngH$ [nÃH$m, ‡H$mÌmZ nd^mJ A∑Qy>]a 2002, [•ÓR> H´$.- AZwgßYmZm{ß g{ `h [Vm MbVm h° nH$ `⁄n[ _nhbmEß Cgr `m{Ω`Vm AmYmnaV 4. _mZg gßgmYZ ‡]ßY Edß oZ`m{OZ, a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{ O`[wa ^Vr© ‡Urbr ¤mam gßJR>Zm{ß _ß{ß Am`r h° nOZH{$ ¤mam [wÍ$f H$m M`Z nH$`m 5. Hw$Í$j{Ã _mngH$ [nÃH$m, \$adar 2005 J`m, b{nH$Z gßJR>Z _{ß CZH$r ‡JnV A[Z{ [wÍ$f gh`m{nJ`m{{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß 6. [mnbgr \$ma dy_Z _hmamÓQ≠> gaH$ma OyZ 1995 H$_ ahr h°& gm_m›`V: d{ gßJR>Z H{$ CÉ ÒVam{ß [a Zht X{Ir OmVt& 7. am{OZa OyS>r, d{O dy_Z brS> EM]rAma, ZdÂ]a-nXgÂ]a 1991

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 81

Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJ AZw[mV _{ß d•o¤ - EH$ ew^ gßH{$V

S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© *

em{Y gmamße ñ X{e _{ß obßJ ^{X H{$ H$maU obßJ AZw[mV _{ß Ag›VwbZ H$r oÒWoV CÀ[ﬁ hm{ JB© h°, AkmZVm, Jar]r, Aoejm, Ymo_©H$ _m›`VmAmß{, gm_moOH$ [nad{e AmoX Z{ _ohbmAm{ß{ H{$ AoÒVÀd [a ‡^md S>mbm [a›Vw gmjaVm ode{fH$a _ohbm gmjaVm d•o’ Edß _.‡. gaH$ma H$r ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ `m{OZmAm{ß Z{ oOb{ _{ß obßJ AZw[mV _{ß A^yV[yd© d•o’ H$r h° 1971 g{ 2011 VH$ H$r [m±M OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß 38 obßJmZw[mV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& O]oH$ _.‡. _{ß `h d•o’ 10 d X{e _{ß H{$db 08 obßJmZw[mV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°&AV: oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV H$r `h d•o’ ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 28 d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 30 AoYH$ h° Bgr ‡H$ma Zr_M oOb{ H$r VrZm{ Vhgrbm{ _{ß odJV [m±M OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 46 OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 28 d _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 41 obßJmZw[mV _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& Om{ _.‡. H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 36 OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 18 d _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 31 obßJmZw[mV H$r AoYH$ d•o’ h°& VWm X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 38 OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 20 d _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 33 obßJmZw[mV H$r AoYH$ d•o’ h° `h d•o’ EH$ gwIX AmÌM`© Edß ew^ gßH{$V H$m ≠‡VrH$ h°& ]mb gßajU Edß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ _m‹`_ g{ X{e _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß d•o’ H$r Om gH$Vr h°& _.‡. _{ß emgZ ¤mam ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Edß ]mb Edß _ohbm odH$mg d geo∫$H$aU H$r `m{OZm Z{ ‡X{e d oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV H$r d•o’ _{ß A^yV[yd© gh`m{J oH$`m h° _‹`‡X{e H$r BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ X{e _{ß ^r bmJy H$aH{$ obßJmZw[mV _{ß d•o’ H$r Om gH$Vr h¢&

‡ÒVmdZm - obßJ ^{X ^maV H$r goX`m{ß [wamZr g_Ò`m h° AmO ^r Ûr H$aVm h° OZmßoH$H$r` VÀdm{ß _{ß oddmh, O›_ Xa Edß _•À`w Xa AmoX obßJ O›_ H$m{ h{` —oÓQ> g{ X{Im OmVm h°, AkmZVm, Jar]r Ymo_©H$ _m›`VmE{ß, AZw[mV H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& 4 gm_moOH$ [nad{e Edß oejm H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU Hw$N> bm{J b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ AOZmßoH$H$r` VÀdm{ß _{ß `w’, ‡dmg, Ï`dgm` AmoX obßJ AZw[mV [°Xm hm{V{ hr _ma X{V{ h° `m Q>m`b{Q> `m H$Ma{ H{$ T{>a [a bmdmnag N>m{∂S> X{V{ h° [a A[Zm ‡^md S>mbV{ h°& 5 AWdm odkmZ H{$ oXE JE AmYwoZH$ AmodÓH$mam{ß H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$aV{ hwE ‡m{. S{>odS> E_. hra H{$ AZwgma AkmZVm, Jar]r, Aoejm, ]mb oddmh, O›_ g{ [yd© H$m{I _ß{ hr H$›`mAm{ H$m [Vm bJmH$a ^´yU hÀ`m H$adm X{V{ h° Xh{O, [m°oÓQ>H$ Amhma H$r H$_r, ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAm{ß H$r H$_r, _ohbmAm{ß H{$ BZ g^r odf_ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ ]mdOyX Zr_M oOb{ _{ß ‡X{e d X{e H$r ‡oV h{` —oÓQ> H$m\$r hX VH$ obßJ AZw[mV H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& 6 VwbZm _{ß obßJ AZw[mV _{ß d•o’ gwIX AmÌM`© H{$ gmW EH$ ew^ gßH{$V ^r h°& Zr_M oOb{ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z g{ `h oZÓH$f© oZH$b ahm h° oH$ em{Y H$m C‘{Ì`- _.‡. gaH$ma Z{ ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ao^`mZ ‡maÂ^ oH$`m h° gZ≤ 1971 H$r OZJUZm _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß Zr_M oObm ‡X{e d X{e H$r BgH$m ‡X{e H{$ gmW gmW oOb{ [a oH$VZm ‡^md hm{ ahm h° VWm oOb{ _{ß VwbZm _{ß o[N>∂S>m Wm [aßVw 1981, 1991, 2001 Edß 2011 H$r _ohbm gmjaVm H$r d•o’ obßJ AZw[mV [a ∑`m Aga S>mb ahr h° `h kmV OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV _{ß A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB© Edß ‡X{e d X{e H$aZm em{Y H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` h°& g{ H$m\$r AmJ{ oZH$b J`m h° Om{ oZÂZ VmobH$mAm{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahm h°& em{Y ‡odoY Edß j{Ã - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J Zr_M oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h¢& OZJUZm _{ß ‡H$moeV AmßH$∂S{>ß em{Y [Ã H{$ A‹``Z H$m VmobH$m H´$ß. 01 AmYma h°& df© 1971 g{ 2011 VH$ H$r OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß X{e, ‡X{e d oOb{ df© oObm Zr_M _.‡. ^maV H{$ obßJ AZw[mV H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° gmW hr Zr_M oOb{ 1971 921 920 932 H$r VrZm{ß Vhgrbm{ß - Zr_M, OmdX, _Zmgm H{$ obßJ AZw[mVm{ß H$m ^r 1981 941 921 935 VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& 1991 944 912 929 em{Y Ï`mª`m - OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z H$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© KQ>H$ obßJ 2001 950 919 933 gßaMZm h° oOg{ obßJ AZw[mV H$hm OmVm h°& 1 2011 959 930 940 obßJ AZw[mV H$m Ame` oH$gr ^r X{e `m j{Ã H$r Hw$b oÛ`m{ß H$r Ûm{V - ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 OZgßª`m _{ß Hw$b [wÈfm{ß H$r OZgßª`m H$m ^mJ X{H$a EH$ hOma H{$ JwUmßH$ C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H{$ oZÂZ oZÓH$f© h° :- _{ß kmV oH$`m OmVm h°& 2 1. 1971 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$m obßJmZw[mV ‡X{e g{ 01 ^maV H$r odo^ﬁ OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß obßJ AZw[mV oZÂZmßoH$V gyÃ ¤mam AoYH$ Edß X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 11 H$_ Wm& kmV oH$`m OmVm h°& 3 2. 1981 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV _{ß 20 H$r d•o’ g_` ode{f [a Hw$b oÛ`m{ß H$r gßª`m hwB© Om{ ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 20 VWm X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß obßJmZw[mV 06 g_` ode{f [a Hw$b [wÈfm{ß H$r gßª`m AoYH$ hm{ J`m& obßJmZw[mV gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$r ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ H$B© ‡H$ma g{ ‡^modV 3. 1991 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß odJV OZJUZm *‡m‹`m[H$ ( dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Va _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 82

H$r VwbZm _{ß 03 H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{{ß 32 Edß X{e H$r 6. òX odJV [m±M OZJUZmAm{ß H{$ obßJmZw[mV H$m Vhgrbdma A‹``Z VwbZm _{ß 15 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ hm{ J`m& oH$`m Om` Vm{ Zr_M oOb{ _{ß 1971 g{ 2011 VH$ Hw$b 38 4. 2001 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß 06 H$r d•o’ hwB© obßJmZw[mV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° O]oH$ Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 46, OmdX `h obßJmZw[mV ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 31 VWm X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 17 Vhgrb _{ß 28, _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 41 obßJmZw[mV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm& oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß OmdX Vhgrb H{$ obßJmZw[mV _{ß 10 H$r H$_ d•o’ 5. 2011 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJmZw[mV odJV≤ OZJUZm hwB© h°& O]oH$ Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 08 Edß _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 03 H$r VwbZm _{ß 09 ]∂T>H$a Hw$b 959 hm{ J`m Om{ ‡X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 29 obßJmZw[mV H$r AoYH$ d•o’ hwB© h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ‡X{e H{$ VwbZm _{ß Edß X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß 19 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ h°& Zr_M Vhgrb _{ß 36 OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 18 d _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 31 6. òX odJV≤ [m±M OZJUZmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ Zr_M obßJmZw[mV H$r AoYH$ d•o’ hwB© h° d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb oOb{ _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß 38 H$r A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB© h° O]oH$ ‡X{e _{ß _{ß 38, OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 20 d _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 33 obßJmZw[mV H$r H{$db 10 Edß X{e _{ß H{$db 08 obßJ AZw[mV H$r hr d•o’ hwB© h°& AV: AoYH$ d•o’ hwB© h°& oOb{ H$r Vhgrbm{ß _{ß obßJmZw[mVm{ß H$r A^yV[yd© oOb{ H{$ obßJmZw[mV _{ß `h d•o’ EH$ ew^ gßH{$V h°& d•o’ H$m{ EH$ ew^ gßH{$V _mZm Om ahm h°& Zr_M oOb{ H$r Vhgrbm{ß H{$ obßJmZw[mV H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z Zr_M oOb{ _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß A^yV[yd© d•o’ H{$ H$maU - VmobH$m H´$ß. 02 1. 1971 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$m obßJmZw[mV X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß df© Zr_M OmdX _Zmgm oObm 11 H$_ Wm& AV: `h _mZm Om ahm h° oH$ C∫$ oÒWoV H{$ ob`{ oOb{ _{ß 1971 896 935 934 921 AkmZVm, Jar]r, Aoejm, ]mb oddmh, Xh{O, [m°oÓQ>H$ Amhma H$r 1981 923 947 952 941 H$_r, ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAm{{ß H$r H$_r d _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV X{` —oÓQ>H$m{U 1991 933 947 952 944 AmoX H$maU oOÂ_{Xma ah{ h°& 2001 940 954 957 950 2. 1981, 1991, 2001 Edß 2011 H$r OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß Zr_M oOb{ 2011 942 963 975 959 H$m obßJmZw[mV ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß gdm©oYH$ ahm h° oOgH$m Ûm{V - ^maV H$r OZJUZm 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 EH$ H$maU _ohbm gmjaVm _{ß d•o’ h°& 1971 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H{$ oZÂZ oZÓH$f© h° - oOb{ _{ß _ohbm gm˙aVm H$m H{$db 14.3 ‡oVeV Wm Om{ 2011 _{ß 1. 1971 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb H$m ]∂T>H$a 57.3 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m&7 AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ odJV [m±M obßJmZw[mV 25 H$_ Wm O]oH$ OmdX Vhgrb H$m 14 d _Zmgm OZJUZmAm{ß _{ß oOb{ _{ß _ohbm gmjaVm _{ß 43 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Z{ Vhgrb H$m 13 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm Edß gdm©oYH$ obßJmZw[mV obßJmZw[mV ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß A[Zm A_yÎ` `m{JXmZ oX`m h°& OmdX Vhgrb _{ß 935 Wm Om{ ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm H´$_e: 15 d 3. Zr_M oOb{ _{ß odJV≤ [mßM OZJUZmAm{ß H{$ Xm°amZ [yd© oÒWoV H$r 03 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm& VwbZm _{ß ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAm{ß _{ß A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB© h°&8 Bg H$maU 2. 1981 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb H$m O›_ H{$ g_` O›_ b{{Z{ dmbr H$›`mAm{ß d CZH$r _mVmAm{ß H$r _•À`w Xa obßJmZw[mV 18 H$_ Wm O]oH$ OmdX Vhgrb H$m 06 d _Zmgm _{ß H$m\$r hX VH$ H$_r AmB© h° Edß _.‡. gaH$ma H$r OZZr gwajm Vhgrb H$m 11 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm gdm©oYH$ obßJmZw[mV _Zmgm `m{OZm Z{ Bg j{Ã _{ß H$m\$r `m{JXmZ oX`m h°& Vhgrb H$m 952 Wm Om{ ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß H´$_e : 31 d 17 4. 2001 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2011 H$r OZJUZm _{ß X{e _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm& H{$db 07 H$r d•o’ hwB© h° O]oH$ Zr_M oOb{ _{ß 09 d _.‡. _{ß 11 3. 1991 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb H$m obßJmZw[mV H$r A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB© h¢& BgH$m ‡_wI H$maU _.‡. gaH$ma obßJmZw[mV 09 H$_ Wm O]oH$ OmdX Vhgrb H$m 03 Edß _Zmgm H$r ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ `m{OZm Z{ M_ÀH$ma oH$`m h°, Jmßd H$r ]{Q>r, ‡oV^m Vhgrb H$m 08 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm gdm©oYH$ obßJmZw[mV _Zmgm oH$aU, bm∂S>br b˙_r `m{OZm, emgH$r` gm_yohH$ oddmh `m{OZm, ÒHy$bm{ß Vhgrb _{ß 952 Wm Om{ ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß H´$_e: 40 d 23 d H$m∞b{Om{ß _{ß H$›`mAm{ß H{$ oejU ewÎH$ _m\$r `m{OZm AmoX _{ß ‡X{e d obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm& oOb{ H{$ oßbßJmZw[mV ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß A[Zm A_yÎ` `m{JXmZ oX`m h°& 4. 2001 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb H$m X{e _{ß obßJmZw[mV ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw gwPmd - obßJmZw[mV 10 H$_ Wm O]oH$ OmdX Vhgrb H$m 04 d _Zmgm 1. ‡X{e d X{e _{ß obßJmZw[mV _{ß d•o’ H$aZ{ h{Vw Jar] [nadmam{ß (]r[rEb) Vhgrb H$m 07 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm oOb{ _{ß gdm©oYH$ obßJmZw[mV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ J^©dVr hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ gaH$ma C›h{ß ode{f gßajU _Zmgm Vhgrb _{ß 957 Wm Om{ ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß H´$_e : 38 ‡XmZ H$a{ òX O›_ [a H$›`m hm{ Vm{ CgH$m gÂ[yU© bmbZ-[mbZ, d 24 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ Wm& oejm, am{OJma, oddmh AmoX H$m g_ÒV Ï`` emgZ dhZ H$a{ß& Bg 5. 2011 H$r OZJUZm _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H$r VwbZm _{ß Zr_M Vhgrb H$m H$m`© h{Vw EZ.Or.Am{. g{ ^r gh`m{J ‡m· H$a{ Edß ]mobH$m gaßjU h{Vw obßJmZw[mV 17 H$_ h° O]oH$ OmdX Vhgrb H$m 04 d _Zmgm Vhgrb OZ gh`m{J H$m gaH$ma AmÏh≤mZ H$a{ß& H$m 18 obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ h°& oOb{ _{ß gdm©oYH$ obßJmZw[mV _Zmgm 2. _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ H$m`© _{ß V{Or bm`r Om`{& emgH$r` Edß oZOr Vhgrb _{ß 975 h° Om{ ‡X{e d X{e H$r VwbZm _{ß H´$_e: 45 d 35 j{Ãm{ß _{ß Zm°H$na`m{ß h{Vw ›`yZV_ 33 ‡oVeV AmajU ‡XmZ oH$`m obßJmZw[mV AoYH$ h°& OmZm Mmoh`{& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 83

3. _.‡. H$r ^mßoV ÒWmZr` gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ oZdm©MZ _{ß 50 ‡oVeV _ohbm 2. Kumar . V.: Demography, 1993, P.41 AmajU H$m{ gÂ[yU© X{e _{ß bmJy oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ VWm 3. Jw·m ‡H$meM›– : ZJar` _mbdm H$m OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z, odYmZg^mAm{ß, odYmZ [nafXm{ß, bm{H$g^m d am¡`g^m _{ß ^r ›`yZV_ A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r. em{Y ‡]ßY odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z 33 ‡oVeV AmajU ‡XmZ oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& 1992 [•ÓR> 212 4. oOZ [nadmam{ß _{ß H{$db H$›`mAm{ß H{$ O›_ hm{Z{ [a Cg [nadma H$r 4. [{Ãm{d od∫$a : ^maV H$m OZgßª`m _ybH$ A‹``Z 1987 [•ÓR> 91 H$›`mAm{ß H$m{ ÒHy$bm{ß Edß _hmod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ‡d{e, Zm°H$na`m{ß Edß ‡_m{eZ 5. Shrivastava, S.C. : Dynamic of Demographic studies, _{ß VWm amOZ°oVH$ j{Ã _{ß odo^ﬁ [Xm{ß [a gdm}É ‡mWo_H$Vm X{Zr 1990, P.139 Mmoh`{& 6. Kumar . V.: Demography, 1993, P.42 5. [naÀ`mJVm d odYdm _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gßajU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw emgZ 7. e_m© b˙_rZmam`U : _›Xgm°a oOb{ H$m OZmßoH$H$r` A‹``Z 1971 ¤mam ode{f `m{OZm ]Zm`r OmZm Mmoh`{& g{ 1991 A‡H$moeV [rEM.S>r em{Y ‡]‹mß odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z 1995 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 8. ÒdmÒœ` Edß [nadma H$Î`mU _ßÃmb`, _.‡. gaH$ma ^m{[mb 1. Ram Kumar , R. : Technical Demography, 1986, P.15 9. ^maV H$r OZJUZm : 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 84

_‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam "BßXm°a gß^mJ' _{ß H•$of odoZ`m{J 2005 g{ 2010 : EH$ odÌb{fU

S>m∞. oXbr[ [mQ>rXma * S>m∞.Amerf Jw·m **

‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV _{ß H•$of _hÀd Òd‡_moUV h°& Om{ A[Z{ CX≤^d Edß AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© AgßÒWmJV Ûm{Vm{ß g{ H$aVm Wm, oOgH$r bmJV odH$mg g{ hr _mZd H$r ^m{OZ gß]ßYr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [ywoV© H{$ gmW hr AoYH$ hm{Vr Wr oOgg{ g_`-Xa-g_` „`mO amoe Vm{ bJmVma ]∂T>Vr C⁄m{J, YßYm{ß Edß am{OJma H{$ odH$mg H$m AmYma ]Zr hwB© h°& H•$of ^maVr` OmVr Wr b{oH$Z ‡H•$oV g{ g_m`m{OZ H$aH{$ CÀ[mXZ H$r _mÃm ]∂T>mZm Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß OrdZXm`r a∫$ H$r Vah h° `h Z H{$db ^yI Am°a Jar]r CgH$m{ß Xbmbm{ß H{$ MwßJb g{ ]MH$a CoMV _yÎ` [a odH´$` H$aZm H•$fH$m{ß H{$ O°gr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ h¢ Ao[Vw Im⁄ Am°a O°d gwajm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ obE odMma _mÃ W{ AWm©V≤ ]hwV Hw$N> ^mΩ` [a oZ^©a hm{Vm Wm [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ OrdZ H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ gw—∂T> H$aVr h°& `hr Zht ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _{ß Om{ _yb Yra{-Yra{ H•$fH$ F$UJ´ÒV hm{Vm J`m& ^maV gohV _‹`‡X{e H{$ oH$gmZm{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ` ‡oVoÓR>V h° CZH$m CX≤^d H$ht-Z-H$ht H•$of g{ hwAm h¢& H{$ g›X^© _{ß `h gÀ` h° oH$ d{ _{hZVr Edß B©_mZXma h° d{ obE JE H$O© H$m{ b{oH$Z h_ H•$of Edß H•$fH$ g_mO H{$ odH$mg H$r ]mV H$a{ Vm{ BZ odH$mg MwH$mZ{ _{ß d{ H$^r [rN{> Zht hQ{> Mmh{ BgH$m _yÎ` C›h{ß AmÀ_hÀ`m H$aH{$ hr odMmam{ß H$m{ _yV© È[ X{Z{ gß]ßYr `m{OZmE∞ oH$gr ^r emgZH$mb _{ß [yU©V: ∑`m{ß Zm MwH$mZm [∂S{>& Bgr ÃmgXr g{ ]MZ{ H{$ ‡`mgm{ß _{ß _‹`-‡X{e H{$ H•$fH$ \$br^yV Zht hm{ [mB©& X°odH$ d ‡mH•$oVH$ B¿N>mAm{ßß g{ g_m`m{OZ H$a CÀ[mXZ OJV H$m{ _hmOZm{ß Edß gmhwH$mam{ß g{ A[Zr ]ßYH$ ^yo_ H$m{ Nw>∂S>mZ{ Edß H•$of _{ß H$aZ{ dmbr H•$of Ï`dÒWm H{$ gmW amOm - _hmamOm, gmhwH$ma, O_tXma, AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ h{Vw odŒmm H$r [yoV© "_‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar o]óQ>e emgZ, _hmOZ Am°a A›` ‡^wÀddmXr Ï`dÒWm Z{ H$^r g_m`m{OZ H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$' ¤mam df© 1935 g{ H$r Om ahr h°& Zhr oH$`m h_{em hr bJmZ, „`mO, H$a, dgybr, Zrbm_r AmoX _m‹`_m{ß g{ AmOmXr H{$ ]mX ]¢H$ H$m{ AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ ‡oH´$`m _{ß CÀ[mXr ‡`m{OZ H•$fH$m{ß H$m AmoW©H$ Edß _mZogH$ em{fU hr oH$`m h°& h{Vw XrKm©doY odoZ`m{OZ gmI C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$m H$m`© gm¢[m J`m& X{e ÒdVßÃ hwAm g_` Wm g_J´ odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß H•$of Ï`dÒWm _{ß 1, ZdÂ]a, 1956 H$m{ _‹`‡X{e H{$ [wZ©JR>Z H{$ ]mX ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ _{ß gwYma È[r gHß$Î[ Edß ÒdflZ H$m{ gmH$ma H$aZ{ H$m BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ Wm am¡` ÒVar` T>m±MmJV gwYma H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mgm{ß _{ß 21, _mM©, 1961 H$m{ C[b„Y gßgmYZm{ß H$m Hw$ebVm[yd©H$ C[`m{J H$aH{$, H•$of H$r odŒmr` _m∞Jm{ß _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ _`m©oXV O]b[ya H$m [ßOr`Z H$m{ [yam H$aZm& ∑`mß{oH$ \$gb CÀ[mXZ ‡oH´$`m _{ß g]g{ _hÀd[yU© gmYZ hwAm oOgZ{ 1, AJÒV, 1961 g{ H$m`© H$aZm ‡maß^ oH$`m& oOg{ ]mX _{ß odŒm hr h°& oOgH$r Ï`dÒWm oH$gmZ H$B© g_` g{ O_rXmam{ß, gmhwH$mam{ß, _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ AoYoZ`_ 1966 H{$ AYrZ _hmOZm{ß AmoX Ûm{Vm{ß g{ H$aVm Am ahm h°& Bgr F$U oZ^©aVm H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$a oX`m J`m& AH•$of j{Ã H$r _mßJ Edß ]¢H$ H$m{ gÂ[yU© J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ Edß H•$fH$m{ß VH$ F$U [hw±MmZ{ h{Vw ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam H$B© `m{OZmE± gßMmobV ]ZmZ{ H{$ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ ]¢H$ H{$ [yd© AoYoZ`_m{ß H$m{ gßem{oYV H$r JB© h°& BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> `m{OZmE± ZroVJV È[ g{ Ag\$b ahr Vm{ Hw$N> H$aV{ hwE Z`m AoYoZ`_ "_‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ Ï`dÒWmo[H$m Edß H$m`©[mobH$m H$r hr CXmgrZVm Z{ od\$b odH$mg ]¢H$ AoYoZ`_ 1999' ]Zm`m J`m& Bgr H{$ VhV 2, A∑Qy>]a, H$a oX`m o\$a ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma È[r Ï`dÒWm g{ b∂S>V{-[bV{ AoYH$mße `m{OZmE± 1999 H$m{ ]¢H$ H$m Zm_ ]XbH$a _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU AeV: g\$b ahr& odH$mg ]¢H$ H$a oX`m J`m& dV©_mZ _{ß ]¢H$ am¡` _{ß 38 oObm ]¢H$m{ß H{$ ^maV _{ß H•$of Edß H•$fH$ odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß XrK©H$mbrZ odŒm [yoV© H$m _m‹`_ g{ g^r oObm{ß _{ß H•$of Edß AH•$of ‡`m{OZm{ß h{Vw odŒm C[b„Y H$am EH$ ‡`mg ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ dV©_mZ am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU ahm h°& odH$mg ]¢H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ df© 1929 ( dmÒVodH$ ÒWm[Zm _–mg) g{ oH$`m Bß›Xm°a gß^mJ H$r ]mV H$a{ Vm{ BgH{$ AßVJ©V Bß›Xm°a , IßS>dm , ]wahmZ[wa Om ahm h°& ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ _hmOZm{ß Edß , IaJm{Z , ]∂S>dmZr , Yma, Edß Pm]wAmß oOb{ AmV{ h° oOZ_{ß bJ^J1.18 gmhwH$mam{ß H{$ MßJwb g{ _w∫$ H$amZm , ^yo_ gwYma Edß H•$of _{ß AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$am{S> OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h° Bg_{ß g{ß bJ^J 72 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m h{Vw XrK©H$mbrZ odŒm C[b„Y H$amZm Wm& b{oH$Z Yra{-Yra{ AmdÌ`H$Vm H•$of Edß H•$of ghm`H$ H$m`© _{ß gßbæ h°& Bß›Xm°a H$m{ o_Zr ]mÂ]{ H{$ Zm_ g{ Edß odH$mg H$r _m∞J AZwÍ$[ emgZ Edß Zm]mS©> ¤mam ]¢H$ H$m{ H•$of H{$ gmW ZdmO{ OmZ{ H{$ [rN{> H{$ Hw$N> H$maUm{ß H$m{ß N>m{∂S> X{ Vm{ gÂ[yU© gß^mJ H{$ odH$mg hr AH•$of j{Ã _{ß ^r F$U C[b„Y H$amZ{ h{Vw AZw_oV ‡XmZ H$aV{ hwE H$m ‡_wI Edß [wªVm AmYma H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm hr h°& `hm∞ ‡_wI Í$[ g{ AmdÌ`H$ AoYH$ma Edß gßgmYZ C[b„Y H$am`{ h° oOgg{ ]¢H$ Z{ J´m_rU gm{`m]rZ , Amby , H$[mg, H{$bm, J{hy, Jfim, _wJ\$br AmXr \$gbm{ß H$m Jar]m{ß H$r Jar]r Xya H$aZ{ _{ß A[Zr _hŒmd[yU© Edß gmW©H$ ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© CÀ[mXZ oH$`m OmVm h°& H$[mg CÀ[mXZ _{ß Vm{ gß^mJ H$m g{ßYdm j{Ã Eoe`m h°& ^maVr` ‡mH•$oVH$ ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma hr _‹`‡X{f H{$ odH$mg H$m ÒVa [a ‡og’r ^r [m MwH$m h¢ Bgr H•$of Edß H•$fH$ g_mO H{$ gÂ[yU© AmYma ^r H•$of j{Ã hr h°& _‹`‡X{e H$m oH$gmZ ^r A[Zr F$U gß]ßYr *ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` ) ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, oZdmbr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 85 odH$mg h{Vw j{Ã _{ß ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ df© 1937 g{ XrK©H$mbrZ odŒmr` Ûm{V :- am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ gß^mJr` H$m`m©b` gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y H$am ahm h°& BßXm°a F$U dgybr [ÃH$& F$U odVaU Edß dgybr ñ B›Xm°a _{ß oObm ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ : 02 g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ BßXm°a gß^mJ _{ß df© odH$mg ]¢H$ H$m gß^mJr` H$m`m©b` h° oOgH$r ÒWm[Zm [ßOr`Z H´$_mßH$ 2005 g{ 2010 VH$ Hw$b 72323.69 bmI Í$[`{ H$r _m±J H$r JB© Wr INDRHO/175 H{$ A›VJ©V 25 \$adar 1962 H$m{ oX Bß›Xm°a oS>oÒQ≠>o∑Q> oOgH$r VwbZm _{ß 31927.27 bmI Í$[`{ H$r dgybr H$r JB© Om{ bJ^J H$m{ Am[a{oQ>Ïh b°S> _mJ}O ]¢H$ H{$ Zm_ g{ H$r JB© Wr& Om{ ]mX _{ß Bg 44.15 ‡oVfV ahr Bg —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ gdm©oYH$ 49.07 ‡oVeV dgybr ]¢H$ AoYoZ`_ 1966 H{$ ¤mam Bß›Xm°a oObm ghH$mar ^yo_ odH$mg ]¢H$ BßXm°a oObm ]¢H$ ¤mam H$r JB© VWm g]g{ H$_ dgybr Pm]wAm oObm ]¢H$ _`m©oXV VWm ]¢H$ AoYoZ`_ 1999 H{$ A›V©JV dV©_mZ _{ß oObm ghH$mar ¤mam bJ^J 30.34 ‡oVeV H$r JB©& o\$a ^r _mßJ H$r VwbZm _{ß g^r H•$of Am{°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h°& BgH{$ A›VJ©V oObm ]¢H$m{ß H$r dgybr AmY{ g{ ^r H$_ h°& Bg oXem _{ß odMma oH$`m OmZm Bß›Xm°a , IßS>dm ]wahmZ[wa , IaJm{Z, ]∂S>dmZr , Yma, VWm Pm]wAmß oObm MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ dV©_mZ _{ß Zm]mS©> ¤mam dgybr H$r _mÃm AZwgma F$U [mÃVm ]¢H$ AmV{ h°& BZ [m∞M oObm ]°H$m{ß H{$ ¤mam j{Ã _{ß df© 2005 g{ 2010 VH$ ‡XmZ H$r Om ahr h°& oH$E JE F$U odVaU Edß dgybr H$m{ ZrM{ Xr JB© VmobH$mAm{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ -03 Om gH$Vm h° :- _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 "BßXm°a gß^mJ' _{ß df© 2009-10 VH$ F$U Ade{f Edß EZ.[r.E. H$r _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam "BßXm°a gß^mJ' _{ß oÒWoV (amoe bmI Í$[`{ _{ß) df© 2005-06 g{ 2009-10 VH$ Hw$b b˙` Edß F$U odVaU H$r oÒWoV H´$.$ oObm ]¢H$ F$U Ade{f EZ.[r.E. F$U Ade{f [a (amoe bmI Í$[`{ _{ß) NPA H$m % H´.$ oObm ]¢H$ b˙` odVnaV F$U b˙` [a F$U 1. BßXm°a 5973.37 2984.20 50.00 H$m % 2. IS>dm 3011.67 1474.96 49.00 1. BßXm°a 7883.00 5095.54 64.64 3. IaJm{Z 3641.17 2026.54 55.00 2. IS>dm 2717.00 2136.19 78.62 4. Pm]wAm 1193.39 889.21 74.00 3. IaJm{Z 2247.00 1883.97 83.84 5. Yma 2615.77 1369.29 51.00 4. Pm]wAm 470.00 446.80 95.06 `m{J 16435.37 8744.20 53.00 5. Yma 2486.00 1856.17 74.67 Ûm{V :- am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ gß^mJr` H$m`m©b` `m{J 15803.00 11418.67 72.25 BßXm°a F$U dgybr [ÃH$& Ûm{V -am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ gß^mJr` H$m H$m`m©b` C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ : 03 g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ]¢H$ H$m gß^mJ _{ß BßXm°a F$U odVaU [ÃH$& oH$gmZm{ß H{$ D$[a Hw$b 16435.37bmI Í$[`{ H$m F$U ]H$m`m h° oOg_{ß C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ ï 01 g{ Ò[Ô> h° oH$ df© 2005 g{ 2010 VH$ gdm©oYH$ ]H$m`m amoe BßXm°a oObm ]¢H$ H$r h° ∑`m{ßoH$ ]¢H$ ¤mam F$U BßXm°a gß^mJ _|$ Hw$b 15803.00 bmI È[`{ b˙` oZYm©oaV oH$`m Wm odVaU H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_ dgybr H$r h° VWm g]g{ H$_ F$U Ade{f Pm]wAm oOgH$r VwbZm _|$ 11418.67 bmI È[`{ F$U odVaU oH$`m J`m Om{ oObm ]¢H$ H$m h° b{oH$Z BgH$m Xygam Am°a Xw:IX [hbw X{I{ Vm{ F$U Ade{f bJ^J 72.25 ‡oVeV ahm & Bg —oÔ>H$m{U g{ Pm]wAm oObm ]¢H$ ¤mam H$m bJ^J 53 ‡oVeV Abm^Xm`H$ gÂ[oŒmm`m{ß (NPA) H{$ Í$[ _{ß h° gdm©oYH$ 95.06 ‡oVeV F$U ]m±Q>m Om{ A¿N>r H$m`©j_Vm H$m{ Ò[Ô> H$aVm oOgg{ ]¢H$ H{$ D$[a erf© ]¢H$ Edß Zm]mS©> H$m F$U ]m{P ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& h°m BgH{$ ]mX IaJm{Z oObm ]¢H$ ¤mam ^r 83.84 ‡oVeV F$U odVaU Bg —oÓQ> g{ gdm©oYH$ EZ.[r.E. Pm]wAm oObm ]¢H$ H$m h° bJ^J 74 H$aH{$ A¿N>m ‡Xe©Z oH$`m h° & IS>dm Edß Yma oObm ]¢H$m| ^r Bg oXem _| ‡oVfV VWm g]g{ H$_ IS>dm oObm ]¢H$ H$m bJ^J 49 ‡oVeV h°& V{Or oXImZr hm{Jr VWm g]g{ H$_ bJ^J 64.64 ‡oVeV F$U odVaU [naUm_ Edß oZÓH$f©- Bg ‡H$ma h_Z{ X{Im H$r oObm ghH$mar H•$of Am°a BßXm°a oObm ]¢H$ ¤mam oH$`m J`m & ]¢H$ ‡emgZ ¤mam `hm± _mZd gßgmYZ J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ H$r ÒWm[Zm oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ AgßÒWmJV F$U Omb g{ H$m{ [yU© C[`m{J oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr MmohE & _w∫$ H$amZ{ H{$ gmW hr H•$of _{ß AmYwoZH$rH$aU h{Vw XrK©H$mbrZ odŒm C[b„Y _‹`‡X{e am¡` ghH$mar H•$of Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam"BßXm°a gß^mJ' H$amZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ H$r JB© Wr VmoH$ H•$of AW©Ï`ÒWm H$m gwX•T> odH$mg H$aV{ _{ß df© 2005-06 g{ 2009-10 VH$ hwE h_mar H•$of CÀ[mX gß]ßYr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yU© oH$`m Om gH{$& Bg VmobH$m H´$_mße - 02 Xmo`Àd H$m{ ]¢H$ ¤mam F$U odVaU H$aH{$ ]Iy]r oZ^m`m h° gmW hr ]¢H$ Hw$b _mßJ Edß Hw$b dgybr H$r oÒWoV (amoe bmI Í$[`{ _{ß) ¤mam AH•$of j{Ã H$m{ F$U gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y H$am`r h°& b{oH$Z ]¢H$ H$r H´$.$ oObm ]¢H$ Hw$b _mßJ Hw$b dgybr _mßJ [a dgybr H$m % dV©_mZ oÒWoV X{I{ Vm{ß ]¢H$ ¤mam b˙`mZwgma F$U odVaU Zhr oH$`m Om 1. BßXm°a 20964.73 10287.72 49.07 ahm h¢ VWm df© 2011 g{ Vm{ F$U odVaU bJ^J ]ßX hr H$a oX`m h° 2. IS>dm 15573.17 7179.85 46.10 [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ ]¢H$ Edß H•$fH$m{ H{$ _‹` oddmX ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h° gmW hr 3. IaJm{Z 16967.67 7352.67 43.34 H•$fH$ dJ© odŒm ‡m·r h{Vw AgßÒWmJV F$U Omb _{ß o\$a g{ CbPZ{ bJm h°& 4. Pm]wAm 6638.32 2014.20 30.34 odVnaV F$Um{ß H$r dgybr H$r ]mV H$a{ Vm{ ZH$br ImX, ]rO, XdmB© , 5. Yma 12179.80 5092.83 41.82 ‡mH•$oVH$ gwIm, ]m∂T> Am{bm [mbm BÑr, \$gb ]r_mar Edß F$U-„`mO `m{J 72323.69 31927.27 44.15 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 86

Omb g{ e{f ]Mr H•$of Am` H$m{ emarnaH$ Edß gm_moOH$ AmdÌ`H$ oOÂ_{Xmar Z°oVH$Vm [yU© oZ^m`{ VmoH$ ]¢H$ Xyga{ oH$gmZ ^mB©`m| H$m{ ^r AmdÌH$VmAm{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ ]mX `oX oH$gmZ ohVJ´mhr ]¢H$ H$r oH$ÌV F$U gwodYmEß C[b„Y H$amH$a CZH{$ AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ odH$mg H$m{ g_` [a O_m Zhr H$a [mVm Vm{ Cg [a dgybr h{Vw X]md S>mbZ{ H{$ gmW gwoZoÌMV H$a gH{$ &$ gmW H$mZyZr H$m`©dmoh`m ^r H$r OmZ{ bJr h¢ oOgg{ß gm_moOH$ Edß _mZogH$ ¯g Òd^modH$ h¢ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ oH$gmZ AmÀ_hÀ`m O°gr ÃmgXr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$m{ Jb{ß bJm ahm h°& oOgH{$ odH$mg H{$ obE h_ BVZ{ Am°a BVZ{ g_` g{ 1µ _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ AnYnZ`_ ‡`mgaV≤ h° Vm{ ∑`m h_ma{ ‡`mgm{ß H$r [yßOr "oH$gmZ AmÀ_hÀ`m'hr h°& `h 1966 Edß 1999& odMmaUr` h° & 2µ ndH$mg nd^mJ, _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg gwPmd - emgZ ¤mam H•$fH$m{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m{ gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ h{Vw Edß ]¢H$, ^m{[mb& H•$fH$m{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß ÀdnaV H$m`©dmhr H$aV{ hwE 3µ _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$, BßXm°a gß^mJ, oH$gmZm{ß H$r dV©_mZ dmÒVodH$ oÒWoVZwgma hr dgybr h{Vw ]¢H$ H$m{ oZX}oeV dmof©H$ ‡oVd{XZ 2005 g{ 2010 oH$`m OmZm MmohE& emgZ g{ E{gm ‡`mg ^r A[{ojV h° H$r H•$of _{ß E{gr 4µ _‹`‡X{Ìm am¡` ghH$mar H•$nf Am°a J´m_rU ndH$mg ]¢H$ H$r C[ndnY AmYma^yV Ï`dÒWm H$a{ H$r H•$of CÀ[mXZ j_Vm Edß H•$of Am` H$m{ ]T>m`m Edß `m{OZm [nÃH$m 2005 g{ 2010 Om gH{$ oOgg{ H$r H•$fH$ Edß ]°H$ H{$ _‹` oddmX ÒdV: g_m· hm{ Om`{J{ß 5µ Zm]mS©> , J´m_rU ndH$mg [nÃH$m & Am°a h_mam H•$of Edß H•$fH$ odH$mg C‘{Ì` ^r ‡m· oH$`m Om gH{$Jm& gmW 6µ Hw$Í$j{Ã, J´m_rU ndH$mg _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma , ZB© nXÑr & hr H•$fH$ g_mO g{ ^r A[{jm H$r OmVr h¢ H$r ]¢H$ F$U H$r dm[gr H$r 7. www.census2011.co.in

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 87

FDI In India's Retail Sector - Opportunities And Challenges

* Dr. Deepali Behere Abstract - Retailing is the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. This excludes direct interface between the manufacturer and institutional buyers such as the government and other bulk customers. A retailer is one who stocks the producer’s goods and is involved in the act of selling it to the individual consumer, at a margin of profit. As such, retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. The retail industry in India is of late often being hailed as one of the sunrise sectors in the economy. It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. Key Words - FDI, Retail Sector, Indian Economy, Consumers, GDP . Introduction - The Indian Scenario-Trade or retailing services economies like China, Thailand, South Korea and Philippines, sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of all of whom have figures hovering around the 20-25% mark 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad economic Retail as a ‘Forced Employment’ Sector - It is important activity in the sector. is the single largest component of the to understand how retailing works in our economy, and what The retail industry is divided into organized and unorganized role it plays in the lives of its citizens, from a social as well as sectors. Organized retailing refers to trading activities an economic perspective. India still predominantly houses the undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are traditional formats of retailing, that is, the local kirana shop, registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the paan/beedi shop, hardware stores, weekly haats, corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also convenience stores, and bazaars, which together form the the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganized bulk. Most importantly, Indian retail is highly fragmented, with retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats about 11 million outlets operating in the country and only of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, 4% of them being larger than 500 square feet in size. owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, Compare this with the figure of just 0.9 million in the US, yet convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc. catering to more than 13 times of the Indian retail market Unorganized retailing is by far the prevalent form oftrade size.The presence of more than one retailer for every hundred in India – constituting 98% of total trade, while organized persons is indicative of the lack of economic opportunities trade accounts only for the remaining 2%. Estimates vary that is forcing people into this form of self-employment, even widely about the true size of the retail business in India. In a though much of it is marginal. Because of this fragmentation, recent presentation, FICCI has estimated the total retail the Indian retail sector typically suffers from limited access business to be Rs. 11, 000 crores or 44% of GDP., sales to capital, labour and real estate options. The typical traditional now account for 44% of the total GDP and food sales account retailer follows the low-cost-and-size format, functioning at for 63% of the total retail sales,. Food retail trade is a very a small-scale level, rarely eligible for tax model of operations. large segment of the total economic activity of our country The Waiting Foreign Juggernaut - The largest retailer in and due to its vast employment potential the world ‘Wal-Mart’ has a turnover of $ 256 bn. and is growing Employment in Retailing - A simple glance at the annually at an average of 12-13%. In 2004 its net profit was employment numbers is enough to paint a good picture of $ 9,000 mn. It had 4806 stores employing 1.4 mn persons. the relative sizes of these two forms of trade in India – Of these 1355 were outside the USA. The average size of a organized trade employs roughly 5 lakh people, whereas the Wal-mart is 85,000 sq.ft and the average turnover of a store unorganized retail trade employs nearly 3.95 crores, India’s was about $ 51 mn. Wal-Mart had a 9% return on assets workforce is proportionately much larger. That about 4% of and 21% return on equity. By contrast the average Indian India’s population is in the retail trade says a lot about how retailer had a turnover of Rs. 186,075. Only 4% of the 12 vital this business is to the socio-economic equilibrium in million retail outlets were larger than 500 sq.ft in size. The India.Organized retail is still in the stages of finding its feet total turnover of the unorganized retail sector was Rs. 735,000 in India even now. Though organized trade makes up over crores employing 39.5 mn persons. 70-80% of total trade in developed economies, India’s figure • Let alone the average Indian retailer in the unorganized is low even in comparison with other Asian developing sector, no Indian retailer in the organized sector will be ** ***Asst. Professor (Economics) Department of Commerce & Management, Career College, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P.)INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 88

able to meet the onslaught from a firm such as Wal- workforce and contributing 10.9% to GDP, the food-retailing Mart – when it comes. With its incredibly deep pockets segment presents a focused opportunity to the Government Wal-Mart will be able to sustain losses for many years to catalyze growth & employment. till its immediate competition is wiped out. This is a • Provision of training in handling, storing, transporting, normal predatory strategy used by large players to drive grading, sorting, maintaining hygiene standards, upkeep out small and dispersed competition job loss. If Wal- of refrigeration equipment, packing, etc. is an area where Mart were to open an average Wal-Mart store in each of ITI’s and SISI’s can play a proactive role. these cities and they reached the average Wal-Mart • Creation of infrastructure for retailing at mandis, performance per store – we are looking at a turnover of community welfare centers, government and private over Rs. 80,330 mn with only 10195 employees colonies with a thrust on easier logistics and hygiene Disturbing the Hornet’s Nest - If you assume 40 mn adults will enable greater employment and higher hygiene in the retail sector, it would translate into around 160 million consciousness, and faster turnaround of transport and dependents using a 1:4 dependency ratio. Opening the higher rollover of produce. Credit availability for retail retailing sector to FDI means dislocating millions from their traders must be encouraged with a view to enhancing occupation, and pushing a lot of families under the poverty employment and higher utilization of fixed assets. line. Plus, one must not forget that the western concept of • Several successful models of integrating very long food efficiency is maximizing output while minimizing the number supply chains in dairy, vegetable, fish and fruit have been of workers involved – which will only increase social tensions evolved in India. in a poor and yet developing country like India, where tens Conclusion - To summarize, debate on opening up multi- of millions are still seeking gainful employment.(SeeTable 5) brand retail is a welcome first step. There is sincere Table 5: Sectoral GDP, Employment & Growth Rates (%) expectation that the government will open the sector to FDI, Sectors Share % in Employment Cumulative ave. and act fast on this front, even if it means opening the sector GDP (2004) Growth Rate in a gradual and phased manner. FDI should not be allowed during1994-2004 for multi brand stores in near future, as Indian retailers will not Agriculture 22.1 60.5 2.70 be able to face competition with these stores immediately. Industry 21.7 16.8 6.53 At present it is also not desirable to increase FDI ceiling Service 56.2 22.7 7.90 to more than 51% even for single premium brand stores. It will help us to ensure check and control on business Source: FICCI (2004) & NSS 55th Round Employment Survey operations of global retailers and to look after the interests of (1999-2000) domestic players. However, the limit of equity participation So far Indian economy has been heavily geared towards can be increased in due course of time as we did in telecom, the service sector to contributes 56% of our GDP. The service banking and insurance sectors. Foreign players should not be sector’s contribution to the increase in GDP over the last 5 allowed to trade in certain sensitive products like arms and years has been 63.9%. Having a high contribution from ammunition, military equipment, etc. and the list of excluded services is an attribute that is characteristic of developed products should be clearly stated in the FDI policy. economies Moreover, it is submitted that in the fierce battle between Recommendations - the advocators and antagonist of unrestrained FDI flows in • The retail sector in India is severely constrained by the Indian retail sector, the interests of the consumers have limited availability of bank finance. The Government and been deliberately and utterly disregarded.. After Independence RBI need to evolve suitable lending policies that will and the economic liberalization in 1990, retail may well be enable retailers in the organized and unorganized the next revolution. With economic slowdown behind us, the sectors to expand and improve efficiencies. time seems just right to expand the horizons, and realize • A National Commission must be established to study the the potential.FDI in retailing would surely be a gain to India problems of the retail sector and to evolve policies that will and it would also help India in becoming ‘developed count enable it to cope with FDI – as and when it comes. References - • The proposed National Commission should evolve a 1. Department of Commerce, Government of India, 23-Feb- clear set of conditionalities on giant foreign retailers on 2005, Press Release on ‘FDI in Organized Retail to generate the procurement of farm produce, domestically Employment, but should not displace ongoing Retail manufactured merchandise and imported goods. The activities’, government must actively encourage setting up of co- 2. Economic Survey (2007-08), Ministry of Finance, Government operative stores to procure and stock their consumer of India, New Delhi, 2008 ICRIER study, “Impact of Organized goods and commodities from small producers.. Retailing on the Unorganized Sector” May2008 • set up an Agricultural Perishable Produce Commission 3. Joseph, Mathew and Soundararajan, Nirupama (2009), (APPC), to ensure that procurement prices for “Retail in India: A Critical Assessment”, Academic Foundation, perishable commodities are fair to farmers and that they NewDelhi. are not distorted with relation to market prices. 4. Mohanty, J.P, Sharma Kamal, Guruswamy Mohan, Korah Recommendations for the Food Retail Sector - With 3.6 Thomas J. FDI in India’s Retail Sector – More Bad Than million shops retailing food and employing 4% of total Good. Center for Policy Alternatives (CPAS), New Delhi. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 89

Local Fund Audit: A Vision

* ** Sandeep Kumar Laxkar * Dr.P.R.Somani **

Abstract - According to Article 243-J of the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act the provision has been made that the accounts of Panchayati Raj Institutions will be done from to time to time. This is also essential because, if the audit of accounts of income and expenditure is not done then the possibility of misuse of functioning of Panchayati Raj will become strong. The objective of the audit of local bodies notified by the State Government is to check Expenses Accounts, the original records, certificates etc. The financial theory to check Expenditure Accounts as per the Accounting Rules and to certify the annual accounts and to put before the institution and to bring out all kind of irregularities of local bodies. The object of present research papers is to deliver the information of local fund audit to curious of various level so they can become awake towards annual accounts of various government and non government organizations. The information about powers and duties of auditor is given in present research paper.

Local Fund Audit - The Local Fund Audit Department was notified in The format of annual accounts are prepared for any Panchayati Raj Local Fund Audit Notification Act of 1994, No.11671/Leg. A2/93/Law institution under which the fund spent on any work and balance on 11/05/94. The main duty of this department is to conduct audit of money, the summary of various accounts etc. of the institution will accounts of Institutions within their audit control through merits of be written. Local Fund Audit Act, 1994. Along with audit of local fund the Director The object for auditing of the local bodies notified by the state of the Local Fund Audit Departments in his capacity as treasurer of government to examine the accounts of income and expenditure, various charitable fund contained the proper management of the original records, certificates in accordance with the rules and financial fund administered by this Department. Being a PRI decentralized principles and to certify the annual accounts and to submit to the autonomous institution is accountable to the public. For the purpose institution and to communicate different types of irregularities to the to read over the accounts of development work regularly in the local bodies. meeting of Gram Sabha is healthy institutional system of social General instruction for auditing - The instructions related for audit audit which is an important part of Rajasthan Panchayati Raj guidance proceeding are being issued, minimum and essential arrangement. In addition the Panchayati Raj institutions are bound direction for auditor is as under: to the arrangement to cause annual audit through external audit 1. Commencement of Audit - The audit begin with institution’s agencies. cash balances of postage stamps begins with verification of Mainly two agencies / departments are authorized to conduct securities, postal stamps and balances given by the local audit of Panchayati Raj institutions, (1) Local Fund Audit Department authority. It is being noticed by the auditor that whether the physical (Department of State Government), (2) Comptroller & Auditor General cash on hand is in accordance with cash on hand in books of – C.A.G. (Comptroller of Auditor General in India). The Panchayati accounts or not. Raj institutions are getting financial grant from both, the State and 2. Annual administration and inspection report: The auditor the Central Government. Therefore, the arrangement of audit is should study Auditor the annual administration of the local applicable at both the levels. The format of Budget for Panchayati body institution, reports, minutes of standing committees and Raj institutions is prescribed in C.A.G. 2002 and the formal order-11 other committees, inspection report of the senior official of the issued by the states is accepted and this format has been made institution and to pay attention towards all the important matters applicable to all the institutions. The 11th Finance Commission in which is essential for auditor to investigate during checking. para 8.19 (d) of its report had recommended that there should be a 3. Rules and regulations and impact of its implementation: The format to prepare the Comptroller Auditor General of India (C & G). Rules and bye-laws are framed and accepted under the Act Such format for the local bodies of Budget & Audit should be changed. related to the institution and special attention is given towards According to Article 243-J of the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act the that whether the ruleor by-laws rules are framed in accordance provision has been made that the accounts of Panchayati Raj with the act or not as well as no source of income is neglected. Institutions will be done from to time to time. This is also essential 4. Budget: An auditor must see that the budget is prepared and because, if the audit of accounts of income and expenditure is not passed in accordance with act related to budget as well as done then the possibility of misuse of functioning of Panchayati Raj accounting rules and the figures is similar to the actual will become strong. And this is the reason that in section 95 of the assessment, supposition of receipts and expenditure is Act also audit system of accounts has been implemented. In the balanced and entire figures have been accepted before fifth year of the Republic of India the legislature of Rajasthan State spending. had enacted the Local Fund Audit Act, 1954. This act is spread 5. Annual Accounts: The receipts and expenditure of amount of across Rajasthan State, any Panchayati Raj institution will maintain the annual accounts should be examined with concerned the accounts which will be placed for audit in every financial year. *** Research Scholar, Pacific University Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA *** *** Ex-Head, Department of Accounts and Business Statistics,B.N. P.G. College, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 90 registrars and to find out unusual variation of both, income - 4. Auditor Marking: At the time of audit of accounts all the entries expenditure related to budget and actual figures. checked by the auditor, the tick by prescribed pencil will be put Duties of Audit Department - To accomplish the task of audit on the entries or the ‘x’ mark should be affixed and initial should department following procedures are being adopted: be made on checked the counters of final receipts, cheque etc. 1. Checking of financial approval: The financial approval accounting documents. At the end of audit period it is being granted by the Controlling Authorities or State Government written on the registers checked as to, “the total checked has as well as approval related to service which is being obtained been checked, checked the bank’s challan, pass book is tallied from Directorate will be examined and it will also observe etc. and initial is put and date is also being written. that whether the approval granted is based upon the 5. Letter of Demand: Without giving adequate opportunity the concerned Act or not and thereafter to forward such approvals Executive Officer of the institution to make clarification about to the concerned regional offices for essential proceedings irregularity, misappropriation, solution, etc. found during the at the time of checking. audit it should not be mentioned in Draft Audit Report. In this 2. Detailed & Specific inquiry: For the purpose to conduct specific connection it would be appropriate that the investigation examination of accounts of any institution if any demand superintendent some times to informally discuss about defect received from the Controlling Authority or State Government and irregularities found during audit with the office then the orders issued for specific inquiry. To conduct specific superintendent so as he may tender his explanation after inquiry / details inquiry the Director himself is competent and if inquired into the facts for that subject. If the Office Superintendent necessity arise then the orders for specific inquiry are being not produce any record humbly demanded for audit purpose, issued by the Director - Directorate. then to prepare the summary in duplicate by using carbon 3. In case of damages, theft, misappropriation: Whenever the paper in prescribed form L.A.D.1 and forward one copy with Audit Report of each regional office is issued then therein the his signature and date to the aforesaid officer and obtain the case of loss, theft and misappropriation of more than Rs.1,000/ receipt. - is reported to the Directorate. The Directorate upon receipt of 6. Verification of compliance audit query: After verification of such instruction in this branch, the entry is being made in the compliance in form L.A.Fi. 20 by the institution prepared by the register maintained for loss, theft, misappropriation for the Investigation Superintendent his remarks will be given in same and the communication is being sent to, the Controlling prescribed table. And along with the form of Audit Report will be Authority to, initiate further proceedings in this behalf and forwarded to the Assistant Director for prompt proceeding reminder letters being sent to him about seriousness of the purpose. matter from time to time. And the proceeding of all such cases Duties of Auditor - Primary duty of the auditor is to make verification of loss, theft and misappropriation are being entered in the of significance and completion of all the accounts so as it can be register in the regional offices. assure that entire revenue and receipts have been asked for 4. Serious irregularities found in audit: Upon finding irregularities appropriately under rules formed subject to the concerned acts, during audit, the earlier checking group / regional office upon as such the accounts of all the revenue and receipts is being receipt of instruction of payment made by the City Council maintained. (Nagar Parishad) without passed by the earlier group of The Auditor should make it assure that for accounts of the auditor, the controlling authority immediately shall inform for institution any forms are made under special rules - laws have the purpose of forthwith proceedings to the Administrative been exclusively complied with or not. If it is found that the method Department as well as the Finance Department. of accounting is defective then before giving any suggestion directly 5. Annual Budget and Rules: The annual budget is being to the local body or authority, for the purpose to order him, he along prepared in accordance with directions prescribed in the rule with his primary suggestion it is being placed through appropriate which is being followed in regional offices. All the concerned medium before the Director, Local Fund Audit Department, officer on the date specified in rules and in prescribed form Rajasthan, Jaipur. and in accordance with the directions send the budget to his Powers of Auditor - For any audit to be carried under the Rajasthan higher authorities. Local Fund Audit Act, 1954, the following powers have been vested Process before commencement of Audit - to the Auditor under section-6 of the Act. 1. Audit Year: The Audit year shall commence from 1st of June of 1. Can submit letter of demand to make available the chart, every year and ending on 31st of May of next year. The audit of eligible correspondence and other records Authenticator accounts of previous year of the institution will be conducted comments etc. for the purpose of audit. during this period 2. Can make written application to the Chairman of Institution or 2. Information of Audit: The instruction to conduct audit will be member of Audit institution office. given by relevant local authorities to the Assistant Director of 3. Intimation for commencement of audit should be given in writing Audit unless there is special situation Local Fund Auditor Act to the local authority at lease before two weeks and in special 1954 at least two weeks prior to the date given. situation he has authority to conduct audit without intimation. 3. Distribution of work: Before starting of audit the accounts of References - that institution the summary of work between Accounts Officer 1. Babel Vasantilal, Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Code, Bafna and Assistant Auditor will be given in prescribed proforma to Publishing House, Jaipur 2009, Page No.166. the Investigation Superintendent. The summary of work is 2. Departmental Rules, Local Fund Audit Department, given in such a manner that all the members remain busy Rajasthan, Jek Printers, Jaipur, 1993, page No.127. and the audit work can be completed within the stipulated 3. Pramodkumar Agrawal, Bharat Me Panchayati Raj, Gyan period. Ganga, Delhi, 2003 page no.85. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 91

Economic Growth on the basis of Gross Natural Product

* Dr. Anand Tiwari

Introduction - Today, we need to understand that man and but it is also increasing the pollution level of the wintry which environment complete one another in every possible extent. again effect badly both the nature and the living beings. It we aspire to maintain this perfect balance between nature What we need to understand is we should include these and living beings, then we require to include the use of natural resources exploitation loss in terms of money which will be resources while calculation of national income or GDP of accounted in millions and include that cost while calculating the country. What we need today is sustainable development. the national income of the country. Sustainable development refers to the development Just for an instance, after independence of country, in where the resources shoule be used in such a balanced a run for establishing more & more paper mills in their states, manner that their should be enough for “present” as well as wood was sold in 1 Re per ton in Shahdol (M.P.) because of “coming generations” According to latest reports 12% which many forest near this district were completed resources have already being exploited and 27% of resources deforested. In additional to this, because of the same Paper are being used presently hence, 40% of resources are being Mill, son river was polluted and people living in nearby villages consumed only by human beings and only 60% is left for had to face many contamination discuses. This is what we the use by other species. are leaving behind “unseen” in the none of development. During four decades from 1950-1990, production of food Similarly if a 50 years old three has been cut down and grains was increased enormously because of green revolution is ready for sell, then its cost many be accounted as 50,000 i.e. growth by 2.9 crore tonnes per year. But since 1984 acc. to its face value. there has been a major fall in food grain production which if But if seen beyond face value, that three has provided continued to next 40 years, then it would reach to 248 kg rainfall cycle, pollution control balanced environment, per year per person. provided habitat for animals etc. If there conditional costs TERI- Tata energy resource institute has presented a are added to the original cost then this three will cost Rs. report acc. to which there has been a sharp decrease in 64,40,000 which we fail to analyses. ground water level of the country. Mehsana district in Gujrat Acc. to national environ. engg research institute NEERI and some regions in T.N. have experienced a permanent report 1990, the national income of country is actually at -4 static fall in ground water level similarly in Haryana water score (minus 4) because of its over exploitation of resources. level has gane below 48-54 c.m. During the same period, This failure in economic system is not only faced our 4686 million hectare forest land was used illegal actions by country. but by the whole world. Therefore, instead of leading to a loss of 89232 million ruppes in terms of soil development, we should better go with the concept of minerals. “SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT” for our economy and Development of a country is only measured in terms of rather for world’s economy as a whole. national income and GDP but it does not include various References - resources aspect and no of families below poverty level 1. Mishra & Puri, Indian Economy, Himalayas Publishing instead “Total Natural Resources” should be made the key House, Mumbai. factor to decide development in a country. 2. Rudradutt & Surndram Indian Economy, S. Chand, For a fast paced development deforestation and natural New Delhi. resources exploitation is done by man which not at all boshes 3. Economic time, New Delhi. our national income. 4. Times of India, New Delhi. Hence, unknowingly or knowingly we are exploiting our 5. Environmental Accounts Das Wheeler Publishing resources for the sake of “development” Not only exploitation House.

*** Professor & Head (Commerce), Govt. Auto. Girls PG College of Excellence, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 92

gßMma H´$mßoV Edß J´m_rU ]mOma H$m ]XbVm [na—Ì`

S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m *S>m∞. Eb.EZ. e_m© * *

em{Y gmamße ñ ^maV _ß{ AmO ^r Hw$b OZgßª`m H$m 74.3 % ^mJ Jm±dm{ß _{ßß ]gVm h° Bg H$maU ^maV H$m J´m_rU ]mOma XwoZ`m H$m g]g{ AoYH$ gÂ^mdZmAm{ß dmbm ]mOma h°& odH$mg H$r a‚Vma H{$ gmW J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$m [na—Ì` ^r V{Or g{ ]Xb ahm h° Bg H$maU ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`m± ^r Bg_{ßß A[Zr oXbMÒ[r oXIm ahr h°& gßMma H´$mo›V H{$ H$maU OrdZ e°br d C[^m{J ‡d•oV ^r ‡^modV hwB© h° A] H$É{ _H$mZm{ß (Pm{[o∂S>`m{ß) _{ßß ^r _m{]mBb H$r KoQ>`m± ]O ahr h°& gßMma H´$mo›V Z{ J´m_rm ]mOma _{ßß 26 JwZm ‡JoV H$r h° gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ odÒVma H$m bm^ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ßß H•$of CÀ[mXZ H{$ Í$[ _{ßß o_b ahm h° H•$of H$r odo^fi g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw H•$of ode{fkm{ß H$r gbmh gßMma H´$mo›V H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡m· hm{ ahr h°, H•$of od[UZ _{ßß ^r H$m\$r ghm`Vm o_b ahr h°& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ßß Ï`m[mar [hw±MZ{ bJ{ h° Bgg{ H•$of ]mOmam{ß H$m odÒVma ^r hm{ ahm h°& gßMma H´$mo›V Z{ Jm±dm{ H{$ [bm`Z H$m{ am{H$Z{ Edß am{OJma H{$ Adga ]T>mZ{ _{ß ^r gh`m{J oH$`m h° gßMma H´$mo›V Edß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H{$ odÒVmam{ß Z{ J´m_rU oeojV `wdmAm{ß H$m{ J°a H•$of j{Ãm{ H$r Am{a AmH$of©V H$a , g{dm j{Ãm{ß H{$ odÒVma _{ßß am{OJma C[b„Y H$amH$a Am` g•OZ H{$ ZE ¤ma Im{b{ h° Bgg{ ôdÓ` _{ßß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$m{ Am°a ^r _O]yVr o_b{Jr& J´m_rU odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ Edß ^maV oZ_m©U `m{OZm _{ßß ]OQ> Am]ßQ>Z _{ßß ^mar d•o’ g{ J´m_rUm{ H$r Am` _{ßß d•o’ hwB© h° AV: J´m_rU ]mOma H$m{ Bg_{ßß JoV o_br h° J´m_rU OZVm H$m{ OmJ´V H$aZ{ Edß Jm±dm{ß _{ßß C[^m{∫$m gßÒH•$oV H$m odH$mg H$aZ{ H$m l{` gßMma H´$mo›V Edß _roS>`m H$m{ OmVm h°& oZH$Q> ôdÓ` _{ßß gßMma H´$mo›V, gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r Edß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ H{$ AmYwoZH$rH$am g{ X{e H$r J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm A[Z{ X_ [a I∂S>r hm{ Om`{Jr& ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV H{$ bJ^J 125 H$am{S> C[^m{∫$mAm{ß _{ßß g{ bJ^J EH$ Xmàm ÒVa hm{Z{ g{ `{ Vwa›V A[Zr g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ H$a gH{$J{ß& A^r Mm°WmB© J´m_rU j{Ã _{ßß ahV{ h°& ^maV H$r J´m_rU OZgßª`m 627 o_ob`Z VH$ H{$ AZw^d ghr ]Vm ah{ h° oH$ oOg JoV g{ gMma H´$mo›V AmJ{ ]∂T> ahr h°, Om{ oH$ Hw$b OZgßª`m H$r 74.3% h°& df© 2011 _{ßß ]T>H$a 6,40,867 h°, Cgr JoV g{ H•$of H$m{ ^r ]T>mdm o_bm h°& H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ßß d•o¤ hm{Z{ g{ hm{ JB©& ^maV H$r J´m_rU Am]mXr odÌd H$r OZgßª`m H$m 12 ‡oVeV h°& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ßß ]S{> Ï`m[mna`m{ß H$r [h±wM ^r hm{Z{ bJr h°, oOgg{ H•$of AV: ^maV H$m J´m_rU ]mOma XwoZ`m H$m g]g{ AoYH$ gÂ^mdZmAm{ß dmbm ]mOmam{ß H$m ^r odÒVma hm{ ahm h°& df© 2006 -10 H{$ ]rM J´m_rU ^maV _{ßß X{e h°& Hw$N> dfm} [yd© VH$ ^maV H{$ oOZ J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$m{ XrZ-hrZ _m{]mB©b C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ßß 07 JwZm d•o¤ AmßH$r JB© O]oH$ ehar g_Pm OmVm Wm, AmO C›ht J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$m [na—Ì` V{Or g{ ]Xb ahm j{Ã _{ßß `h 03 JwZm hr hwB© ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`mß J´m_rU C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r h°& odH$mg H$r a‚Vma _{ßß AmO ^maV H{$ 67 ‡oVeV Jm±d g∂S>H$m{ g{ Ow∂S> MwH{$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß Edß CZH{$ _Zm{odkmZ H$m{ g_PZ{ h{Vw em{Y Edß gd}jU [a h°& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ 60 ‡oVeV [nadma o]Obr H$m C[^m{J H$aZ{ bJ{ h° H$m\$r YZamoe IM© H$a ahr h°& gßMma H´$mßoV Edß J´m_rU ]mOma H{$ odÒVma oOgZ{ oQ>H$mD$ C[^m{∫$m dÒVwAm{ß H$m C[^m{J H$aZ{ H$r B¿N>m Edß hm{Z{ g{ Jm±dm{ g{ [bm`Z Í$H$m h°, VWm Jm±dm{ _{ßß am{OJma H{$ Adga ^r ]T{> h°& AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m h° BZ g]H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ]mOmam{ß H$m odÒVma ^maV _{ßß N>m{Q{>-]S{> g^r ehamß{ H$r VwbZm _{ßß Jm±dm{ H$r gßª`m bJ^J 100 J´m_rUm{ß H{$ ¤ma VH$ hm{Z{ bJm& Am°⁄m{oJH$ Edß ]mOma H{$ ode{fkm{ß H{$ JwZm h°& ^maV H$r GDP _{ßß J´m_rU j{Ã H$m ohÒgm 56 ‡oVeV h° O]H$r AZwgma ôdÓ` H$r odH$mg Xa ^maV H{$ N>m{Q{> H$Ò]m{ß Ed Jm±dm{ß g{ AmZ{ dmbr Hw$b amÓQ≠>r` Ï`` _{ßß 64 ‡oVeV ^mJrXmar h°& X{e H$r Hw$b ]MV _{ßß ^r 33 h°& oÒWoV `h h° oH$ ^maVr` J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$r Am{a X{e H$r hr Zht, ‡oVeV H$m `m{JXmZ J´m_rU Am]mXr H$m h°& C[b„Y gß_H$m{ H{$ AZwgma df© XwoZ`m H$r ]S>r-]S>r ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`m± A[Zr oXbMÒ[r oXIm ahr h°& 2008 -09 _{ßß X{e H{$ J´m_rU ]mOma g{ 425 Aa] S>mba H{$ amOÒd H$r ‡mo· em{Y Ï`mª`m- gßMma H´$mo›V H{$ H$maU OrdZe°br Am°a C[^m{J ‡d•oV H{$ hwB©, oOgH{$ df© 2012-13 _{ßß 540 Aa] S>mba hm{Z{ H$r gÂ^mdZm h°& [na‡{˙` _{ßß J´m_rUm{ß H$r B¿N>mAm{ß Edß AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß [a ‡Xe©Z ‡^md VmobH$m (S>Ám{g{Z]ar [naH$Î[Zm) Z{ ^mar Aga S>mbm h°& A] o_≈r H{$ Kam{ _{ßß ^r ^maV _{ßß J´m_rU ]mOma H$m AZw_moZV dmof©H$ AmH$ma(2011-12) _m{]mB©b H$r KoQ>`mß ]O ahr h°& J´m_rU ]mOma _{ß o[N>b{ AmR> dfm} _{ßß gßMma H´$. _X H$am{∂S> Í$. _{ßß gwodYmAm{ß Z{ A^wV[yd© 26 JwZm ‡JoV H$r h° 2011 _{ßß 219 o_ob`Z 1. C[^m{∫$m dÒVEß FMCG Í$. 75,000 H$am{∂S> J´m_rU C[^m{{∫$m XyagßMma gwodYmAm{ß H$m C[^m{J H$a ah{ W{& AmO ^maV _{ßß 2. oQ>H$mD$ C[^m{J dÒVwEßß (Durablesa) Í$ 65,000 H$am{∂S> gßMma C⁄m{J H$r ‡JoV odÌd _{ßß ‡W_ ÒWmZ [a h°, Ohm± 671 o_ob`Z g{ 3. H•$of AmXm (Agro inputs) Í$ 55,000 H$am{∂S> ¡`mXm BgH{$ Hw$b C[^m{∫$m h° gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m odÒVma hm{Z{ g{ g]g{ 4. Xm{-Mma [oh`m dmhZ(Two-Four Wheelers) Í$ 10000 H$am{∂S> ¡`mXm \$m`Xm J´m_rU j{Ã _{ßß H•$of CÀ[mXZ H$m{ o_b ahm h°& oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ Ûm{V:- International Journal of Marketing studiesa Vol. 5, No.-03,2013 CZH$r C[O H$m CoMV _yÎ` o_b gH{$Jm Am°a d{ H$_ bmJV _{ßß AoYH$ gZ≤ 2000 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV H$r OrS>r[r _{ßß d•o’ Xa H$m A‹``Z _wZm\$m ‡m· H$a gH{$J{, ∑`m|oH$ A^r VH$ H•$fH$m{ H$m A[Zr odo^fi H$aZ{ [a kmV hwAm h° oH$ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ßß OrS>r[r H$r dmof©H$ d•o’ Xa 6.2 g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw H•$of ode{fkmß{ VH$ [hwßMZ{ _{ßß H$m\$r [°gm Am°a ‡oVeV ahr h°, O]oH$ ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ßß `h d•o’ 4.7 ‡oVeV hr ahr& g_` IM© H$aZm [∂S>Vm Wm& gßMma gwodYmAm{ß Edß gyMZm ‡m°o⁄oJH$m{ H$m Accenture Umam “Mastwers of Rural Market Profitably *‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 93

Selling to India`s Rural Consumers” [a oH$`{ J`{ EH$ A‹``Z H{$ _mH}$oQß>J Hß$[oZ`mß ode{fH$a E_.E_.gr.Or. Am°a oQ>H$mD$ C[^m{J CÀ[mXm{ß AZwgma df© 2010-12 H$r g_m`mdoY _{ßß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß Z{ H{$ j{Ã _{ßß H$m_ H$a ahr h°& J´m_rU ^maV _{ßß C[^m{∫$m gÂ[H©$ ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ 3,73,566 H$am{∂S> È[`{ (US $ 68.05 Billion) IM© oH$`{ O]oH$ ehar H$Â[Zr ‡oVoZoY`m{ß ¤mam grY{ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß g{ Ow∂S>Zm hr C[`©w∫$ amÒVm h°& C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m Ï`` 2,97,770 H$am{∂S> È[`{ (US $ 54.25 Billion) hr `hr H$maU h° oH$ A[a°Îg d \°$e°Z{]b ]´mßS> ]ZmZ{ dmbr Hß$[oZ`mß Jmßdm{ß _{ßß ahm& ^maV _{ßß ‡W_ ]ma J´m_rU C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r Ï`` d•o’ Xa 2009-10 am{∂S> em{ H$m{ A[Z{ ‡Mma H$m gmYZ ]Zm ahr h°& H{$ _‹` 19.20 ‡oVeV AmßH$r JB© h°& Om{ oH$ ehar C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r d•o’ Jm±YrOr Z{ H$hm Wm "oXÑr ^maV Zht h°, ^maV Vm{ Jmßdm{ß _{ßß ]gVm h°& Xa 17.25% g{ bJ^J 2 ‡oVeVmßH$ AoYH$ h°& AV: òX h_{ßß ^maV H$m{ CfiV H$aZm h°, Vm{ Jmßdm{ß H$r Xem gwYmaZr hm{Jr'& a{ImoMÃ AV: Jmßdm{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ ob`{ g_`-g_` [a AZ{H$ `m{OZmEß oH´$`mo›dV ^maV _{ßß J´m_rU Edß ehar C[^m{J Ï`` H$r d•o’ Xa H$r H$r JB© Am°a CZg{ Jmßdm{ß H$r VÒdra ]XbZ{ H$r ha gß^d H$m{oee H$r JB©& VwbZmÀ_H$ oÒWoV BZ g] ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX J´m_rU OZVm H$m{ OmJ•V H$aZ{ _{ßß gßMma gwodYmAm{ß Z{ g]g{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© h°& Jmßdm{ß _{ßß C[^m{∫$m gßÒH•$oV H$m odH$mg H$aZ{ H$m l{` gßMma H´$mßoV Edß _roS>`m H$m{ OmVm h°, oOgH{$ H$maU hr J´m_rU ]mOmam{ _{ßß AmYwoZH$ C[^m{∫$m dÒVwAm{ß H$r _mßJ _{ßß AmÌM`©MoH$V d•o’ oXImB© X{ ahr h°& Bg_{ßß H$m{B© gßX{h Zht oH$ A] J´m_rU gßÒH•$oV _{ßß ^r eham{ß O°gr gwI gwodYmEß oXImB© [∂S>Z{ bJr h° Om{ ]XbV{ ^maV H$r ZB© H$hmZr ]`mß H$a ah{ h°& J´m_rU ]mOma H$m{ JoVerb ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ ]¢oHß$J MwZm°oV`m H$m gm_Zm H$aZm hm{Jm& A^r ^r ]¢H$ Edß odŒmr` g{dmEß Cg ]mOma g{ Xya h°& naOd© ]¢H$ H$m AZw_mZ h° oH$ A^r ^r J´m_rU ^maV H{$ 40 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß Ohmß Ï`` `m{Ω` Am` _{ßß d•o’ H{$ gmW Hw$b C[^m{J Ï`` _{ßß oZaßVa VH$ H$m{B© ^r Am°[MmnaH$ odŒmr` g{dm Zht [hßßwM [mB© h°& J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H{$ d•o’ hm{ ahr hm{, Cg C[^m{∫$m j{Ã _{ßß C⁄o_`m{ß H$m AmH$of©V hm{Zm Òdm^modH$ odÒVma H{$ gmW gaH$ma H$m{ ^r oOÂ_{Xmar oZ^mZr hm{Jr oH$ J´m_rU h°& gßMma H´$mßoV Edß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H{$ odÒVma Z{ J´m_rU oeojV `wdmAm{ß C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ em{fU g{ ]MmE| VWm JwUdŒmm oZ`ßÃU H{$ ob`{ J´m_rU H$m{ J°a H•$of j{Ã _{ßß am{OJma H{$ Adga C[b„Y H$am`{ J`{ h°& J´m_rU j{Ã _{ßß ]mOma oZ`m_H$ Am`m{J ]ZmEß{ Am°a Xygar Am{a Jmßdm{ß H{$ ÒWmZr` bKw Am°a g{dm j{Ã H{$ odÒVma Z{ Am` g•OZ H{$ Z`{ ¤mam Im{b{ h°& Am` d•o’ H{$ `{ Z`{ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{H$a C›h{ß J´m_rU ]mOma _{ßß ]∂S>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß g{ Am`m_ ôdÓ` _{ßß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H$m{ Am°a ^r _O]yVr ‡XmZ H$a{J{ßß& Ï`m[mnaH$ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H{$ ob`{ V°`ma H$a{ß{& df© 2010-2012 H$r AdoY H{$ _‹` "Q>mQ>m ÒQ≠>{Q>m{oOH$ _{ßZ°O_{ßßQ> J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ ohVm{ß H$r ajm H$aH{$ hr X{e _{ßß ÒdÒW J´m_rU J´w[' H$r EH$ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer ]mOmam{ß H{$ odÒVma H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV hm{Jm, Om{ X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ Goods) Edß oQ>H$mD$ C[^m{J dÒVwAm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ (Durable Consumer _O]yV H$aZ{ _{ßß _hÀd[yU© ÒVÂ^ og’ hm{Jm& ^maV oZ_m©U H$m`©H´$_ ^r Goods) _{ßß g{ bJ^J 33% h° dÒVwAm{ß H$r o]H´$r J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß _{ßß hwB© h°& A[Z{ Am[ _{ßß odH$mg H$r g_J´ H´$mßoV H$m{ g_{ßQ{> R>m{g `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ AmÀ_gmV â[ya bm^ H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß dmbm J´m_rU ]mOma ]∂S>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ AmH$f©U oH$`{ hwE `m{OZmAm{ß H$m E{gm g_yh h° oOgH{$ ¤mam J´m_rU ^maV H$r VÒdra H$m H{$›– ]Zm hwAm h° VWm ododY AmYwoZH$ dÒVwAm{ß g{ gOm hwAm J´m_rU ]XbZ{ _{ßß gmW©H$ ‡`mg hm{ ah{ h°& oZH$Q> ôdÓ` _{ßß gßMma H´$mßoV, gyMZm ]mOma H{$ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ bw^mZ{ _{ßß bJm hwAm h°& J´m_rU odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß ‡m{⁄m{oJH$ Edß J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß H{$ AmYwoZH$rH$aU g{ X{e H$r J´m_rU Edß ^maV oZ_m©U `m{OZm _{ßß ]OQ> AmdßQ>Z _{ßß ^mar d•o’, AmYma^yV AW©Ï`dÒWm Òd`ß H{$ X_ [a I∂S>r hm{ [m`{Jr Am°a [yU© AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$m{ gßaMZmAm{ß Edß Ï`mdgmo`H$ [`m©daU _{ßß gwYma, oH$gmZ H$O© _m\$r `m{OZm, ‡m· H$aH{$ ^maV H$m{ odH$ogV X{em{ß H$r AJÚr [ßo∫$ _{ßß ÒWmZ oXbmZ{ _{ßß J´m_rU g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U, _Za{Jm O°gr am{OJma `m{OZmAm{ß AmoX g{ J´m_rU H$m_`m] hm{Jr& j{Ãm{ß _{ßß Am` H$m g•OZ hwAm h°, Ï`` `m{Ω` Am` (Disposable Income) _{ßß ^r d•o’ hwB© h°, oOgZ{ J´m_rU ]mOma H$m{ JoV Xr h°& df© 2013-14 H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H{$ß–r` ]OQ> _{ßß H•$fH$m{ß VWm J´m_rU odH$mg H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm X{V{ hwE Om{ 1. Indian Expresas May 01, 2013 ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ h° Cgg{ Jmßdm{ß _{ßß AmZ{ dmbm Z`m YZ ^maVr` J´m_rU ]mOma 2. Avadesah, K.S. & Satyaprakash P.(2005): Rural H$r M_H$ H$m{ ]∂T>m`{Jm& AmO ]∂S>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ AmH$f©U H$m _wª` H{$ß– Marketing: Indian Perspective (Ist ed.), New age Jmßdm{ß _{ßß ]∂T>V{ _‹`_ dJ© H$r ZdrZ AmdÌ`H$VmEß h°& o[N>b{ VrZ dfm} H{$ International Pvt. Ltd. AmßH$∂S{> ]Vm ah{ h° oH$ J´m_rU ]mOmam{ß _{ßß oXZ-‡oVoXZ H{$ C[`m{J _{ßß AmZ{ 3. Hagargi, A.K.S., (2011): Rural market in India: Some dmbr dÒVwAm{ß (MFCG) H$r o]H´$r 20 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g{ ]∂T> ahr h°, O]oH$ Opportunitiesa and challengesa, International Journal ehar ]mOma _{ßß `h (MFCG) j{Ã 17 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g{ ]T> ahm h°& Om{ of Exclusive Management Resaearch. N>m{Q>r ]S>r H$Â[oZ`m{ß J´m_rU ]mOma H$m bm^ b{Z{ AmJ{ h¢, C›hm{ßZ{ß ÒWmZr` 4. Economic Survey 2010-11 bm{Jm{ß H$r OrdZ e°br Am°a C[^m{J AmXVm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ h{Vw Ï`m[H$ 5. K.P.M. Sundaram: Indian Economy (2012) ]mOma gd}jU oH$`{ h°& A[Z{ ]´mßS> CÀ[mXH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ AZ{H$ J´m_rU 6. http://www.ibef.org/economy/rural market.aspx Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 94

odŒmr`-g_md{eZ _| bKwodŒm H$r ^yo_H$m (^maV _|$ JoR>V Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm| H{$ ode{f gßX^© _| )

S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°oa`m * em{Y gmamße ñ odŒmr` g_md{eZ g{ VmÀ[`© g_mO H{$ C[{ojV, oZÂZ Am` dJ© H{$ Agßª` bm{Jm{ß H$m{ gÒVr bmJV [a ]°oHß$J g{dm`{ C[b„Y H$amZm h°& Bg_{ß d•h≤X Í$[ g{ Am` H{$ gmW Am°[MmnaH$ odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam ]MV, ]r_m, ^wJVmZ g{dm C[b„Y H$amZm ^r emo_b h°& Bg h{Vw gaH$ma ¤mam odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hmoe`{ [a Mb{ J`{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gßJoR>V H$a F$U VH$ CZH$r [hw±M ]ZmZm d ]°oHß$J ‡Umbr g{ Om{∂S>Zm h°& ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh ]¢H$ gÂ[H©$ _m∞S>b H$m ew^maß^ 1992 _{ß hwAm& oOg_{ß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ H$_Om{a dJm} H{$ EH$ ]∂S{> ^mJ VH$ A[Zr g{dm`{ß ‡^mdembr ∂Tß>J g{ H$_ bmJV [a [hw±Mm gH$V{ h°& AmO Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh ]¢H$ gÂ[H©$ _m∞S>b, ^maV gaH$ma ]°oHß$J j{Ã, am¡` gaH$mam{ß, EZ.Or. Am{O d Zm]mS©> g{ ghm`Vm ‡m· EH$ AmßXm{bZ ]Z J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ b⁄wodŒm H{$ Ona`{, gaH$ma odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$r oXem _{ß AmJ{ ]∂T> ahr h°& e„X Hwß$Or ñ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh, odŒmr` g_md{eZ, Zm]mS©>, EZ.Or.Am{O, b⁄wodŒm, Jar]rC›_ybZ, ]°oHß$J, ]MV, F$U, g_md{er odH$mg ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡À`{H$ X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m AmYma odŒm h°& ^maV _{ß C‘{Ì` - ÒdVßÃVm H{$ ]mX g{ hr gßÒWmJV odŒm Ûm{Vm{ß H$m H$m\$r odÒVma hwAm h°& 1. ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm o[N>∂S{> d H$_Om{a dJm} H{$ bm{Jm| H{$ odŒmr` g_md{eZ g{ VmÀ[`© h° g_mO H{$ C[{ojV oZÂZ Am` dJ© H{$ Agßª` odH$mg _{ß ghm`H$ h°& bm{Jm{ß H$m{ gÒVr bmJV [a ]¢oHß$J g{dmE{ß C[b„Y H$amZm& Bg_{ß d•hX È[ g{ 2. ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm _{ß JoR>V Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß g{ gmI H{$ gmW Am°[MmnaH$ odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam ]MV, ]r_m, ^wJVmZ Ow∂S>H$a ∑`m o[N>∂S{> dJm} H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m odH$mg hwAm h°& gwodYmE{ß C[b„Y H$amZm ^r emo_b h°& 3. ÒdJ© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm _{ß JoR>V Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh g{ odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß b⁄w odŒm H$r ^yo_H$m AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© h°& odŒmr` Ow∂S>H$a _ohbmAm{ß H$r AmÀ_-oZ^©aVm, oZU©`Z j_Vm d OrdZ-ÒVa _{ß g_md{eZ AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ g_md{er odH$mg H$m _yb `ßÃ h°& o]Zm g_md{er gwYma hwAm h°& odH$mg H{$ gwoÒWa AZdaV d gVV≤ odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm oZaW©H$ hm{Jr& AmO C[am{∫$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ b{H$a em{Y-[Ã ]Zm`m J`m h° VWm ^maV _{ß Òd X{e H$r gaH$mam{ß ¤mam odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß gVV≤ Edß g_md{er odH$mg [a ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ Ona`{ b⁄w odŒm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_md{er odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß ]b oX`m Om ahm h°& ]mahdt [ßMdfu` `m{OZm H{$ —oÓQ>[Ã _{ß ÀdnaV, g_md{er ]∂T>V{ ‡`mgm{ß H$m{ _yÎ`mßoH$V H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© oH$`m J`m h°& d gVV≤ odH$mg H{$ b˙` H$m{ hmogb H$aZ{ _{ß AmZ{ dmbr MwZm°oV`m± H$m „`m°am ^maV _{ß b⁄w odŒm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ 6 XeH$m{ß H{$ ]mX oX`m J`m h°& `m{OZmH$mam{ß ¤mam ]Zm`{ J`{ —oÓQ> [Ã _{ß g_md{er odH$mg H{$ ^r ^maV _{ß Am]mXr H$m bJ^J Xm{ oVhmB© ohÒgm Om{ _wª`V`m Jm±dm{ß _{ß AZ{H$ C‘{Ì`m{ß _{ß g{ EH$ oZY©Z Am°a H$_Om{a dJ© H{$ [°gm H$_mZ{ H$r j_Vm _{ß oZdmg H$aVm h° A[Zr _yb^yV AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ ob`{ oZaßVa grY{ Vm°a [a d•o’ Am°a gß[yU© odH$mg ‡oH´$`m H$r _wª` Ymam _{ß goÂ_obV H$aZ{ ‡`mg H$a ahm h°& AmO ^r bJ^J 30 H$am{∂S> H$r Am]mXr Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ H{$ ob`{ CZH$r AmOrodH$m H$m ‡]ßY H$aZ{ h{Vw gaH$ma H$m{ ode{f H$m`©H´$_ OrdZ-`m[Z H$a ahr h°& Aoejm, ÒdmÒœ` d Amdmgr` gwodYmAm{ß H$m Mbm`{ OmZ{ [a Om{a oX`m J`m h°& A^md VWm gÒVr gmI H$r C[b„YVm H$m Z hm{Zm E{gr ]mYH$ MrO{ h°& Om{ H{$›– d am¡` gaH$mam{ß ¤mam CR>m`{ J`{ AZ{H$ H$X_ g\$b hm{ ah{ h°& Jar] Ïò∫$ H{$ ÒdmdbÂ]Z H{$ ‡`mg H$m{ Hß$woR>V Edß ]moYV H$a ahr h°& ^maV J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ ob`{ AmdßQ>Z ^r ]∂T>m h° 12dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß odÌd H$r 14 ‡oVeV g{ ^r AoYH$ OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h° VWm odÌd _{ß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß h{Vw AmdßQ>Z ^r ]∂T>m`m J`m h°& `m{OZm [{Òb H{$ 28 ‡oVeV g{ ^r AoYH$ Jar]m{ß H$m oZdmg ^r ^maV _{ß hr h°& `h AZw_mZ VWm Òd¿N>Vm, J´m_rU g∂S>H$m{ß, Kam{ß H{$ oZ_m©U VWm Òdghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m{ h° oH$ ^maV _{ß J´m_rU oZY©Zm{ß H$r gßª`m 170.5 o_ob`Z, ehar oZY©Zm{ß H$r emo_b H$a Òdam{OJma Adgam{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mE{ß OmZ{ [a Om{a oX`m J`m h°& H{$›– d gßª`m 49.6 o_ob`Z VH$ hm{Jr Am°a Hw$b o_bmH$a ^maV _{ß 220.1 o_ob`Z am¡` gaH$mam{ß ¤mam J´m_rU odH$mg H$r 200 `m{OZm`{ß ]ZmB© JB© h°, oOZ_{ß bm{J Jar]r H$r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ [m`{ Om`{ßJ{& BZ AmßH$∂S>m{ß g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ^maV gaH$ma H$r ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm _{ß ‡_wI h°& df© 2012- AoYH$mßeV: J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß oZdmg H$a ah{ bm{J, ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ 17 H$r [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam gßMmobV Òdß` ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m{ bm{Jm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ oZY©Z h¢ `m `m{ H$h{ß H$r Jar]r H$r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ oZdmg ^r ode{f ghyob`V{ ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°& BZ g_yhm{ß H$m{ A] 4 ‡oVeV H$r „`mO H$aZ{ dmb{ AoYH$Va bm{J J´m_m{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h¢& BZ_{ß ^r J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß Xa [a 3 bmI Í$[`{ VH$ H{$ F$U o_b [mZm gß^d hm{Jm& gmW hr g_` [a ahZ{ dmbr Jar] _ohbmAm{ß H$r ‡oÒWoV AÀ`ßV X`Zr` h°& AV: Jar]r H{$ F$U dm[g H$a X{Z{ dmb{ g_yhm{ß H$m{ 3 ‡oVeV Ny>Q> ^r o_b{Jr& `h gwodYm MH´$Ï`yh g{ oZH$bZ{ H{$ ob`{ Edß [aÂ[amJV ‡MobV gXyIm{a Ï`dÒWm g{ [hb{ MaU _{ß X{e H{$ 150 oObm{ß H{$ 600 „bm∞H$m{ß _{ß Xr OmEJr& ]mha oZH$bZ{ H{$ ob`{ `h OÍ$ar hm{ J`m oH$ b⁄wF$U VH$ J´m_rU Jar]m{ß H$r AV: ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß ÒdU© O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm _{ß JoR>V [hwßM ¤mam gmhyH$am{ß Edß _hmOZm{ß H{$ MßJwb g{ BZH$m{ (J´m_rm Jar]m{ß) H$m{ _w∫$ Òdghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$r g_md{er odH$mg _{ß ^yo_H$m H$m{ kmV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m gH$Vm h°& VWm g_md{er odH$mg H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& oH$`m J`m h°& *ghm`H$ ‡‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 95

^maV _{ß b⁄wodŒm H$r oÒWoV - ^maV Z{ Jar]r oZdmaU gß]ßYr H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ F$U H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß emo_b gXÒ`m{ß _{ß g{ 80 g{ 85 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m _ohbmAm{ß 5 dt [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß A[Zm`m J`m Wm b{oH$Z A^r VH$ Om{ oÒWoV ]Zr H$r h°& BVZr ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m AÎ[-gmI g{ Ow∂S>Zm `h Xem©Vm h° hwB© h° Cg_{ß H$m\$r odam{Ym^mg h°& O°g{ - Z{eZb g{ß[b gd} AmJ}ZmBO{eZ H{$ oH$ _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam ob`{ J`{ F$U H$m C[`m{J CZH$r [mnadmnaH$ 61 d{ß Xm°a H{$ AmßH$∂S{> ]VmV{ h° oH$ ^maV _{ß Jar]r A] 25.15 ‡oVeV ah JB© AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H{$ ob`{ hm{Vm h° VWm d{ F$U dm[gr H{$ ob`{ ^r [wÍ$fm{ß h°& O]oH$ `m{OZm Am`m{J H{$ _wVmo]V 26 ‡oVeV b{oH$Z OrZ OmJba Z{ H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ AZwemogV d ‡oV]’ hm{Vr h°& o[N>b{ 15 dfm} H{$ ogVÂ]a 2006 _{ß ^maV H{$ gß]ßY _{ß gß`w∫$amÓQ≠> _mZdmoYH$ma go_oV H$m{ AmoW©H$ gd}jU H{$ AZwgma 2007 H{$ AßV VH$ 30.05 bmI Òd-ghm`Vm ‡ÒVwV A[Zr na[m{Q©> _{ß ]Vm`m h° oH$ ^maV H{$ 30 ‡oVeV Jar] [nadma g_yh H$m{ 20.114 H$am{∂S> amoe H{$ H$O© oX`{ Om MwH{$ W{& BgH$r g]g{ ]∂S>r 2100 H°$bm{ar D$Om© H{$ _mZH$ H{$ ]Om` 1700 H°$bm{ar [a hr JwOa-]ga H$a ode{fVm `h h° oH$ Bg_{ß 18 g{ 24 ‡oVeV „`mO Xa hm{Z{ [a ^r dh _hmOZ ah{ h°& BgH$m VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$ ^maV _{ß Jar]m{ß H$m{ [`m©· H°$bm{ar D$Om© ^m{OZ ¤mam ob`{ J`{ H$O© H{$ _wH$m]b{, H$O©Xma H$m{ gÒVm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a H$O© AXm`Jr g{ ‡m· Zht hm{ ahr h°& AV: ^maV H$r oMßVm H{$db AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Zht H$m naH$mS©> ^r emZXma hm{Vm h°& AoYH$Va b⁄w F$U H$m`©H´$_ _ohbm g_yh H{$ hm{Zr Mmoh`{ ]oÎH$ ›`m`m{oMV odH$mg H$r hm{Zr MmohE& odH$mg H{$ obE gmW hr H$m_ H$a ah{ h° Am°a `hr H$maU h° oH$ AoYH$Va Òdghm`Vm g_yh b⁄w AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ am{OJma d Am` H{$ ÒVa _{ß d•o’ hm{, Om{ N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r ]MVm{ß d F$U H{$ Ona`{ og\©$ Jar]r C›_ybZ hr Zht ]oÎH$ A›` Ï`m[H$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ odoZ`m{J H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡m· H$r Om gH$Vr h°& [mbZ{ H$m Xmdm ^r H$aV{ h¢& oOZ_{ß EH$ ‡_wI C‘{Ì` h° _ohbm-geo∫$H$aU& ^maV _{ß 1990 H{$ XeH$ g{ odH$mg gß]ßYr AdYmaUm _{ß AÀ`ßV [nadV©Z `hr H$maU h° oH$ AÎ[-gmI H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Jar]r C›_ybZ H{$ ob`{ ]hwV Am`{& `⁄o[ b⁄wodŒm h_ma{ X{e _{ß df© 1992 g{ hr Zm]mS©> ¤mam gwoZ`m{oOV AoYH$ h° VmoH$ X{e H$r J´m_rU-Jar] OZVm H{$ OrdZ-ÒVa H$m{ D∞$ßMm CR>mH$a H$m`©H´$_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß Mbm`m Om ahm h° VWm ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ g_`-g_` [a CZH$m{ odH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>m Om gH{$ Am°a gwoÒWa Edß AZdaV AZwX{e Omar H$a H{$ ]¢H$m{ H$m{ Bg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß A[Zr ^mJrXmar ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ odH$mg oH$`m Om gH{$& A_•À`© g{Z H$m Òdmo_Àd VWm gßgmYZm{ß VH$ [hw±M H$m ‡{naV H$aVm ahVm h°& ^maV _{ß AoYH$V_ b⁄w F$U H$m`©H´$_ g_yhJV T>mßMm{ß H{$ odMma CZH{$ Bgr og¤mßV [a AmYmnaV h° oH$ Am` H$m _yÎ` V^r h° O] dh Ona`{ oH´$`mo›dV oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& oO›h{ß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm Ïò∫$ H$r j_VmAm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mVr h° VWm Bgg{ g_mO H$r oH´$`mÀ_H$Vm kmV OmVm h°& hm{Vr h°& BgrobE H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Ïò∫$ d g_mO Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ hr AmoW©H$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh hmoeE [a Mb{ JE g_mZ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ bm^ H$m [yU© Adga ‡m· hm{ gH{$ VWm Xm{Zm{ß AodaV ÒWm`r odH$mg H$r Am°a [•ÓR>^yo_ H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m EH$ g_yh h°, Om{ AoYH$Va X{e H{$ A’© ehar d J´m_rU AJ´ga hm{ gH{$& j{Ãm{ß _{ß oÒWV hm{Vm h°& _ohbmAm{ß H{$ Eg.EM.Or. EH$ J•h odH$ogV _m∞S>b h°, df© 2004-2005 _{ß b⁄wodŒm H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ JoV X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ ^maVr` Ohmß OmoV, g_wXm` d ÒWmZr` JoVodoY g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© 10-20 _ohbmE{ß naOd© ]¢H$ Z{ oZÂZoboIV C[m` ^r oH$`{ h°& gXÒ` ]Z gH$Vr h°& `h gaH$ma g{ _m›`Vm ‡m· EH$ Òd-‡oV]ßoYV gßÒWm 1. b⁄wodŒm JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß gßbæ J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ gßgmYZ OwQ>mZ{ hm{Vr h° Am°a BgH{$ obE H$m{B© Am°[MmnaH$ [ßOrH$aU AoZdm`© Zht hm{Vm h°& H{$ AoVna∫$ _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒdMmobV _mJ© H{$ AßVJ©V, AZw_V AßoV_ gXÒ` Òd`ß, Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H$r _mobH$, ‡]ßYH$ Am°a gXÒ` hm{ÎS>a C[`m{J H{$ ob`{ odŒmr` df© H{$ Xm°amZ 5 bmI A_{naH$r S>m∞ba VH$ H$m hm{Vr h°& ha 5-10 Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H{$ obE EH$ [am_e©XmVm hm{Vm h° Om{ ]mˆ dmoUo¡`H$ CYma b{ gH$Z{ H$r AZw_oV& CZH$r JoVodoY`m{ß H$m{ X{IVm ahVm h°& AmO Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh ^maV gaH$ma, 2. b⁄wodŒm gßÒWmAm{ß H$r Am{a AoYH$ [ßyOr AmdÌ`Vm H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ]¢oHß$J j{Ã, am¡` gaH$mam{ß, EZ.Or.Am{O. d Zm]mS©> g{ ghm`Vm ‡m· EH$ H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ b⁄wodŒm odH$mg H$m{f H$r 100 H$am{∂S> Í$. H$r amoe H$m{ AmßXm{bZ ]Z J`m h°& ]∂T>mH$a 200 H$am{∂S> H$a oX`m Am°a Bg \ß$S> H$m Zm_ ]XbH$a b⁄wodŒm ^maV gaH$ma H$m ]OQ> ‡ÒVwVrH$aU Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh, ]¢H$ gß`m{OZ S{>db[_{ßQ> EßS> Boπ$Q>r \ß$S>í H$a oX`m b⁄wodŒm ‡Umbr H$m odoeÓQ> kmZ [a Om{a X{Vm h°& Bo›S>`Z _mBH´$m{ \$m`Z{ßg _m∞S>b oOgH$m Am°[MmnaH$ È[ g{ aIZ{ dmb{ Hw$N> A›` ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$m{ oX`m J`m& ew^mßa^ 1992 g{ hwAm Wm, Zm]mS©> d ^maVr` naOd© ]¢H$ H{$ _mJ©oZX}em{ß [a 3. naOd© ]¢H$ bJmVma Bg ‡`mg _{ß h° oH$ odŒmr` [naoY H{$ ]mha ah J`{ AmYmnaV h°& oOgg{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H$m{ g_W©Z H{$ o]Zm dmoU¡` ]¢H$ CYma AoYH$moYH$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ \$m`Z{ßog`b Bß∑Î`yOZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odŒmr` X{Z{ _{ß gj_ hwE h°& g\$bVm H$r H$hmZr Bg Vœ` g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Òd-ghm`Vm g{dmAm{ß H{$ Xmà{ _{ß bm`m OmZm Mmoh`{& g_yh ]¢H$ gß`m{OZ H$m`©H´$_ _{ß 16 o_ob`Z g{ AoYH$ Kam{ß H$m{ ]¢H$ g{ H$m_-H$mO 4. Òdghm`Vm g_yh ]¢H$- gß[H©$ _m∞S>b - `h b⁄w F$U Ï`dÒWm H{$ AßVJ©V H$aZ{ `m{Ω` ]Zm oX`m h°& Bg_{ß J´m_rU Jar]m{ß H$m{ gmhwH$mam{ß d _hmOZm{ß H{$ MßJwb ^maV _{ß odH$ogV oH$`m J`m _m∞S>b h°& oOgH{$ AßVJ©V ]MV H$m{ g{ AmOmX H$a F$U H$r [hw±M Ka H$r "X{hbrO' VH$ ]ZmB© h°& ‡mWo_H$Vm ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°, oOgH{$ AZwgma oH$gr ^r g_yh H{$ AßVJ©V Bg ‡H$ma gaH$ma ¤mam oZo_©V Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh ]¢H$ gÂ[H©$ _m∞S>b H{$ A[Z{ hr ¤mam g•oOV oZoY H$r ghm`Vm g{ F$U gß]ßYr AZwemgZ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ H$_Om{a dJm~ H{$ EH$ ]∂S{> ^mJ VH$ A[Zr g{dmE{ß grIZ{ H$m Adga o_bVm h°& ]¢H$m{ß Z{ E{g{ g_yhm{ß H$m{ F$U X{Zm bm^‡X ‡^mderb ∂Tß>J g{ H$_ bmJV [a [hwßMm gH$V{ h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg_{ß F$U MH´$ g{ H$mam{]ma g_Pm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `{ g_yh oH$gr ]¢H$ g{ F$U ‡m· H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ gß]ßoYV H$m`m~ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar ]¢H$m{ß [a Zht hm{Z{ g{ Ï`dgm` bmJV _{ß H$_r AmVr hr A[Zr Òd`ß H$r ]∂S>r oZoY V°`ma H$a MwH{$ hm{V{ h°& h°, oOgH{$ H$maU CZH$m _wZm\$m ]∂T>Vm h° VWm g_yhm{ß _{ß dgybr H$m X]md hm{Z{ H{$ 5. A’© Am°[MmnaH$ gßÒWm`{ß/J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Z/b⁄w odŒm gßÒWm Wm{H$ H$maU, dgybr eV-‡oVeV hm{Vr h° Am°a ]¢H$ J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ E{g{ Ïò∫$`m{ß g{ F$U _m∞S>b (]ÎH$ b{ßoS>J _m∞S>b) : BgH{$ AßVJ©V J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z O_m gßJ´h H$a [mV{ h°, Om{ A^r VH$ g_mO g{ AbJ-WbJ [∂S{> hwE W{& `m b⁄wodŒm gßÒWm H$m{ oZoY C[b„Y H$amB© OmVr h° Om{ ]mX _{ß `hr ^maV _{ß H$_ g{ H$_ 70-80 bmI g_yh ]Z{ h¢ oOZH{$ Ona`{ 7-8 H$am{∂S> oZoY F$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Z{ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ C[b„Y H$amV{ h°& ogS>]r, \´{$ßS>≤g [nadmam{ß VH$ F$U H$r [hw±M hwB© h°& BZ_{ß g{ bJ^J 92 ‡oVeV Òd-ghm`Vm Am∞\$ dr_{ßg dÎS©> ]¢oH$J Am°a amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm H$m{f Z{ Bg Ï`dÒWm H$m{ g_yh og\©$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ h¢& ^maV hr Zht ]oÎH$ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a ^r b⁄w Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 96

‡_wIVm g{ A[Zm`m h°& BZ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ MbV{ AmO Bg ]mV H{$ ]hwV g{ gm˙` Zht X{Vm& AV: odŒmr` g_md{eZ _{ß bKw-odŒm H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°& ]¢H$ h° Om{ `h ]VmV{ h° oH$ b⁄wodŒm H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V E{gr j_Vm h° gß`m{OZ H$m`©H´$_ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oOgH{$ ¤mam ›`m`gßJV Am°a CŒmam{Œma Edß g_md{er odH$mg H$m _mJ© Zm]mS©> ¤mam H$Zm©Q>H$, AmßY´‡X{e d Vo_bZmSw> am¡` _{ß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ gwoZoÌMV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& A‹``Z g{ oZÂZ Vœ` gm_Z{ AmE{ h°& ^maV _{ß b⁄wodŒm H$r ‡JoV - ^maV _{ß b⁄wodŒm H$r ‡JoV H$m{ oZÂZ 1. Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AÎ[ gßgmYZm{ß dmb{ j{Ãm{ß H$r VmobH$m ¤mam X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& VmobH$m H´$ß. 1:1 ([>rN{> X{I{) _ohbmAm{ß H$r ^mJrXmar ]∂T>r h°& VmobH$m H{$ oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 98-99 _{ß ^maV _{ß gy˙_ F$U g{ Ow∂S{> 2. hmoeE [a JE bm{Jm{ß _{ß ]MV H$r ‡d•oŒm H$m odH$mg hwAm VWm CZH$r Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$r gßª`m 32,995 AWm©V 0.38 ‡oVeV Wr VWm BZ Am` _{ß ]∂T>m{Var hwB©& g_yhm{ß H$m{ ]¢H$ g{ ‡m· F$U H$r amoe _mÃ 57.07 H$am{∂S> Í$. Wr& ‡oVdf© Yra{- 3. g_mO _{ß AoV oZY©Z bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Bg `m{OZm _{ß Ow∂S>Z{ H$m Adga o_bm& Yra{ g_yhm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{Vr Om ahr h°& df© 2006-07 H{$ AßV Bg ‡H$ma Òd-ghm`Vm ]¢H$ gß`m{OZ H$m`©H´$_ ^maV gaH$ma d am¡` VH$ Òd ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 25,50,000 hm{ JB© AWm©V≤ g_yh H$r gaH$mam{ß H{$ g]g{ ‡^mderb OZ-OmJaU H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß g{ h°& `h F$U gßª`m _{ß 28.64 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ X{Ir JB© h°& df© 1998-99 g{ 2006- odVaU H{$ ‡_wI ÒVß^ h°, F$U odVaU _{ß BZH$m 60 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ 07 H{$ _‹` g_yhm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß 28.26 ‡oVeV [nadV©Z d•o’ hwB© h°& EH$ Am{a H$m `m{JXmZ h°& Bg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß X{e _{ß ‡oV KQ{> 400 _ohbmE{ß Òd- Ohmß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß ‡oVdf© d•o’ hwB© h°, dhr BZ g_yhm{ß H$m{ ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß g{ Ow∂S> ahr h°& Zm]mS©> H{$ AZwgma 3 H$am{∂S> g{ AoYH$ oX`{ OmZ{ dmb{ ]¢H$ F$U H$r amoe ^r 14320.00 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ VH$ [hw±M JB© _ohbmE{ß 22 bmI g{ AoYH$ Ï`dgm`m{ß g{ Ow∂S>r h°, oOgg{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ h°& g_yh H$m{ Xr OmZ{ dmbr ]¢H$ F$U amoe _{ß df© 1998-99 g{ df© 2006- geo∫$H$aU H$r oXem H$m{ ]b o_bm h°, d{ AmÀ_oZ^©a hm{ ahr h°, A¿N>r 2007 H{$ AßV VH$ 35.95 ‡oVeV d•o’ X{Ir JB©& AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ b⁄wodŒm _OXyar H{$ obE Òd`ß AmdmO CR>mVr h°, d Òd`ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V H$aVr h°& d{ H$r oXem _{ß ^maV V{Or g{ odH$mg hm{ ahm h°& A[Z{ ]¿Mm{ß H$r oejm d [m{fU H$r OÈaVm{ß H$m{ [yam H$a [mVr h° VWm b⁄wodŒm H{$ j{Ã _{ß odo^fi gßÒWmAm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ - b⁄wodŒm H{$ j{Ã _{ß EH$ _ßM [a EH$Ã hm{H$a Am[gr ]mVMrV H{$ ¤mam A[Zr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m odo^fi gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ `m{JXmZ H$m{ oZÂZ VmobH$m _{{ß Xem©`m J`m h°& g_mYmZ [mVr h°& CZ_{ß oZU©` j_Vm H$m odH$mg hwAm h°& J´m_rU VmobH$m H´$ß. 1:2 ([rN{> X{I{) g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ _{ß ^r g_yhm{ß H$r gmW©H$ ^yo_H$m ahr h°& VmobH$m H{$ odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ b⁄wodŒm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr gßÒWmAm{ß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh Jar] _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ d odH$mg _{ß H{$ ¤mam bmIm{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m{, H$am{∂S>m{ Í$[`{ H{$ F$U-odVnaV oH$`{ J`{& EZ.Or.Am{O. H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© h°, `h _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ odŒmr` È[ g{ Zm]mS©> - ^maVr` H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg ]¢H$ ¤mam 1,649.00 bmI ÒdVßÃ d AmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ‡`ÀZerb ahV{ h° VWm J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh g{ Ow∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ 11,397.00 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m F$U odVnaV ]¢H$ ImV{ Im{bZ{ d ]¿Mm{ß H$r oejm, Ka{by IM© d oH$gr ^r Am[mV oÒWoV H{$ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma bJ^J 90 ‡oVeV F$U Zm]mS©> ¤mam C[b„Y obE F$U b{Z{ _{ß gj_ ]ZmV{ h°& g^r _ohbmE{ß goH´$` È[ g{ F$U b{Z{ dmbr H$am`m J`m& Zht hm{Vr h°& EH$ AoIb ^maVr` Am°gV ]VmVm h° oH$ _ohbmE{ß H$_ g{ H$_ Eg.E\$.E_.gr. - Bg gßÒWm H{$ ¤mam 26.25 bmI g_yh g{ g_]’ bm{Jm{ß 500 È[`{ ‡oV_mh ]MmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma EZ.Or.Am{O. ^r _ohbmAm{ß H$r H$m{ 761.81 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$m F$U oX`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma 6.07 ‡oVeV Am` CZH{$ geo∫$H$aU Am°a H$Î`mU H{$ obE ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ F$U ogS>]r \$mCS{>eZ \$m∞a _mBH´$m{-H´${oS>Q> ¤mam C[b„Y H$am`m J`m h°& g{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ H$m`m~ H$m{ gab Am°a gwodYmOZH$ ]ZmV{ h°& Ama.E_.H{$. - Bg gßÒWm H{$ ¤mam 5.48 bmI g_yh gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ 147.53 XojU ^maV _{ß _mBam∂S>m EH$ E{gm EZ.Or.Am{. h° Om{ XojU ^maV H{$ H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ F$U amoe H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[b„Y H$adm`{ J`{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma amÓQ≠>r` Hw$N> am¡`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m ‡]ßY H$aVm h°& _ohbm H$m{f ¤mam 1.17 ‡oVeV F$U C[b„Y H$am`m J`m h°& Òdghm`Vm g_yh H{$ obE g_Ò`mE{ß - ^maV gaH$ma odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ E\$. S>„Î`y - Bg gßÒWm H{$ ¤mam 5.29 bmI g_yh gß]ß’ bm{Jm{ß 240.1 _m‹`_ g{ odŒmr` g_md{eZ oH$E OmZ{ Edß Jar]r C›_ybZ H$r oXem _{ß oZÂZ H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$r amoe F$U H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[b„Y H$admB© JB© h°& AWm©V≤ Bg gßÒWm g_Ò`mE{ß odH$mg _{ß ]mYH$ h°& ¤mam 1.91 ‡oVeV F$U g_yh g{ Ow∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ oX`m J`m h°& C[am{∫$ gßÒWmAm{ß 1. g_yh g{ Ow∂S{>ß bm{Jm{ß _{ß OmJÈH$Vm H$r H$_r& _{ß g{ gdm©oYH$ F$U Zm]mS©> ¤mam Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh g{ Ow∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ oX`m 2. g_yh _{ß oejm H$m A^md& J`m h°& Zm]mS©> Edß A›` ]¢H$m{ß Z{ _mM© 2007 H{$ AßV VH$ 5.85 bmI Òd- 3. g_yh H{$ H$m`©H$aU h{Vw CoMV ‡oejU H$m A^md& ghm`Vm g_yhmß H$m{ ]¢H$ g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H$m b˙` oZYm©naV oH$`m Wm& Bg ‡H$ma 4. g_yhm{ß H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ]mOma H$m [yU© kmZ Z hm{Zm& b⁄wodŒm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ _{ß C[am{∫$ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ ahm h°& 5. od[UZ H$m A^md& ^maV gohV XwoZ`m H{$ V_m_ X{em{ß _{ß b⁄wodŒm ¤mam Jar]r H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ 6. ‡]ßYH$r` `m{Ω`Vm H$m A^md& Am°a Jar]m{ß H$m{ odŒmr` Xmà{ _{ß bmZ{ H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& J´m_rU ]¢H$ 7. g_yhm{ _{ß H$m°eb Edß j_Vm oZ_m©U H$r H$_r& ]mßΩbmX{e H{$ O›_XmVm ‡m{\{$ga `wZyg H$m H$hZm h° oH$ b⁄wodŒm g{ Jar]r Xya gwPmd - H$r Om gH$Vr h°& CZH$m H$hZm h° oH$ d{ 2030 VH$ Jar]r H$m{ EH$ Â`yoO`_ 1. g_yhm{ß _{ß OmJÈH$Vm H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmE{ & H°$X H$a X{ßJ{& b{oH$Z ^maV H{$ b⁄w F$U H{$ ‡XmVm Am°a ]{og∑g H{$ gßÒWm[H$ 2. g_yhm{ß H$m{ CoMV _mJ©Xe©Z, oejm H$m odH$mg & odO` _hmOZ H$m H$hZm h° oH$ Jar]r g_m· H$aZ{ _{ß b⁄wodŒm H$r ^yo_H$m 3. g_yhm{ß H$m{ g_woMV ‡oejU Ï`dÒWm & ]hwV gro_V h°& ‡ª`mV AW©emÛr o[ÒH{$ H$m H$hZm h° oH$ _mBH´$m{ H´${oS>Q> 4. g_yhm{ß H$m{ ]mOma g{ AdJV H$am`m OmE{ & Jar]m{ß H{$ ob`{ [°g{ H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ H$m [`m©· Adga oZo_©V H$a gH$Vm h° 5. g_yhm{ß H{$ CÀ[moXV _mb H{$ od[UZ h{Vw ‡Xe©Zr Edß _{bm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ& VmoH$ d{ A[Zr Am_XZr ]∂T>m gH{$ß& b{oH$Z ha b⁄w F$U H{$db AZwHy$b [naUm_ 6. g_yhm{ß H$r ‡]ßYH$r` `m{Ω`Vm H$m odH$mg & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 97

7. g_yhm{ß _{ß H$m°eb Edß j_Vm-oZ_m©U ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>m`m OmE{ & Im⁄ ‡gßÒH$aU C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m OmE VmoH$ ÒWmZr` gßgmYZm{ß H$m oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© H{$ È[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ g_woMV odXm{hZ hm{ VWm ÒWm`r odH$mg H$m{ JoV o_b{ß& _m‹`_ g{ odŒmr` g_md{eZ H{$ OnaE gaH$ma ¤mam odo^ﬁ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _m‹`_ g{ hmoeE [a [∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Jar]r H{$ XbXb g{ oZH$mb H$a CZH$m 1. `m{OZm A‡°b 2012 - [{O H´$ß. 26, _ohbm Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh odH$mg gdm™JrU odH$mg oH$`m OmZm H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm _{ß ghm`H$ h°& oZoY H$m odÒVma gaH$ma ¤mam O{∂S>a AmYmnaV ]OQ>, g_mO _{ß ]∂T>Vr M{VZm H$r X{Z h°& 538 `m{OZm ^dZ gßgX _mJ©, ZB© oXÑr _ohbm Òdghm`Vm g_yh odH$mg oZoY H{$ ob`{ 2012-13 _{ß 200 H$am{∂S> 2. The Lion, Lions Club International, March 2012 Í$[`{ C[b„Y H$amV{ hw`{ Bg oZoY H$m{ ]∂T>mH$a 300 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$a oX`m h°& www.thelionindiamagazine.org _ohbm H{$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh odŒm_ßÃr ‡Ud _wIOr© Z{ 2012-13 H$m Am_ ]OQ> [{e H$aV{ hw`{ H$hm h° oH$ 3. `m{OZmí OyZ 2011, odŒmr` g_md{eZ odŒmr` JhZVm Edß AmoW©H$ `h oZoY _ohbm Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H$m{ ]¢H$ F$U C[b„Y H$amV{ hw`{ CZH$m odH$mg, 538 `m{OZm ^dZ gßgX _mJ©, ZB© oXÑr geo∫$H$aU H$a{Jr& 4. `m{OZmí OZdar 2012 ÀdnaV, gVV≤ d AoYH$ g_md{er` odH$mg Bg ‡H$ma Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ bKwo∫$ H{$ OnaE gaH$ma 538 `m{OZm ^dZ gßgX _mJ©, ZB© oXÑr odŒmr` g_md{eZ H$r oXem _{ß AmJ{ ]∂T> ahr h°& odH$mg H$m `h Ona`m V^r 5. Vœ` ^maV A∑Qy> 2008 AZwHy$b odH$mg H$a [mE{Jm O]oH$ g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ h_mar AmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ 6. _‹`‡X{e gm_moOH$ odkmZ AZwgßYmZ OZ©b df© 5 AßH$ 1, 2007 H{$ AZwÈ[ H•$of AmYnaV ÒWmZr` bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmE 7. b⁄wodŒm `m{OZm, OZdar 2008 VWm [ew[mbZ, S{>`ar, _ÀÒ` [mbZ, ]H$ar [mbZ, _wJr© [mbZ, ]mJdmZr d VmobH$m H´$ß. 1:1 Òdghm`Vm g_yh ]¢H$ gß[H©$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r ‡JoV df© b⁄wodŒm g{ Ow∂S{> Òdghm`Vm ‡oVeV ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam ‡XŒm F$U H$r ‡oVeV g_yhm{ß H$r gßª`m [nadV©Z amoe (H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ _{ß) [nadV©Z 1998-1999 32,995 0.38 57.07 0.143 1999-2000 1,14,775 1.28 192.98 0.486 2000-2001 2,63,825 2.96 480.87 1.212 2001-2002 4,61,478 5.18 1026.34 2.587 2002-2003 7,17,360 8.05 2048.67 5.164 2003-2004 9,42,000 10.58 3240.38 8.168 2004-2005 16,18,476 18.18 6898.00 17.388 2005-2006 22,00,000 24.71 11398.00 28.732 2006-2007 25,50,000 28.64 14320.00 36.098 8900909 100 39669.31 100 Ûm{V - `b⁄w odŒmí, OZdar 2008 [{O H´$ß. 30

VmobH$m H´$ß. 1:2 b⁄wodŒm H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ VhV ‡JoV gßÒWmE± gß]ß’ bm{Jm{ß H$r gßM`r ‡oVeV F$U Ï`` ‡oVeV EgEMOr gßª`m (bmI _{ß) (H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ _{ß) Zm]mS©> 1649.00 98.97 11,397.00 90.83 E\$E\$E_gr 26.25 1.57 761.81 6.07 Ama.Eg.H{$. 5.48 0.32 147.53 1.17 E\$ S>„Î`y 5.29 0.31 240.1 1.91 Hw$b 1666.02 100 12,546.44 100 Ûm{V : Zm]mS©>, ogS>dr \$mCßS{>eZ \$m∞a _mBH´$m{ H´${oS>Q> (EgE\$E_gr), amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm H$m{f (AmaE_H{$) VWm \{$´ßS>≤g Am∞\$ dm{_{›g dÎS©> ]¢oHß$J (E\$S>„Î`yS>„Î`y]r) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 98

‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$m AmoW©H$ odf_Vm [a oM›VZ : EH$ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m * a{Im _{ÙZm * * em{Y gmamße ñ Zm{]{b [waÒH$ma g{ gÂ_moZV AW©emÛr ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$m{ odoeÓQ> _hÀd Edß gÂ_mZ ‡XmZ oH$`{ OmZ{ H$m _wª` H$maU `h h° oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ AW©emÛ H$m{ _ZwÓ` H{$ H$Î`mU H$m gmYZ ]ZmZ{ H{$ C’{Ì` g{ Om{∂S>m Am°a odH$mg H{$ og’mßVm{ß H{$ gmW C›hm{ßZ{ BgH{$ Ï`dhmnaH$ [j Jar]r Am°a odf_Vm AmoX H$r JUZm Am°a _m[Z H$m{ ^r ]hwV Xya VH$ odH$ogV oH$`m h°& gm_yohH$ M`Z Am°a g_mO H$Î`mU H{$ AW©emÛ _{ß ‡MobV odMmaYmamAm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ odf_Vm H{$ Ï`dmhmnaH$ j{Ã g{ Om{∂S>H$a C›hm{ßZ{ ‡W_ ]ma EH$ E{g{ T>m±M{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m h° oOgH{$ AmYma [a Jar]r H$r g_Ò`m H$m oZXmZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ‡ÒVwV [Ã _{ß ‡m{. g{Z H{$ AmoW©H$ odf_Vm gß]ßYr odMmam{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m J`m h°& AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ Hw$N> bjUm{ß H$m{ h_ ghO ^md g{ [hMmZ gH$V{ h° oHß$Vw BZ_{ß AZ{H$ E{gr ode{fVmE± ^r hm{Vr h°, oO›h{ß g_P [mZm gß^d Zht hm{Vm& Bgr H$maU odo^fi Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ]rM VwbZm H$a [mZm AoV H$ÓQ> gm‹` hm{ OmVm h°& g_VmdmX H{$ H$B© ÒdÈ[ odH$ogV hm{ J`{ h° O°g{ ‡mo`H$VmdmXr g_VmdmX, ›`yZV_ H{$ AoYH$V_rH$aU [a AmolV g_mVdmX AmoX& [yar Vah ›`yZV_ g{ g_Vm[yU© odVaU hr C[`w∫$_ odVaU hm{Jm VWm g_mO H{$ o[N>∂S{> dJm} H{$ C[^m{J ÒVa _{ß gwYma H$m ‡`mg H$aZ{ g{ hr AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m hb hm{ gH$Vm h°& e„X Hw$ßOr - H$Î`mUH$mar AW©emÛ, odf_Vm, C[`m{oJVmdX, j{_[aH$ bjU, [mÃVm, [°a{Q>m{ Hw$ebVm XjVm, dÒVw[aH$ bjU, g_VmdmX ‡ÒVmdZm - "‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$m{ H$Î`mUH$mar AW©emÛ H{$ ob`{ df© ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ A[Z{ odf_Vm gß]ßYr A‹``Z H$m oM›VZ oH$`m d 1998 _{ß Zm{]b [waÒH$ma g{ gÂ_moZV oH$`m J`m& A_À`© g{Z Zm{]b [waÒH$ma VÀ[ÌMmV `h [m`m oH$ C[am{∫$ odf_VmAm{ß H$m oZdmaU H$aH{$ AWdm C›h{ß OrVZ{ dmb{ [hb{ Eoe`mB© Am°a Zm{]b YmaH$ N>R{>ß ^maVr` h°& ' H$_ H$aH{$ h_ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU _{ß d•o’ H$a gH$V{ h°& C[`m{oJVmdmX H{$ Zm{]{b [waÒH$ma H$r ‡mo· H{$ ]mX A_À`© g{Z H$m Zm_ odÌd ‡og’ hm{ gßX^© _{ß A_À`© g{Z H$hV{ h° oH$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· C[`m{oJVm H{$ `m{J H$m{ J`m& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z 1994 _{ß A_{naH$m AmoW©H$ gßJR>Z (AEA) H{$ gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H$m _m[H$ _mZm OmVm h°& ‡m{. g{Z Z{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m oH$ A‹`j ]ZZ{ dmb{ ‡W_ ^maVr` h° Edß df© 1986-88 _{ß AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` g_mO _{ß Hw$b H$Î`mU H$m{ AoYH$V_ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ h_{ß odo^fi Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ gßK Am°a ^maVr` AmoW©H$ gßK H{$ A‹`j ]ZZ{ dmb{ EH$_mÃ CZH$r Am` g{ ‡m· gr_m›V C[`m{oJVm H$m{ g_mZ H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ^maVr` h°& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$m{ 1999 _{ß ^maV aÀZ g{ gÂ_moZV oH$`m J`m& odf_Vm H$r ode{fVmE± - A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß _{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ AßVa BZH$m{ Z{eZb `yoZdog©Q>r Am∞\$ E¡`yH{$eZ flbmoZßJ ES> ES>o_ZÒQ≠>{eZ [m`{ OmV{ h°,ß b{oH$Z BZ X{em{ß _{ß odf_Vm H$r EH$ AmYma^yV g_mZVm [mB© (›`y[m) ¤mam 04 OwbmB© 2011 H$m{ S>r.obQ>≤. H$r C[moY g{ gÂ_moZV OmVr h°& `⁄o[ oH$gr EH$ X{e H$m{ ‡oVoZoY A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß H$r gßkm oH$`m J`m h°& X{Zm H$oR>Z h° oHß$Vw o\$a ^r Hw$N> E{g{ gm_m›` bjUm{ß H$m{ ]VmZm gß^d h° Om{ A_À`© g{Z H$m{ df© 1976 _{ß _hmbZm{oZg [waÒH$ma g{ gÂ_moZV oH$`m H$B© A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß _{ß AmgmZr g{ X{I{ Om gH$V{ h°& `{ gm_m›` bjU J`m& 1990 _{ß Eæ{br BßQ>aZ{eZb ‡mBg Edß 1990 _{ß Eb{Z em∞Z \{$›gQ>mB©Z A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß _{ß Ag_mZ Aßem{ß _{ß [m`{ OmV{ h°& A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß dÎS©> hßJa EdmS©> ‡m· hwAm& A_À`© g{Z H$r AZ{H$ [wÒVH{$ß og’mßV È[ _{ß _{ß Ag_mZVm H{$ bjUm{ß H$m{ oZÂZ o]XßwAm{ß _{ß ‡Xoe©V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ‡oVÓR>m [mH$a AZ{H$ odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß _{ß goÂ_obV h°& BZH{$ 1. AmoW©H$ bjU ¤mam oX`{ J`{ og’mßVm{ß [a AmOH$b H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmEß ]ZmB© OmVr 2. OZgßª`m gß]ßYr bjU h°& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ AW©emÛ H$m{ Xe©Z VWm Z°oVH$Vm g{ Om{∂S>H$a AmoW©H$ 3. gm_moOH$, amOZroV, gmßÒH•$oVH$ bjU A‹``Z H$m{ EH$ Z`m Am`m_ oX`m h° VWm g_mO _{ß \°$br odf_VmAm{ß H$m 4. VH$ZrH$r bjU Ï`m[H$ d°kmoZH$ odõ{fU oH$`m h°& 5. A›` bjU odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z - ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ AH$mb gß]ßYr, Jar]r 1. AmoW©H$ bjU - AmoW©H$ bjUm{ß _{ß oZÂZoboIV bjU _hÀd[yU© gß]ßYr, odf_Vm gß]ßYr Edß _mZd gßgmYZ gß]ßYr odMmam{ß [a A[Z{ A‹``Z h° - A’©-odH$ogV ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ, H•$of H$r ‡YmZVm Am°a CgH$r ‡ÒVwV oH$`{ h¢& ‡ÒVwV [Ã _{ß A_À`© g{Z H{$ AmoW©H$ odf_Vm gß]ßYr odMmam{ß oZÂZ CÀ[mXH$Vm, Am°⁄m{JrH$aU H$m A^md, ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` H$m oZÂZ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& odf_Vm e„X A[Z{ Am[ _{ß ÒVa, oZÂZ OrdZ ÒVa, [y±Or H$r H$_r, oZòV [a oZ^©aVm Am°a AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` Ag_mZVm H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°& odH$ogV Edß odH$mgerb g^r X{em{ß _{ß Ï`m[ma H$r ‡oVHy$bVm, ]{am{OJmar, A’©-]{am{OJmar Am°a oN>[r ]{am{OJmar, Ag_mZVmEß [mE OmVr h°& X{e _{ß Ï`m· Ag_mZVmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ob`{ AmoW©H$ Hw$MH´$m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV, ]mOma H$r A[yU©VmEß, Adgam{ß H$r Ag_mZVm, ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ odf_Vm H$m{ A[Z{ A‹``Z H$m H{$ß– o]ßXw ]Zm`m& j{Ãr` o¤Vr`H$ AW©Ï`dÒWm, amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m oZÂZ ÒVa, CoMV amOH$m{fr` odf_Vm, Am` d YZ H$m Ag_mZ odVaU, OmVr` odf_Vm, obßJ, dJ©, ZroV H$m A^md, AgßVwobV ^wJVmZ gßVwbZ, Am`mVm{ß H$r AoYH$Vm Edß g_wXm` AmoX odf_VmEß goX`m{ß g{ Mbr Am ahr h°& AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ]mOmam{ß _{ß oZ`m©Vm{ß H$r ‡oVÒ[Ym©À_H$ g_Ò`m&

*‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** em{YmWu (AW©emÛ) amOrd Jm±Yr emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _Xßgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 99

2. OZgßª`m gß]ßYr bjU - 1. dÒVw[aH$ _m[H$ odoY`m± A. [na_mUmÀ_H$ bjU 2. AmXe© _ybH$ _m[H$ odoY`m± 1. OZgßª`m H$r AoYH$Vm Xm{Zm{ß odoY`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z C[amßV ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ [m`m oH$ ‡W_ l{Ur H$r 2. OZgßª`m d•o’ H$r CÉ Xa dÒVw [aH$ _m[H$ odoY`m{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H{$ odMma H$m H$m{B© ‡`m{J 3. Am`w odVaU Zht oH$`m OmVm VWm o¤Vr` l{Ur _{ß AmXe© _ybH$ _m[H$ odoY`m{ß _{ß Ò[ÓQ> 4. goH´$` OZgßª`m H$m ^mJ H$_ hm{Zm È[ g{ gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H{$ odMmam{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& 5. J´m_rU j{Ã H$r ‡YmZVm odf_Vm H{$ ‡H$ma - ‡m{. g{Z Z{ 1970 H{$ XeH$ _{ß gd©‡W_ Ûr-[wÈf 6. OZgßª`m H$m H•$of [a AoYH$ X]md odf_Vm H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m VWm C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ A‹``Z H{$ B. JwUmÀ_H$ bjU Xm°amZ `h [m`m oH$ Om{ Ïò∫$ g_mO H{$ o[N>∂S{> dJm~ H$m CÀWmZ H$aZ{ H$r 1. OrdZmdoY H$r AÎ[Vm ]mV H$aV{ h¢, CZ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ hr obßJ AmYmnaV odf_Vm O°g{ ‡ÌZm{ß g{ H$m{B© 2. gmhgr dJ© H$m A^md bJmd Zht{ Wm& b{oH$Z A] Bg _mZogH$Vm _{ß ]Xbmd AmZ{ bJm h°& Ûr 3. oZ_m©U H$m°eb H$m oZÂZ ÒVa [wÈf ^{X^md gohV AZ{H$ odf_Vm[yU© _w‘m{ß H$m _hÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$`m OmZ{ 4. oZÂZ OrdZ ÒVa Edß ÒdmÒœ` bJm h°& `⁄o[ odf_Vm H{$ BZ H$maH$m{ß [a R>rH$ g{ ‹`mZ X{Zm OÈar h° ∑`m{ßoH$ 5. Ï`m[H$ oZajaVm BZH$r ÒdrH$mam{o∫$ Am°a BZ [a R>rH$ g{ ‹`mZ X{Zm hr ^maV H$r OZgßdmX H$r 3. gm_moOH$, amOZroVH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ bjU - A’©-odH$ogV Ï`m[H$Vm Am°a XyaJmo_Vm H$m{ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma g{ Am°a g_•’ ]Zm ahm h°& _mZd [y±Or, gm_moOH$ Xm{fm{ß g{ J´ÒVVm A] h_ma{ gm_Z{ Hw$N> E{g{ ‡ÌZ ^r AmV{ h° oH$ ∑`m `{ odf_Vm dJ© 4. VH$ZrH$r bjU ^{X, obßJ ^{X Am°a OmoV ^{X EH$ Xyga{ H{$ gmW Ow∂S> OmV{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma BZ 5. A›` bjU :- od^{Xm{ß _{ß ]hwV Ï`m[H$ AßVoZ©âVm [°Xm hm{ gH$Vr h°& X{Im Om`{ Vm{ `{ g^r A’©-odH$ogV AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß Edß ‡oVHy$bVmAm{ß _{ß Ûm{V A[Z{ Am[ _{ß AbJ-AbJ ^r ]hwV _hÀd[yU© hm{V{ h° oH$›Vw h_{ß `h h_ Hw$eb ‡emgZ H$m A^md, CÀ[oŒm H{$ gmYZm{ß _{ß Ag_mZVm, oÒWa ]mV ^r OmZZm Mmoh`{ oH$ H°$g{ BZH$r ‡oV[yaH$Vm BZH{$ AbJ AbJ Ï`mdgmo`H$ T>m±M{ß, Xm{f[yU© ‡emgoZH$ d _m°o–H$ gßJR>Z AmoX H$m{ b{ XwÓ‡^mdm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mVr h°& gd©‡W_ h_ obßJ AmYmnaV ^{X^md H$r ]mV H$a{ gH$V{ h°& Hw$eb AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ A^md _{ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m Vm{ CÉdJ© d o[N>∂S>m dJ© H$r _ohbmAm{ß _{ß ^r ^{X [m`m OmVm h°& ‡m`: `h XwÈ[`m{J hm{Vm h° Am°a amÓQ≠> H$r ‡JoV AdÈ’ hm{Vr h°& A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß X{Im OmVm h° oH$ CÉ dJ© _{ß O›_ b{{Z{ dmbr _ohbmEß o[N>∂S{> dJm} _{ß O›_ _{ß CÀ[oŒm H{$ gmYZm{ß _{ß dmßoN>V JoVerbVm Zht [mB© OmVr& \$bÒdÈ[ amÓQ≠> b{Z{ dmbr _ohbmAm{ß g{ ha j{Ã _{ß AmJ{ oZH$b OmVr h° d AZH{$ ]mYmEß oZÂZ H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß AoYH$V_ CÀ[mXZ gß^d Zht hm{ [mVm& BZ AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß dJ© H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ g{ am{H$ X{Vr h°& `h XwIX Vœ` h° oH$ oZÂZ H$m Ï`dgmo`H$ T±>mMm ‡m`: oÒWa ahVm h°& Bg H$maU ^r CÀ[oŒm H{$ gmYZm{ß _{ß dJ© d _ohbm hm{Zm, `{ Xm{Zm{ß bjU o[∂N>S{> dJ© H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ JoVerbVm Zht [mB© OmVr& [naUm_V: Z Vm{ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß odoeÓQ>rH$am hr hm{ oZY©ZVm H$r Am{a YH{$bV{ h°& [mVm h° Am°a Z hr X{e AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ [W [a AJ´ga hm{Vm h°& XojU Eoe`mB© X{em{ß _{ß Vm{ obßJ odf_Vm H$r ]hwV hr X`Zr` oÒWoV AÎ[ odH$ogV X{em{ß _{ß amOÒd ‡m`: A‡À`j H$am{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡m· oXImB© X{Vr h°& BZH$r X`Zr` oÒWoV H$m [Vm h_ _ohbmAm{ß H$r A‡À`moeV hm{Vm h° oOZH$r ‡H•$oV AYm{Jm_r hm{Vr h°& Am` H{$ gmYZ H{$ È[ _{ß ‡À`j Ï`moY J´ÒVVm Am°a _aUerbVm H$r Xam{ß _{ß hwB© d•o’ g{ bJm`m Om gH$Vm H$am{ß H$m _hÀd H$_ hm{Vm h°& BZ X{em{ß _{ß ‡JoVerb H$am{ß H$m A^md hm{Vm h°& h¢& "^maV, [moH$ÒVmZ, ]mßJbmX{e Am°a lrbßH$m g^r _{ß _ohbm ‡YmZ_ßÃr H$a gßJ´h odoY o_VÏ``r Zht hm{Vr Am°a H$a A[dMßZ ^r ]hwV H$_ hm{Vm [X H$m{ gwem{o^V H$a MwH$r& `h EH$ E{gr C[bo„Y h° Om{ g`wß∫$ am¡` h°& _w–m ]mOma ‡m`: AodH$ogV hm{V{ h°& gaH$mar _m°o–H$ ZroV [naoÒWoVde A_{naH$m, \´$mßg, BQ>br, O_©Zr Am°a Om[mZ AmoX _{ß Z Vm{ gß^d hm{ [mB© h° ‡m`: BVZr Xw]©b hm{Vr h° oH$ X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ g_woMV Tß>J g{ Am°a Z hr oZH$Q> ôdÓ` _{ß BgH$r H$m{B© gß^mdZm oXImB© X{Vr h°&' oZ`ßoÃV Zht H$a [mVr& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ Ûr-[wÈf Ag_mZVm H{$ odo^fi ÒdÈ[m{ß _{ß od⁄_mZ ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H{$ AZwgma ‡m`: C[am{∫$ g^r ode{fVmEß A’©- Ï`m[H$ AßVam{ß [a odMma Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°& odf_Vm H{$ BZ ÒdÈ[m{ß H{$ oZYm©aU odH$ogV AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß ›`yZmoYH$ _mÃm _{ß [mB© OmVr h°& odÌd _{ß H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m{ oZÂZoboIV dJm} _{ß od^moOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° :- g_ÒV A’©-odH$ogV X{em{ß H$r goÂ_obV Tß>J g{ EH$ ‡H$ma H$r ode{fVmE± 1. OrdZ YmaUm H$r odf_Vm ]VmZm ]hwV H$oR>Z h° ∑`m{ßoH$ odo^fi X{em{ß H$r AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, 2. O›_ Xa H$r odf_Vm Am°⁄m{oJH$ Am°a H•$of gß]ßYr AdÒWmE± Edß ‡d•oŒm`mß o^fi o^fi hm{Vr h°& 3. gwodYm H$r C[b„YVm _{ß odf_Vm `⁄o[ BZ X{em{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r JoV Edß [’oV`m±, OZgßª`m H$r ode{fVmE± 4. Òdmo_Àd odf_Vm Am°a AmßVnaH$ [naoÒWoV`m± ^r o^fi o^fi h° VWmo[ BZ o^fiVmAm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX 5. [mnadmnaH$ Xmo`Àdm{ß Am°a ohVbm^m{ß _{ß odf_Vm[yU© ^mJrXmar AoYH$mße [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß EH$ ]∂S>r _mÃm VH$ CZH$r ode{fVmAm{ß _{ß g_mZVm 6. [mnadmnaH$ ohßgm Am°a emarnaH$ CÀ[r∂S>Z [mB© OmVr h°& B›ht ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a h_ A’©-odH$ogV Hw$eb H$Î`mU ododYVmE± - Bg o]ßXw _{ß h_ Am` Am°a dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß g{ o^fi H$aH{$ ^br ‡H$ma Hw$eb l_ H$m _m°obH$ AmYma _mZV{ h°& oHß$Vw Am` H{$ ÒVa d dÒVw g_wÉ` [hMmZ gH$V{ h° & ode{f g{ bm^mßodV hm{ [mZ{ H$r j_Vm h_mar AZ{H$ oZOr Edß gm_moOH$ odf_Vm H{$ _m[H$ - ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ odf_Vm gß]ßYr A‹``Z _{ß ghm`H$ H$maH$m{ß [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°& h_mar dmÒVodH$ Am`m{ß Am°a ohV bm^m{ß odf_Vm H{$ _m[H$ H$m{ Xm{ l{oU`m{ß _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m h° - H$m{ AZ{H$ H$maH$ ‡^modV H$a gH$V{ h° - Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 100

1. d°ò∫$Àd odf_VmE± o]ßXw _mZm h°& AZH{$ AW©emoÛ`m{ß Z{ oMoH$Àgm gwodYmAm{ß H{$ gmd©OoZH$ 2. [`m©daU H$r ododYVmE± g{dm H{$ ÒdÈ[ H{$ Am°oMÀ` [a JhZ oMßVZ oH$`m h°& òX EH$ ]r_ma Ïò∫$ 3. gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU _{ß [nadV©Z - [a AoYH$ IM© H$aH{$ Cg{ ÒdÒW H$a oX`m Om`{ Vm{ Cg Ïò∫$ H$r ‡^mdr 4. gÂ]›YdmMr gßg•oÓQ>`m{ß _{ß AßVa - Am` _{ß d•o’ hm{Jr& 5. [nadma _{ß Am›VnaH$ AmdßQ>Z odVaU- ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z oZ:ewÎH$ oMoH$Àgm Ï`dÒWm H{$ JwU Xm{fm{ß H$m odd{MZ A^r Hw$N> g_` g{ ‡H$me _{ß Am ahr "gm_moOH$ [y±Or odf`H$ aMZmE±' Zht H$aV{ ]oÎH$ d{ amÓQ≠>r` ÒdmÒœ` g{dm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oMoH$Àgm gwodYm H{$ Vm{ `hm± VH$ gwPm ahr h° oH$ gmd©OoZH$ gwodYmAm{ß H{$ gmW gmW gm_wXmo`H$ gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ [hbyAm{ß Am°a Cg_{ß oZohV ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ H$r o_VÏò`VmAm{ß H$r gß]ßYm{ß H$r ‡H•$oV H$m ^r `hm± ]hwV _hÀd hm{ gH$Vm h°& h_ òX OZmßoH$H$r` gß^mdZmAm{ß [a ^r ]mV Zht H$aZm MmhV{ ]oÎH$ d{ Vm{ gm[{j AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß Am`m_ H$r ]mV H$a{ß Vm{ obßJYmnaV odf_Vm Z H{$db _aUerbVm _{ß AßVa g{ Ow∂S{> _w‘m{ß [a EH$ gßoj· oQ>fl[Ur H$aV{ h°& H{$ [aÂ[amJV ÒdÈ[ _{ß ‡H$Q> Zht hm{Vr ]oÎH$ EH$ Z`m È[ ^r YmaU H$a odf_Vm oZdmaU H{$ C[m` - ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H{$ oMßVZ H$m gÂ_mZ H$aV{ ahr h°& H$›`mAm{ß H$m{ O›_ b{Z{ g{ [hb{ hr _ma oX`m OmZ{ bJm h°& Bg ‡H$ma hwE ^maV gaH$ma X{e H$r Jar]r Am{a AmoW©H$ odf_Vm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$r O›_ H´$_ odf_Vm AZ{H$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$r B¿N>m H$m [naUm_ h°& H•$V gßH$Î[ h°& gaH$ma Z{ Jar]r H$r VÒdra H$m{ [hMmZm Am°a Jar]r hQ>mAm{ß _m[Z H{$ ‡H$ma - ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _{ß ]Vm`m h° oH$ "H$m gßH$Î[ ob`m h°& ^maVr` BoVhmg _{ß A[Z{ Tß>J H$m `h [hbm Am°a odf_Vm H$m _m[Z oH$g ‡H$ma oH$`m Om`{ ? _m[Z H$m`© AZ{H$ ÒVam{ß [a hm{ _hÀd[yU© gßH$Î[ h° Am°a Bgr Zma{ H$m{ gmH$ma ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ gaH$ma EH$ H{$ gH$Vm h° b{oH$Z oH$g Ïò∫$ H$r oÒWoV AÀ`moYH$ Iam] h° VWm oH$gH$r ]mX EH$ H$X_ CR>m ahr h° Edß [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ Bgr È[ _{ß T>mbZ{ H$_ Iam] BZ ]mVm{ß H$m{ _m[Z{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB© AmVr h°& C›hm{ßZ{ß EH$ AßVamb H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m J`m h° oH$ dh Jar]r Am°a Ag_mZVm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ dmbr [°_mZ{ H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ H$r ]mV H$hr& Bg [°_mZ{ _{ß AZw[mV H$m H$m{B© AW© VWm X{e H$m{ AmÀ_ oZ^©aVm H$r gro∂T>`m{ß [a M∂T>mZ{ dmbr og’ hm{& o\$a ^r Zht hm{Vm [ßaVw AßVam{ß H$m AZw[mV _hÀd[yU© hm{Vm h°& C[`m{oJVm odõ{fU Jar]r Am°a Ag_mZVm H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß oZÂZmßoH$V H$X_m{ß H$m{ _{ß `h AßVamb [°_mZm hr JUZmdmMr [°_mZm H$hbmVm h¢& C[`m{oJVm CR>mZm AmdÌ`H$ h° - odõ{fU _{ß Bgg{ ^r AoYH$ bMrb{ [°_mZ{ H´$o_H$VmdmMr [°_mZ{ H$m Zm_ 1. oZOr gÂ[oŒm H$r gr_m H$m oZYm©aU oX`m OmVm h°& Bg odoY _{ß AßH$m{ß H$m H´$_ _hÀd[yU© hm{Vm h°& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z 2. CŒmamoYH$ma H$r g_mo· H$r Am{a H$m`©dmhr Z{ H´$o_H$VmdmMr [°_mZ{ H{$ oZH$Q> ^r _m[Z H$r EH$ Am°a odoY ]VbmB© h¢, 3. ‡JoVerb H$amam{[U _ß{ Am{a AoYH$ gwYma oOgg{ AßH$m{{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`{ o]Zm odf_Vm H$m _m[Z oH$`m OmVm h°& 4. EH$moYH$mar ‡d•oŒm [a oZ`ßÃU Jar]r Am°a Ag_mZVm H{$ _m[XS> - Jar]r Am°a Ag_mZVm EH$ 5. ›`yZV_ d AoYH$V_ _yÎ` oZYm©aU gm[{j ^md h°, oOgH$m R>rH$ R>rH$ [Vm bJmZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm h°, oHß$Vw bm{Jm{ß 6. AZmoO©V Am`m{ß [a CÉ Xa g{ H$amam{[U H{$ OrodH$m{[mO©Z g{ gß]ßoYV oH´$`mAm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aH{$ A_rar 7. oZOr gÂ[oŒm H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU Am°a Jar]r H{$ ]rM EH$ gß^modV gr_m-a{Im ItM gH$V{ h°& Hw$b Jar]r 8. gm_moOH$ gwajm g{dmAm{ß H$m odÒVma gyMH$ ÒVa Bg ‡H$ma h° - 9. H$m_ H$r Ω`maßQ>r 1. Am`-Ï`` H$m ÒVa 10. AoYH$ gßVmZm{Œm[oŒm [a oZ`ßÃU 2. C[^m{J Am°a [m°oÓQ>H$Vm H$m ÒVa 11. CÀ[mXZ d ]MV Xa _{ß d•o’ 3. ^yo_- Om{V ÒVa 12. am{OJma ]mhwÎ` H$m`©H´$_ [a Om{a 4. am{OJma ÒVa 13. g_•’ dJm} ¤mam À`mJ 5. YZ Edß eo∫$ gßH{$›–U oZÓH$f© - Bg ‡H$ma ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ _yb og’mßVm{ß H{$ JoUVr` oZ_m©U H$m`© AmdÌ`H$VmE± Am°a odf_Vm - ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H$r odf_Vm H$r Am°a odH$mg H{$ gmW gmW C›hm{Z{ß BgH{$ Ï`mdhmnaH$ [j - amÓQ≠>r` Am`, AdYmaUm _wª`V: Am` d YZ H{$ odVaU g{ gß]ßoYV h°& oH$gr g_mO _{ß Zm°H$na`m±, odf_Vm Am°a Jar]r AmoX H$r JUZm Am°a _m[Z H$m{ ]hwV Xya Am` Edß YZ H$m odVaU g_mZ È[ g{ hm{ ahm hm{ Vm{ dhmß odf_Vm H$r VH$ odH$ogV oH$`m h°& odf` H{$ _yb og’mßVm{ß H$m{ VH$ZrH$r Am°a J°a VH$ZrH$r AdYmaUm H$m H$m{B© Am°oMÀ` hr Zht ahVm h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ‡À`{H$ X{e Mmh{ Xm{Zm{ß hr Tß>J g{ ]hwV g\$bVm[yd©H$ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& `h dh ]rOÈ[r odH$ogV hm{ `m odH$mgerb, AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ Edß A›` —oÓQ> g{ CZ_{ß AmYma h° oOg [a CZH{$ H$Î`mUH$mar AW©emÛ H$m odemb dQ>d•j I∂S>m AZ{H$ j{Ã CfiV Edß o[N>∂S{> hwE ‡X{e hm{V{ hr h°& `hmß AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H$r h°& odH$mgerb X{em{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z H{$ odMma Am°a CZ [a AmYmnaV odf_VmEß od⁄_mZ hm{Vr h°& `m{OZmE± ode{f _hÀd[yU© h° VWm dV©_mZ g›X^© _{ß ^r ‡mgßoJH$ h°& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ odf_Vm g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© AZ{H$ _m›`VmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- oH$`m VWm C›hm{ßZ{ [m`m oH$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ H$m`© `m gm_moOH$ CÀ[mXZ ‡oH´$`m 1. `m{OZm, OZdar 1999, gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© oXÑr& _{ß CZH{$ `m{JXmZ CZH$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß VWm g_mO _{ß Ï`m· odf_VmAm{ß 2. g{Z A_À`©, 2008, "AmoW©H$ odf_Vm', am¡`[mb EßS> gßg, H$Ì_rar J{Q>, oXÑr& H$m A‹``Z oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& 3. B©à ]wH$, 2012& ‡m{. A_À`© g{Z Z{ odVaU H{$ oZÈ[U H$r Xm{ YmaUmE± ]VbmB© h°, 4. g{Z A_À`©, 2010, "AmoW©H$ odH$mg Am°a ÒdmVßÃ`', am¡`[mb EßS> gßg, H$Ì_rar ‡W_ AmdÌ`H$Vm [a oZ^©aVm, o¤Vr` [mÃVm [a oZ^©aVm& ‡m{. A_À`© J{Q>, oXÑr& g{Z Z{ amÓQ≠>r` ÒdmÒœ` g{dm ]Zm_ oMoH$Àgm ]r_m H$m{ ^r odf_Vm H$m EH$ 5. g{Z A_À`©, 2010, "^maVr` AW©VßÃ BoVhmg Am°a gßÒH•$oV', am¡`[mb EßS> gßg, H$Ì_rar J{Q>, oXÑr& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 101

Ob gßH$Q> Edß Ob gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ - ^maV H{$ gßX^© _|$

S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z * ‡ÒVmdZm - Ob hr OrdZ h°, Ob h° Vm{ H$b h°, Ob H{$ o]Zm OrdZ H$r H$Î[Zm Zht H$r Om gH$Vr, òX Ob Z hm{Vm Vm{ g•oÓQ> H$m oZ_m©U ^r gß^d Zht hm{ [mVm, Ob Bg g•oÓQ> H$r OrdZYmam h°& Ob EH$ E{gm ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ h° oOgH$m _hÀd Bgr ]mV g{ g_Pm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ]∂S>r-]∂S>r g‰`VmE± ZoX`m{ß H{$ VQ> [a hr ]gr h¢ VWm _ZwÓ` H$r OrodV ahZ{ H{$ obE Am∑grOZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h° Cg Am∑grOZ [°Xm H$aZ{ H{$ obE Ob H$r ^r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& [•œdr [a Ob ‡Mwa _mÃm _{ß h° [aßVw og\©$ Ob H$m hm{Zm [`m©· Zht h° BgH$m Òd¿N> hm{Zm ÒdÒW OrdZ H{$ obE OÍ$ar h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ObgßH$Q> EH$ d°oÌdH$ g_Ò`m h° AV: Ob H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Xm{ —oÓQ>H$m{Um{ß g{ A‹``ZAmdÌ`H$ h° EH$ Vm{ Òd¿N> [{Òb ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ C[b„Y H$amZm Edß Xygam Ob H$r ]∂T>Vr _m±J H$m{ CgH$r Am[yoV© H{$ ]am]a H$aZ{ H{$ Ob gßajU d Ob gßgmYZ ‡]ßYZ H$aZm ‡À`{H$ X{e H$m odMmaUr` odÌd H$r oZaßVa ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H{$ obE Òd¿N> [{Òb Edß ]∂T>Vm hwAm odf` h°& [mZr H$m C[`m{J EH$ ]∂S>r g_Ò`m H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{ Am ahm h°& odÌd _{ß Ob H$r d°oÌdH$ C[b„YVm - [•œdr [a Ob ‡Mwa _mÃm _{ß h° Vm{ [•œdr H$m OZgßª`m Am°a Ob H$m odVaU Ag_mZ h° oH$Zb°S>, H$ZmS>m, ›`yOrb¢S>, VrZ Mm°WmB© ohÒgm Obm¿N>moXV h° AWm©V [•œdr H{$ 70 ‡oVeV ^mJ [a o]´Q{>Z Am°a Om[mZ O°g{ X{e Ob g{ g_•’ h° dht ^maV _°o∑gH$m{, ]{oÎO`_, Ob h°& (XwoZ`m _{ß [mZr H$r C[b„YVm 142 H$am{∂S> KZ o_br h° VWm ^maV gyS>mZ O°g{ _{ß Ob H$r H$_r h° odÌd H$r bJ^J EH$ Mm°WmB© Am]mXr Òd¿N> X{e _{ß ‡oVÏò∫$ [mZr C[b„YVm 15 bmI 45 hOma brQ>a h°&) [mZr H$r [{Òb g{ dßoMV h°& ode{fkm{ß H{$ AZwgma df© 2025 VH$ d°oÌdH$ Ob H$r C[b„YVm 142 H$am{∂S> KZ oH$._r. h° [aßVw Òd¿N> Ob H$r _mÃm 2.5 ‡oVeV _m±J 56 ‡oVeV ]∂T> Om`{Jr Om{ dV©_mZ _{ß C[b„Y Ob H$r Hw$b _mÃm g{ hr h° e{f Ob bdUr` hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Z Vm{ _mZd ¤mam oZOr C[`m{J _{ß ^r AoYH$ hm{Jr& bm`m Om gH$Vm h° Am°a Z H•$of H$m`© _{ß hr C[`m{J bm`m Om gH$Vm h° EH$ ^maV X{e H{$ Ob H$r C[b„YVm - ^maV X{e H$m j{Ã\$b 32,87,263 Z`{ gd} H{$ AZwgma 1 ‡oVeV [mZr hr YaVr H$m [rZ{ `m{Ω` h° Bg EH$ dJ© oH$._r. h° gß[yU© odÌd _{ß Ob C[`m{J _{ß ^maV H$m MrZ H{$ ]mX Xygam ‡oVeV H$m 70 ‡oVeV ohÒgm Im⁄ [XmWm~ H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß C[`m{J hm{ ÒWmZ h° ‡mMrZ g_` _{ß ^maVr` C[_hm¤r[ H$m{ g]g{ AoYH$ Ob g_w– OmVm h°& ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ `h OmZZm AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oH$Z Im⁄ d C[`m{Jr j{Ã _mZm OmVm Wm [aßVw AmO ^maV X{e ^r Ob gßH$Q> g{ OyP ahm h° BgH$m dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ ]ZmZ{ _{ß oH$VZm [mZr IM© hm{Vm h° oOg{ oZÂZ oMÃ ¤mam OmZm H$maU X{e H$r ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H{$ obE Ob H$r C[`m{J _mÃm H$m ]∂T>Zm h° Om gH$Vm h°& Hw$b C[^m{J H$r —oÓQ> g{ ^maV odÌd _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>m dmQ>a \w$Q> o‡ßQ> aIVm h°& ^maV _{ß bm{J Ob C[^m{J H{$ obE dfm© Ob, ^yJ^r©` Ob, ZoX`m± d Ob H{$ A›` [aß[amJV Úm{Vm{ß [a oZ^©a H$aV{ h¢ ^maV X{e _{ß gH$b dfm© Ob 4000 Aa] KZ _rQ>a h° dmof©H$ dfm© Am°gVZ 1170 o_._r. h° VWm j{Ãdma Ag_mZVm h°& M{am[y±Or _{ß 11000 o_._r. dmof©H$ dfm© hm{Vr h° dht amOÒWmZ H{$ O°gb_{a O°g{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß dfm© H$r dmof©H$ Am°gV _mÃ 100 g{ 120 o_._r. H{$ ]rM h°& ^maV X{e _{ß A_{naH$m H$r Am°gV dfm© g{ N>h JwZr AoYH$ dfm© hm{Vr h° [aßVw BgH{$ AoZoÌMV odVaU Am°a ghr ‡]ßYZ Z hm{ [mZ{ H{$ H$maU Ob gßH$Q> g{ OyPZm [∂S>Vm h°& dfm© g{ Om{ Ob EH$ df© _{ß ‡m· hm{Vm h° CgH$m _mÃ 28 ‡oVeV hr C[`m{J hm{ [mVm h°& dfm© Ob H{$ AoVna∫$ ^maV X{e _{ß ZoX`m± ^r Ob H$r ‡_wI Úm{V h¢ oHß$Vw X{e H$r 90 ‡oVeV g{ ^r AoYH$ ZoX`m± E{gr h¢ oOZ_{ß ]hmd Í$[r Ob H$r C[b„YVm _mÃm Mma _mh VH$ hr ahVr h°& H{$›–r` Ob Am`m{J H{$ Am±H$∂S>m{ß AZwgma ì^maV _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ Ob gßgmYZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ZoX`m{ß H$m dmof©H$ A‡dmh bJ^J 1869 KZ oH$._r. h° Bg_{ß g{ 690 KZ oH$._r. hr Ob H$m C[`m{J hm{ [mVm h°&í ZoX`m{ß H$m *‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 102

‡XyofV hm{ OmZm ^r Ob gßH$Q> H$m EH$ H$maU h° ZXr H{$ AoVna∫$ [aß[amJV ZdÂ]a 2006 _{ß XojU A\´$rH$m H{$ H{$[Q>mD$Z _{ß gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> odH$mg Ob Úm{V, Hw$Am{ß, h°S>[ß[m{ß AmoX H$r C[{jm Edß CoMV aI aImd Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$m`©H´$_ ¤mam _mZd odH$mg na[m{Q©> (HDR-2006) Omar H$r JB© Wr Bg H$maU gro_V hm{ ah{ h¢& BgH{$ ]mdOyX ^r 18.2 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Ob H{$ na[m{Q©> H$m H{$›–r` odf` Wm - Beyond Scarcity Power, Poverty and obE Hw$E{ß [a oZ^©a h° VWm 1.2 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m A›` [maß[naH$ Ob the Global Water Crisis Bg na[m{Q©> _{ß Wm oH$ 21dt gXr _{ß _mZd Úm{Vm{ß [a oZ^©a H$aVr h° ^maV X{e _{ß Òd¿N> [{Òb H$r C[b„YVm ]∂S>r odH$mg H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m gßH$Q> Ob gßH$Q> g{ h°& na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma Ob _mZd g_Ò`m h° oOg{ BZ Am±H$∂S>m{ß H{$ ¤mam X{Im Om gH$Vm h° ^maV _{ß 19.2 H$am{∂S> H$r AmYma^yV AmdÌ`H$Vm h° `h _yb^yV _mZdmoYH$ma ^r h° ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ [nadmam{ß _{ß g{ - H$m{ ‡oVoXZ ›`yZV_ 5 J°bZ gm\$ [mZr H$r Am[yoV© gwoZoÌMV hm{Zr H$am{∂S> [nadma ‡oVeV _{ß [{Òb C[b„YVm MmohE& Jar]m{ß H$m{ `h oZ:ewÎH$ ‡m· hm{Zm MmohE& ‡À`{H$ gaH$ma H$m{ H$_ 7.5 39 Ka H{$ ^rVa [{Òb g{ H$_ gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX (GDP) H$m EH$ ‡oVeV IM© H$aZm& 8.5 44.3 [naga H{$ oZH$Q> BgH{$ ]mX Ob H$r C[b„YVm H$m{ gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ gß`w∫$ 3.2 16.7 Ka _{ß Xya g{ [mZr bmZm [∂S>Vm h° amÓQ≠> _hmg^m ¤mam Òd¿N> [{Òb Am°a gm\$-g\$mB© H$m{ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma ^maV _{ß Ob Úm{V _{ß 170 H$am{∂S> KZ _rQ>a ^yOb H$m ^ßS>ma h° bJ^J H{$ Í$[ _{ß _m›`Vm X{Z{ gß]ßYr ‡ÒVmd 28 OwbmB© 2010 H$m{ [mnaV oH$`m 80 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ [mZr H$r Am[yoV© ^yOb g{ hr hm{Vr h° BgH$m C[`m{J J`m& Bg ‡ÒVmd _{ß `h H$hm J`m oH$ Òd¿N> Edß gwaojV [{Òb Am°a H•$of H$m`m~ _{ß ]hwV AoYH$ oH$`m Om ahm h°& H{$›–r` ^yOb ]m{S©> H{$ AZwgma gm\$-g\$mB© ]woZ`mXr-_mZdmoYH$ma h° Om{ OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma H$m C[^m{J 265 bmI h{∑Q{>à _rQ>a ^yOb H$m Xm{hZ ‡oVdf© H$a gH$V{ h¢ ^yOb H$m H$aZ{ H{$ obE OÍ$ar h°& 121 X{em{ß H{$ g_W©Z g{ `h ‡ÒVmd [mnaV hwAm Wm& C[`m{J ogßMmB© H$m`©, Ka{by H$m`© d Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã _{ß hm{Vm h°& ^yOb H$m Obdm`w [nadV©Z d Ob ‡XyfU g_Ò`m H$m{ b{H$a H$B© AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` AÀ`moYH$ Xm{hZ g{ ^yOb H$m ÒVa oZaßVa oJaVm Om ahm h° bJ^J 1 g{ 3 gÂ_{bZ hm{V{ ah{ h¢ BZ gÂ_{bZm{ _{ß ^maV X{e Z{ ^r ^mJ ob`m& ^maV X{e _rQ>a ObÒVa ‡oVdf© oZaßVa oJa ahm h° O]oH$ [wZ^©aU H$m ‡oVeV ^r Ob gßH$Q> H$m{ b{H$a oMßoVV h°& Ob gß]ßYr odo^fi odf`m{ß [a ‹`mZ X{Z{ Xm{hZ H$r VwbZm g{ H$_ h°& H{$›–r` ^yOb ]m{S©> H{$ ¤mam odo^fi am¡`m{ß _{ß CZg{ oZ[Q>Z{, ZroV`m± VWm H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ g\$b H$m`m©›d`Z VWm [ya{ X{e _{ß H$am`{ J`{ gd} _{ß Am`m h° oH$ BZ am¡`m{ß _{ß ^yOb ÒVa 20 g{_r ‡oVdf© H$r Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m`©H´$_ MbmZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ df© 2007 H$m{ Ob Xa g{ oJamdQ> Am`r h°& ^maV X{e _{ß ^yOb H$m H$m{B© oH$VZm Xm{hZ H$a df© Km{ofV oH$`m J`m& BgH{$ AßVJ©V Ob gßgmYZm{ß H$m gßajU, Ob gH$Vm h° Bg gß]ßY _{ß H$m{B© H$mZyZ Zht h° O]oH$ A›` X{em{ß _{ß Bg gß]ßY H{$ ‡]ßYZ, OZ OmJÍ$H$Vm AmoX JoVodoY`m± gßMmobV H$r J`t& H$mZyZ ]Z{ hwE h¢& ^maV X{e _{ß Ob gßajU d Ob ‡XyfU H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$B© Ob gßH$Q> d°oÌdH$ g_Ò`m - Ob gßH$Q> d Ob ‡XyfU EH$ d°oÌdH$ ZroV`m± ]Zm`r J`r h¢ oOZ_{ß Hw$N> ‡_wI h¢ - g_Ò`m h° d°oÌdH$ Ob gßH$Q> H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß OZdar 2004 _{ß ZB© oXÑr H{$ amÓQ≠>r` Ob ZroV 1987, Ob gßgmYZm{ß H$m{ ‡XyfU _w∫$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ BßoS>`m BßQ>aZ{eZb g{ßQ>a _{ß odÌd _{ß Ob H{$ gmd©^m°oVH$ VWm odd{H$ gÂ_V obE JßJm H$m`©`m{OZm (1985 g{), `_wZm H$m`© `m{OZm, amÓQ≠>r` ZXr C[^m{J H{$ obE hwAm AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` Ob gÂ_{bZ ode{f _hÀd[yU© ahm Bg gßajU H$m`©`m{OZm (1995 g{), amÓQ≠>r` Prb gßajU H$m`©`m{OZm AmoX, gÂ_{bZ _{ß 76 X{em{ß H{$ 300 g{ ^r AoYH$ dmQ>a dmna`g© Z{ ^mJ ob`m Bg amÓQ≠>r` Ob ZroV (2002), 1990 _{ß JoR>V amÓQ≠>r` Ob ]m{S©>, amÓQ≠>r` gÂ_{bZ H$r _wª` ]mV{ß Wt - ZXr gßajU oZX{emb` (EZ.Ama.gr.S>r.), ^yOb H{$ H•$oÃ_ [wZ^©aU H$r 1. [{Òb _ZwÓ` H$m _m°obH$ AoYH$ma h° VWm Bg AoYH$ma H$m gßajU gbmhH$ma [nafX (2006), Jha{ Hw$Am{ß H{$ Ona`{ ^yOb H{$ H•$oÃ_ [wZ^©aU oH$`m OmZm MmohE& H$r `m{OZm, ^yo_ Ob gßd’©Z Am°a amÓQ≠>r` Ob [waÒH$ma (2007), o_eZ 2. odÌd _{ß oH$gr ^r ÒWmZ [a Ob H$m oZOrH$aU Zht oH$`m OmZm ∑brZ JßJm (2009), Ob gßM`Z Edß gßd’©Z [na`m{OZm AmoX h¢& MmohE& ^maV gaH$ma H{$ H{$›–r` _ßÃr_S>b ¤mam 6 A‡°b 2011 H$m{ amÓQ≠>r` 3. ‡mH•$oVH$ Ob Úm{Vm{ß H$m odd{H$[yU© ‡]ßYZ oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Ob Ao^`mZ H$m{ ÒdrH•$oV Xr JB© Wr `h ^maV gaH$ma H$m EH$ ]hwV 4. ‡À`{H$ X{e _{ß gm_m›` Ob odVaU ‡Umbr H$m{ ‡^mar ]Zm`m Om`{& _hÀd[yU© Ao^`mZ h° oOgH{$ AßVJ©V oZÂZ [m±M b˙`m{ß [a ‹`mZ H{$o›–V 5. Ob Úm{Vm{ß H{$ Xm{hZ VWm [{Òb odVaU H$m{ oZOr hmWm{ß _{ß Z oX`m oH$`m J`m h° - Omd{& 1. gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _{ß Ob H$m EH$ Ï`m[H$ S>mQ>m]{g V°`ma H$aZm& BgH{$ [hb{ ^r H$B© AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a Ob gßH$Q> d ‡]ßYZ H{$ gß]ßY 2. Ob gßgmYZm{ß [a Obdm`w [nadV©Z H{$ ‡^mdm{ß H$m AmßH$bZ H$aZm& _{ß gÂ_{bZ hwE O°g{ 1974 _{ß gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> odÌd Im⁄ gÂ_{bZ _{ß Ob H{$ 3. Am_ OZVm Am°a am¡`m{ß H$m{ Ob gßajU H{$ obE ‡{naV d ‡m{ÀgmohV CoMV oZ`ßÃU d ‡]ßYZ [a ode{f Om{a oX`m, df© 1976 _{ß H$ZmS>m H{$ H$aZm& d{Z∑`yda VWm df© 1977 _{ß AO~Q>rZm H{$ S{>b flbmQ>m _{ß gwaojV [{Òb 4. Ob gßM`Z h{Vw Obme`m{ß H{$ ÒVa H$m{ ]∂T>mZm& Am[yoV© H$r MMm© hwB©& 1981 g{ 1990 H{$ XeH$ H$m{ ìîAßVam©ÓQ≠>r` [{Òb 5. Ob H{$ C[^m{J H$r ‡^md j_Vm H$m{ 20 ‡oVeV VH$ ]∂T>mZm& Edß Òd¿N>Vm XeH$î H{$ Í$[ _{ß _Zm`m J`m& 2003 H$m{ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK ¤mam ^maV _{ß Ob gßH$Q> - ^maV X{e _{ß ]∂T>Vm Am°⁄m{JrH$aU, H•$of [a oZ^©aVm ìî_rR{> Ob H$m AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` df©î Km{ofV oH$`m J`m& 2003 _{ß Om[mZ H{$ ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m, ]∂T>Vm ZJarH$aU AmoX H{$ H$maU Ob H$r I[V oZaßVa ∑`m{Q>m{ VWm 2009 _{ß Q>H$r© _{ß Am`m{oOV ìdÎS©> dmQ>a \$m{a_í H{$ AoYd{eZm{ß ]∂T> ahr h° Bgg{ Ob gßH$Q> ^r oZaßVa ]∂T> ahm h° EH$ ^maVr` ZmJnaH$ EH$ _{ß Ob gßgmYZm{ß H$r gwajm [a ode{f ]b oX`m J`m& ^maV X{e H$r BZ df© _{ß Am°gV_ 470 KZ _rQ>a Ob H$m C[`m{J H$aVm h° df© 1955 _{ß _rR{> g^r gÂ_{bZ _{ß gh^moJVm ahr& [mZr H$r ‡oV Ïò∫$ dmof©H$ C[b„YVm 5277 KZ _rQ>a Wr Om{ df© Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 103

1990 _{ß KQ>H$a 2464 KZ _rQ>a ah J`r h° dV©_mZ _{ß `h C[b„YVm ‡oV A[aXZ am{H$Z{ _{ß ghm`H$ VWm `h ]hwV gab C[m` ^r h° a{Z dmQ>a Ïò∫$ 2000 KZ _rQ>a dmof©H$ hm{ MwH$r h°& df© 2025 VH$ ‡oV Ïò∫$ hmd}oÒQß>J H$r H$B© odoY`m± h¢ O°g{ ZbHy$[m{ß ¤mam naMm©oOßJ, ImB© dmof©H$ Ob H$r C[b„YVm KQ>H$a 1000 KZ _rQ>a hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm h° ]ZmH$a nagmd Q°>ßH$, ga\{$g aZAm∞\$ hmd}{oÒQß>J AmoX h°& Bg Vah BgH$m _Vb] `h h° oH$ [rZ{ H{$ [mZr g{ b{H$a A›` X°oZH$ C[`m{J VH$ H{$ dfm© Ob gßM`Z H{$ ‡oV ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ Bg C[m` H$m{ A[ZmZ{ H{$ obE obE [mZr H$r H$_r hm{ Om`{Jr& ogßMmB© H{$ obE [mZr H$r C[b„YVm Z ahZ{ ]m‹` oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° AWm©V≤ EH$ R>m{g `m{OZm oOgH{$ AßVJ©V ha [a Im⁄ gßH$Q> ^r CÀ[fi hm{ Om`{Jm& Jm±d Edß eha _ß{ dfm© Ob gßM` H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmE& Ob gßH$Q> H$r g_Ò`m H$m{B© E{gr g_Ò`m Zht h° Om{ _mÃ EH$ oXZ _{ß hr l [aß[amJV Hw$ßE Am°a Vmbm]m{ß H$r g\$mB©, _aÂ_V H$admZm MmohE& CÀ[fi hm{ JB© hm{ ]oÎH$ Yra{-Yra{ ]∂T>Vr hwB© Bg g_Ò`m Z{ odH$amb Í$[ l Mm°∂S{> [Œmm{ dmb{ [{∂S>m{ß Am°a g] Vah H$r o_br-Owbr hna`mbr ^yOb H{$ YmaU H$a ob`m h°& Ob gßH$Q> H$r g_Ò`m ¡dbßV h° oOg J´h H$m 70 Í$[ _{ß Ob gßajU H{$ obE EH$ A¿N>m C[m` h°& ‡oVeV ^mJ Ob g{ oKam hwAm h° dhm± Òd¿N> Ob H$r C[b„YVm EH$ ]∂S>m l CoMV \$gb MH´$ H$m A[ZmZm oOgg{ O_rZ H$m ^yOb ÒVa ]∂T> ‡ÌZ h°& Ob gßH$Q> H$m AW© H{$db BVZm hr Zht oH$ gVV Xm{hZ H{$ H$maU gH$V{ VWm odo^fi \$gbm{ß H{$ obE [mZr H$r H$_ I[V dmb{ VWm ^yOb ÒVa bJmVma oJa ahm h° ]oÎH$ Ob _{ß emo_b hm{Vm KmVH$ amgmòZH$ AoYH$ [°Xmdma dmb{ ]rOm{ß H{$ obE AZwgßYmZ H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm& ‡XyfU, ôdÓ` _{ß Òd¿N> [{Òb [mZr H$r C[b„YVm H$r H$_r, Ob gßajU l H$m{B© ^r ]∂S>r [na`m{OZm bJmZ{ g{ [hb{ dhm± H{$ Ob Úm{Vm{ß Am°a ^yOb d Ob gßM` H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r ^r Ob gßH$Q> H$m H$maU h°& ÒVa H$m AmßH$bZ AoZdm`© hm{& Ob gßajU Edß Ob gßM` H{$ C[m` - X{e _{ß Ob [`m©· _mÃm _{ß C[b„Y l AÀòYH$ Ob Xm{hZ am{H$Z{ obE H$∂S{> H$mZyZ ]ZmE OmE oOg_{ß gOm hm{Z{ [a Òd¿N> [{Òb H$m A^md ^maV X{e H$r hr Zht gß[yU© odÌd H$r H$m ^r ‡mdYmZ aIm Om`{& g_Ò`m h° Òd¿N> [{Òb H$m A^md H$B© g_Ò`m`{ß gm_Z{ b{H$a AmVm h° oOZ_{ß l ZoX`m{ß H{$ _rR{> Ob H$m AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ C[`m{J hm{ gH{$ BgobE oOVZr ‡_wI Í$[ g{ ObO›` am{J g{ JógV bm{Jm{ß H$r gßª`m oZaßVa ]∂T> ahr h°& XyofV ^r ZoX`m{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß `m{OZm`{ß Mb ahr h¢ CZH$m{ A¿N>r Vah g{ bmJy hm{& Ob H$m grYm ‡^md _mZd OrdZ [a [∂S> ahm h°& [m±M df© g{ H$_ Am`w H{$ ]Ém{ß l dV©_mZ _{ß EZ.Ama.gr.[r. H{$›– Am`m{oOV amÓQ≠>r` ZXr gßajU `m{OZm H$r _m°V H$m gdm©oYH$ oOÂ_{Xma H$maU XyofV Ob hr h°& `w’ gohV g^r Vah H$m{ H{$›– d am¡` gaH$ma{ß o_bH$a MbmVr ahr h¢ X{e _{ß EZ.Ama.gr.[r. H$r ohßgmAm{ß g{ _aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß g{ H$ht ¡`mXm bm{J ha df© AgwaojV [mZr H{$ VhV 20 am¡`m{ß H{$ 166 eham{ß _{ß 37 ‡_wI ZoX`m{ß H$m{ oMoÖV H$a [rZ{ g{ _a OmV{ h¢& XwoZ`m _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr Hw$b _m°Vm{ß _{ß 30 ‡oVeV _m°V{ AÒd¿N> ‡XyofV ^mJm{ß _{ß ‡XyfU H$_ H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© Mb ahm h°& EZ.Ama.gr.[r. Ob Am°a g\$mB© H{$ A^md H{$ H$maU hm{Vr h¢ EH$ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma 15 H{$ VhV BZ [na`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ obE 4,39,183 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ AZw_m{oXV ‡oVeV ]É{ S>m`na`m H{$ H$maU Ag_` _m°V H{$ oeH$ma hm{ OmV{ h¢ Xyga{ e„Xm{ß oH$`{ J`{ h¢& EZ.Ama.gr.[r. H$m _wª` ZoX`m{ß _{ß [mZr H$r JwUdŒmm _{ß _{ß ‡À`{H$ 15 g{H{$S> _{ß EH$ ]Ém XyofV Ob H$m oeH$ma hm{Vm h°& gwYma H{$ ob`{ ‡XyfU oZÂZrH$aU gß]ßYr H$m`© oH$`{ OmV{ h{ß VmoH$ Ob OrdZ H$m AmYma h° òX h_{ß OrdZ H$m{ ]MmZm h° Vm{ Ob gßajU [mZr ZhmZ{ H{$ `m{Ω` hm{& Bg_{ß A[oeÓQ>m{ß H$m{ ZXr _{ß ]hmZ{ g{ am{H$Zm, Am°a Ob gßM` Edß Ob ‡]ßYZ H{$ C[m` A_b H$aZm hm{ßJ{& C›h{ß EH$ H$mZyZ Cg{ em{YZ H{$ obE ^{OZm, ZXr VQ> [a Iwb{ _{ß em°M [a am{H$ bJmZ{ H{$ d ZroV H{$ AßVJ©V X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ A[Zr oOÂ_{Xmar d H$V©Ï` obE gÒV{ em°Mmb` H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aZm, edm{ß H$r AßÀ`{oÓR> H{$ obE g_PV{ hwE _mZZm hm{Jm & Ob H{$ Úm{V gro_V h¢ Z`{ Úm{V h¢ Zht, BgobE o]Obr edXmh J•h H$r Ï`dÒWm, ÒZmZ H{$ obE KmQ>m{ß _{ß gwYma, Ob Úm{Vm{ß H$m gßajU Edß Ob H$m gßM` ObgßH$Q> H$m{ gwbPmZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ gm¢X`r©H$aU H{$ H$m`© H$aZm VWm bm{Jm{ß H{$ ]rM ‡XyfU H{$ ‡oV hm{ gH$Vm h° BgH{$ obE oZÂZ C[m` ghm`H$ hm{ gH$V{ h¢& OmJÍ$H$Vm \°$bmZm AmoX emo_b h¢& Bg C[m` g{ ZoX`m{ß H$m{ ‡XyfU l gd©‡W_ Ob gßM` H{$ ‡`m{J H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm hm{Jm ìîoOVZm _wo∫$ H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm o_b ahr h°& [mZr ‡H•$oV g{ ob`m Cg{ bm°Q>mZm hm{Jmî Ob gßM` H{$ obE dfm© Ob l AmÒQ{>≠ob`m _{ß EH$ od¤mZ gm{daJa Z{ ìoOßXm Obí Zm_H$ [wÒVH$ g]g{ A¿N>m VarH$m h°& dfm© Ob _{ß 6.95 [r.EM. _mZ H$m [mZr obIr CZH${ AZwgma ha OJh H$m [mZr oOßXm Zht ahVm h° O°g{ Zb H{$ o_bVm h° VWm dfm© Ob H$m{ [mZr H$r JwUdŒmm H{$ _m_b{ _{ß AmXe© AßXa J`m hwAm [mZr Òd¿N> Í$[ g{ ImgH$a [hm∂S>r ZXr _{ß ]hZ{ dmb{ _mZm OmVm h° VWm O_rZ _{ß [mZr H$_ hm{Z{ g{ ∑bm{amBQ> H$r _mÃm Ob H$r A[{jm H$_ Òd¿N> hm{Vm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ dh [mZr [hm∂S>m{ß g{ Q>H$am- ]∂T>Vr h° Cg{ dfm© Ob gßajU g{ Xya oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° _mÃ EH$ KßQ{> Q>H$amH$a A[Z{ H$m{ Òd¿N> aIVm h° Am°a Cgr [mZr H$m{ OrdßV H$hm H$m dfm© H$m [mZr CVmaZ{ [a gyI MwH{$ hwE Q>Áy]d{b _{ß o\$a g{ [mZr OmVm h°, JoV_mZ Ob hr Òd¿N> h°, OrodV h°& AmZ{ bJVm h°& dfm© Ob gßajU Ob gßM` H{$ obE a{Z dmQ>a hmd}oÒQß>J l oOVZr AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{ CVZm Ob H$m C[`m{J ‡À`{H$ X{e H$a{ß Vm{ g]g{ A¿N>m C[m` h° dV©_mZ _{ß AßYmYwßY odH$mg Am°a ]∂T>V{ eharH$aU Ob gßH$Q> H$_ hm{ gH$Vm h°& g{ YaVr H$m AoYH$mße ohÒgm [∏$m hm{ MwH$m h° BgH{$ MbV{ ]mnae H$m l Ob gß]ßYr oddmX Om{ X{e H{$ AßXa am¡`m{ß _{ß hm{ ah{ h¢ CZH$m erK´ hr Ob ÒdV: nagH$a YaVr H$r H$m{I _{ß Zht [hw±M [mVm h° oOgg{ ^yOb oZ[Q>mam hm{& ÒVa _{ß oZaßVa oJamdQ> Am ahr h¢ a{Z dmQ>a hmd}oÒQß>J H{$ ¤mam H•$oÃ_ l OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU hm{Zm AÀòYH$ AmdÌ`H$ h°& VarH{$ g{ Bg ]mnae H{$ [mZr H$m{ YaVr H{$ AßXa [hw±MmV{ h¢ oOgg{ l ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa g{ b{H$a odÌdod⁄mb` ÒVa VH$ H{$ e°ojH$ [mR>ÁH´$_ ^yOb ÒVa D$[a CR>Vm h° Bg Vah ehar, J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß dfm© Ob _{ß AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ Ob gßH$Q> d gßajU H{$ C[m`m{ß g{ gß]ßoYV A‹`m` gßajU H$m C[m` A[ZmH$a oJaV{ ^yOb ÒVa H$m{ am{H$Zm Edß Cg{ goÂ_obV H$aZm& od⁄mb` Edß odÌdod⁄mb` ÒVa [a g_`-g_` ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°, Ob H$r JwUdŒmmm _{ß d•o’ H$r Om gH$Vr h¢ _•Xm [a ObgßH$Q> odf` [a H$m`©embm, g{o_Zma H$m Am`m{OZ AmoX& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 104 l AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ d•jmam{[U H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm& d•jmam{[U Ob OmV{ h¢& oXÑr H$r [mZr H$r g_Ò`m hb H$aZ{ H{$ obE oh_mMb ‡X{e Am°a gßajU H$m{ g]g{ gÒVm d A¿N>m C[m` h°& CŒmamIS> H$r Am°a X{IZm [∂S>Vm h° H°$gr odS>Â]Zm h° oH$ oXÑr `_wZm ZXr l Vmbm], ZXr, g_w– _{ß H$Mam Zht \{$ßH$Zm `h OmJÍ$H$Vm Ob ‡XyfU H{$ oH$Zma{ ]gr hwB© h° b{oH$Z [mZr H{$ obE Òd¿N> [mZr oXÑr dmog`m{ß H$m{ H$m{ H$_ H$a gH$Vr h°& Zht o_b [m ahm h¢ X{e H$r AmoW©H$ amOYmZr _wÂ]B© [mZr H{$ Q°>ßH$am{ß [a J_r© l Ka H$r g\$mB© H{$ obE oOZ amgm`moZH$ –Ï`m{ß H$m BÒV{_mb H$aV{ h¢ d{ _{ß oZ^©a hm{ OmVr h°& O`[wa g{ b{H$a odgd VH$ hÎ¤mZr g{ b{H$a Om_amZr ObÚm{Vm{ß [a ^yo_ _{ß o_bH$a C›h{ß XyofV H$aV{ h¢ Bgr Vah H•$of VH$, ^m{[mb g{ hm{eßJm]mX Am°a BßXm°a g{ b{H$a _mh{Ìda VH$ ha OJh CÀ[mXZ _{ß ‡`w∫$ amgmòZH$ ImX [mZr H$m{ XyofV H$a ah{ h¢ ^yo_ H$r Òd¿N> [mZr H{$ obE g_Ò`m h°& BgH$m H$maU h° oH$ ^maV X{e _{ß Ob H$m Cd©ameo∫$ H$_ hm{ ahr h° [mZr _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ Ord-OßVw odbw· hm{ ah{ h{ß CoMV ‡]ßYZ H$r ]hwV-]hwV AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Ob gß]ßYr ZroV d H$B© BZ g^r H$m{ X{IV{ hwE amgmòZH$ –Ï`m{ß d ImX H$r OJh CZH{$ `m{OZm`{ß hm{Z{ [a ^r CZH$m ghr A_b Zht hm{ [mZm ^maV ôdÓ` H{$ obE odH$Î[m{ß (ogaH$m, Zt]y, ImZ{ H$m gm{S>m, O°odH$ ImX) H{$ ‡`m{J H$m{ IVam hm{ gH$Vm h°& ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ Ob gßajU Edß Ob ‡XyfU H$r ]∂T>mH$a Ob ‡XyfU H$_ H$a gH$V{ h¢& OmZH$mar X{H$a C›h{ß Ob H$m _hŒd gß]ßYr oejm X{H$a, OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r dV©_mZ _{ß Ob ‡XyfU d ^maV H$r ZoX`m{ß H$r XwX©em X{IH$a hr dV©_mZ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° V^r Ob gßH$Q> Xya hm{ gH$Vm h°& ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr Za{›– _m{Xr Z{ ‡W_ oXZ hr OZVm g{ ‡W_ dmXm oH$`m JßJm H$m{ ‡oVdf© 25 _mM© H$m{ _Zm`m OmZ{ dmbm AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` Ob oXdg Edß 5 gm\$ H$aZ{ H$m Om{ EH$ A¿N>m ‡^mdr H$X_ Ob ‡XyfU am{H$Z{ H$m hm{ gH$Vm h°& OyZ odÌd [`m©daU oXdg H$r OmZH$mar ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ hm{ VWm JßJm ZXr H{$ AoVna∫$ ^maV X{e H$r g^r ZoX`m{ß H$m [mZr Am°⁄m{JrH$aU, gßH$Q> d Ob ‡XyfU H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ha od⁄mb`, _hmod⁄mb` ÒVa [a Bg eharH$aU, Aoejm, OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r g{ ‡XyofV h°& g{›Q≠>b [m∞Î`yeZ Hß$Q≠>m{b oXZm{ß EH$ g\$b H$m`©embm hm{ oOgg{ X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ Ob H$r ]m{S©> (gr[rgr]r) Z{ 2013 _{ß EH$ na[m{Q©> _{ß ]Vm`m oH$ X{e H$r 445 ]∂S>r-N>m{Q>r C[`m{oJVm d _hŒd H$m{ g_Pm`m Om gH{$& Ob gßajU g{ Ow∂S{> ode{fk Bg ZoX`m{ß _{ß g{ AmYr g{ AoYH$ ‡XyofV h¢ BZ g^r _{ß ‡XyfU H$m ÒVa BVZm AoYH$ ]mV [a EH$_V h¢ oH$ Bg _w‘{ H$m{ oejm _{ß Om{∂S>Zm OÍ$ar h°& Am_ OZVm H$r h° oH$ BZH$m [mZr [rZ{ `m{Ω` ∑`m ZhmZ{ `m{Ω` ^r Zht ]Mm h°& `_wZm _{ß Am∑grOZ gh^moJVm V] VH$ gwoZoÌMV Zht hm{ gH$Vr O] VH$ d{ ZXr H$m _hŒd Z Z H{$ ]am]a h° BgobE E∑g[Q©>g Z{ BgH$m{ _•V Km{ofV H$a oX`m h°, Jm{_Vr ZXr, g_P{, Ob H$m _hŒd Z g_P{& Mß]b ^r X{e H$r ‡XyofV ZoX`m{ß _{ß h°& Z_©Xm, Vm·r, oj‡m, _hmZXr B›–mdVr, [hb{ h_ Ob O°g{ AZ_m{b ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZ H$m C[^m{J _mÃ H$aV{ H$mbrogßY, _mhr, dYm© AmoX ZoX`m± ^r bJmVma ‡XyofV hm{ ahr h¢& W{ dht odH$mg H$r hm{∂S> _{ß d OZgßª`m H{$ X]md _{ß Ob H$m Xm{hZ H$aZ{ bJ{ Bgr gß]ßY _{ß Ob gßajUH$Vm© AZw[_ o_l H$hV{ h¢ - "Z_©Xm H{$ Hw$N> VWm `h g] H$aV{ hwE Ob Úm{Vm{ß H{$ gßajU Am°a aI aImd [a ‹`mZ Zht ohÒgm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S> X{ß Vm{ X{e H$r bJ^J g^r ZoX`m± H$_-¡`mXm ‡XyofV hm{ oX`m J`m& ^yJ^r©` Ob H$m{ oaMmO© H$aZ{ H$r OÍ$aV ^r Zht g_Pr& MwH$r h¢& og\©$ JßJm [a ‹`mZ J`m h° og\©$ ‹`mZ X{Z{ g{ Hw$N> Zht hm{Z{ dmbm, BgH$r H$maU Ob gßH$Q> H$r g_Ò`m g{ XwoZ`m H$m ]∂S>m ohÒgm OyP ahm h°& ZoX`m{ß H$r g\$mB©, CZ_{ß [°gm ]hmZ{ g{ Zht, [mZr ]hmZ{ g{ hm{Jr& ÒVß^H$ma ÒQ>rdZ g{bm{_Z Z{ A[Zr [wÒVH$ "dmQ>a' _{ß `hm± VH$ obIm h° oH$ "og\©$ [°gm ]MmZ{ g{ ZoX`m± ]M OmVr Vm{ `h H$m_ [hb{ hr hm{ MwH$m XwoZ`m H$m g]g{ odÒ\$m{Q>H$ j{Ã [oÌM_ Eoe`m _{ß AJbr b∂S>mB© [mZr H$m{ hm{Vm' ∑`m{ßoH$ H$B© `m{OZmAm{ß d H$B© H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ bJ OmZ{ [a ^r `{ `m{OZm`{ß b{H$a hr hm{Jr& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK Z{ dÎS©> dmQ>a S{>db[_{ßQ> H$r EH$ na[m{Q©> g\$b Zht hm{ [m ahr h¢& BgobE Bg_{ß OZVm H$r gh^moJVm AmdÌ`H$ h°& dmQ>a\$ma [r[wb, dmQ>a \$ma bmB\$ H$m ‡mH$eZ _{ß odÌd H{$ 122 X{em{ß [a OZVm H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm hm{Jm& òX ZoX`m{ß H$r oÒWoV Zht gwYa{Jr Vm{ df© AmYmnaV Bg na[m{Q©> _{ß H$hm J`m oH$ 60 X{em{ß _{ß bJ^J 70 Aa] bm{J 2028 VH$ 25 ‡oVeV VH$ X{e H$r H•$of H$_ hm{ Omd{Jr& h_{ß oOVZm [mZr ôdÓ` _{ß Ob gßH$Q> H$m gm_Zm H$a{ßJ{& Òd¿X Ob H$r Xwb©^Vm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß ZXr g{ ob`m CVZm hr bm°Q>mZm hm{Jm& ZoX`m{ß H$r g\$mB© g{ ^yOb ÒVa JwUdŒmm aIH$a gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ [yd© _hmgoMd H$m{\$r AfimZ ^r H$h MwH{$ h¢ oH$ [mZr _{ß gwYma hm{Jm, B©H$m{ ogÒQ>_, gwYa{Jm, ObOoZV am{J H$_ hm{ßJ{, odbw· hm{Z{ [a amÓQ≠>m{ß H$r ]∂T>Vr ‡oV¤ßoXVm ohßgH$ gßKf© H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vr h¢& H$r H$Jma [a [hw±M{ Obr` OßVwAm{ß H{$ gmW A›` OßVw ^r ]M{ ah{ßJ{& ode{fkm{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ òX [{Òb gßH$Q> Am°a ]∂T>m Vm{ [mZr H$m{ b{H$a oZÓH$f© - Ob ‡XyfU, oJaVm hwAm ^yOb ÒVa, `{ Xm{Zm{ß g_Ò`m`{ß og\©$ amÓQ≠>m{ß H{$ _‹` ohßgm ]∂T> gH$Vr h°& AV: Ob gßH$Q> d Ob ‡]ßYZ ^maV X{e ^maV X{e H$r Zht ]oÎH$ gß[yU© odÌd H$r h¢& ^maV X{e _{ß ]∂T>Vm H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H{$ obE odMmaUr` h°& Am°⁄m{JrH$aU, C⁄m{Jm{ß Am°a D$Om© H$r ]∂T>Vr OÍ$aV, ]∂T>Vm eharH$aU gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m, H•$of [a AÀòYH$ oZ^©aVm, Obdm`w [nadV©Z, KQ>Vr 1. [`m©daU, gßMma oejm Edß ‡]ßYZ - S>m∞. EM.gr. O°Z _mZgyZ dfm©, dfm© H$m Ag_mZ odVaU, AmYwoZH$Vm[yU© ahZ-ghZ AmoX 2. [`m©daU d M{VZm - YZßO` d_m©, 2004 H{$ H$maU Ob H$r I[V oZaßVa ]∂T> ahr h° BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Jar]r, Aoejm, 3. [`m©daU A‹``Z- _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb AkmZVm d OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r ^r Ob gßH$Q> H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma h°& AV: 4. odH$mg Edß [`m©daUr` AW©emÚ - S>m∞. dr.gr. ogÖm, 2010 Ob H$r _hŒmm d C[`m{oJVm X{IV{ hwE Ob gßajU d Ob gßM` dV©_mZ 5. OZgßª`m odH$mg Edß [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r MwZm°oV`m± - S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, 2014 g_` H$m _hÀd[yU© odf` h°& og\©$ Ob H$m hm{Zm hr [`m©· Zht h° BgH$m 6. `m{OZm [oÃH$m - OwbmB© 2010, OZdar 2012 Òd¿N> hm{Zm ^r ÒdÒW OrdZ H{$ obE OÍ$ar h°& ‡oV df© Ob gßgmYZm{ß Am°a 7. [arjm _ßWZ - [`m©daU ode{fmßH$, 2013-14 C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ ]rM _m±J Am°a Am[yoV© H$r Xyar ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h° X{e H$r 8. [`m©daU o_Ã H$r d{]gmBQ> amOYmZr oXÑr Om{ `_wZm ZXr H{$ oH$Zma{ ]gr hwB© h° Om{ EH$ JßX{ Zmb{ _{ß 9. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a g_mMma [Ã, 1 OyZ 2014, 5 OyZ 2014 ]Xb MwH$r h° oXÑr _{ß [mZr g_Ò`m Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$am{∂S>m{ß Í$[`{ IM© oH$`{ 10. _mZd [`m©daU - Bæy ¤mam ‡H$moeV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 105

^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJm{ H$r ^yo_H$m H$m ‡^md: odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. O`am_ gm{bßH$r*

‡ÒVmdZm - C⁄m{J AmYwoZH$ AmoW©H$ g_mO H$r AmYma oebm h°& C⁄m{Jm{ß l `{ C⁄m{J eo∫$ -MobV _erZm{ß VWm CÀ[mX H$r ZdrZV_ VH$ZrH$m{ß H{$ A^md _{ß H$m{B© X{e A[Zr AmoW©H$ ‡JoV Zht H$a gH$Vm & òX oH$gr Edß odoY`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ h°& X{e g{ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ hQ>m oX`m Om`{ Vm{ CgH$r oÒWoV d°gr hr hm{ Om`{Jr O°gr l `h C⁄m{J oH$am`{ H{$ l_ H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ h° AWm©V lo_H$ _OXwar [a oH$ EH$ arT> odohZ _ZwÓ` H$r hm{Jr & g_W©Z _{ß Jm∞aßo]b _hm{X` H$m H$WZ aI{ OmV{ h°& —ÓQ>Ï` h°: "The Industries are the backbone of modern economic l `{ C⁄m{J ]mOmam{ß H{$ obE CÀ[mXZ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW oZ_m©Vm{›_wI society, without industries, a country has no existence and dÒVwAm{ß H$m ^r CÀ[mXZ H$aV{ h°& cannat fallow its economic devecopanent ** l `{ C⁄m{J [`m©· _mÃm _{ß [wßOr oZd{e H$a ÒWmB© Í$[ g{ H$m`© H$aV{ h°& X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jmß{ H$m ode{f _hÀd hm{Vm odÌd: H{$ ‡m`: g^r X{em{{ß _{ß ^r Ohm± ]∂S{> C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m ]hwV AoYH$ h°, ^maV O°gr odH$mgerb AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß Ohm± [wßOr H$m A^md Jar]r odH$mg hwAm h°& bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ _hÀd H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m OmVm h°& Am°a ]{am{OJmar H$m gm_´m¡` h° dhr Hw$Q>ra Edß bKw C⁄m{J AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ Om[mZ O°g{ Am°⁄m{JrH•$V X{e _{ß ^r h_{ß ]∂S{> C⁄m{Jm{ß Edß Hw$Q>ra VWm bKw VWm amOZroVH$ g^r [hbwAm{ß g{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg AmYmaoebm h°& ^maV C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m gw›Xa g_›d` X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h°& oÒdOab°S> H$r Vm{ _{ß [naMmbZ ÒVa, ‡`w∫$ VH$ZrH$ AmoX H$r —oÓQ> g{ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odo^fi dJm} AW©Ï`dÒWm hr Hw$Q>ra Edß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß [a AmYmnaV h° S>m∞. Ì`m_m _{ß ]am]a \{$a-]Xb hm{Z{ g{ ^maV _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ _mZoMÃ bJmVma [nadoV©V ‡gmX _wIOu H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß "^maV Jm±dm{ß H$m X{e h°& AV: gaH$ma H$m{ hm{ ahm h°& AV: `hm± C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ dJ©-od^mOZ H$m AmYma ^r g_` g_` [a gßVwobV AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r —oÓQ> g{ Hw$Q>ra VWm N>m{Q{> [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{J H{$ ]XbVm ahm h°& odH$mg H$m{ gdm©oYH$ _hÀd ‡XmZ H$aZm MmohE& Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J H$m VmÀ[`© ñ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J EH$ E{{gm C⁄m{J h°& Om{ [yU©V: l _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ AZwgma " ^maV H$m _m{j CgH{$ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J _{ß AWdm ‡_wIV: [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß ¤mam [yU©H$mbrZ AWdm AßeH$mobZ oZohV h°' _m{amaOr X{gmB©:-E{g{ C⁄m{Jm{ß g{ J´m_rU bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Om{ AoYH$mßÌm Y›Y{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gßMmobV oH$`m OmVm h°& Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J _{ß [wOr H$m odoZ`m{J g_` ]{am{OJma ahV{ h°, [yU© AWdm AßeH$mbrH$ am{OJma ‡m· hm{Vm h°&' Zm__mÃ H$m hm{Vm h°& CÀ[mX ‡m`: hmW g{ oH$`m OmVm h°& Am°a eo∫$MmobV ^maV _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odÒVma:-‡mMrZ H$mb g{ hr ^maV _{ß bKw `ßÃm{ß H$m C[`m{J A[{jmH•$V H$_ hm{Vm h°& E{g{ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß d{VZ^m{Jr lo_H$m{ß C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m ode{f ÒWmZ ahm h°& `hr H$maU h°, oH$ [ßMdfr©` [na^mfm _{ß H$r ‡YmZVm Zht hm{Vr h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ E{g{ C⁄m{J EH$ [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß ¤mam g_`-g_` [a [nadV©Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r XrK©doY ‡JoV H$m ‡_wI `m ghm`H$ Ïgdgm` H{$ Í$[ _{ßß Mbm`{ OmV{ h°& A‹``ZH$aZm gß^d Zhr h°& CÑ{IZr` h°, oH$ gZ≤ -1991 _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ‡_wI ode{fVmE± oZÂZ h°- H{$ obE AoYH$Œm_ oZd{Ìm H$r gr_m Ì0 bmI Í$[E W{& Bg_{ß [wZ: gßÌmm{YZ 1. `{ C⁄m{J [yU©V: `m _wª`V: [nadma oH$ gXÒ`m{ß H$r ghm`Vm g{ Mbm`{ oH$`{ J`{ VWm gZ≤ 2005 _{ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß oZd{Ìm gr_m (gß`Ã Edß _ÌmrZar) OmV{ h°& 5 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H$a Xr JB© & VmobH$m _{ bKw ∂C⁄m{Jm{ß j{Ã H$r d•o¤ H$m{ XÌmm©`m 2. `h [yU©H$mbrZ `m AßeH$mbrH$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Mbm`{ OmV{ h°& J`m h°& 3. BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß ‡m`: [aÂ[amJV odoY`m{ß g{ [aÂ[amJV dÒVwAm{ß H$m VmobH$m-5 CÀ[mXZ oH$`m OmVm h°& df© BH$mB`m{ß H$r CÀ[mX (H$am{∂S> _{ß) am{OJma oZ`m©V 4. BZ_{ß ÒWmZr` H$É{ _mb d Hw$ebVm H$m ‡`m{J hm{Vm h¢& gßª`m (bmIm{ß _{ß) (2001-02) (H$am{∂S> _{ß) 5. BZ_{ß ‡m`: ÒWmZr` ]mOma H$r _mßJ H$r eV} H$r OmVr h°& 2002-03 109.49 3,06771 263.68 86013 Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß gyV H$mVZm, Jw∂S> ]ZmZm, ]r∂S>r ]ZmZm, aÒgr ]ZmZmEßd 03-04 113.95 336344 275.30 97644 04-05 118.59 372,938 287.55 124,417 MQ>mB© ]wZZm, aßJmB© Am°a N>[mB©, hÒVoÌmÎ[ AmoX H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m 05-06 123.44 478884 299.85 150242 OmVm h°& 06-07 128.44 471663 312.52 AZw[b„Y bKw C⁄m{J H$r [na^mfm ñ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r [na^mfm g_`-g_` [a 08-09 285.16 AZw[b„Y 659.35 AZw[b„Y odo^fi AmYmam{ß [a H$r OmVr ahr h°&[a›Vw \$adar 1999 g{ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß Source: economic survey. 2008.09 CZ g] H$maImZm{ß H$m{ emo_b oH$`m OmVm h°& oOZ_{ß 1 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ VH$ ^maV _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odÒVma - AmoW©H$ g_rjm 2007-08, [•ÓR>> oÒWa [wßOr H$m odoZ`m{J hwAm h°& gm_m›` Í$[ g{ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ‡_wI VWm 198 Edß ^maVr` AW©gmÛ 2011-12, ‡oV`m{JrVm X[©U [•ÓR> 116& ode{fVmE± h° - df© 2002-03 _{ß X{e _{ Hw$b bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r gßª`m 109.46 Wr, Om{ *AoVoW ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, g|Ydm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 106

]T>H$a 2008-09 _{ß 285.16 bmI hm{ JB©& Bg ‡H$ma BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß H$VmB© H$m H$m`© ]∂S{> C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ VWm ]wZmB© H$m H$m`© bKww Edß am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ _{ß odÒVma H{$ gmW-gmW oZ`m©V Ï`m[ma ^r ]T>m h°& Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ gm°[m Om gH$Vm h°& CÑ{IZr` h°, oH$ AZ{H$ C⁄m{Jm{ß O°g{-V°`ma dÛ, I{b H$m g_mZ, 3. EH$ oZoÌMV gr_m VH$ oH$gr dÒVw ode{f H$m CÀ[mXZ ]∂S{> ∂C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ M_∂S>m d M_∂S{> g{ oZo_©V g_mZ, CZr H$[∂S>m{, agm`Zm{ß d ghm`H$ [XmWm} obE gwaojV aIm OmE Am°a Cgg{ AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ hm{, dh bKw Edß VWm BßOroZ`naßJ dÒVwAm{ß BÀ`moX _{ß bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ oZ`m©Vm{ß _{ H$m\$r d•o’ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß ¤mam oH$`m OmE, O°g{ aßJrZ Ym{oV`m{ß H$m CÀ[mXZ & h°& ^odÓ` _{ß ^r bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß ¤mam oZo_©V dÒVwAm{ß H{$ oZ`m©V H$r ]hwV BgH{$ od[naV H$X_ CR>mZ{ g{ ^r [aÒ[a ‡oV`m{JrVm H$m AßV oH$`m AoYH$ gßÂ^mdZmE od⁄_mZ h°&BgH{$ gmW hr bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß hr ‡_wI Í$[ g{ Om gH$Vm h°& ]{am{OJmar H$r g_Ò`m H{$ hb _{ß _hÀd[yU© ghm`Vm X{ gH$V{ h°& AÎ[ - oZÓH$f©-gßj{[ _{ `h H$hmß Om gH$Vm h° oH$ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ am{OJma Am°a _m°g_r ]{am{OJmar H${ g_mYmZ _{ß BZH$m `m{JXmZ ode{f Í$[ [a VÀH$mb am{OJma ‡XmZ H$aV{ h°°, amÓQ≠>r` Am` _| A[{jmH•$V AoYH$ g{ _hÀd[wU© h°& `{ C⁄m{J AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß CÀ[mXZ, Am` Edß am{OJma ]T>mZ{ ›`m`[yU© odVaU H$m AmÌdmgZ X{V{ h°, [wßOr Edß A›` gßgmYZm{ß H$m{ AmoX g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ _hÀd[wU© `m{JXmZ X{ ah{ h°& ‡^mdembr Tß>J g{ JoV ‡´XmZ H$aV{ h°& BgH{$ _hÀd H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß VWm d•hV C⁄m{Jm{{{ß H{$ _‹` ‡oV`m{oJVm H$m `m{OZm Am`m{J H$r na[m{Q©> _{ H$hmß J`m h° oH$ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra ∂C⁄m{J h_mar oZdmaU H$aZ{ VWm CZ_{ß g_›d` ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ H{$ C[m` - AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ _hÀd[yU© AßJ h° oOZH$r H$^r ^r C[{jm Zhr H$r Om 1. bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$a, H$Ém _mb Edß gÒV{ Xa gH$Vr h°& [a MmbH$ emo∫$ C[b„Y H$amH$a, Q≠>{oZßJ Edß VH$ZrH$r kmZ ‡XmZ H$a VWm H$am{ß _{ß Nw>Q> X{H$a B›h| A[Z{ [°am{ß [a I∂S>m hm{Z{ H$r oÒWoV _{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- bmZm MmohE oOgg{ `{ d•hVÒVna` `ßÃrH•$V C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m 1. S>m∞. [r.∂S>r. _mh{Ìdar -^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm gm_Zm H$a gH{$& 2. S>m∞. O` ‡H$me o_l- H•$of AW©gmÛ 2. EH$ hr C⁄m{Jm{ß g{ gÂ]oYV Hw$N> ‡oH´$`mE{ß bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ 3. AZw[_ Jm{`b- ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm AmoW©H$ g_rjm obE Hw$wN> ‡oH´$`mE d•hX C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ obE gwaojV aIr OmE, O°g{ dÛ 4. S>m∞. oed^yfU Jw·:- H•$of AW©eÛ 5. S>m∞. AÍ$Um Hw$g_mH$a:- Ï`o∫$ AW©emÛ Edß ^maVr` AW©Ï`ÒWm

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 107

gßMma _m‹`_ : ]XbVm [na—Ó`

S>m∞. ‡roV lrdmÒVd * em{Y gmamße ñ gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ odH$mg g{ g_mO H{$ ha EH$ j{Ã _{ß [nadV©Z hwAm h°& gm_moOH$, e°joUH$ gmohoÀ`H$, Z°oVH$ Am°a ]mOma BZ g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ Am°a ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°& AmO h_ Ka ]°R{>-]°R{> em∞o[ßJ H$a gH$V{ h¢, BQ>aZ{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gm{eb Z{Q> doH©$ßJ gmBQ>≤g H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Zr ]mV h_ [yar XwoZ`m± _{ß \°$bm gH$V{ h°& oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß Yy_ _Mm Xr h°& _mZdr` gßd{XZmEß gßgma H{$ EH$ H$m{Z{ g{ Xyga{ H$m{Z{ _{ß ‡H$Q> hm{ OmVr h° Am°a ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ Bg g_w– H$m{ COmJa H$aZ{ _{ß gßMma AmO h_ma{ gm_Z{ daXmZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡H$Q> hm{ ahm h°& "Am∞ZbmBZ Q≠>{oSß>J' [yar XwoZ`m _{ß bm{H$o‡` hm{ ahm h°& Ï`m[mar droS>`m{ H$m∞›\´{$ogßJ H$m ^r Ï`m[ma _{ß ghmam b{ ah{ h°& gßMma H$m Z°oVH$Vm [a ^r Jham ‡^md [∂S>m h°& e„X Hwß$Or - gßMma _m‹`_, ]XbVm [na—Ó`, OZgßMma gm_moOH$ [na—Ó`, e°ojH$ [na—Ó`, Ωbm{]b, odb{O ]mOma [na—Ó`, gmohoÀ`H$ [na—Ó`, odkm[Z, [nadoV©V Z°oVH$ _yÎ`, H$Âfl`yQ>a, _m{]mBb, BßQ>aZ{Q>, o‡›Q> o_oS>`m& ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV _{ß OZgßMma H$r AdYmaUm AÀ`›V ‡mMrZ h°& ^maVr` e°ojH$ [na—Ó` - gßMma Z{ AmO oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß Yy_ _Mm Xr h°& Z`{-Z`{ [m°amoUH$ gmohÀ` _{ß BgH{$ AJoUV CXmhaU o_bV{ h¢& gßO` _hm^maV _{ß gßMma _m‹`_m{ß AmO oejmH{$ j{Ã _{ß Am ah{ h¢& gßMma _{ß g]g{ [hb{ oejm H{$ gÂ^dV: XyaXe©Z H$r ^m±oV hr oH$gr _m‹`_ g{ Y•VamÓQ≠> H{$ g_r[ ]°R>H$a j{Ã _{ß [ÃH$mnaVm H$m AmJ_Z hwAm& [ÃH$mnaVm H{$ AZ{H$ Í$[ hm{V{ h¢& g_` C›h{ß `w’ H{$ bmBd Q{>brH$mÒQ> H$m dU©Z gwZmV{ h¢, oOg{ h_ g^r oXÏ`- `m AdoY H{$ AmYma [a X°oZH$, gm·mohH$ [mojH$, _mogH$ Edß dmof©H$ —oÓQ> Zm_ X{V{ h¢& ‡mMrZ ^maV _{ß AmYwoZH$ gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H$r Vah gyMZm odf` H{$ AZwÍ$[- gmohoÀ`H$, Ymo_©H$, amOZ°oVH$, Ambm{MZmÀ_H$, gßMma VßÃ H$r C[oÒWoV H$m gßH{$V X{Vr h°& gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H$r g_mO _{ß Xme©oZH$, d°kmoZH$, Ï`m[ma gß]ßYr, I{bHy$X gß]ßYr, MboMÃ gß]ßYr& obßJ ‡^mdr ^yo_H$m H{$ H$maU AmO Ωbm{]b odb{O _{ß gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ d Am`w H{$ dJ© H{$ AmYma [a- ]mb^maV, `wdm^maV, Zmamr OJV, od⁄mWr© _m°obH$ AoYH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒWmZ o_b ahm h°& OJV AmoX& AmJ{ MbH$a gßMma j{Ã _{ß Xyae©Z, droS>`m{, H$Âfl`yQ>a Am°a gm_moOH$ [na—Ó` - AmO H{$ ]XbV{ gm_moOH$ [nad{e _{ß XyagßMma H{$ o\$Î_ AmoX —Ì` gßMma _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß AdVnaV hwE Om{ AmO h_{ß oejm j{Ã _{ß Ï`m[H$ ]Xbmd Am`m h°& df© 1991 _{ß VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ¤mam H{$ j{Ã _{ß bm^mo›dV H$a ah{ h¢& Z{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AmO h_ g^r ‡H$ma H$r ewÍ$ oH$`{ J`{ AmoW©H$ gwYma VWm 1997 _{ß ^maVr` XyagßMma oZ`m_H$ OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h¢& ‡moYH$aU H{$ JR>Z g{ oÒWoV ]Xbr Am°a XyagßMma H{$ j{Ã _{ß oZOr H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$Âfl`wQ>a H{$ _m‹`_ g{ JoUV, gm_moOH$, gmohoÀ`H$, Ymo_©H$ _{ß ‡d{e H$m amÒVm Iwb J`m& AmO ^maV _{ß gmT{> Mma H$am{∂S> o\$∑g bmBZ amOZ°oVH$ g^r odf` g{ gÂ]o›YV OmZH$mar h_{ß ‡m· hm{Vr h° Am°a h_ Bg \$m{Z h¢, oOZH{$ _m‹`_ g{ ^ma H{$ bm{J ha oXZ EH$ Xyga{ g{ Ow∂S{> ahV{ h¢& OmZH$mar H$m{ oH$VZ{ ^r dfm} ]mX, oH$gr ^r g_`, ‡m· H$a gH$V{ h°& Bg Q{>br\$m{Z H{$ _wH$m]b{ H{$]b Q>r.dr. H$m{ gßª`m ¡`mXm h°& ^maV _{ß gmT{> N>: ‡H$ma oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gßMma _m‹`_ ]XbV{ ahV{ h¢& H$am{∂S> Kam{ß _{ß H{$db Q>r.dr. Mb ahm h°& AmO gßMma j{Ã H{$ bJ^J 70 % AmO H{$ `wJ _{ß gßMma _m‹`_ g]g{ ]∂S>m _m‹`_ h°, oOgH{$ ¤mam AmO ^mJ [a oZOr H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$m H$„Om h°& AmO ]mV òX h_ _m{]mBb Q°>na\$ _mZdr` gßd{XZmE±$ gßgma H{$ EH$ H$m{Z{ g{ Xyga{ H$m{Z{ _{ß ‡H$Q> hm{ OmVr h° Am°a H$r H$a{ Vm{ df© 1998 H{$ _wH$m]b{ AmO `h 1/40 h¢& BgH$m H$maU Ò[ÓQ> ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ Bg g_w– H$m{ COmJa H$aZ{ _{{ß gßMma AmO h_ma{ gm_Z{ daXmZ h° oH$ oZOr H$Â[oZ`m{ß _{ß _Mr hm{∂S> H$m \$m`Xm grY{ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ o_b H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡H$Q> hm{ ahm h°& ahm h° Am°a g_mO _{ß gßMma j{Ã H$m odÒVma hm{ ahm h°& gmohoÀ`H$ [na—Ó` - gßMma H´$mßoV Am°a gmohÀ` H{$ A›V: gÂ]›Y [a bm{H$VßÃ _{ß ha Ïò∫$ H$m{ A[Z{ odMma Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ H$r [yar AmOmXr h°& odMma H$aV{ g_` `h ]mV ‹`mZ aI{ß oH$ gßMma H$m AmoX_ Í$[ Òd`ß gmohÀ` AmO ha Ïò∫$ gm{eb Z{Q>doH©$ßJ gmBQ>≤g H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Zr ]mV H$h h°& gßMma _m‹`_ H$m AW© _mÃ gyMZmAm{ß H$m gßMma H$aZm Zht h°& gßMma H$m gH$Vm h°& Afim H{$ Am›Xm{bZ H$m{ OZH´$mßoV H$m Í$[ X{Z{ _{ß ]∂S>m `m{JXmZ BZ _Vb] h° _ZwÓ` H{$ ^mdm{ß odMmam{ß gßd{XZmAm{ß Am°a _mZdr` oH´$`mAm{ß H$m gm{eb Z{Q>doH©$J gmBQ>≤g H$m ^r ahm h°& Am°a d°g{ ^r BZ gmar gmBQ>≤g H{$ Ïò∫$ g{ Ïò∫$ H$r Va\$ gßMma `ht gßMma gÂ]›Y h°& gßMma H´$mßoV H$m _wª` `yOa Vm{ `wdm hr h¢ Am°a `wdmAm{ß H$m{ IwX g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H{$ obE g{obo]´Q>rO gmohÀ` [a ∑`m ‡^md [∂S>m `h OmZZ{ H{$ obE _wª` gßMma C[H$aUm{ß g{ hr Zht ]oÎH$ Z{VmJU ^r H$Â`woZH{$eZ H$r Bg ZB© VH$ZrH$ g{ Ow∂S>Z{ _{ß oH$g Vah H$r gßd•oŒm`m{ß H$m CX` hwAm& oH$g Vah gmohÀ` H$r YmaUm H$X_ ]∂T>m ah{ h¢& ]Xbr? Am°a _m°OyX gßMma H´$mßoV H{$ H$maU oH$g Vah gmohÀ` Am°a gmohÀ` g_mO _{ß gßMma _m‹`_m{ß g{ EH$ M{ham `h ^r gm_Z{ Am`m oH$ _m{]mBb Í$[m{ß H$m O›_ hwAm ? `h OmZZm g_rMrZ hm{Jm& h°H$ H$aZm, E_E_Eg ]ZmZm Am°a ^{OZ{ `m [mgdS©> h°H$ H$a AÌbrb ]mbH•$ÓU ^≈ Z{ OwbmB© 1881 H{$ òh›Xr ‡Xr[` _{ß obIm- " gmohÀ` E_E_Eg H$aZ{ H$r g_Ò`m gm_Z{ AmB© h¢& d°g{ gßMma H{$ ZE Í$[ g{ OwS>{ O] g_yh H{$ ˆX` H$m odH$mg h°' ]mX _{ß _hmdra ‡gmX o¤d{Xr Z{ _mZm, A[amY g{ bS>Z{ H{$ obE H$mZyZ ^r ]Zm`m J`m h°& " kmZ amoe H{$ gßoMV H$m{f H$m Zm_ gmohÀ` h° &' AmMm`© am_M›X ew∑b Z{ * * AoVoW od¤mZ (AW©emÛ od^mJ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm ñ gmJa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 108 obIm- "gmohÀ` OZVm H$r oM›Vd•oŒm H$m gßoMV ‡oVo]Â] h° Bg ‡H$ma gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ ]XbV{ [na—Ó` Z{ Z°oVH$Vm [a ]∂S>>m hr ZH$mamÀ_H$ gm_moOH$ gmohÀ`m›Xm{bZ H{$ H$maU gmohoÀ`H$ [na—Ó` ]XbVm ahm &' ‡^md S>mbm h°& AÌbrb oMÃ, droS>`m{, H$WZ, dm∑` AmoX g_mO _{ß gßMma ]mOma [na—Ó` - OZgßMma _m‹`_ H$r ]mOmadmXr eo∫$`m{ß g{ ‡^modV gmYZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ b{ ah{ h¢& Om{ ode{fH$a `wdm [r∂T>r H{$ hm{H$a C›ht g_mMmam{ß H$m{ ‡_wIVm X{ ah{ h¢ Om{ o]H$mD$ h¢& g_mMma [Ã, Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m [VZ H$aV{ h¢ Am°a Y•oUV H$m`© H$aZ{ H$m{ ]∂T>>mdm o_bVm h°& [oÃH$m, a{oS>`m{ß, Q{>brodOZ Am°a BßQ>aZ{Q> AmoX OZgßMma _m‹`_m{ß _{ß odMma _mZd H$r Z°oVH$Vm H$m [VZ X{e H{$ [VZ H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h°& gßMma VßÃ Jm°U hm{ J`m h° VWm gyMZmAm{ß H$m odÒ\$m{Q> hm{ ahm h¢, ^b{ hr d{ oZaW©H$ H´$mßoV H$m `h ]Xbmd Om{ `wdmAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ MnaÃ d gßÒH$ma H{$ od[arV Am°a _hÀdhrZ hm{ & Bg gßX^© _{ß S>m∞. X{d‡H$me o_l H$m odMma h° oH$, AmE ]ZmVr h°& `h H´$mßoV AmO h_ma{ g_mO H$m{ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m [VZ H$aZ{ H{$ oXZ AI]mam{ß Edß Q>r.dr. M°Zbm{ß ¤mam A[amY, Ωb°_a, ^ÓQ>mMma Am°a Ob H$r Ymam h° Om{ MnaÃ Am°a gßÒH$mam{ß H$r AmJ H$m{ ObmZ{ H$m H$m_ H$a ahr AmßVH$dmXr KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m{ gZgZrI{O gßd{XZm H{$ Í$[ _{ß ]{Mm ahm h°& h°& amÓQ≠> H$m odH$mg ‡JoV Edß `wdmAm{ß H$m{ MnaÃdmZ Edß gßÒH$madmZ ]ZmZ{ gßMma H´$mßoV H$m gdm©oYH$ ‡^md Ka{by dÒVwAm{ß H{$ ]mOma [a —oÓQ>Jm{Ma H$r hr ]mV{ß [waOm{a VarH$m{ß g{ H$ht JB© h°& gßMma H´$mßoV d [oÌM_r g‰`Vm g{ hm{Vm h°& AmO ]mOma _{ß dht dÒVw o]H$Vr h° oOgH$m OZgßMma _m‹`_m{ß g{ amÓQ≠>dmX H$r ^mdZm A] Yra{-Yra{ `wdmAm{ß H{$ oXbm{-oX_mJ g{ OmVr oXImB© Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma oH$`m J`m hm{& ]mOma H$r oXem V` H$aZ{ _{ß odkm[Zm{ß H$r X{ ahr h°& d{ ^´ÓQ>mMma, bm{^ d bmbM H$r Mma Xrdmam{ß _{ß H°$X hm{H$a Z°oVH$Vm ]∂S>r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°& CŒma AmYwoZH$ ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ Im{ MwH{$ h°& H$maU odkm[Z d oXImd{ H$r ]hwbVm h°& gßH´$_U H{$ Xm°a _{ß ]mOmadmX d gßMma H´$mßoV _{ß [nadV©Z bmV{ hwE X{e _{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ ]MmZ{ H{$ Iwb{[Z H$r Ï`mo· [ya{ g_mO _{ß oXImB© X{ ahr h¢& ]mOmadmX H{$ Xm°a _{ß obE AÌbrbVm [a am{H$ bJmH$a gßMma _m‹`_ g{ Ow∂S>r ""Z°oVH$ oejm'' H$m{ odkm[Zm{ß Z{ ]mOma hr Zht, A[Zm ‡^md O_mZ{ H{$ obE Ka H$r agm{B©, dV©_mZ _{ß AoZdm`© oH$`m OmE VWm gßMma gmYZm{ß [a oXImE OmZ{ dmb{ ]{S>Í$_ g{ b{H$a ]mWÍ$_ VH$ A[Zr gŒmm O_m br h°& ÒdVßÃVm [yd© H{$ AÌbrb oMÃ, droS>`m{ [a am{H$ bJmH$a XS> d Ow_m©Zm H$m ‡mdYmZ ]Zm`{ ]mOmam{ß _{ß Ohmß N>m{Q{> XwH$mZXmam{ß H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m hm{Vr Wr, dht AmO Om`{ß& gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ ¤mam ÒHy$bm{ß d H$m∞b{Om{ß _{ß ^r Z°oVH$ oejmAoZdm`© [na—Ó` ]Xb J`m h° Am°a ]∂S{> XwH$mZXma ]mOma H{$ oZ`ßVm ]Z JE h°& eham{ß H$r OmE& _{ß [°R> bJZr ]›X hm{ ahr h¢, Am°a em∞o[ßJ _m∞b ]ZV{ Om ah{ h¢& Ka{by dÒVwAm{ß oZÓH$f© - h_ X{IV{ h¢ oH$ gßMma H´$mßoV H{$ g_mO [a gH$mamÀ_H$ Am°a H$m ]mOma ^r _m∞b [a H{$o›–V hm{Vm Om ahm h°& ]mOma H{$ Bg ]XV{ ÒdÍ$[ ZH$mamÀ_H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma H{$ ^md [S{> h° Am°a CgH{$ [naUm_ ^r Ò[ÓQ>V: Z{ N>m{Q{> XwH$mZXmam{ß H{$ g_j Jham gßH$Q> I∂S>m H$a oX`m h°& gyMZm gßgmYZm{ß —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{V{ h¢& oH$›Vw `h Y´wd gÀ` h° oH$ ` gßMma ‡À`{H$ g_mO H$r _{ß g_•’ [zßOr[oV dJ© H{$ AmoY[À` dmb{ ]mOma H$r ZB© Ï`dÒWm Z{ _ZwÓ` AoZdm`© OÍ$aV h°& gßMma H{$ A^md _{ß Z Vm{ _mZd g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{ H$m{ C[^m{∫$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒWmo[V H$a oX`m h° oOgH$r gßÒH•$oV `h h° oH$ Om{ gH$Vr h° Am°a Z hr _ZwÓ` H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm gß^d h°& gßMma H{$ A^md ^r o_b OmE CgH$m C[^m{J H$a{ß& ]Xb{ [na—Ó` _{ß ]mOma OmZm o[N>∂S{>[Z _{ß Ïò∫$ A[Z{ VH$ hr gro_V ah{Jm& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß `h AmdÌ`H$ hm{ J`m H$m ‡VrH$ ]ZZ{ bJm h° Am°a Am∞ZbmBZ IarXXmar H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr OmZ{ h° oH$ gßMma H{$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_m{ß H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H$r ZB© oXemAm{ß H$m{ bJr h°& Im{OZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmE Am°a gH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_m{ß H$m{ Am°a ^r ]∂T>mZ{ gßMma gmYZm{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ H$maU [yam odÌd E{g{ ]mOma _{ß [nadoV©V Am°a ‡gmnaV H$aZ{ h{Vw H$m`© oH$`m OmE∞& hm{ J`m h° Ohmß H$Âfl`wQ>a, BQ>aZ{Q>, B©-_{b Am°a _m{]mBb H$m ‡`m{J H$aH{$ Ï`m[mar EH$ ÒWmZ g{ gwXya X{e _{ß A[Zm Ï`m[ma H$a gH$Vm h°& Am∞ZbmBZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Q{>≠oSß>J [yar XwoZ`m _{ß bm{H$o‡` hm{ ahr h°& gwXya X{e g{ B©-_{b [a AmS©>a obE 1. ^maVr` Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$ _roS>`m - S>m∞. X{dd´V ogßh Am°a oXE Om ah{ h¢& Ï`m[mar droS>`m{ß H$m\´$ßogßJ H$m ^r ghmam b{ ah{ h°& H$hm 2. OZgßMma H{$ og’m›V - S>m∞. gßOrd ^mZmdV Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gßMma H´$mßoV _{ß ]mOma [a Ï`m[H$ ‡^md S>mbm h°& 3. gÂ‡{fU Edß gßMma, gß[mXH$- oÃ^wdZZmW ew∑b, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW [nadoV©V Z°oVH$ _yÎ` -AmO gßMma H´$mßoV Z{ [ya{ odÌd H$m{ Xyga{ _mZd H{$ AH$mX_r, gßÒH$aU- ‡W_ 2011 gm_Z{ I∂S>m H$a oX`m h°& H$Âfl`yQ>a, Z{Q>dH©$, o‡›Q> _roS>`m, o\$Î_ AmoX H$m 4. OZgßMma Edß [ÃH$mnaVm, ‡m{. a_{e O°Z, _ßJbXr[ [o„bH{$e›g, _mZd odH$mg [nadV©Z H{$ gmW gmW Z°oVH$Vm da ^r Jham ‡^md [∂S>m h°& O`[wa, gßÒH$aU- ‡W_ 2003

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 109

[`©Q>Z odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE| (H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ ode{f g›X^© _{ß)

S>m∞. ‡o_bm lrdmÒVd* em{Y gmamße ñ "amOÒWmZ H{$ H$mZ[wa' Edß "oejm ZJar' H{$ Zm_ g{ odª`mV H$m{Q>m A] Yra{{-Yra{ [`©Q>Z _mZoMÃ [a N>mZ{ bJm h°& hm∂S>m°Vr H{$ bJ^J g^r [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m ‡d{e¤ma H$m{Q>m ZJa hr h°& H$m{Q>m ZJa _{ß X{er-odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmH$f©U H{$ BVZ{ ‡oV _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h¢, oH$ A] amOÒWmZ _{ß ^odÓ` H{$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m b˙` Edß amh{ß H$m{Q>m ZJa H$r Am{a _wImoV] hm{ Vm{ H$m{B© AoVÌ`m{o∫$ Zht hm{Jr& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$r odo^ﬁ gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m odd{MZ oH$`m J`m h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ odÌd H{$ [`©Q>Z _mZoMÃ _{ß ^maV EH$ _hÀd[yU© X{e ]ZZ{ H$r "Xeham', "›hmU' d "hm{br' ^r X{e hr Zht daZ≤ odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ ^r oÒWoV _{ß h°& ^maV H{$ [yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr [. Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ H$m [`©Q>Z H{$ AmH$of©V H$aV{ h¢& gÂ]›Y _{ß `h d∫$Ï` "h_{ß odX{er Xm{ÒV-[`©Q>H$m{ß H$m ÒdmJV Z H{$db H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß [`©Q>Z H{$ odH$mg H$r H$m\$r gß^mdZmEß h°& 700 df© [wamZ{ AmoW©H$ H$maUm{ß g{ H$aZm MmohE, ∑`m{ßoH$ d{ odX{er _w–m bmV{ h¢, ]oÎH$ E{oVhmogH$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV H$m IOmZm g_{Q{> eha H{$ [wamZ{ _ßoXa, BgobE ^r ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgg{ Am[gr gyP]yP VWm EH$ Xyga{ H{$ JwUm{ß H$m{ ]{hVa J∂T>, hd{ob`m N>Vna`m±, ere _hb, Pam{I{, Â`yoO`_, XadmO{ Am°a odÌd OmZm Om gH$Vm h°, Bg g_` odÌd _{ß Bg Am[gr gyP ]yP g{ ¡`mXm ‡og’ oôŒm oMÃ X{er.odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aV{ h¢& H$m{Q>m oOb{ OÍ$aV oH$gr A›` MrO H$r Zht h°& hmbmßoH$ h_ma{ bm{J [aÂ[am g{ Am°a _{ß H$ht gwaÂ` dmoX`m± Vm{ H$ht _wHß$Xam H$r Iy]gyaV [d©V l•ßIbmAm{ß H$m{ AmXV g{ odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ ‡oV X`mdmZ Am°a Z_´ hm{V{ h¢& d{ CZH$m X{IH$a hm∂S>m°Vr _{ß "CŒma ^maV H{$ H{$ab' H$r VÒdra Câ AmVr h°& ha{-â{ ÒdmJV H$aV{ ah{J{, _Ja _¢, AoYH$mna`m{ß VWm am¡`m{ß d H{$›– gaH$mam{ß g{ I{Vm{ß H$r _mQ>r _{ß aMr-]gr YoZ`{ H$r _hH$ Vm{ H$ht gagm{ß H$r M_H$ ..... Ow∂S{> VWm gß]ßoYV bm{Jm{ß g{ `h H$hZm MmhyßJm oH$ d{ AmJßVwH$m{ß H{$ gmW Z_´Vm MÂ]b H$r bham{ß [a V°aVm ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`©, H$bad H$aV{ A‡dmgr [ßN>r g{ [{e AmE Am°a CZH$m ª`mb aI{ß&' [`©Q>Z H{$ ^mdr odH$mg H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß ...... H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ Am±Mb [a \°$b{ hwE `{ A‡oV_ Hw$XaVr ZOma{ X{e- AmO ^r gm_o`H$ h°& odX{e H{$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡VrjmaV h°& H$m{Q>m H{$ Amg [mg g_•’ odamgV "amOÒWmZ H{$ H$mZ[wa' Edß "oejm ZJar' H{$ Zm_ g{ odª`mV H$m{Q>m H$m AHy$V IOmZm h°, oOg{ gdmßaH$a Bg{ Qy>na¡_ H{$ amÓQ≠>r` _mZoMÃ [a A] Yra{{-Yra{ [`©Q>Z _mZoMÃ [a N>mZ{ bJm h°& hm∂S>m°Vr H{$ bJ^J g^r C^mam Om gH$Vm h°& H$m{Q>m H$r ^m°Jm{obH$ ]ZmdQ> BVZr gwßXa h° oH$ EH$ N>m{a [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m ‡d{e¤ma H$m{Q>m ZJa hr h°& H$m{Q>m ZJa _{ß X{er-odX{er [a gXmZram MÂ]b H$r bham{ß H$m gm°›X`© g°bmoZ`m{ß H$m _Z _m{h b{Vm h°, Vm{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmH$f©U H{$ BVZ{ ‡oV _hÀd[ym© ÒWmZ h¢, oH$ A] amOÒWmZ _{ß Xygar Va\$ eha H{$ ˆX` ÒWb _{ß ]Z{ oH$em{a gmJa d OJ_ßoXa, b∏$r ]wO© ôdÓ` H{$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m b˙` Edß amh{ß H$m{Q>m ZJa H$r Am{a _wImoV] hm{ Vm{ Am°a N>Ã odbmg ]mJ Bg{ "[`©Q>Z ZJar H{$ gaVmO' H$m XOm© oXbm gH$V{ H$m{B© AoVÌ`m{o∫$ Zht hm{Jr& [w` gobbm MÂ]b ZXr H{$ VQ> [a AdoÒWV h¢&(1) H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß gmhogH$ I{b [`©Q>Z, d›Òrd [`©Q>Z, h{arQ{>O H$m{Q>m ZJa _{ß hr Zht daZ≤ oOb{ H$r [naoY Edß Amg[mg H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß ^r AZ{H$ [`©Q>Z, J´m_rU [`©Q>Z, gmßÒH•$oVH$ [`©Q>Z, [`m©daU [`©Q>Z AmoX H{$ Í$[ Xe©Zr` ÒWb h¢, Om{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmH$f©U H$m H{$›– h¢& [wam gß[XmAm{ß g{ _{ß [`©Q>Z-odH$mg H$r A[naoMV gß^mdZmEß h¢& BZ g^r H{$ A›VJ©V H$m{Q>m oObm gdm©oYH$ gÂ[fi `hm± H$r E{oVhmogH$ d AZ_m{b Yam{ha H{$ gß^mdZmAm{ß H{$ `m{OZm]’ odH$mg h{Vw H$m`© oH$`m OmE Vm{ `h H$m{Q>m oOb{ H$maU h°& `hm± g¢H$∂S>m{ß df© [wamZr H$bmÀ_H$ B_maV{ß Am°a Ò_maH$ O°g{ J∂T> H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ odH$mg _{ß A[Zr _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$V{ h¢& [°b{g, aßJ]m∂S>r H$m aßJ _hb, A^{∂S>m _hb, ZmßVm _hb, OßJ _ßoXa, jma H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r odo^fi gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ oZÂZ o]›XwAm{ß ¤mam ]mJ H$r N>Vna`m±, KßQ>mKa, A]bm _rUr H$m _hb, amßdR>m _hb, gyaO[m{b Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° - XadmOm, _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr ^dZ h¢& H$m{Q>m _{ß Mß]b, [adZ, H$mbrogßY, [md©Vr 1) gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z - H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z H$r oXem _{ß Am°a COm∂S> O°gr ZoX`m{ß H{$ gmW Ow∂S>m Z°{{{{{{{{{{{{{goJ©H$ gm°›X`© `hm± H$r odoeÓQ>Vm AÀòYH$ gß^mdZmEß BgobE h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ `hm± [hm∂S> ^r h° Am°a ZoX`m± ^r h¢& Am°a odbjUVm H$m{ Xem©Vm h°& MÂ]b C⁄mZ, hm∂S>m°Vr `mVm`mV ‡oejU `hm± Q≠>{oHß$J, dmQ>a Ò[m{Q©>g≤, Òdro_ßJ, a{[obßJ, Eam{ _m∞S>obßJ, ]{byZ amBoSß>J [mH©$, Xam A^`ma`, H$m{Q>m gw[a W_©b [mda [na`m{OZm, H$m{Q>m ]°amO AmoX am{_mßMH$ I{bm{ß H{$ odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmEß h°& AV: gmhogH$ I{b AmoX C⁄mZm{ß H$m ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`© X{I [`©Q>H$ JXJX hm{ OmV{ h¢& `hr JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ÈoM aIZ{ dmb{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Zht H$m{Q>m _{ß AZ{H$ E{oVhmogH$, ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`© g{ [yU© AZ{H$ Ymo_©H$ gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ H$m{Q>m _{ß MÂ]b ZXr d oH$em{a gmJa ode{f [`©Q>Z ÒWb h¢, Om{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ emo›V Am°a gwHy$Z ‡XmZ H$aV{ h¢ oOZ_{ß Í$[ g{ CÑ{IZr` h°& amdV^mQ>m g{ b{H$a H$m{Q>m VH$ MÂ]b EH$ [d©Vr` KmQ>r _WwamYre _o›Xa, JaoS>`m _hmX{d, H±$gwAm H$m _hmX{d _o›Xa, AYaoebm H{$ ]rM ]hVr h°& Bg ÒWmZ [a MÂ]b H$m ]hmd ‡mH•$oVH$ Zht daZ≤ _mZd Edß Jm{Xmdar Ym_, J{[aZmW, Mma Mm°_m H$m oedmb`, ^r_Mm°ar, ]y∂T>mXrV oZo_©V h°& `hm± H$m _Zm{hmar —Ì` [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ bw^mZ{ Edß AmZo›XV H$aZ{ H$r H$m gy`© _o›Xa, od^rfm _o›Xa, S>m∂T> X{dr _mVm _o›Xa ‡_wI h¢& `hm± H$m [yU© j_Vm aIVm h°& `hm± ]m{oQß>J H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢& BgH{$ ob`{ ** ***Ï`mª`mVm (AW©emÒÕm) amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb` H$m{Q>m (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 110

MÂ]b ZXr H{$ VQ> [a AmH$f©H$ KmQ> H$m oZ_m©U ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°& Xygam ‡Xe©Z H{$ [`©Q>Z gßJ´hmb` ÒWmo[V oH$E OmH$a ^r Bg oXem _{ß [hb H$r gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ _hÀd[yU© oH$em{a gmJa bÂ]mB©-Mm°∂S>mB© Am°a Om gH$Vr h°& Bgg{ [`©Q>Z odH$mg Vm{ hm{Jm hr, gmW _{ß [mnaoÒWoV H$r JhamB© H{$ ohgm] g{ dmQ>a Ò[m{Q©>g H{$ obE ]{hX AZwHy$b h°& df© â Bg_{ß ‡Umbr [a [`©Q>Z H{$ ‡oVHy$b ‡^md H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß ^r aIm Om gH$Vm h°& H$`moHß$J, dmQ>a ÒHy$oQß>J, dmQ>a ÒH$rBßJ, Ò[rS> ]m{Q> nada, amo‚Qß>J, odS> 3) h{naQ{>O [`©Q>Z ñ odamgV H{$ ‡oV ]∂T>V{ ÈPmZ Z{ h{naQ{>O [`©Q>Z gmo\©$J AmoX H$r Om gH$Vr h°& oH$em{a gmJa H$r Mma Xrdmar gwYa OmE Vm{ H$m{ ]∂T>m`m h°& H$m{Q>m eha Am°a Amg-[mg H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß H$B© E{oVhmogH$ oH$b{ Bg_{ß am¡` `m amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa H$r V°amH$r ‡oV`m{oJVm hm{ gH$Vr h°& Bgg{ d _hb O°g{. 700 gmb [wamZm J∂T> [°b{g, 10 dt eVm„Xr _{ß ]Zm Mß–{gb gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm& `hr Zht oH$em{a gmJa H{$ oH$Zmam{ß [a _W, 275 gmb [wamZr ]∂S{> X{dVm H$r hd{br, 250 gmb [wamZr XmZ_b Or H$Ì_ra H{$ S>b Prb H$r VO© [a dwS>Z hmCg ]m{Q>≤g ]ZmH$a g°bmoZ`m{ß H$m{ H$r hd{br AmoX h¢& BZ oH$bm{ß d _hbm{ß _{ß ]hwV g{ A^r VH$ E{g{ ^r h¢, oOZ AmH$of©V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& `hm± J{_ o\$e S>mbH$a oH$Zmam{ß [a o\$oeßJ VH$ bm{Jm{ß H$r [hwßM Zht h°, `m o\$a d{ C[{ojV h¢& E{g{ C[{ojV d [hw±M g{ Xya flb{Q>\$m_© ]ZmE Om gH$V{ h¢ VmoH$ [`©Q>H$ flb{Q>\$m_© [a ]°R>H$a o\$oeßJ H$m oH$bm{ß d _hbm{ß H{$ [naajU, gßajU Edß aIaImd H$r oXem _{ß am¡` gaH$ma, AmZ›X b{& J{_ o\$e _{ß J{_ o\$e H$m{ [H$∂S>H$a Xw]mam [mZr _{ß N>m{∂S> oX`m oObm ‡emgZ d oZOr j{Ãm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a B›h{ß hm{Q>bm{ß VWm Qy>na¡_ OmVm h°& ]mO© MbmE Om gH$V{ h¢, oOg [a [nadma H{$ bm{J EH$ gmW H$m∞Âflb°∑gm{ß _{ß odH$ogV H$am`m Om gH$Vm h°& `⁄o[ am¡` gaH$ma Z{ h{naQ{>O o[H$oZH$ H$m bwÀ\$ b{ gH$V{ h¢& b∏$r ]wO© Ohm± MÂ]b \{$oÒQ>db [a a{[obßJ hm{Q>b `m{OZm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Bg oXem _{ß go„gS>r ‡XmZ H$a [hb H$r h°, [a›Vw O°g{ gmhogH$ I{bm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m OmVm h° dhm± g{ oH$em{a gmJa VH$ Bg oXem _{ß oZOr oZd{eH$m{ß H$m{ A^r Am{a AoYH$ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a h{naQ{>O am{[d{ H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&(2) oH$em{a gmJa H{$ VQ>r` j{Ã H$m{ `m odamgVr` [`©Q>Z H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß [a H$m`© oH$E OmZ{ H$r AoYH$ _wß]B© H{$ _arZ S≠>mBd VWm ‡ÒVmodV Jm°ad [W H$m{ h°Xam]mX H{$ hwg°Z gmJa AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& E{oVhmogH$ Yam{ham{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß ]hwV g{ E{g{ ÒWmZ h¢ Om{ b{H$ H{$ Mmam{ß Va\$ ]Z{ Z{H$b{g am{∂S> O°gm Í$[ oX`m Omd{ Vm{ oH$em{a gmJa COmJa Zht hwE h¢, E{g{ ÒWmZm{ß [a oÒWV oH$bm{ß, hd{ob`m{ß d _hbm{ß H$r Im{O H$r gw›XaVm H$m{ Mma Mm±X bJ Om`{ßJ{& [`©©Q>Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ gaH$ma oH$em{a H$a CZ VH$ [hwßM gwJ_ ]ZmZ{ d CZH$m odH$mg [`©Q>Z H{$ obE oH$gr ^r gmJa [a ‹`mZ X{ Vm{ oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ `h gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z d dmQ>a Ò[m{Q>≤g© Í$[ _{ß H$a h{arQ{>O [`©Q>Z H$r Am{a AoYH$ gß^mdZmAm{ß g{ B›H$ma Zht oH$`m H$m Z`m S{>oÒQ>Z{eZ ]Z gH$Vm h° oOgg{ `hm± X{e-odX{e H{$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ Om gH$Vm& Bg oXem _{ß H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß h{naQ{>O `m odamgVr` [`©Q>Z H$r AmJ_Z g{ ÒWmZr` bm{Jm{ß H{$ Am` d am{OJma _{ß d•o’ ^r hm{Jr& gßÂ^mdZmAm{ß H$r Vbme H$a [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$m{ JoV Xr Om gH$Vr h°& 2) [`m©daU [`©Q>Z ñ H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß hna`mbr g{ A¿N>moXV Z°goJ©H$ 4) oeoda [`©Q>Z ñ [`©Q>Z H{$ ododY Í$[m{ßß H$m{ g_`-g_` [a am¡` gm°›X`© d Mß]b ZXr H$m AWmh Ob [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m ÒdmJV H$aVm ‡VrV hm{Vm gaH$ma ¤mam oH$E JE ‡`mgm{ß ¤mam COmJa oH$`m OmVm ahm h° [a›Vw Hw$N> h°& H$m{Q>m g{ 35 oH$_r. Xya Odmha gmJa j{Ã _{ß MÂ]b H$r J´rZ d°br, dmBÎS> dfm~ g{ [`©Q>Z H{$ Om{ ZE Í$[ CâH$a gm_Z{ AmE h¢, CZH{$ VhV ^r oOb{ _{ß bmB\$, 200 \$rQ> Jhar M≈mZ{ß, \{$Q>_ Jw\$mE± Am°a \´$wQ> ]{Q> d dÎMg© H$r [`©Q>Z H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$r Vbme H$r OmZr AmdÌ`H$ h°& BZ_{ß oeoda Z{oÒQß>J [`m©daU [`©Q>Z H$m{ Am_ßÃU X{ ahr h°& MÂ]b ZXr H{$ ]rM Xm{ gwßXa [`©Q>Z ‡_wI h°& H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ _{b{ Am°a À`m°hma A[Zr odoeÓQ> [hMmZ Q>m[y h¢& Q>mBQ{>oZH$ AmB©b°S> H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmZ{ dmbm `h AmB©b°S> 200 aIV{ h¢& A‹`mÀ_ ÒWbm{ß H{$ gmW hr bm{H$ [aÂ[amAm{ß, g‰`Vm d gßÒH•$oV g{ \$rQ> bÂ]m Am°a 25 \$rQ> Mm°∂S>m h°& Odmha gmJa g{ 8 oH$_r. Xya Ohm± EH$ Ow∂S{> ÒWbm{ß [a Z H{$db [`©Q>Z, H$bm Edß gßÒH•$oV od^mJ ¤mam _{bm{ß d Am{a Mß]b ZXr H$m gßJ_ hm{Vm h°, Cgr Oß∑eZ [a `h AmB©b¢S> I∂S>m h°& CÀgdm{ß{ H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m OmVm h° ]oÎH$ ÒWmZr` d j{Ã ode{f H{$ bm{Jm{ß BgH$m EH$ M≈>mZr ogam AmJ{ g{ D±$Mm CR>mH$a EH$ AmH$f©H$ hQ> ]ZmB© JB© Edß oZOr gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam ^r AmßMobH$ gßÒH•$oV H$m g_J´ Xe©Z H$amZ{ dmb{ h°& Mß]b H$r bham{ß H{$ ]rM ha{-â{ Q>m[y [a g°bmZr ‡mH•$oVH$ ZOmam{ß H$m _{b{ d CÀgd H$m Am`m{OZ `hm± ]∂S{> CÀgmh d g_[©U H{$ gmW oH$`m OmVm AmZ›X b{ gH$V{ h¢& Bg [°amS>mBO Q>m[y [a H°$o[ßJ ES>d{ßMa Ò[m{Q>≤g© Ò[{eb h°& H$m{Q>m H$m Xeham _{bm X{e H$m _°gya d H$Ñw H{$ ]mX g]g{ ]∂S>m Xeham H´$yO H$r gwodYm C[b„Y H$am Xr OmE Vm{ `h [`m©daU [`©Q>Z H$m H{$›– _{bm h°& Xeham _{b{ _{ß amdU XhZ H$m{ X{IZ{ \´$mßg, O_©Zr g{ AZ{H$ [`©Q>H$ o]›Xy ]Z gH$Vm h°& Mß]b d°br _{ß _Ja_¿N>, H$Nw>E d Ko∂S>`mb X{IZm ^r AmV{ h¢& Bg Adga [a ÒWmZr` H$bmH$mam{ß H$r H$bm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ am{_mßMH$ hm{Jm&(3) CX`[wna`m dS©> dmoMßJ g{ßQ>a Am{a AoYH$ odH$ogV h{Vw gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß O°g{ _wemàm, H$od gÂ_{bZ, Z•À` AmoX H$m oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ [`m©daU [`©Q>Z H{$ A›VJ©V `hm± H{$ Am`m{OZ hm{Vm h°& gmW hr _Zm{aßOZ H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ A›VJ©V oeÎ[J´m_, A›` ‡mH•$oVH$ ÒWbm{ß H$m{ AbJ.AbJ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV H$a dhm± H{$ Kw∂S> Xm°∂S>, ]°b Jm∂S>r Xm°∂S>, D±$Q> Xm°∂S>, _yN>m{ß H$m ‡Xe©Z, gm\$m ]mßYZm, aÒgm [`m©daU H{$ AZwHy$b [`©Q>Z H{$ [°H{$O odH$ogV oH$E OmE± Vm{ Z H{$db H$gr, _mS>Zm, aßJm{br, _{h›Xr AmoX ‡oV`m{oJVmAm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ ^r [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$m{ JoV Xr Om gH$Vr h°, daZ≤ `hm± X{er d odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& Xr[m{Àgd d AmoVe]mOr H{$ Am`m{OZ ÒWmZr` d odX{er H{$ AmdmJ_Z H{$ dV©_mZ J´m\$ H$m{ ^r gwYmam Om gH$Vm h°& Bg oXem _{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß ¤mam ]hwV [gßX oH$`{ OmV{ h¢& H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ A›` _{b{, Mß]b d›` Ord, [jr VWm A^`ma`m{ß H{$ Abmdm A›` ÒWbm{ß H{$ A^`ma`m{ß H{$ ES>d{›Ma \{$oÒQ>db, gmßJm{X H$m ›hmU, VrO, AZßV MVwXer©, C⁄m{J _{bm, [`©Q>Z [°H{$O odH$ogV H$aH{$ ^r [hb H$r Om gH$Vr h°, H$m°Zg{ Jm±d _{ß h{ßS>rH´$m‚Q> _{b{ ^r A[Zr odoeÓQ> [hMmZ ]Zm MwH{$ h¢& BZ _{bm{ß d CÀgdm{ß H{$ H$m°Z g{ d›` Ord `m [jr ghOVm g{ C[b„Y hm{V{ h¢, Bg Vœ` H$m Am`m{OZ H{$ gmW, òX oeoda [`©Q>Z H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmE Vm{ [`©Q>Z odõ{fU H$a [`©Q>Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›h{ß odH$ogV H$aZ{ g{ `hm± [`m©daU [`©Q>Z odH$mg H{$ ‡^mdr [naUm_ ‡m· oH$E Om gH$V{ h¢& H$r Am{a AoYH$ gß^mdZmE± COmJa hm{ gH$Vr h¢& gÂ[yU© oOb{ _{ß oZOr Edß 5) g^m-gÂ_{bZ [`©Q>Z ñ H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß oObm ‡emgZ ¤mam gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _{ß g_•’ ‡mH•$oVH$ d [`m©daUr` dÒVwAm{ß H$r odamgV H{$ [`©Q>Z g^mAm{ß Am°a gÂ_{bZm{ß H{$ Am`m{OZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ^r [`©Q>Z H{$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 111 odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& dV©_mZ g_` _{ß hÒVoeÎ[ ÒWbm{ß, ^∂S>X{dam AmoX E{g{ ÒWb h¢ Ohm± [a [`©Q>Z odH$mg H$r amOZroVH$, Ï`dgmo`H$, e°joUH$ AmoX g^r j{Ãm{ß H{$ odo^fi gßJR>Z ]hwV gß^mdZmEß h°& `hm± o\$Î_ [`©Q>Z H$r ^r [`m©· gß^mdZmE{ß h¢& BZH$m{ A[Z{ dmof©H$ gÂ_{bZ Am`m{oOV H$aV{ h¢& Bgg{ ^r [`©Q>Z H$m{ ]∂T>mdm CoMV gßajU ‡XmZ H$a [`©Q>Z odH$g H{$ b˙` H$m{ ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& o_bVm h°& g^m ÒWbm{ß [a ÒWmZ ode{f H$r N>od d ÒWbm{ß H$m{ Xem©Z{ dmb{ oZÓH$f© ñ oZ:g›X{h H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß AZ{H$ ÒWb [`©Q>Z AmH$f©U H$m H{$›– oMÃm{ß, dÒVwAm{ß H$r ‡Xe©Zr AmoX bJmB© OmE Vm{ ]mha g{ AmZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$`m{ß h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm h° CZH$m{ oZImaZ{, gOmZ{, gßdmaZ{, gßaojV aIZ{ Edß _{ß [`©Q>Z H{$ ‡oV oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ AmH$f©U [°Xm hm{Jm Am°a Bgg{ `hm± [`©Q>Z ‡MmnaV H$aZ{ H$r& H$m{Q>m oOb{ H{$ [`©Q>Z d°^d H{$ AoYH$moYH$ Xm{hZ H{$ odH$mg H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm& H$m{Q>m oOb{ H$r g_•’ odamgV H{$ A^r ^r H$B© obE E{g{ ‡`mgm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Om{ Z H{$db ‡^mdH$mar hm{ß, ]oÎH$ [hby E{g{ h¢, oOZ_{ß odH$mg H$r A[nao_V gß^mdZmEß h¢& ZdmMmam{ß g{ ^r `w∫$ hm{ß& [`©Q>Z H{$ gÂ[yU© odH$mg g{ Z H{$db AmoW©H$ 6) ÒdX{er [`©Q>Z ñ oOb{ _{ß odX{er [`©Q>Z H{$ gmW.gmW ÒdX{er odH$mg hm{Jm, daZ≤ am{OJma H{$ ZE-ZE Adgam{ß H$m g•OZ ^r hm{Jm& g^r [`©Q>Z H$r ^r ode{f gß^mdZmEß h¢& ^maV H{$ AbJ.AbJ j{Ãm{ß g{ AmZ{ ÒVam{ß [a `m{OZm]’ Í$[ g{ H$m`© oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ oZoÌMV hr AmJm_r g_` dmb{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m dJr©H$aU H$a CZH$r ÈoM H{$ AZwgma gwodYmE± C[b„Y _{ß H$m{Q>m oObm amOÒWmZ H{$ [`©Q>Z _mZoMÃ [a A[Zr _hVr N>od AßoH$V H$amB© Om`{ß Vm{ H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß ÒdX{er [`©Q>Z H{$ odH$mg H$r ]{hX gß^mdZmEß H$am`{Jm& ‡m· hm{ gH$Vr h¢& oejm ZJar H$m{Q>m H$r g_•’ H$bm.gßÒH•$oV, `hm± H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ Yam{ha, ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`©, gXmZram MÂ]b H{$ gw›Xa VQ> VWm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- d›` Ord AmoX g^r Hw$N> ^maVr` [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ ^r am{_mßoMV H$aZ{ dmb{ h¢& ÒdX{er [`©Q>Z H{$ ‡m{ÀgmhZ H{$ A›VJ©V X{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ ob`{ ode{f na`m`Vr 1. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, H$m{Q>m, 12 \$adar 2007 Q>Áyna¡_ [°H{$O ]ZmE OmE d ode{f [nadhZ gmYZm{ß H$r gwodYm C[b„Y 2. dhr H$amB© Om`{ Vm{ H$m{Q>m oOb{ _{ß ÒdX{er [`©Q>Z H$m{ ode{f ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_b{Jm& 3. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, H$m{Q>m, 9 _B© 2008 7) Z`{ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m odH$mg ñ H$m{Q>m oOb{ H$m [`©Q>Z AmH$f©U 4. g{oV`m, gw^mf ""^maVr` [`©Q>Z H{$ Z`{ Am`m_'', `m{OZm, ZB© oXÑr, Ï`m[H$ h°& `hm± H{$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m A[Zm AmH$f©H$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ _m°Z ogVÂ]a 2007 oZ_ßÃU X{Vm h°& [a›Vw [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m Om{ goH©$Q> [`©Q>Z od^mJ ¤mam 5. dmof©H$ na[m{Q©> - [`©Q>Z _ßÃmb` (df© 2001-2009), ^maV gaH$ma, V°`ma oH$`m hwAm h° Bg_{ß g^r j{Ã H$m{ Zht Nw>Am J`m h°& A^r ^r H$B© E{g{ ZB© oXÑr ÒWb h°, Om{ [`©Q>Z H$r gß^mdZmEß aIV{ h¢, C›h{ß Am[g _{ß Om{∂S>H$a [`©Q>Z 6. oObm gmßoª`H$r` Í$[a{Im, oObm H$m{Q>m 2009 ""AmoW©H$ Edß odH$mg H$m _mJ© oZÈo[V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& [maÂ[naH$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H{$ gmßoª`H$r oZX{emb`'', amO., O`[wa gmW-gmW A[maÂ[naH$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m{ [`©Q>Z ÒWb H{$ Í$[ _{ß odH$ogV 7. AoVoW Q>Áyna¡_, AmQ©> ES> H$ÎMa oS>[mQ©>_{›Q>, amOÒWmZ, O`[wa oH$`m Om`{& ]mS>m°br H$s _o›Xa] MaU "Mm°H$r] H°$WyZ _{ß H$m{Q>m 'S>m{na`m 8. amOÒWmZ Q≠>{db JmB©S>, O`[wa, amOÒWmZ

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 112

O°odH$ I{Vr : dV©_mZ AmdÌ`H$Vm

S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m * em{Y gmamße ñ EH$ Aa] 20 H$am{∂S> g{ ^r AoYH$ OZgßª`m dmb{ X{e _{ß Im⁄mfi H$r ]∂T>Vr hwB© _mßJ H{$ AZwÍ$[ gVV≤ Am[yoV© ]ZmE{ß aIZm, MwZm°Vr[yU© H$m`© h°& Im⁄, a{em, B©YZ, Mmam Am°a ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m H{$ obE, H•$of ^yo_ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm Am°a _•Xm ÒdmÒœ` _{ß gwYma bmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ÒdV›ÃVm [ÌMmV≤ `wJ _{ß hnaV H´$mßoV ¤mam Im⁄ j{Ã _{ß AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$r Am{a AJ´ga hwE, oH$›Vw Bg Xm°amZ amgmòZH$ H•$of H$m odÒVma hwAm& [aÂ[amJV H•$fH$m{ß Z{ ^r amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m, C›h{ ‡JoVerb H•$fH$ _mZm OmVm Wm& Bgg{ gßgmYZm{ß H$r JwUdŒmm KQ>r, H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J _{ß d•o’ g{ JwUdŒmm H$m ¯g hwAm, [`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r g_Ò`m, VWm ^yo_ H$r Cd©am eo∫$ _{ß oZa›Va ¯g hm{Zm, ‡_wI g_Ò`m aht& \$gb CÀ[mXZ H$m{ oZa›Va ]ZmE{ß aIZ{ H{$ obE O°odH$ H•$of EH$ A¿N>r [hb h°&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ‡mMrZ H$mb _{ß ‡H•$oV H{$ AZwÍ$[ I{Vr H$r OmVr Wr, oOgg{ ahVr h°& O°odH$ [’oV H{$ ‡_wI og’m›V h° - I{Vr H{$ obE ‡mH•$oVH$ O°odH$ Am°a AO°odH$ [XmWm} H{$ ]rM AmXmZ-‡XmZ H$m MH´$ Ecological gßgmYZm{ß H$m C[`m{J, ^yo_ H$m AmdÌ`H$ Edß Ord›V C[`m{J, ‡mH•$oVH$ System oZa›Va MbVm ahVm Wm, oOgH{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ Ob, ^yo_, dm`w g_P-]yP [a AmYmnaV H•$of oH´$`mE{ß, O°odH$ ‡Umbr [a AmYmnaV \$gb VWm dmVmdaU ‡XyofV Zht hm{Vm Wm, H•$of H{$ gmW Jm{-[mbZ ^r oH$`m gwajm Edß [m{fU, ^yo_ _{ß oQ>H$mD$ Cd©aVm, CoMV [m{ofV Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ OmVm Wm, AWm©V≤ I{Vr [maÂ[naH$ Wr& [a›Vw ]XbV{ [nad{e _{ß agmòZH$ [`m©daUr` o_ÃdV ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r`m{ß ¤mam AoYH$V_ Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ& ImX d H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J Z{ O°odH$ d AO°odH$ [XmWm} H{$ MH´$ H$m O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ VrZ ‡_wI KQ>H$ h° - (1) EH$rH•$V Ob VWm ^yo_ gßVwbZ o]Jm∂S>m h°, Bgg{ _mZd ÒdmÒœ` ^r ‡^modV hwAm h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ‡]›YZ, (2) EH$rH•$V [m°Y [m°fH$ VÀd ‡]ßYZ (3) EH$rH•$V OrdZmer AmYwoZH$ odkmZ H{$ g_›d` g{ O°odH$ [’oV H$m{ [wZ: ‡oV[moXV oH$`m ‡]ßYZ& EH$rH•$V Ob VWm ^yo_ ‡]ßYZ H{$ A›VJ©V dfm© H{$ Ob H$m I{Vr J`m h°& AmO O°odH$ I{Vr H$aZ{ dmb{ oH$gmZ H$m{ ‡JoVerb _mZm OmVm h°& H{$ obE `m{Ω` ^yo_ [a odo^fi VarH$m{ß g{ gßajU VWm gßdY©Z H$a CZH$m C‘{Ì` - CoMV Xm{hZ oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg_{ß Ob oZH$mg H{$ obE ^yo_ _{ß _{∂T> d Hy$∂S> 1) ^maV _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm kmV H$aZm& [’oV g{ \$gb ]m{B© OmVr h°& EH$rH•$V [m°Y [m{fH$ VÀd ‡]›YZ H{$ A›VJ©V 2) O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ VarH{$ kmV H$aZm& ‡H•$oV _{ß C[b„Y [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$m O°odH$ ImX VWm H$_ _mÃm _{ß _•Xm 3) O°odH$ I{Vr g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ bm^ kmV H$aZm& [arjU [a AmYmnaV amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ 4) O°odH$ I{Vr _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mE{ß kmV H$aZm& A›VJ©V H$Â[m{ÒQ> ImX, O°d Cd©aH$, H{$MßwAm ImX VWm har ImX H$m C[`m{J 5) O°odH$ I{Vr H$m odÒVma oH$g Vah g{ hm{ gH$Vm h° ? oH$`m OmVm h°& H$Â[m{ÒQ> ]ZmZ{ H$r ZmS{>[ odoY g{ H$_ g{ H$_ Jm{]a H$m [naH$Î[Zm - C[`m{J H$a AoYH$moYH$ _mÃm _{ß ImX ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg odoY H{$ 1) X{e _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr gro_V j{Ã\$b _{ß hm{ ahr h°& ¤mam _mÃ EH$ Jm` H{$ dmof©H$ Jm{]a g{ 80 g{ 100 Q>Z AWm©V≤ bJ^J 2) X{e _{ß O°odH$ CÀ[mXm{ß H$r _mßJ H$_ h°& 150 Jm∂S>r ImX ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& OrdmUwAm{ß g{ ]Zr ImX H$m{ O°d 3) [`m©daU VWm _mZd OrdZ JwUdŒmm H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ Cd©aH$ H$hV{ h°& odÒVma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& BZ OrdmUwAm{ß H$m{ obæmB©Q> `m [rQ> _•Xm H{$ [mCS>a _{ß ‡`m{Jembm _{ß 4) O°odH$ I{Vr h{Vw H•$fH$ Edß C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ H$r CÀ[fi oH$`m OmVm h°& H{$MwßE ^yo_ H{$ hmoZH$maH$ OrdmUwAm{ß H$m{ ImH$a ^yo_ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& H$r bm^Xm`H$Vm VWm ObJ´hU j_Vm H$m{ H$B© JwZm ]∂T>mV{ h°& H{$MwßE ^yo_ 5) H•$of ZroV A›VJ©V O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& _{ß [∂S{> AZw[b„Y [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$m{ [m°Ym{ß H{$ ¤mam J´hU oH$E OmZ{ `m{Ω` em{Y ‡odoY - ]ZmH$a \$gb CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$aV{ h°& d_r© H$Â[m{ÒQ> _{ß gm_m›` o_Q•>r H$r Bg em{Y [Ã _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$, [yd© A‹``Z VWm Adbm{H$Z odoY VwbZm _{ß 7 JwZm \$mÒ\$m{ag, 11 JwZm [m{Q>me, 2 JwZm H°$oÎe`_ Edß 7 JwZm H{$ AßVJ©V JwUmÀ_H$ AZwgßYmZ [’oV H$m ‡`m{J H$a oZÓH$fm} H$r Am{a A›` O°odH$ VÀd o_bV{ h°& H$Ma{ g{ d_r© H$Â[m{ÒQ> VÀd o_bV{ h°& H$Ma{ g{ [hw±MZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& d_r© H$Â[m{ÒQ> ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE [H$r Jm{]a H$r ImX, [mZr Am°a H{$MwAm{ß H$r O°odH$ I{Vr H$r AdYmaUm VWm KQ>H$ - AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& BgH{$ ]ZmZ{ _{ß 60 oXZ H$m g_` bJVm h°& EH$rH•$V O°odH$ H•$of H$r [naH$Î[Zm ga Ab]Q©> hm]S©> Z{ 1930 _ß{ H$r Wr& OrdZmer ‡]›Y H{$ A›VJ©V [yU© Í$[ g{ amgmòZH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß H$m I{Vr H$r `h [’oV \$gb MH´$, \$gb Ade{f, har ImX, H$m]©oZH$ ImX, C[`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ [a O°odH$ odoY`m{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg Jm{]a H$r ImX, `mßoÃH$ I{Vr, O°odH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J [a odÌdmg [’oV H$m Zm_ B›Q>rJ´{Q{>S> [{ÒQ> _°Z{O_{ßQ> h°& Bg odoY _{ß H$_ g{ H$_ agm`Zm{ß H$aVr h°, oOgg{ ^yo_ H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm VWm Cd©aH$Vm bÂ]{ g_` VH$ ]Zr H$m C[`m{J H$aH{$ H$rQ> oZ`›ÃU oH$`m OmVm h°& O°odH$ odoY H{$ A›VJ©V ** ***‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÒÕm) ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`,]S>dmZr (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 113

OmVm h°, `{ o_Ã H$rQ> hmoZH$maH$ H$rQ>m{ß g{ A[Zm OrdZ `m[Z H$aV{ h° VWm oOgg{ C[O AoYH$ hm{Vr h° VWm [m{oÓQ>H$ Afi o_bVm h°, Om{ _mZd ÒdmÒœ` CZH$r d•o’ H$m{ oZò›ÃV H$aV{ h°& H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ ^r ]{hVa h°& dV©_mZ _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr ^maV gohV 120 g{ AoYH$ X{em{ß _{ß hm{ ahr h°& O°odH$ I{Vr H$r g_Ò`mE{ß - O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ gßX^© _{ß AJÚr X{e AmÒQ≠>{ob`m, AO}Q>rZm, A_{naH$m VWm O°odH$ I{Vr H$r ‡JoV _{ß H$B© ]mYmE{ß h°& h_ma{ X{e _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r `yZmBQ{>S> oHß$JS>_ h°& ^maV _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr bJ^J 51000 h{∑Q{>à j{Ã _{ß H$_r Hß$[m{ÒQ> H$r H$_r, O°odH$ gm_J´r _{ß [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$m A›Va, H$Ma{ g{ hm{ ahr h°& S>m±. hZw_ßV `mXd (X{e]›Yw OZdar 2014) ^maV _{ß ]hw\$gbr` gßJ´hU H$aZ{ Am°a ‡gßÒH$aU H$aZ{ _{ß OoQ>bVm, O°odH$ H$É{ _mb H{$ od[UZ ^mJ H{$ bJ^J 8 ‡oVeV ^mJ _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr hm{Vr h°& dV©_mZ _{ß ^maV _{ß H$r g_Ò`mE{ß odŒmr` g_W©Z H$m A^md AmoX emo_b h°& O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ Ï`m[ma _{ß 30 ‡oVeV VH$ dmof©H$ d•o’ X{Ir JB© h°& oH$gmZm{ß H{$ [mg Hß$[mÒQ> V°`ma H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$m{ß H{$ _.‡. _{ß gd©‡W_ 2001-02 _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$m Am›Xm{bZ Mbm`m BÒV{_mb H$r OmZH$mar H{$ gmW hr CgH{$ ‡`m{Jm{ß H$r OmZH$mar H$m ^r J`m VWm O°odH$ Jmßd ]ZmE{ JE{& ‡X{e _{ß ‡maÂ^ _{ß 313 J´m_m{ß _{ß O°odH$ A^md h°& ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm d{ `hr H$aV{ h° oH$ Jèm Im{XH$a Cg{ H$Ma{ H$r I{Vr H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r JB©& dV©_mZ _{ß ‡À`{H$ odH$mgIS> _{ß 5-5 O°odH$ H$_ _mÃm g{ â X{V{ h°& A∑ga Jèm dfm© H{$ Ob g{ â OmVm h°, BgH$m J´m_m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma ‡X{e _{ß bJ^J 3130 J´m_m{ß _{ß [naUm_ `h hm{Vm h° oH$ H$Ma{ H$m D$[ar ohÒgm [yar Vah g{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> Zht ]Z O°odH$ I{Vr H$m H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`m Om ahm h°& [mVm Am°a ZrM{ H$m ohÒgm H$∂S>r IÑr H$r Vah ]Z OmVm h°& O°odH$ Hß$[m{ÒQ> O°odH$ I{Vr g{ bm^ - V°`ma H$aZ{ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ CoMV ‡oejU X{Z{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& XrK©H$mb _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$r odoY amgmòZH$ I{Vr H$r odoY H$r ‡maÂ^ _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr g{ V°`ma \$gb H$r H$r_V AoYH$ hm{Vr h°& VwbZm _{ß ]am]a `m AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ X{Vr h°& AWm©V≤ O°odH$ I{Vr _•Xm H$r gm_m›` C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ H$r_V X{H$a CÀ[mX H´$` H$aZ{ h{Vw V°`ma Zht hm{V{ Cd©aVm Edß H•$fH$m{ß H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß [yU©V: ghm`H$ h°& S>m±. hZw_ßV h°& E{gm ‡_mU o_bm h° oH$ amOÒWmZ _{ß O°odH$ J{hy± H{$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ J{hy± H{$ `mXd (X{e]›Yw OZdar 2014) ""dfm© AmYmnaV j{Ãm{ß _{ß amgmòZH$ [maÂ[naH$ oH$gmZm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_ H$r_V{ o_br& Xm{Zm{ß ‡H$ma H{$ CÀ[mXm{ß I{Vr H$m{ VÀH$mb N>m{∂S>H$a O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ A[ZmZ{ g{ [hb{ VrZ gmb VH$ H$r od[UZ bmJV ^r g_mZ Wr, J{hy± H{$ IarXma O°odH$ oH$Ò_ H{$ obE AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ KmQ>m hm{Vm h°& Mm°W{ gmb ]´{H$ B©dZ o]›Xw AmVm h°, [mßMd{ AoYH$ H$r_V X{Z{ H$m{ V°`ma Zht W{& O°odH$ Im⁄mfi H{$ obE C[^m{∫$mAm{ß gmb g{ bm^ o_bZm ‡maÂ^ hm{Vm h°& Ï`dhma _{ß oH$gmZ KmQ>m P{bZ{ H{$ ]mX H$m OmJÍ$H$ hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& [oÌM_r X{em{ß _{ß oH$gmZm{ß g{ AoYH$ dhmß H{$ amgmòZH$ I{Vr ‡maÂ^ H$a X{V{ h°& O°odH$ odoY ¤mam I{Vr H$aZ{ g{ CÀ[mXZ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m O°odH$ I{Vr H$r C[O g{ bJmd h°, d{ AoYH$ H$r_V X{H$a H$r bmJV H$_ hm{Vr h° gmW hr H•$fH$m{ß H$r Am` _{ß d•o’ hm{Vr h°&'' J°a ^r H´$` H$a b{V{ h°& gaH$mar gßJR>Z lo_H$ ^maVr H{$ ‡m{O{∑Q> H$m{Am∞oS©>Z{Q>a CX` ‡H$me A_naH$r C[^m{∫$m O°odH$ CÀ[mXm{ß H{$ obE 60 g{ 100 ‡oVeV VH$ C[m‹`m` (7 OZdar 2014) H{$ AZwgma "" O°odH$ I{Vr g{ oH$gmZm{ß H$r bm^H$mar _yÎ` H{$ ^wJVmZH{$ obE V°`ma ahVm h°& ^maV _{ß E{gr oÒWoV Zht I{Vr bmJV _{ß bJ^J 40 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r AmB© h°& [hb{ oH$gmZ A[Z{ h°& A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Ï`m[ma H{$›– ¤mam H$amE JE{ ]mOma gd}jU g{ `h gßH{$V [∂S>m{gr oH$gmZ g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© H{$ MbV{ amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H$m Iy] ‡`m{J o_bm h° oH$ o[N>b{ dfm} odÌd H{$ H$B© ohÒgm{ß _{ß O°odH$ CÀ[mXm{ß H$r _mßJ ]∂T>r H$aV{ W{, dht A] amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H$m H$_ ‡`m{J H$a ah{ h°& O°odH$ I{Vr h°& N>m{Q{> Am°a gr_m›V H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ Cd©aH$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß O°odH$ ImX ‡m· ^yo_ H$r C[OmD$ j_Vm _{ß d•o’ H$aVr h° VWm O°odH$ I{Vr H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB© hm{Vr h°& C›h{ `m Vm{ CZH{$ [mg C[b„Y O°odH$ [XmWm} H{$ H$aZ{ dmb{ H•$fH$m{ß ¤mam AoYH$ AßVamb g{ ogßMmB© H$aZ{ [a ^r \$gb [a ‡`m{J g{ O°odH$ ImX V°`ma H$aZm hm{Jm `m o\$a d{ H$_ g{ H$_ ‡`mgm{ß Am°a od[arV ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°& o_Q•>r H$r —oÓQ> g{ O°odH$ ImX H{$ C[`m{J H$aZ{ bmJV H{$ gmW ÒWmZr` Vm{a [a O°odH$ [XmWm} H$m gßJ´h H$a gH$V{ h°& g{ ^yo_ H$r JwUdŒmm _{ß gwYma AmVm h°& OZgßª`m H$m X]md ]∂T>Z{ Am°a H$Ma{ VWm gaH$mar ^yo_ VWm gmPm ^yo_ H{$ [`m©daU H$r —oÓQ> g{ O_rZ _{ß [mZr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ ‡XyfU _{ß H$_ hm{Z{ g{ `h H$m_ H$oR>Z hm{ J`m h°& H$_r AmVr h°& H$Ma{ H$m C[`m{J, ImX ]ZmZ{ _{ß hm{Z{ g{ ]r_mna`m{ß _{ß H$_r AZ{H$ ]ma amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß Am°a H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß H$r bmJV H$r VwbZm AmVr h°& O°odH$ C[Om{ß H$r _mßJ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE{ H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ C[O H$r H$r_V _{ß O°odH$ CÀ[mXm{ß H$r bmJV AoYH$ hm{Vr h°& _yßJ\$br H$r IÑr, Zr_ H{$ A¿N>r ‡m· hm{Vr h° VWm A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ]mOma H$r Ò[Ym© _{ß O°odH$ CÀ[mX ]rO Am°a CgH$r IÑr, O°odH$ Hß$[m{ÒQ>, JmX, Jm{]a Am°a A›` ImXm{ß H$m JwUdŒmm H{$ ÒVa [a Ia{ CVaV{ h°& BoS>`Z BH$mßZmo_H$ Egm{og`{eZ _ß{ BÒV{_mb O°odH$ ImXm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Vm ahm h°& BZH$r H$r_Vm{ß _{ß d•o’ hm{Z{ g{ S>m±. Eb.H{$. _m{hZamd (oXgÂ]a 2013) Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ O°odH$ ImX H{$ N>m{Q{> oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ BZH$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß H$oR>ZmB© hm{Vr h°& C[`m{J g{ ^yo_ H$r ObYmaU j_Vm ]∂T>Vr h°, bmJV H$_ hm{Vr h°, g_` H$r gaH$mar ‡`mg - _mßJ H$m{ X{IV{ hwE{ amÓQ≠> H{$ Ï`m[H$ohV _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm ^maV _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß Edß odÒVma H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ Mmoh`{& hwE{ gaH$ma ¤mam amÓQ≠>r` hm∞oQ©>H$ÎMa o_eZ VWm amÓQ≠>r` H•$of odH$mg O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ bm^m{ß H$m{ X{IV{ hwE{ VWm X{e _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ `m{OZm Zm_ g{ O°odH$ I{Vr [a H{$ßo–V H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`m Om ahm h°& amÓQ≠>r` ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{Z{ H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ o_eZ J´rZ flbmßQ> “ Save The Mother hm∞oQ©>H$ÎMa o_eZ H{$ VhV d_r© H$Â[m{ÒQ> `yoZQ> ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma ¤mam Earth” ‡m{O{∑Q> [a H$m`© H$a ahm h°& ‡m{O{∑Q> _{ß [m°Ym{ß Edß O_rZ H{$ obE 50 \$rgXr VH$ go„gS>r oX`{ OmZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°, Om{ AoYH$V_ 30 Vab, gßVwobV VWm [m°fH$ VÀdm{ß g{ â[ya ImX "[mßda flbmßQ> J´m{' ]Zm`m h°, hOma hm{ gH$Vr h°& BgH{$ gmW hr ]m`m{J°g flbmßQ> H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ h{Vw Om{ O_rZ _{ß [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$m{ gßVwobV H$a Cd©am j_Vm _{ß d•o’ H$aVm h°& gaH$ma ¤mam 100 ‡oVeV AZwXmZ oX`m OmVm h°& H•$fH$mßß{ H$m{ \$gbm{ß H$r Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 114

OmZH$mar X{Z{ h{Vw H•$of H$mb g{ßQ>a ÒWmo[V oH$`{ J`{ h°& Im⁄mZ \$gbm{ß H$m{ j{Ã _{ß MaU]’ VarH{$ g{ O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ÒWmZmßVnaV oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ß& _m°g_ _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ [nadV©Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ Ω`maßQ>r h{Vw H•$of ]r_m `m{OZm ^r ^maV O°gm X{e O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ A[ZmH$a H$B© ‡H$ma g{ bm^mo›dV MbmB© Om ahr h°& hm{ gH$Vm h°& o_Q•>r H$r Cd©aVm, ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m gßajU, _•Xm jaU O°odH$ I{Vr odÒVma h{Vw gwPmd - H$r am{H$Wm_ AmoX emo_b h°& BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU am{OJma H$m g•OZ X{e _{ß O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß H$m`©H´$_ VWm H$m`© oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ÒWmZr` Im⁄ gwajm, [`m©daU gßajU VWm `m{OZm hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ O°odH$ I{Vr VH$ZrH$ H{$ ‡`m{J h{Vw _mZdOrdZ H$r JwUdŒmm O°g{ b˙`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ß, O°odH$ I{Vr H$aZ{ H{$ VarH$m{ß g{ ‡oeojV gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& O°odH$ I{Vr oQ>H$mD$ I{Vr h°, Om{ gVV≤ H•$of gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- CÀ[mXZ H$m{ ]ZmE{ aIZ{ _{ß _XXJma h° VWm [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV gßd{XZerb 1. Ghosh R.N. (1977) - Agriculture in Economic h°& ^maVr` H•$of _{ß ew’ O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ A[ZmH$a amgm`oZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ development,Vikas Publication,New Delhi. BÒV{_mb _{ß H$_r bmZ{ H$r gß^mdZm _m°OyX h°& O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ A[ZmZ{ H{$ 2. H{$.O{. EOwH{$eZ gm{gm`Q>r, ^m{[mb (2008), O°odH$ I{Vr g_•’ obE g_o›dV [m{fU ‡]ßYZ, g_o›dV H$rQ>ZmeH$ ‡]ßYZ Am°a O°odH$ odH$mg oZ`›ÃU odoY`m{ß H$m{ ge∫$ H$aZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& ^maVr` H•$of Z{ BH$m{- 3. gobb (2008) O°odH$ ImX ]ZmE{ß Am°a H$_mE{ß, ‡oV^m ‡oVÓR>mZ, \$mo_™J, O°odH$ I{Vr, ‡mH•$oVH$ I{Vr, AmoX YmaUmAm{ß H$m{ O›_ oX`m& ZB© oXÑr O°odH$ I{Vr H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE [ßMm`V ÒVa [a _ohbm Òdghm`Vm 4. S>m±. JU{e [mS{> (2009), gm_moOH$ AZwgßYmZ, gd}jU Edß gmßoª`H$r, amYm [o„bH{$e›g, [•.gß. 65 g_yh JoR>V H$a, O°odH$ I{Vr H$m ‡oejU X{H$a g_yh H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H•$of H$m{ EH$ CÀ[mXH$ VWm bm^H$mar Ï`dgm` H{$ Í$[ _{ß Í$[mßVnaV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& 5. Hw$bXr[ e_m© (2011) - O°odH$ I{Vr : g_Ò`mE{ß Am°a gß^mdZmE{ß H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ O°odH$ ImX H´$` H$aZ{ h{Vw gaH$ma ¤mam AZwXmZ amoe ‡XmZ H$r `m{OZm, [•.gß. 31 Om gH$Vr h°& \$gb H$r [°Xmdma H$r oJamdQ> H$m{ am{H$Z{ h{Vw MaU]’ VarH$m{ß 5. oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg od^mJ _.‡. 2013 O°odH$ I{Vr g{ O°odH$ CÀ[mXm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß ]Xbmd H$aZm Mmoh`{, VmoH$ ‡maoÂ^H$ dfm} _{ß (‡mH•$oVH$ Edß oQ>H$mD$ I{Vr) Om{oI_ H$_ hm{& ogßoMßV ^mJ _{ß amgm`oZH$ Cd©aH$ VWm dfm© [a oZ^©a H•$of 6. S>m±. hZw_ßV `mXd (21 OZdar 2014) X{e]›Yw

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 115

]°Vyb oOb{ _| H•$fH$m| H$m O°odH$ I{Vr H$r Am{a ]∂T>Vm Í$PmZ

gwa{Im `mXd * ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV H•$nf ‡YmZ X{e h°& ^maV _{ß 1960 H{$ XeH$ _{ß H•$nf H{$ VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-1 j{Ã _{ß H´$mn›VH$mar [nadV©Z hwAm nOg{ hnaV H´$mn›V H$hV{ h¢ `ht g{ ^maVr` oOb{ _| amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m| H{$ C[`m{J H$r df©dma OmZH$mar oZÂZmßoH$V H•$nf ‡Umbr [nadnV©V hwB© h° & hoaV H´$mo›V _| J|hy H{$ CfiV oH$Ò_ H{$ ]rOm|$ h° & H$m amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m| (EZ.[r.H{$.) VWm amgmòZH$ H$rQ>ZmeH$m| H$m oOb{ _| amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m| H{$ C[`m{J H$r df©dma OmZH$mar(oH$bm{J´m_/ C[`m{J H$aZm H•$fH$m{$ Z{ ‡maß^ oH$`m & H•$fH$ H•$of AmXmZ O°g{ ]rO, h°∑Q{>à _|>) ImX, H$rQ>ZmeH$ [a oZ^©a hm{ J`m h° & Bgg{ dV©_mZ g_` _|$ H•$fH$m|$ H$m{ df© Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ Zm_ Cd©aH$ C[`m{J ]hwV gr g_Ò`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [S> ahm h° & ZmBQ≠>m{OZ Ò\w$a [m{Q{>nÌm`_ H$m `m{J df© 1960 H{$ XeH$ H{$ [yd© ^maVr` H•$nf ‡Umbr _{ß H•$fH$ A[Z{ 2007-08 81.36 26.88 7.03 115.27 I{Vm{ß _{ß CÀ[mXZ h{Vw Jm{]a H$r ImX Òd`ß V°`ma H$aV{ W{ nOg{ d{ Jm° [ÌmwAm{ß 2008-09 78.51 30.83 6.37 115.71 H{$ Jm{]a, \$gb, AdÌm{f Edß [Ìmw]m∂S{> H{$ H$Ma{ g{ ImX V°`ma H$aV{ W{& gmW 2009-10 100.09 45.47 7.64 153.20 hr _y∞J, bm{n]`m, ]ng™J AmnX H$r \$gb H$m{ har ImX H{$ Í$[ _{ß I{Vm{ß _{ß 2010-11 108.22 48.44 8.92 165.58 ‡`m{J H$aV{ W{ BgH$r bmJV H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ H$_ AmVr Wr Bgr H{$ gwYa{ d 2011-12 105.73 46.08 6.20 158.01 gßÌmm{nYV Í$[ H$m{ O°ndH$ I{Vr H$hV{ h¢& dV©_mZ _{ß X{e _{ß H•$fH$m{ß H{$ ¤mam g_mßVa _m‹` 94.782 39.54 7.232 109.95 C[`m{J hm{Z{ dmb{ amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$r I[V ]∂T> ahr h°& df© 2010-11 Ûm{V : nH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$nf ndH$mg nd^mJ, ]°Vyb& H{$ AZwgma ^maV _{ß amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$r Hw$b I[V 28µ12 n_nb`Z Q>Z VmnbH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ ]°Vyb nOb{ _{ß H•$fH$m{ß ¤mam amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m h°& C[`m{J ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& ZmBQ≠>m{OZ Cd©aH$ H$m ‡nVh{∑Q>a C[`m{J 94 ^maV A^r ^r ZmBQ≠>m{OZ `w∫$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$r A[Zr I[V H$m 82 ‡oVeV nH$bm{J´m_ h° O]nH$ Ò\w$a Cd©aH$ 39µ59 nH$bm{J´m_ ‡nV h{∑Q>a h¢ dht hr CÀ[mXZ H$a [mVm h°& [m{Q>mÌmYmar Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ nbE [yar Vah g{ ndX{em{ß [a [m{Q{>nÌm`_ Cd©aH$ Am°gV C[`m{J 7µ232 nH$bm{J´m_ ‡nV h{∑Q>a h°& VrZm{ß nZ^©a h° Bg ‡H$ma Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ ^maV _{ß amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ Edß Cd©aH$m{ß H$m Am°gV C[`m{J 109µ95 nH$bm{J´m_ ‡nV h{∑Q>a h°& nOb{ _{ß Am°gV C[^m{J _mÃm _{ß AßVa h° Edß ^maV gaH$ma H$m{ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ Am`mV [a ^r Cd©aH$ C[`m{J Ag›VwnbV AZw[mV _{ß h°, Om{ dV©_mZ _{ß \$gb CÀ[mXZ Vm{ MwH$mZm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& ^maVr` H•$fH$ \$mÒ\$m{naH$ Am°a [m{Q{>ÌmH$ Cd©aH$m{ß ]∂T> ahm h° nH$›Vw gmW hr `h ^yn_ H$r CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$m{ jrU ^r ]Zm ahm H$r ndVnaV bmJV H$m H{$db 50 ‡oVeV amoe MwH$mV{ h¢ e{f ^maV ¤mam h°& gn„gS>r H{$ Í$[ _{ß dhZ nH$`m OmVm h°& oOb{ _| O°odH$ I{Vr H$m ‡gma - em{YH$Vm© H$m{ n¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß g{ kmV AVEd C[am{∫$ ndd{MZ g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ amgm`nZH$ I{Vr H$r VwbZm hwAm nH$ nOb{ _{ß O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H•$fH$ A[Z{ I{Vm{ß _{ß H$a _{ß O°ndH$ I{Vr H•$fH$ nhVH$mar, amÓQ≠>nhVH$mar d ^yn_ H{$ AmnW©H$ g_` VH$ ah{ h¢& g_ßH$m{ß H$r OmZH$mar nZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ h° - nQ>H$mD$ aIZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yn_H$m AXm H$a gH$Vr h°& VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$- 2 C‘{Ì` - em{Y [Ã H{$ nZÂZ C‘{Ì` h¢ - oOb{ _| O°odH$ I{Vr H{$ odo^fi KQ>H$m| H{$ C[`m{J H$r df©dma OmZH$mar 1. nOb{ _{ß O°ndH$ KQ>H$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$r df© dma OmZH$mar H$m A‹``Z (BH$mB© ñ gßª`m) H$aZm h°& df© ZmS{>[ ]m`m{J°g gß`ßÃ d_r© H$Â[m{ÒQ> 2. nOb{ _{ß amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$r OmZH$mar H$m A‹``Z H$Ém [∏$m n[Q> H$aZm h°& 2007-08 7816 1070 90 386 em{Y ‡mdoY - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß ]°Vyb nOb{ H$m A‹``Z nH$`m J`m h°& 2008-09 7500 894 426 561 ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m A‹``Z j{Ã ]°Vyb nObm h¢ A‹``Z h{Vw n¤Vr`H$ AmßH$∂S{> 2009-10 8000 960 170 217 nH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$nf ndH$mg nd^mJ nObm ]°Vyb g{ gßJńhV nH$`{ 2010-11 5195 470 471 650 J`{ h¢& em{YH$Vm© ¤mam df© 2007-08 g{ df© 2011-12 VH$ H{$ g_ßH$ 2011-12 6190 460 498 470 gßJńhV nH$`{ J`{ h¢ g_ßH$ gßJ´hU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ gmaUr`Z H$a Am°gV kmV Hw$b `m{J 6.9402 770.8 331 456.80 H$a ndÌb{fU nH$`m J`m h°& Ûm{V : nH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$nf ndH$mg nd^mJ, ]°Vyb odÌb{fU - nOb{ _{ß amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$ C[^m{J H$r df©dma OmZH$mar C[am{∫$ VmnbH$m H´$_mßH$-2 _{ß nOb{ _{ß O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ ndn^fi KQ>H$m{ß H{$ nZÂZmßnH$V h° - C[`m{J H$r df©dma OmZH$mar g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ nOb{ _{ß [∏${ ZmS{>[ H$r VwbZm * AW©ÌmmÛ nd^mJ, gam{nOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oedmOr ZJa, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 116

_{ß H•$fH$ H$Ém ZmS{>[ AnYH$ ]Zm ah{ h¢ Am°a Jm{]a H$r ImX A[Z{ I{Vm{ß _{ß 2. O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß g{ ^yn_ H$m{ hm{Z{ dmb{ \$m`X{ H$r OmZH$mar C[`m{J H$a ah{ h¢& nOgH$m df©dma Am°gV nZ_m©U gßª`m 6940.2 h° Bgr H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ Xr OmE& ‡H$ma ]m`m{J°g gß`ßÃ Am°gV nZ_m©U gßª`m 331 h° Am°a d_r©H$Â[m{ÒQ> n[Q> 3. O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m nZ_m©U H$aZ{ H$m ‡nÌmjU H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ nX`m H$r nZ_m©U gßª`m 456.8 h°& amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$r VwbZm _{ß OmE& O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m C[`m{J H$_ h° nH$›Vw Bgr ‡H$ma H$r nOb{ _{ß oZÓH$f© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß g_ßH$m{ß H{$ ndÌb{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° nH$ amgm`nZH$ gß^mdZm h°& MyßnH$ ]°Vyb nOb{ H{$ Jmßdm{ß _{ß [ÌmwYZ gßª`m AnYH$ h° Om{ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m C[`m{J H•$fH$ A[Z{ I{Vm{ß _{ß Ag›VwnbV _mÃm _{ß H$a ah{ h¢& Hw$N> O°ndH$ I{Vr H$m AmYma h°& H•$fH$ O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m{ ^r C[`m{J H$r Am{a AJ´ngV hm{ ah{ h¢& g_Ò`mEß - O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZH$mar H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ Yra{-Yra{ ‡m· hm{ ahr h° Cgr H{$ 1. amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m AnYH$ _mÃm _{ß Edß Ag›VwnbV AZw[mV _{ß AZwgma d{ Yra{-Yra{ BgH$m ‡`m{J H$a ah{ h¢ Am°a H•$nf H$m{ gVV≤ d ÒWm`r C[`m{J H$aZ{ g{ ^yn_ H$r Cd©am en∫$ [a ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& ]Zm`{ aIZ{ h{Vw `h ]hwV AmdÌ`H$ h° Edß gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡`mg h°& 2. O°ndH$ I{Vr H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m nZ_m©U H$aZm H•$fH$m{ß H{$ nbE H$nR>Z ‡nH´$`m h° nOgg{ d{ CgH$m H$_ ‡`m{J H$a ah{ h¢& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 3. gmd©OoZH$ Ï`` _| d•o’ hm{Vr h° & 1. H$m°Ìmb S>m∞µ OrµEgµ (2008) "l”m H{$ \y$bm{ß g{ gm{Zm' _µ‡µ ndkmZ Edß gwPmd - ‡m{⁄m{nJH$r [nafX ndkmZ ^dZ Z{hÍ$ ZJa ^m{[mb & 1. H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ amgm`nZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J g{ ^yn_ H$m{ hm{Z{ dmbr hmnZ 2. Am{Pm EgµH{$µ (2012-13) "H•$nf Edß ‡m°⁄m{nJH$r' ]m°n”H$ ‡H$mÌmZ g{ AdJV H$am`m OmE& Bbmhm]mX [{O Zßµ 11-36µ

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 117

OZOmoV` odH$mg _| ]XbV{ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H$m AßJrH$aU

S>m∞. b˙_r dmÒH{$b * ‡m{. Jm°am _wd{b * * ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV H•$of ‡YmZ X{e h°& ^maV _ß{ H•$of H$m H{$›–r` ÒWmZ ahm hm{ J`m& [aßVw [m{Q>me `w∫$ amgmòZH$ Im⁄ H$r [yar _mÃm Am`mV H$r OmVr h°, VWm H•$of H$m{ ^maVr` AW©dÒWm H$r ar∂T> H$r h»r H$r gßkm Xr J`r h°& h°& BgH$m VmÀ[`© X{e _{ß Cd©aH$ H$r I[V _{ß ]∂T>m{Var hm{Vr Om ahr h°& X{e _{ß ^maV H$r H•$of ZroV H$m gmR> H{$ XeH$ VH$ Ao^^mdr b˙` ahm h°& H•$of ogßMmB© j_Vm _{ß ^r CVam{Œma d•o’ XO© H$r JB© Am°a ôdÓ` _{ß AmemZwHw$b X{e H$r oZa[{j Edß ÀdnaV AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Edß `h AmZ{ dmb{ g_` _{ß ^r odH$mg hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm h°& AV: ogßMmB© Ï`dÒWm H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{e H$m ]Zr ah{Jr& d°oÌdH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H•$of H$m{ g]g{ ]∂S>m CYm{J H$m XOm© odÌd _{ß ‡W_ ÒWmZ h°& df© 1950-51 _{ß X{e _{ß Hw$b ogßMmB© j_Vm 223 oX`m J`m h°& ]mdOyX oZaßVa H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm H{$ ÒVa H{$ KQ>V{ AZw[mV g{ bmI h{∑Q{>à Wr, Om{ ZB© `m{OZm _{ß EH$ 1.80 g{ 1.85 o_ob`Z h{∑Q{>à ]wo’ Ordr dJ©, __©k d oZ`m{OH$ AmoX H•$of H{$ `w’ ÒVa [a odH$mg h{Vw ahr h°& X{e _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ ob`{ H$m`©H´$_mß{ _{ß ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ [a odde hm{ JE Edß AmJm_r `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß H•$of odH$mg h{Vw A[{ojV gwgßJV oZd{e oH$`m J`m Am°a oZH$Q> ôdÓ` _{ß ^r hm{Vm ah{Jm& oZ`m{OZ _{ß H$B© b˙` oZYm©naV oH$`{ h°& oZ`m{OH$m{ß Z{ H•$of `ßÃrH$aU [a AÀòYH$ ]b Imo_`m{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z, AZwldU Edß _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß oX`m Am°a Im⁄mfi j{Ã _{ß AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$r oÒWoV oZo_©V H$a Xr & odS>Â]Zm AZoJZV ‡oH´$`mÀ_H$ g_Ò`mEß ahr h°& `m{OZm oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ obE Hw$N> h°, oH$ X{e _{ß odkmZ Edß Q{>∑Zm{bm∞Or H$m Ah_≤ `m{JXmZ H{$db Im⁄mfi H{$ oZ`m{OZ A[{ojV h°& OZOmVr` odH$mg _{ß ]XbV{ H•$of VH$ZrH$r _{ß _m_b{ _{ß AmÀ_oZ^©aVm oXbmZ{ _{ß g\$b hwAm h°& oH$›Vw h_mar H•$of H$r A[yd© d°kmoZH$ C[H$aUm{ß H$m CoMV ‡`m{J gwoZoÌMV oH$`m Om`{, oOgg{ ogßMmB© j_VmAmß{ H$m{ ‡H$Q> Zht$ H$a [m`m& H•$of ¤mam hr J´m_rU Edß OZOmVr` Edß \$gb odH$mg [na`m{OZm, CÀ[mXZ, ‡gßÒH$aU Edß od[UZ j{Ãm{ß H$r CfioV H{$ gmW Am°⁄m{oJH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m oZ_m©U gß^d h°& [oÌM_r [na`m{OZm, eo∫$ Edß C⁄m{J AmoX H$m{ g_` [a [yU© H$aZ{ Edß [na`m{OZm g{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß H$m gdm©oYH$ OZm^ma h°& BZ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m [yU© bm^ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& AV: `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß AJ´Jm_r Edß ]mhwÎ` _‹`‡X{e H{$ Yma oOb{ _{ß ^r —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& BZH$r OrdZe°br [ÌMJm_r Xm{Zm{ß gÂ[H©$ oZo_©V Edß ge∫$ oH$`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{& BZ OZOmoV`m{ß VWm gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ gßaMZm ZJar` g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV g{ o^fi h°& H{$ odH$mg h{Vw `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ VWm ‡]›YH$r` ^m°oVH$ gßÒH•$oV H$r AßYr Xm°∂S> g{ Xya `{ OZOmoV`m∞± AmO ^r A[Z{ Am`m_m{ß H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& [aÂ[amJV ahZ-ghZ, ImZ[mZ Edß Í$o∂T>dmXr H•$of ‡Umbr _{ß OH$∂S>r hwB© A‹``Z H$r odoY - `h em{Y [Ã o¤Vr`H$ Ûm{Vm{ß g{ ‡m· g_ßH$m{ß [a h°& Bg j{Ã g{ A[Zr AmOrodH$m H$m oZdm©h H$aV{ hwE gro_V AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß AmYmnaV h°& Bg_{ß Vœ` gßH$bZ oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m Edß ododY H{$ ]mdOyX A[Zr ]woZ`mXr OÍ$aV{ß [yar H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© h°& `{ OZOmoV`m± Amb{Im{ß g{ oH$`m J`m h°& 90.5 ‡oVeV H•$of j{Ã g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© h°& A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` - ^maVr` OZOmVr` H•$fH$ A[Zr AmOrodH$m dZm{[Om{ß, _ÀÒ` Edß 1. OZOmVr` g_mO ¤mam H•$of VH$ZrH$r A[ZmZ{ H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m AmI{Q> g{ Mbm`m H$aV{ h¢& g_` [nadV©Z H{$ Xm°amZ AmoXdmog`mß{ H$m OrdZ A‹``Z H$aZm& [yU©V: H•$of [a oZ^©a hm{ J`m& OZOmVr` H•$fH$ [wamVZ [aÂ[amJV 2. OZOmVr` g_mO [a AmYwoZH$ H•$of VH$ZrH$r H{$ ‡^md Edß g_Ò`m VH$ZrH$r H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H•$of H$m`© H$aV{ W{& ∑`m{ßoH$ AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r H$m{ H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw Vœ`mÀ_H$ gwPmd d oZÓH$f© ‡ÒVwV H$aZm& A[ZmZ{ _{ß H$B© KQ>H$ ododY g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ CÀ[fi H$a ah{ W{& BZ_{ß _wª`V: VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 (X{I|) oejm Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r, AmoW©H$ o[N>∂S>m[Z Edß H•$of C[O _ßS>r Edß VmobH$m g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h°, oH$ df© 2002-03 _{ß CfiV ]rO, ]mOmam{ß H$m Xya AWm©V≤ XwJ©_ Edß [hw±ModhrZ j{Ã hm{Zm ‡_wI h°& [naUm_ 16351 j{Ã\$b Edß _mÃm (oπ$. _{ß) 9862 Wr, Om{ df© 2006-07 _{ß ÒdÍ$[ H•$fH$ [wamVZ Am°a [aÂ[amJV H•$of VH$ZrH$r H{$ ghma{ oZÂZ ÒVa j{Ã\$b 826200 Edß _mÃm 89248 hm{ JB©& amgmòZH$ ImX{ß C∫$ AdoY`m{ß H$m OrdZ OrZ{ h{Vw ]m‹` hm{ ah{ W{& _{ß 391732 j{Ã\$b d _mÃm 344180 hm{ JB©, Om{ df© 2006-07 _{ß AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r _{ß `ßÃm{ß d _erZm{ß, CfiV ]rOm{ß, amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß 826200 j{Ã\$b d _mÃm 784400 oπ$ßQ>b hm{ JB©& [m°Y gßajU j{Ã\$b d H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß g{ b{H$a ZdrZ \$gb ‡Umbr VWm Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbm{ß H$m H$r _mÃm Bgr AdoY _{ß 331482 g{ KQ>H$a 245600 VH$ Wr& O]oH$ CÀ[mXZ Am°a aI aImd Ï`dÒWm Edß odH´$` g_mohV h° AWm©V≤ `h VH$ZrH$r BgH$r _mÃm 252682 brQ>a g{ KQ>H$a AmYr 135410 hm{ J`r& ]rM _mZdr` l_ H$r ]MV H$aVr h°& C[Mma df© 2002-03 _{ß 155315 j{Ã\$b g{ ]∂T>H$a 180500 d _mÃm gaH$ma H$r ZB© ZroV _{ß Cd©aH$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ [a AÀòYH$ H´$_e: 3340 oH$.J´m. hm{ J`r& ]b oX`m Om ahm h¢& df© 1952 - 53 _{ß Cd©aH$ H{$ ‡`m{J _mÃ 66.00 bmI C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H{$ g_J´ odõ{fU g{ `h Vœ` gmo]V hm{Vm h°, oH$ Q>Z Wm, Om{ df© 2004-05 _{ß 18390 hOma bmI Q>Z hm{ J`m& CfiV C∫$ AdoY`m{ß _{ß (df© 2002-03 Edß df© 2006-07) CfiV ]rOm{ß Edß ]rOm{ß H$m ‡`m{J df© 1997-98 _{ß ‡OZH$ ]rO 46134 oπ$ßQ>b Am°a amgmòZH$ ImXm{ß H$r _mÃm Edß j{Ã\$b _{ß CŒmam{Œma d•o’ XO© H$r JB©, JwUdŒmm dmb{ ]rO 7879 o∑ßdQ>b Wm& Om{ 2005-06 _{ß 54700 o∑ßdQ>b O]oH$ BgH{$ od[naV [m°Y gßajU Edß ]rM C[Mma H{$ j{Ã\$b Edß _mÃm _{ß

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ * * AoVoW od¤mZ, AW©emÛ od^mJ ehrX ^r_mZm`H,$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 118

^mar oJamdQ> Am`r h°& [naUm_V: H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm H{$ ÒVa _{ß CÑ{IZr` 4. H•$of [mR>ÁH´$_ VWm e°joUH$ ‡Umbr odkmZ H$r [wZ©aMZm H$aZm d•o’ Zht hm{ [m`r& Ohmß X{e odH$mg H$r Am{a oZaßVa AJ´ga h°, dht H•$of oOgg{ H•$fH$ H•$of `ßÃrH$aU H{$ bm^m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ>Í$[ g{ AdJV hm{ j{Ã Om{ oH$ X{e H{$ odH$mg H$r Ztd ]Zm hwAm h°, CgH{$ Aodam_ odH$mg h{Vw gH{$& oH$gmZm{ß H{$ ob`{ EH$ gm_moOH$ gwajm ‡Umbr VWm ghm`Vm ‡mWo_H$Vm g{ ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE& g{dm H$m{ AmaÂ^ Edß odH$ogV H$aZm& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 02 (X{I|) 5. ^yo_ H$r JwUdŒmmZwgma H•$of h{Vw ]rOm{ß H$r odVaU Ï`dÒWm Edß H$_ VmobH$m _{ß H•$of C[H$aUm{ß _{ß bH$∂S>r H{$ hb df© 2002-03 _{ß 91728 ogßMmB© H$r \$gbm{{ß h{Vw H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm& W{, Om{ df© 2006-07 _{ß KQ>H$a _mÃ 52223 ah JE Edß B›ht AdoY`m{ß _{ß oZÓH$f© - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã H{$ AmYma [a H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$, OZOmoV`m{ß bm{h{ H{$ hb _{ß 19847 g{ ]∂T>H$a 31269 hm{ JE Edß ]°bJmo∂S>`mß 67815 H$m ‡_wI Ï`dgm` H•$of H$m`© h°& OZOmVr` g_mO H$m odH$mg H•$of g{ H$_ hm{H$a 58174 ah J`r& df© 2002-03 _{ß V{b [ß[ 1446 W{, Om{ df© odH$mg g{ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ Ow∂S>m h°& H•$fH$m{ß H$r [aÂ[amJV H•$of Ï`dÒWm 2006-07 _{ß 177 hm{ JE& od⁄wV _m{Q>a 62391 g{ ]∂T>H$a 69103 hm{ JB©& [a AmYwoZH$ [’oV`m{ß H{$ ‡^md g{ H•$fH$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV gw—∂T> hwB© h°& df© 2002-03 _{ß Q≠>{∑Q>g© 7410 W{, Om{ df© 2006-06 _{ß 7516 hm{ JE& H•$fH$m{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md d oZajaVm Z{ C›h{ß ‡H•$oV [a [yU©V: VmobH$m H{$ g_J´ odõ{fU g{ `h Vœ` gmo]V hm{Vm h°, oH$ H•$of oZ^©a d ^mΩ`dmXr ]Zm oX`m Wm& A›VVm{JÀdm emgZ ¤mam oH´$`mo›dV gß]ßoYV _erZ{ß, `ßÃ, C[H$aUm{ß _{ß gdm©oYH$ d•o’, bm{h{ H{$ hb, V{b [ß[, ododY `m{OZmAm{ß Edß J´m_rUm{ß h{Vw oejm H{$ Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma-‡gma ¤mam od⁄wV _m{Q>a Edß Q≠>{∑Q>g© _{ß XO© H$r JB©& O]oH$ BgH{$ od[naV bH$∂S>r H{$ hb OZOmVr` H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ gßgmYZm{ß, oZd{em{ß, ZdmMmam{ß H$m ÒWm`r g_mZ odVaU H$r gßª`m KQ>H$a AmYr ah JB©& gmW hr ]°bJmo∂S>`m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß ^r H$_r gwoZoÌMV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& oOgg{ oH$ odH$mg H$r C[bo„Y`mß gmW©H$ AßoH$V H$r JB© AWm©V≤ H•$of `ßÃrH$aU H$r Am{a ^maVr` H•$fH$m{ß H$m Í$PmZ VWm ÒWm`r ]Z gH{$Jr& oOb{ _{ß OZOmVr` odH$mg _{ß ]XbV{ H•$of VH$ZrH$r ]∂T>Vm oXImB© X{ ahm h°& H•$fH$ bH$∂S>r H{$ hb d [aÂ[amJV VH$ZrH$r g{ H$m AßJrH$aU bm{Jm{ß H$r _m›`VmAm{ß, ‡d•oŒm`m{ß VWm _yÎ`m{ß _{ß [nadV©Z bmZ{ AbJ hQ>H$a AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r H$m{ A[Zm ah{ h°& Om{ H•$of H{$ Vrd´Jm_r _{ß H$maJa gmo]V hm{Jm& \$bÒdÍ$[ `h dJ© CÉ AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ gßH{$V h°& ‡oÒWoV H$m{ ‡m· H$a gH{$Jm& gwPmd - em{Y [Ã _{ß oZÂZmßoH$V ‡mgßoJH$ o]›Xw gwPm`{ J`{ h°- gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1. ^maVr` OZOmoV _{ß AmYwoZH$V_ —oÓQ>H$m{U H{$ Amod^m©d h{Vw CZH$r 1. H$Q>maogßh - J´m_rU odH$mg og’mßV, ZroV`mß Edß ‡]›Y - 2011 gm{M _{ß [nadV©Z H$aZm oOgg{ CZH$r [aÂ[amJV H•$of VH$ZrH$r _{ß 2. amOrdHw$_ma - AmoW©H$ ZroV, 2009 gwYma bm`m Om gH{$& 3. AJ´dmb EZ.Eb. 1999, ^maVr` H•$of H$m AW©emÛ, amOÒWmZ 2. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ odH$mgmÀ_H$ [hbwAm{ß H$m{ _‘{ZOa aIV{ hwE oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa& H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm, ododY H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m ‡Mma-‡gma H$a 4. d_m© Í$[MßX 1997, ^maVr` OZOmoV`m± AVrV H{$ Pam{I{ g{, gyMZm AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$r g{ gmjmÀH$ma H$admZm& ‡gma _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma& 3. H•$of H$r AmoW©H$ Ï`dhm`©Vm _{ß gwYma H$aV{ hwE `h gwoZoÌMV H$aZm 5. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm, ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U - 2012-13 oH$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ ›`yZV_ ew’ Am` ‡m· hm{& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 Yma oOb{ _{ß CfiV H•$of H{$ A›VJ©V j{Ã\$b Edß _mÃm H´$. df© CfiV ]rO amgmòZH$ ImX{ß [m°Y gßajU ]rO C[Mma j{Ã\$b _mÃm (oπ$._{ß) j{Ã\$b _mÃm (oπ$._{ß) j{Ã\$b _mÃm (oπ$._{ß) j{Ã\$b _mÃm (oπ$._{ß) 1 2002-03 16351 9862 391732 344180 331482 252682 155315 3340 2 2003-04 53956 17636 655632 577270 271268 225498 176581 4719 3 2004-05 109104 28341 704378 635080 217045 294566 110999 99410 4 2005-06 77660 31048 6044386 532130 271402 180915 90200 82000 5 2006-07 826200 89248 826200 784400 245600 135410 180500 10599 Ûm{V - oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m, Yma (2007) VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 02 H•$of gß]ßoYV _erZ{ß, `ßÃ VWm C[H$aU gßª`m H´$. df© H•$of C[H$aUm{ß H$r gßª`m [ß[ ogMmB© h{Vw Q≠>{∑Q>g© bH$∂S>r H{$ hb bm{h{ H{$ hb ]{bJmS>∂r`mß V{b [ß[ od⁄wV _m{Q>a 1 2002-03 91728 19847 67815 1446 62391 7410(20.0) 2 2003-04 90881 30602 60675 1475 63951 7280(19.7) 3 2004-05 89564 30781 60596 1962 66230 7309(19.7) 4 2005-06 86241 31129 58826 1922 68179 7417(20.0) 5 2006-07 52223 31269 58174 1771 69103 7516(20.37) Ûm{V - oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m, (2007) Yma (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 119

Method Of Teaching: Lecture Method

* Dr. Manoj Vankhede

Introduction - The Most common and believed to be quite the students might not be able to understand clearly the easy and effective teacher-directed method of teaching is main points and their inte. relationship. lecture method. All lecturers in colleges and universities use A good or effective lecture should have these features- this method invariably. Some teachers in India also use this 1. Lecture should contain new information and it should method for teaching senior secondary classes, as they find be delivered in a lively manner. it very convenient. However, many of the teachers in schools 2. The lecturer or the teacher should speak in a well- as well as colleges really do not know how to use the lecture mod-ulated and clear voice. method effectively. They also do not know that it is not very 3. The teacher or the lecturer should ask a few questions useful method for schools. to the students in between the lecture and try to elicit For effective use of the lecture method, it is desirable their knowledge, information, experiences and/or views. that the lecturer or the teacher keeps the following points in He should appreciate them and properly assimilate or mind : integrate them in this lecture. There are three phases or steps in delivering a lecture: 4. The teacher should try to show some interesting and 1. Introduction of the Lecture relevant picture, map, diagram, model or real object, or 2. Development Phase use any of the teaching aids like filmstrip, tape recorder, 3. Consolidation Phase VCR, DVD etc. so that the listeners’ attention is drawn Introduction of the Lecture - The teacher must select the towards his lecture points. topic and plan properly what Contents he would like to include 5. The lecture should neither be too long nor it should be in his lecture. Then he should put them in a systematic or of a very high level or in a difficult, incomprehensive or logical order and decide how he would present them and terse language. when - in the beginning in the middle or in the end. He should 6. The teacher should use hum our also once or twice start the lecture in such way that the students may easily (not more often) to create a pleasant environment, to and instantly get attracted towards it; they may be interested break the boredom and keep the listeners’ attention in listening to it with rapt attention. He should introduce the glued to his lecture. topic with Some interesting related questions or with the 7. The teacher should not lecture in a threatening or mention some recent news, catchy story or anecdote Or commanding voice. He should not be provoked, angry description of an event or the like. and offensive if any student in the lecture room asks Development Phase - In this phase, the teacher should him a question. He should reply the students’ question/ present the subject matter related to the topic of his lecture s in a polite, amiable and gentle manner. in a lively manner with effective voice and use one or more 8. It is a good idea if the synopsis or a very brief summary teaching aids are illustrations like picture, map, chart, model of the lecture in points is given by the lecturer to the etc systematically. He should develop his lesson gradually students a day or a few days in advance before the and very effectively in the manner as had already been lecture so that. the students may come to the class to planned by him. He should ensure that the students’ interest listen to the lecture having read that synopsis. This sustained throughout the lecture and they are indeed about definitely helps them better in understanding the lecture. to gather the necessary information. He should ask some Advantages of Lecture Method - If used properly with care, questions in the course of his lecture. Lecture Method shall have definite advantages, some of Consolidation Phase - The teacher should summarize the which may be stated as under : main points of his lecture towards the end. He should 1. Spoken word more effective than a printed one It recapitulate or recall the main points briefly so that the is a fact that a spoken word is always more effective students can recall are remember them. This can be done than a printed one. The teacher can indicate by his by asking some question to know how much of the lecture tone, gesture and facial expression the exact sense or the students have been able to understand and remember a meaning which he wishes to convey. He can dramatize the subject matter. If the teacher finishes his lecture abruptly a scene, a story or a message he wishes to convey. or suddenly without asking recapitulation questions, then *** Asst. Professor of Sociology , Govt. Girls’ College, Barwani (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 120

2. A lecture can be immediately repeated and disagree on several points. It may also not be possible modified - Whenever the teacher feels that his idea for them to outline and summarize the main points of not being followed or appreciated by his pupils, he can the topic or chapter or unit. studied by them. It is then at once repeat. it or expand and modify his statement. for the teacher to pick up the loose ends and unite them A sensible teacher would never like to “talk over the into a presentable whole for the convenience and head” of his pupils. advantage of his pupils. 3. It gives pupils good training and experience in 5. Preparing the students to undertake an assignment, learning by hearing - In democratic countries we have a project or an activity - Before any assignment or to train children in schools for the adult life so that as activity or project on group level is undertaken by the democratic citizens they may participate fully and pupils, it is always advisable to give them an informal effectively in the affairs of national and international talk. This will save them from unnecessary, wastage of importance. And as we all know lectures and talks play time and energy in searching relevant. material and guide an important part in one’s adult life these days whether them to achieve the maximum in the shortest possible we lead or follow others. For this children are to be time and with the minimum labour. prepared from the school stage. Thus, occasional talks Conclusion - We may conclude by saying that teaching and interesting lectures should be arranged for all types through an informal talk or lecture is “A method and not the of school children. method”. It should not be used too frequently and too 4. It saves time and energy of the pupils - Sometimes hopefully. It should always be accompanied by illustrations, facts of Social Studies, because of their complicated comparisons, charts, pictures, diagrams and other aids. A nature, are not clear to students as they read their talk should always be carefully planned, outlined and textbooks. In textbooks, details are seldom given and mastered beforehand. It should be remembered that lecturing sometimes interpretations may also be wrong. The is an art. Its successful performance depends upon the students may, thus, be lost in the maze of facts. teacher’s strength and depth of knowledge and upon his 5. It is a good means of stimulating students - Since awareness of human factors of interest and motivation. A lecture demands a lot of preparation on the part of the lecture is primarily is primarily meant to reinforce key ideas teacher, its advantages are transferred to the class as and facts and to place them in a context of thought. It is to a whole. Teacher’s own preparation, his enthusiasm and present a philosophical whole out of a number of related his interest do stimulate good students who may, fragments of information that can be obtained piecemeal by therefore, like to pursue projects, problems and other other means, but not put together sensibly without the mature such activities in order to gain more knowledge. judgment and wisdom of a good teacher. It is, therefore, When to use this Method? obvious that lecture method itself is not bad. The real culprit This method may, however, be used with advantage only on is the bad lecture or the unsuitable topic. After all, people suitable occasions for : flock by thousands to listen to lectures or talks which are 1. Stimulating students - In the beginning of a new topic interesting, fascinating, inspiring, informative and exciting. or unit we can stimulate our pupils by presenting the The same type of talks should be presented in the classroom outstanding aspects of the events or movements or the to ensure success. achievements of significant persons in very simple and The teacher many utilize this method profitably for (i) they easy words. This will arouse interest among the giving background of a topic, (ii) giving an overview of a large pupils and they will like to know more about that topic. unit, (iii) creating interest in the pupils, (iv) explaining and 2. Clarifying concepts - If the students are not helped in correcting some faulty ideas or introducing an intelligent time, they may form wrong notions after memorizing assignment. certain facts from the books without understanding their meaning and importance. The teacher, chrough an References - informal talk, should correct such wrong notions and 1. O.P. Dhiman : Understanding Education : Published by clarify the pupils’ doubts. Kalpaz Publication, Delhi 3. Supplementing the knowledge of the pupils - 2. Salmon, D. : The Art of Teaching Whatever amount of study the student may have done, 3. Adam John.Sip : Modern Developments in Education there is always need for further addition of the subject 4. Smith & Harrisor : The Principal of Class Teaching matter by the teacher, as a result of his own reading 5. Dr. Paul, S. : Effective Methods of Teaching Social and experience. This can be done through a talk or Studies : ABD Publishers Jaipur : 2003 lecture on the topic under study. 6. Dhiman, O.P : Principal and Techniques of Education 4. Summing up the findings of the pupils - After : Published by Kalpaz Publication, Delhi independent group or individual work, the students may Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 121

^maV _{ß XobV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odÍ$’ ]∂T>V{ A[amY

S>m∞. AZmo_H$m ‡Om[oV * em{Y gmamße ñ AmO odÌd H$m H$m{B© ^r X{e hm{ _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z g^r OJh Ï`m· h°& A] AJa ]mV XobV _ohbmAm{{ß H$r H$a{ Vm{ oÒWoV Am°a ^r AoYH$ ]war h°& EH$ Vm{ Am°aV, D$[a g{ XobV, \$bÒdÍ$[ A[amoY`m{ß H{$ oZemZ{ [a AmgmZr g{ Am OmVr h°& òX oH$gr XobV Ûr H{$ gmW H$m{B© A[amY hm{Vm h° Vm{ XobV [nadma A[Zr _O]yna`m{ß H{$ H$maU CgH$m ‡oVam{Y Zht H$a [mVm h° Am°a Z hr AXmbV _{ß ›`m` ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE [°adr H$a [mVm h°& `hr H$mam h° oH$ ^maV _{ß XobV _ohbmEß AÀ`mMma Am°a em{fU H$m oeH$ma AoYH$ hm{Vr h°& ]mV Mmh{ h_ `m°Z em{fU H$r H$a{ `m ]bmÀH$ma H$r, XobV _ohbmEß H$m_ o[[mgwAm{ß H$r ^{ßQ> AoYH$ M∂T>Vr h¢& J´m_rU BbmH$m{ß _{ß Ï`m· VWmH$oWV gm_ßVr Ï`dÒWm Edß Dß$Mr OmoV H{$ X]ßJ bm{J XobV `wdoV`m{ß H$m{ A[Zr ]m[ H$r ][m°Vr g_PV{ h¢ BgobE d{ A∑ga XobV `wdoV`m{ß H$m{ A[Zr dmgZm H$m oeH$ma ]ZmV{ ahV{ h¢& gßodYmZ _{ß XobV dJ© H$m{ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m h°- AZwgyoMV OmoV Am°a AZwgyoMV OZOmoV& ^maV gaH$ma H{$ EH$ gßJR>Z amÓQ≠>r` A[amY naH$mS©> „`yam{ H{$ AmH$∂S{> ]VmV{ h¢ oH$ df© 2012 H{$ Xm°amZ AZwgyoMV OmoV d OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ g^r ‡H$ma H{$ A[amY ]∂T{> h¢, Am°a g^r ‡H$ma H{$ A[amYm{ß H$m Xße g]g{ AoYH$ _ohbmAm{ß Z{ hr P{bm h°& gaH$ma ¤mam XobVm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE H$B© H$mZyZ ]Zm`{ J`{ h¢& b{oH$Z oÒWoV _{ß H$m{B© ¡`mXm \$H©$ Zht Am`m h°& CÀ[r∂S>Z Mmh{ ÒdU© _ohbm H$m hm{ `m XobV _ohbm H$m, ]{hX e_©gma H$aZ{ dmbm hm{Vm h°& oHß$Vw XobV _ohbmEß gm_moOH$ d AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ H$_Om{a hm{Vr h¢ Bg H$maU A[Z{ oIbm\$ hm{ ah{ AÀ`mMmam{ß H$m odam{Y Zht H$a [mVr h°& A] ]hwV hm{ J`m, oÒWoV ]XbZr MmohE& XobV Am°aVm{ß H$m{ ^r ‡oVÓR>m Am°a gÂ_mZ g{ OrdZ OrZ{ H$m hH$ o_bZm MmohE& XobV _ohbmAm{ß{ H{$ odÍ$’ A[amYm{ß H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE H$B© H$mZyZ ]Z{ h°, VmoH$ XobV _ohbmEß ^r gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrdZ Or gH{$, ]g AmdÌ`H$Vm h° XobV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ hm{Z{ dmb{ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H{$ A[amY H$m [waOm{a odam{Y H$aZ{ H$r& e„X Hwß$Or ñ XobV, g_mO, A[amY, CÀ[r∂S>Z, Xße, ]bmÀH$ma, A[haU, AZwgyoMVOmoV, AZwgyoMVOZOmoV& ‡ÒVmdZm - EH$ Am{a Ohmß XwoZ`m AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ oZV Z`{ Am`m_ Ny> ahr h° OmoV H{$ AmYma [a H$m{B© ^{X^md Zht oH$`m Om`{Jm& b{oH$Z Ï`dhma _{ß E{gm dht _mZd g‰`Vm A[amY H{$ gm`{ _{ß OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ obE Aoê· h°& XwoZ`mâ X{IZ{ H$m{ Zht o_bVm h°& X{eâ _{ß XobVm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ AÀ`mMma hm{ ah{ h¢& XobV _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ A[amYm{ß H$m òX A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV hm{Z{ dmb{ e„X H$m emo„XH$ AW© h°- XbZ oH$`m hwAm& Bg AW© _{ß dh ha Ïò∫$ Am OmVm A[amYm{ß H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ ‡m· hm{Jm& A] ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV h° oOgH$m em{fU `m CÀ[r∂S>Z hwAm h°& lr am_M›– d_m© Z{ A[Z{ e„XH$m{f _{ß hr A[amY AoYH$ ∑`m{ß hm{V{ h° ? MyßoH$ _ohbmEß Òd^md Am°a emarnaH$ —oÓQ> g{ XobV H$m AW© obIm h°- _gbm hwAm, _oX©V, X]m`m, am¢ßXm `m Hw$Mbm hwAm& [wÍ$fm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß{ H$m{_b hm{Vr h° CZH$r Bgr H$_Om{ar H{$ MbV{ CZH{$ odÍ$’ o[N>b{ 6-7 XeH$m{ß _{ß XobV e„X H$m AW© H$m\$r ]Xb J`m h°& gßodYmZ _{ß A[amY Am°a AÀ`mMma AoYH$ hm{V{ h¢& XobV dJ© H$m{ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m h°- AZwgyoMV OmoV Am°a BoVhmg H{$ [fi{ [bQ>Z{ [a [Vm MbVm h° oH$ d°oXH$H$mb _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV& MyßoH$ AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ bm{J g_mO _{ß gdm}É ÒWmZ ‡m· Wm Cg g_` _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ A[amY O°gr gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ ]{hX o[N>∂S{> hwE hm{V{ h° BgobE Bg dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{B© ]mV AoÒVÀd _{ß Zht Wr& Yra-Yra{ g_mO VWmH$oWV Í$[ g{ odH$ogV H{$ H$Î`mU Edß gßajU H{$ obE H{$›– d am¡` gaH$mam{ß Z{ ododY H$mZyZ H{$ hm{Vm J`m Am°a Bgr H{$ gmW ]∂T>Vm J`m _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV A[amY H$m J´m\$ ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ J`{ h¢& ^maV gaH$ma H{$ EH$ gßJR>Z amÓQ≠>r` A[amY naH$mS©> „`yam{ _‹`H$mb _{ß Vm{ _ohbm A[amYm{ß H$r JhZVm H$m\$r ]∂T> J`r Wr& Cg g_` `w’ H{$ AmH$∂S{> ]VmV{ h¢ oH$ AZwgyoMV OmoV H{$ gmW-gmW AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ H{$ g_` gm{Z{-MmßXr H{$ gmW oÛ`mß{ H$m{ ^r byQ>m OmVm Wm& dh _‹`H$mbrZ bm{Jm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ^r A[amY V{Or g{ ]∂T> ah{ h¢ß& EH$ _hÀd[yU© Vœ` Vm{ `h h° oH$ ]]©aVm AmO ^r oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ß Omar h°& g_` H{$ gmW _ohbm A[amYm{ß{ H$r XobV AÀ`mMma H{$ AoYH$Va _m_b{ Vm{ [wobg H{$ naH$mS©> _{ß XO© hm{V{ hr Zhr h° ‡d•oŒm Am°a ‡H•$oV OÍ$a ]Xbr h° b{oH$Z _mZogH$Vm _{ß ]hwV ¡`mXm [nadV©Z ∑`m{ßoH$ O] H$m{B© XobV oeH$m`V b{H$a [wobg WmZ{ [hwßMVm h° Vm{ Cg{ S>am Zht Am`m h°& ^maV _{ß Zmar H$m OrdZ oH$VZm AgwaojV, A[_moZV h° `h Y_H$mH$a ^Jm oX`m OmVm h°& ( VmobH$m [rN{> X{>I{) amÓQ≠>r` Ao^b{IZ „`yam{ H$r Bg na[m{Q©> g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° oOgH{$ AZwgma ^maV AZwgyoMV OmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ ]bmÀH$ma _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ gmW ‡oV N>: o_oZQ> _{ß H$m{B© Z H$m{B© gßJrZ A[amY KoQ>V hm{ OmVm h°& H{$ Hw$b 1,557 _m_b{ß XO© oH$`{ J`{ O]oH$ df© 2010 _{ß E{g{ _m_bm{ß H$r gßª`m ha 54 d{ß o_oZQ> ]bmÀH$ma ,ha 26 d{ß o_oZQ> _{ß Ûr H$r AoÒ_Vm g{ N{>∂S>N>m∂S>, ha 43 1,349 Wr& Bg ‡H$ma XobV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ]bmÀH$ma H$r Xa df© 2010 H$r d{ß o_oZQ> Cg{ [wÍ$fm{ß ¤mam A[amoYH$ A[haU H$m Aoêm[ ^m{JZm [∂S>Vm h° VwbZm _{ß df© 2011 _{ß 15.4 \$rgXr ]∂T>r& AZwgyoMV OmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ H{$ A[haU Am°a ha 96d{ß o_oZQ> _{ß H$m{B© Z H$m{B© ZddYy Xh{O H$r Xmdmoæ _{ß Pm{ß{H$ Xr OmVr H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß V{Or df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_br& `hmß CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ h°& `h Vœ` B∏$rgdt gXr H{$ ‡d{e ¤ma _{ß I∂S{> h_ma{ X{e H{$ obE oH$VZ{ e_©ZmH$ AoYH$Va A[haU _ohbmAm{ß H{$ hr hm{V{ h¢ VmoH$ CZH$m `m°Z em{fU oH$`m Om h°& H$hm OmVm h° oH$ H$m{B© g_mO oH$VZm gwgßÒH•$V h° BgH$m [Vm Zmar H{$ ‡oV oH$`{ gH{$& df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ AZwgyoMV OmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ A[haU H{$ 616 _m_b{ OmZ{ dmb{ gÂ_mZ g{ bJm`m OmVm h°& h_ A[Z{ X{e H$r goX`m{ß [wamZr gßÒH•$oV ‡H$me _{ß Am`{, O]oH$ df© 2010 _{ß BZ _m_bm{ß H$r gßª`m 511 Am°a df© 2009 Edß g‰`Vm [a Jd© _hgyg H$aV{ Zht WH$V{ oH$›Vw ∑`m AmO Zmar H{$ ‡oV ]∂T>V{ _{ß 512 Wr& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2011 _{ß df© 2010 H{$ _wH$m]b{ A[haU H{$ _m_bm{ß H$r A[amY h_mar g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV [a oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ o_œ`m Ao^_mZ [a Xa 20.5 \$rgXr ahr& Bg ‡H$ma H{$ _m_b{ df© 2011 _{ß CŒma‡X{e _{ß gdm©oYH$ ‡ÌZoM›h Zht bJmVm h°? X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b{& A[haU H{$ Hw$b 616 _m_bm{ß _ß{ g{ß CŒma‡X{e _{ 363 _m_b{ XO© hwE ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r Ymam-15 _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$ H{$ gmW Om{ A[haU g{ gß]ßoYV Hw$b A[amYm{ß H{$ _m_bm{ß H$m 58.8 ‡oVeV h°& *ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) gw^–m e_m© emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm, oObm odoXem (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 122

amÓQ≠>r` A[amY naH$mS©> „`yam{ß ¤mam gßH$obV AmH$∂S>m{ß H{$ _wVmo]H$ df© 2012 g{ gdm©oYH$ _m_b{ß 45 _‹`‡X{e _{ß XO© hwE& Am`{ oXZ g_mMma [Ãm{ß _{ß XobV H{$ Xm°amZ H{$›–emogV ‡X{em{ß _{ß XobV ]bmÀH$ma Am°a A[haU H$m H$m{B© _m_bm _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma H$r KQ>ZmEß [∂T>Z{ H$m{ o_bVr h°& hmb hr _{ß ‡H$me _{ß Zht Am`m h°& XobV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma H{$ gdm©oYH$ CŒma‡X{e H{$ ]Xm`yß _{ß Xm{ XobV ]hZm{ß g{ ]bmÀH$ma H$a Amam{o[`m{ß ¤mam CZH$r _m_b{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß 367, CŒma‡X{e _{ß 285, amOÒWmZ _{ß 202 Am°a AmßY´‡X{e hÀ`m H$a bme H$m{ [{∂S> [a bQ>H$m oX`m J`m& Bg XwÓH$_© [a CŒma‡X{e H{$ _{ß 104 _m_b{ß XO© oH$`{ J`{& A[haU H{$ gdm©oYH$ _m_b{ß CŒma‡X{e _{ß hwE dhmß _wª`_ßÃr AoIb{e `mXd ¤mam oddmoXV ]`mZ oX`m J`m& V] O] EH$ _ohbm E{g{ Hw$b 258 _m_b{ ‡H$me _{ß Am`{& Xyyga{ ÒWmZ [a _‹`‡X{e (64) Vrga{ [ÃH$ma Z{ H$mZ[wa _{ß CZg{ [yN>VmN> H$r oH$ ìî_ohbmEß gwaojV ∑`m{ß Zht h°?î V] ÒWmZ [a amOÒWmZ (43) VWm Mm°W{ ÒWmZ [a JwOamV _{ß Bg ‡H$ma H{$ 32 AoIb{e `mXd Z{ O]m] oX`m oH$ Am[ H$m{ Vm{ H$m{B© IVam Zht hwAm Zmî O] _m_b{ XO© hwE & ( VmobH$m X{>I{) na[m{Q©>a Z{ Odm] _{ß Zm H$hm Vm{ AoIb{e `mXd o\$a ]m{b Y›`dmX≤ Am[ `h AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ A[amY H$r oÒWoV H$_m{]{e g]H$m{ ]VmB`{& [ro∂S>V [nadma H$m{ gwajm _wh°`m H$amZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ [a CŒma‡X{e H{$ AZwgyoMV OmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ O°gr hr h°& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ oIbm\$ _wª`_ßÃr ¤mam E{g{ ]`mZ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AoÒ_Vm [a Jham AKmV h°& A[amY H{$ df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ 5,756 _m_b{ XO© hwE O]H$r 2010 _{ß 5,885 Am{oS>em H{$ H$Q>H$ oOb{ _{ß Hw$_mS>m Jmßd _{ß EH$ AmoXdmgr _ohbm H{$ gmW _m_b{ß XO© hwE& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ df© 2011 H{$ gm_yohH$ ]bmÀH$ma H$m _m_bm hm{ `m PmaIS> _{ß 19 dfr©` AmoXdmgr _ohbm H{$ Xm°amZ ]bmÀH$ma H{$ 772 _m_b{ XO© oH$`{, O]oH$ df© 2010 _{ß E{g{ _m_bm{ß H$r gmW J¢Ja{[ H$r KQ>Zm hm{ `m AmßY´‡X{e H{$ odemIm[Q>≤Z_ _{ß 23 dfr©` AmoXdmgr gßª`m 654 Wr& Bg ‡H$ma AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ gmW ]bmÀH$ma _ohbm H{$ gmW Xm{ bm{Jm{ß ¤mam ]bmÀH$ma H$r KQ>Zm hm{ Am`{ oXZ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ H$r Xa df© 2010 H$r VwbZm _{ß 18.0 \$rgXr ]∂T>r& _‹`‡X{e _{ß AZwgyoMV odÍ$’ A[amY ]∂T>V{ Om ah{ h¢& A[amoY`m{ß H$r ]mV Vm{ AbJ Am{oS>em H{$ OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma H{$ 308 _m_b{ df© 2011 H{$ _`ya^ßO oOb{ _{ß EH$ [wobg AoYH$mar H$m{ emXr H{$ Zm_ [a EH$ AmoXdmgr Xm°amZ XO© hwE, Om{ oH$ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma _ohbm H$m `m°Z CÀ[r∂S>Z H$aZ{ H{$ Amam{[ _{ß oZbßo]V oH$`m J`m h°& H{$ A[amYm{ß H{$ Hw$b _m_bm{ß H$m 39.9 ‡oVeV h°& oZÓH$f©V: ]hwV hm{ J`m A] oÒWoV ]XbZr MmohE& _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ A[haU H{$ Í$H$Zm MmohE& XobV Am°aVm{ H$m{ ^r ‡oVÓR>m Am°a gÂ_mZ g{ OrdZ OrZ{ H$m hH$ 137 _m_b{ XO© hwE O]H$r 2010 _{ß Bg ‡H$ma H{$ _m_bm{ß H$r gßª`m 84 Wr& Bg o_bZm MmohE& XobV _ohbmAm{ß{ H{$ odÍ$’ A[amYm{ß H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE H$B© H$mZyZ ‡H$ma df© 2010 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2011 _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV bm{Jm{ß H{$ ]Z{ h¢ ]g OÍ$aV h° CZ H$mZyZm{ß H$m{ gªVr g{ bmJy H$aZ{ H$r& VmoH$ XobV oIbm\$ A[haU g{ gß]ßoYV ‡H$aUm{ß _{ß 23.1 \$rgXr H$r d•o’ ahr& df© 2012 _ohbmEß ^r gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrdZ Or gH{$& `oX h_ A] ^r OmJÍ$H$ Zht hwE Am°a H{$ amÓQ≠>r` A[amY naH$mS©> „`yam{ H{$ VmOm AmH$∂S>m{ß H{$ AZwgma H{$›–emogV ‡X{em{ g_mO _{ß _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m{ am{H$ Zht gH{$, Vm{ o\$a h_{ß H$_ g{ H$_ g‰` H$hbmZ{ _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma Am°a A[haU H{$ H$m{B© H$m Vm{ H$m{B© AoYH$ma hm{Zm hr Zht MmohE& ‡H$aU ‡H$me _{ß Zht Am`{& odo^ﬁ am¡`m{ß _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ßH{$ oIbm\$ ]bmÀH$ma Am°a A[haU H{$ ]hwV g{ _m_b{ XO© hwE& df© 2012 H{$ 1. S>m∞. Ama.[r. oVdmar Edß S>m∞. S>r.[r. ew∑bm, "^maVr` Zmar: dV©_mZ g_Ò`m`{ß Am°a Xm°amZ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ gmW g]g{ AoYH$ ]bmÀH$ma H{$ ^mdr g_mYmZ', E.[r.EM. [o„boeßJ H$m∞a[m{a{eZ, ZB©-oXÑr, 2008, [•. 174 _m_b{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß hwE& _‹`‡X{e _{ß BZ _m_bm{ß H$r gßª`m 288 ahr& Xyga{ ÒWmZ 2. S>m∞. oZem›V ogßh, "^maVr{` _ohbmEß : EH$ gm_moOH$ A‹``Z', Am{_{Jm [o„bH{$e›g, [a N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, 118 _m_b{ß, Vrga{ ÒWmZ [a C∂S>rgm, 70 _m_b{, Mm°W{ ÒWmZ [a oXÑr, 2009, [•. 34 amOÒWmZ Ohmß [a ]bmÀH$ma H{$ 59 _m_b{ XO© hwE& EZ.gr.Ama.]r. H$r df© 3. _rZmjr oZem›V ogßh, "AmYwoZH$Vm Am°a _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z', Am{_{Jm [o„bH{$e›g, 2012 H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma AZwgyoMV OZOmoV bm{Jm{ß H{$ oIbm\$ A[haU H{$ oXÑr, 2008, [•. 158 g]g{ AoYH$ _m_b{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß hwE BZ _m_bm{ß H$r gßª`m _‹`‡X{e _{ß 45 ahr, 4. Website - http://ncrb.gov.in Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a JwOamV 13 _m_b{, Vrga{ ÒWmZ [a N>ŒmrgJ∂T> 10 _m_b{ß, Mm°W{ 5. hhttp://hi.wikipedia.org/s/12n ÒWmZ [a _hmamÓQ≠>, 07 _m_b{ß Am°a amOÒWmZ _{ß 07 _m_b{ ah{& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV 6. http: //zeenews.india.com/hindi H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ]bmÀH$ma H{$ ‡H$aU 28 am¡`m{ß _{ß Hw$b 729 _m_b{ß XO© hwE 7. Crime in India 2012, Statistics, National Crime Records oOg_{ß g{ _‹`‡X{e _{ß gdm©oYH$ 288 _m_b{ß XO© hwE, Om{ oH$ EH$ oM›VZr _w‘m h¢& Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi dht A[amY H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß 28 am¡`m{ß _{ß A[haU H{$ Hw$b 103 _m_b{ß XO© hwE oOg_{ß 8. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, 31 _B© 2014 Comparative Incidence of Crime Against Scheduled Castess S.No. Crime-Head Year % Variation in 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 Over 2010 1. Rape 1,349 1,457 1,346 1,349 1,557 15.4 2. Kidnapping & 332 482 512 511 616 20.5 Abduction Úm{V - Website - http://ncrb.gov.in Comparative Incidence of Crime Against Scheduled Tribes S.No. Crime-Head Year % Variation in 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 Over 2010 1. Rape 627 585 583 654 772 18.0 2. Kidnapping & 89 93 82 84 137 63.1 Abduction Úm{V - Website - http://ncrb.gov.in Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 123

_‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H{$ ]{Q>r ]MmAm|$ Ao^`mZ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z

OmJ•oV Am`© *

‡ÒVmdZm - dmÒVd _{ß Zmar YaVr Edß ‡JoV H$m EH$ Í$[ h° nOg_{ß nbßJmZw[mV gm_m›`V: ‡nV hOma 952 g{ AnYH$ h°& Bgg{ Omnha hm{Vm h° ZdnZ_m©U Edß g•OZ H$r A[ma j_VmEß h°& dh h_{em g{ H$m{_bmßJr, _•Xw Edß nH$ nenjV Am°a ndH$ngV g_mOm{ß _{ß _nhbmAm{ß H$r nÒWnV A¿N>r Zht h° `m n_V^mfr ahr h°& CgH$r EH$ AbJ enªg`V ahr h°& [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ gmW n_bH$a n\$a H$›`m ^ýU hÀ`m H$r Xa dhmß ¡`mXm h°& dh gßVnV-nZ_m©m H{$ gmW hr gßVmZm{ß H$m{ gßÒH$mnaV H$aZ{ H$r Ah_≤ ^yn_H$m H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ Ûr Am°a [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ ]rM Bg KQ>V{ nbßJmZw[mV H$m{ H$_ nZ^mVr ahr h°& Zmar [wÍ$fm{ß H$r ‡W_ JwÍ$, _mß, ]hZ n\$a AßV _{ß ‡{`gr H$aZ{ Am°a ^yÚ hÀ`mAm{ß [a [m]ßXr bJmZ{ H{$ nbE H$B© H$mZyZ ]ZmEß h¢ Am°a ]ZVr h°& BgH{$ Abmdm ^r CgH{$ H$B© Í$[ h°& Cg_{ß A[ma ghZÌmrbVm H{$ H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmE ^r Mbm ahr h°& Bg nXem _{ß _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma Z{ ^r Xe©Z h°& dh Mmh{ nH$gr OmnV, nH$gr _Oh] `m nH$gr dJ© g{ gß]ßY aIVr A[Zr Am{a g{ [hb ewÍ$ H$r h°& ‡X{e gaH$ma Z{ Bg g_Ò`m H{$ nZamH$aU H{$ h° CgH{$ A›Xa H$m dmÀgÎ`, ÒZ{h, H$Í$Um, X`m Am°a _ßJbH$m_Zm H$r nbE ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Zm_ g{ EH$ _hÀdmH$mßjr `m{OZm H$r ÌmwwÍ$AmV H$r h°& ^mdZm H$m gmJa h_{em EH$ gm ahm h°& Zmar X{e Am°a XwnZ`m H$r AmYr BgH{$ [rN{> gaH$ma H$r _ßÌmm ]{nQ>`m{ß H{$ ‡nV g_mO H$r _mZngH$Vm H$m{ Am]mXr h°, gß[yU© _mZd OZgßª`m H$m AmYm nhÒgm h°& b{nH$Z BgH$m EH$ ]XbZm h°, VmnH$ Bgg{ ^yÚ hÀ`m [a [m]ßXr bJm`r Om gH{$ Am°a ]{nQ>`m{ß H{$ Ò`mh gM `{ ^r h° nH$ AmO ^r Zmar [yar XwnZ`m _{ß C[{njV h°& hmnÌmE [a h°& ‡nV bm{Jm{ß _{ß EH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ gm{M H$m ndH$mg nH$`m Om gH{$& Vah-Vah H$r `ßÃUmAm{ß Am°a em{fUm{ß H$r neH$ma h°& ]{Q>r An^^mdH$m{ß [a ]m{P Z ]Z{ BgH{$ nbE gaH$ma Z{ H$›`m H{$ O›_ g{ H$^r ]mb nddmh Vm{ H$^r Xh{O ‡Wm, Ka{by nhßgm, `m°Z em{fU Am°a b{H$a CgH$r [T>mB©-nbImB© Am°a emXr-„`mh VH$ _{ß ghm`Vm X{ ahr h°& d°Ì`md•nŒm O°gr g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ Xm{ Mma h°& XwnZ`m H{$ g^r gßÒH•$nV Am°a b{nH$Z gdmb h° nH$ AmnIa Bg `m{OZm g{ nH$VZ{ bm{J bm^mßndV hm{ ah{ h¢ g‰`VmAm{ß H{$ _mZd OmnV`m{ß H$m ndH$mg hwAm b{nH$Z AJa Hw$N> Zht ]Xbm Am°a Bg `m{OZm g{ ]{nQ>`m{ß H{$ ‡nV bm{Jm{ß H$r _mZngH$Vm _{ß nH$g hX VH$ Vm{ dh h° nÛ`m{ß H{$ hmbmV Am°a CgH{$ Jwbm_ AnÒ_Vm dmbr dm{ [hMmZ Om{ ]Xbmd Am`m h° `m ]Xbmd hwAm h° ^r nH$ Zht ? Bg Vœ` H$m [Vm bJmZm gnX`m{ß g{ CgH$m [rN>m Zht N>m{S> ahr h°& dh AmO ^r A[Zr A›VamÀ_m H$r `m{OZm H$r g\$bVm Am°a Ag\$bVm H$m{ kmV H$aZ{ H{$ nbE OÍ$ar hm{ J`m AmdmO gwZZ{ g{ dßnMV h°& CgH{$ nH$gr ^r \°$gb{ H{$ [rN{> [wÍ$fm{ß H$r gh_nV h°& Bg A‹``Z _{ß Bgr Vœ` H$m [Vm bJmZ{ H$r H$m{nee H$r JB© h°& OÍ$ar h°& `hmß VH$ H$r EH$ H$›`m ^ýU H{$ O›_ b{Z{ `m Z b{Z{ H{$ \°$gb{ [a ^r A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì`-]{Q>r ]MmAm{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r g\$bVm d CgH{$ ‡nV [wÍ$f Am°a n[V•gŒmmÀ_H$ g_mO H$r _mZngH$Vm H$r ^yn_H$m H$m_ H$aVr h°& bm{Jm{ß H$r OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ ÒVa H$m [Vm bJmZm& H$›`m ^ýU hÀ`mAm{ß H$r ]T>Vr KQ>ZmAm{ß g{ `h ]mV gm\$ hm{ OmVr h° nH$ EH$ em{Y ‡ndnY - A‹``Z H{$ nbE a¢S>_ g¢[b ndnY Edß C‘{Ì`[yU© nZX6m©Z Ûr H$m{ [wÍ$f H{$ g_mZ XOm© AmO ^r ‡m· Zht h°& d ‡ÌZmdbr ndnY H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE AmßH$S>m{ß{ß H$m gßH$bZ nH$`m J`m h°& dV©_mZ _{ß XwnZ`m H{$ Xyga{ X{Ìmm{ß H{$ gmW hr ^maV _{ß ^r nÛ`m{ß H$r H$_ Bg_{ß BH$mB`m{ß H{$ M`Z H{$ nbE VrZ ÒVam{ß H$m ‡`m{J nH$`m J`m h°& hm{Vr Am]mXr nMßVm H$m g]] ]Zr hwB© h°& X{e _{ß A^r ‡À`{H$ EH$ hOma ‡W_ MaU- Bg ÒVa [a [ya{ _ßXgm°a eha H$m{ Xg BH$mB`m{ß _{ß ]mßQ>m J`m h°, [wÍ$fm{ß [a ng\©$ 940 _nhbmE h¢& `h AZw[mV am¡`m{ß _{ß AbJ-AbJ h¢& Am°a ‡À`{H$ BH$mB© H$m Zm_ EH$-EH$ H$mS©> [a nbI H$a Cg{ Am[g _{ß n_bm nbßJmZw[mV H$r Xa g]g{ H$_ hna`mUm _{ß h° Ohmß ‡À`{H$ hOma [wÍ$fm{ß [a nX`m J`m& BgH{$ ]mX Hw$b Xg H$mS>m~ _{ß g{ EH$ H$mS©> H$m M`Z bm∞Q>ar ndnY ng\©$ 866 _nhbmEß h°& H{$ _m‹`_ g{ nH$`m J`m h°& X{e H{$ ˆX` ‡X{e `mnZ _‹` ‡X{e H$m hmb ^r ]wam h°& nbßJmZw[mV H{$ n¤Vr` MaU- Bg ÒVa [a bm∞Q>ar ndnY g{ ‡m· BH$mB© H$r ndndY C[ _m_b{ _{ß ‡X{e 20d{ß ÒWmZ [a I∂S>m h°& VwbZmÀ_H$ Vm°a [a ‡X{e H$r nÒWnV BH$mB©`m{ß _{ß g{ C‘{Ì`[yU© nZXÌm©Z ndnY H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE bnjV BH$mB© N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, PmaIßS> O°g{ n[N>S>∂{ am¡`m{ß g{ ^r ]XVa h°& 1991 _{ß Ohmß H$m M`Z nH$`m J`m& `hmß C‘{Ì`[yU© nZXÌm©Z ndnY H$m ‡`m{J em{Y g_Ò`m nbßJmZw[mV 912 Wm dht 2001 _{ß `h ]∂T>H$a 919 hm{ J`m& 2011 _{ß Ûr H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE nH$`m J`m h° ∑`m{ßnH$ em{Y H{$ nbE d°gr [wÍ$f AZw[mV 930 hm{ J`m h°& [a›Vw am¡` H{$ H$B© nObm{ß _{ß nbßJmZw[mV H$r BH$mB©`m{ß H$m M`Z H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ Wm nOZH{$ ]É{ H$ht Z H$ht gaH$ma Xa H$m\$r nMßVmOZH$ h°& 2011 H{$ OZZmßH$r AmßH$S>m∂{ß{ß H{$ AZwgma n^ßS> _{ß ¤mam gßMmnbV Bg An^`mZ g{ ‡^mndV hm{ ah{ hm{ß& `h g_yh nZÂZ _‹`_ nbßJmZw[mV H$r Xa 830, _wa°Zm _{ß 839 h° dht ‡X{e H{$ Xg H$nWV ndH$ngV Am` dJ© g_yh h°& Am°a nenjV nObm{ß _{ß nOZ_{ß BßXm°a, Ωdmnbà, ardm O°g{ nOb{ h¢, nbßJmZw[mV V•Vr` MaU- Bg ÒVa _{ß nZÂZ _‹`_ Am` dJ© H$r Hw$b 100 BH$mB`m{ß _{ß g{ H$r Xa 900 g{ ^r H$_ h°& E{g{ _{ß am¡` _{ß 2050 _{ß T>mB© H$am{∂S> `wdmAm{ß H$r [wZ: a¢S>_ g¢[b ndnY H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE Xg BH$mB©`m{ß H$m M`Z nH$`m J`m emnX`mß Zht hm{ [mEJr& `hmß am{MH$ Vœ` `h h° nH$ ‡X{e H{$ n[N>S>∂{{ Am°a h°& AmnXdmgr ]hwb nObm{ß ngßJam°br, nSß>S>m°ar, ]mbmKmQ>, nNß>Xdm∂S>m AmnX _{ß *AnVnW nd¤mZ (g_mOÌmmÛ) ÌmmgH$r` _hmnd⁄mb`, n[[nb`m_ßS>r, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 124

Vœ` gßH$bZ ‡ndnY - Vœ` gßH$bZ H{$ nbE ‡ÌZmdbr ndnY H$m ‡`m{J BgH{$ VhV n_bZ{ dmb{ ndn^ﬁ ‡H$ma H{$ bm^m{ß H{$ ‡nV bm{Jm{ß _{ß OmZH$mar nH$`m J`m h°& BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r g_Ò`m H{$ ‡nV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md h°& ndn^ﬁ gaH$mar `m{OZmAm{ _{ß gmB©nH$b `m{OZm Am°a [m{ÌmmH$ Am°a CgH{$ ‡^md H$m [Vm bJmZ{ H$m ‡`mg nH$`m J`m h°& `m{OZm H$m\$r bm{H$n‡` h° Am°a BgH$m bm^ AnYH$mße CŒmaXmVm CR>m ah{ h°& Am±H$S>m{ß H$m Vœ`mÀ_H$ ndÌb{fU- a¢S>_ g{ß[b gd} d ‡ÌZmdbr ¤mam H$ht Z H$ht An^`mZ Z{ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H{$ _mZngH$ ÒVa H$m{ H$m\$r ]Xbm h°& ‡m· Am±H$S>m{ß H$m ndÌb{fU nZÂZ gmaUr ¤mam nH$`m Om ahm h°:- OZVm H$r am` h° nH$ AJa gaH$ma ]{nQ>`m{ß H{$ nbE BVZm ‡`mgaV h° Vm{ n\$a l ∑`m Am[ gaH$ma ¤mam gßMmobV ]{Q>r ]MmAm|> Ao^`mZ H{$ ]ma{ b∂S>nH$`m{ß H{$ ‡nV Xm{`_ ad°`m ∑`m{ß A[Zm`m OmE& gm_m›` OZVm b∂S>nH$`m{ß _|$OmZV{ h° ? H$m{ b{H$a H$m{B© Xm{`_ ad°`m Zht A[ZmVm h°, ∑`m{ßnH$ ¡`mXmVa bm{J ]{nQ>`m{ß hm∞ Zht Wm{S>m ]hwV H$m{ J•hb˙_r `m ]{Q>m{ß H{$ ]am]a H$m XOm© X{V{ h°& hmbmßnH$ b∂S>nH$`m{ß H$r CÉ 49.7% 22.4% 27.9% nejm H{$ ‡nV bm{Jm{ß H$r Í$nM AnYH$ nXIr h°& A] bm{Jm{ß H$m Í$PmZ ]{nQ>`m{ß l ]{Q>r ]MmAm|>AmßXm{bZ H{$ ]ma{ _| Am[H$m{ OmZH$mar H°$g{$ o_br ? H$m{ Ï`dgmn`H$ Edß VH$ZrH$r nejm X{Z{ H{$ ‡nV ^r ]∂T> ahm h°& Hw$b n_bmH$a Q>r.dr. d odkmZ[Z d gaH$mar oZH$m` d bm{J gaH$ma H{$ Bg `m{OZm g{ Iwe Vm{ nXI ah{ h¢ b{nH$Z Bg `m{OZm H{$ ghr g_mMma ñ[Õm gJ{ gß]ßYr A›` nH´$`m›d`Z Am°a `m{OZm H{$ Agb Xmd{Xma bm^mnW©`m{ß H{$ M`Z H$m{ b{H$a 56.66% 29.4% 13.94% CZH{$ _Z _{ß AmeßH$m gm\$ nXImB© X{ ahr h°& l ∑`m ]{oQ>`mß ]{Q>m| H{$ ]am]a h° ? gwPmd - `m{OZm H{$ ‡nV OZ-OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZ{ H{$ nbE Am°a AnYH$ ‡`mg hm∞ 70% Zht 30% H$aZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& `m{OZm H{$ ‡Mma-‡gma H{$ nbE OZ_m‹`_m{ß H{$ gmW l ]{Q>r H$m oddmh Am[H$r ZOa _| ∑`m h° ? Am{n[nZ`Z brS>a H$r ^yn_H$m ^r gwnZnÌMV H$aZ{ H$r OÍ$aV [a ]b nX`m EH$ Xmo`Àd EH$ CÀgd oadmO EH$ ]m{P OmZm MmnhE& J´m_ [ßMm`V Am°a ‡IS> ÒVa [a Bg An^`mZ g{ OZVm H$m{ 62% 30.09% 07.9% ñ Om{∂S>Z{ H{$ ‡`mg hm{Z{ MmnhE& `m{OZm H{$ bm^mnW©`m{ß H{$ M`Z _{ß Img gmdYmZr l ∑`m ]{Q>r ]MmAm| `m{OZm H$m bm^ Am[H{$ [oadma H$m{ o_b ahm h° ? ]aVZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h°& hm∞ 57.34% Zht 42.66% C[am{∫$ gwPmdm{ß H$m{ A_b _{ß bmH$a nZnÌMV hr _µ ‡µ´ _ß{ Z ng\©$ l ∑`m Am[ Bg `m{OZm H{$ VhV o_bZ{ dmb{ gaH$mar gh`m{J g{ gßVwÔ> h° ? nbßJmZw[mV ]T>m`m Om gH{$Jm ]nÎH$ _´µ ‡µ gaH$ma H$r Bg gamhZr` [hb gßVwÔ> AmßoeH$ È[ g{ gßVwÔ> o]ÎHw$b Zht H$m{ ^r EH$ ghr nXÌmm n_b OmEJr& ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm bm{J Bg An^`mZ g{ 38.2% 23.32% 38.48% OwS>∂{ d gaH$ma ¤mam Xr Omar Bg `m{OZm H$m bm^ ghr _m`Zm{ß _{ n_b{ Bg l ∑`m Am[ ]{oQ>`m| H$r oejm H{$ [j _| h° ? h{Vw g_mO _{ß OZ- OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW g_mO _{ß bm{Jm{ß H$r hm∞ Zht Wm{S>m ]hwV _mZngH$Vm ]XbZ{ H$r ^r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& VmnH$ `h `m{OZm OZ-An^`mZ 57.3% 25.7% 17% _{ß [nadnV©V hm{H$a A[Z{ b˙` H$m{ ‡m· H$a gH{$& l Am[ ]{oQ>`m| H$r oH$g ‡H$ma H$r oejm H{$ [j _| h° ? gm_m›` oejm CÉ oejm VH$ZrH$r d gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:- Ï`dgmo`H$ oejm 1. _nhbm Edß ]mb ndH$mg nd^mJ, _›Xgm°a 58.7% 29.9% 12.4% 2. X°nZH$ ^mÒH$a d A›` [Ã-[nÃH$mE± AmH$S>m{ßß H{$ ndd{MZ g{ `h kmV hwAm nH$ gaH$ma H{$ An^`mZ H{$ ‡nV 3. _. ‡µ gaH$ma H{$ d{] [m{Q©>b OZVm _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm h°& Bg OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ ‡gma _{ß OZ_m‹`_m{ß Z{ _hÀd[yU© 4. na[m{Q©> _µ ‡µ gaH$ma _nhbm Edß ]mb ndH$mg nd^mJ 2013-2014 ^yn_H$m nZ^mB© h°, ∑`m{ßnH$ ¡`mXmVa CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m{ An^`mZ H$r OmZH$mar 5. dmnf©H$ na[m{Q©> ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ An^`mZ OZ_m‹`_m{ß g{ hr n_br h°& OZVm _{ß An^`mZ H{$ ‡nV OmJÍ$H$Vm Vm{ h° [aßVw 6. OZJUZm na[m{Q©> 2011

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 125

]XbVm ^maVr` g_mO - CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ gßX^© _{ß

S>m∞µ nZÌmm O°Z * ‡ÒVmdZm ñ _ZwÓ` gdm}É ]m°n”H$ ‡mUr h°& CgH$r ]m°n”H$Vm H$m AmYma H$r hm{∂S> bJmE hwE O{∑g CŒma Am‹mwnZH$Vm H{$ gmW hmB\$Z bJmVm h°& CgH$r nM›VZÌmrbVm h°& Bgr nM›VZ erbVm H{$ H$maU dh AmnXH$mb g{ ∑`m{ßnH$ CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_` _{ß n_nlV AnÒ_VmAm{ß H$r Ï`m[H$Vm h° `h g_mO Am°a CgH$r KQ>ZmAm{ß [a nZa›Va nM›VZ H$aVm Am`m h°& ndÌd H{$ [yU©V: ZB© MrO h° BgH{$ ]ma{ _{ß CŒma Am‹mwnZH$ _nÒVÓH$ Z{ EH$ AmÌmm AmnXJ´›W F$Ωd{X H$mb g{ hr CgH{$ nM›VZ H$m ‡dmh ‡maÂ^ hm{H$a nZa›Va, OJm`r h° nH$ Bgg{ Hß$´mnVH$mar [nadV©Z AmEJm nOgH$r g^r CÂ_rX bJmE AmO VH$ JnVÌmrb h°& VWm AmJ{ ^r JnVÌmrb ah{Jm& O] nM›VZ H$m{ ]°R{> h°& CŒma AmYwnZH$VmdmX BnVhmg _{ß ]hwndY AmdmOm{ß H$m{ gwZVm h°& `h Ï`dnÒWV AmYma ‡XmZ H$a nX`m OmVm h° Vm{ Bgr AmYma H$m{ ng”mßV ]m{Y JÂ`Vm H$m{ ‡nH´$`mÀ_H$ Í$[{U ‡m· H$aVm h°& `h AmYma^yV VH$m} H$m{ AWdm ndMma H{$ Í$[ _{ß OmZm OmVm h°& AÒdrH$ma H$aVm h°& AnV Ed CŒma AmYwnZH$VmdmXr ndMmaH$m{ß H{$ ng”mßVm{ß _ZwÓ` gm_mnOH$ ‡mUr ^r h° Am°a g_mO H{$ A^md _{ß CgH$r H$Î[Zm H$m g_md{Ìm H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& \y$H$m{ß H$r _m›`Vm ahr h° nH$ kmZ H{$ g] H$aZm H$nR>Z hr Zht Agß^d h°& AV: gm_mnOH$ ‡mUr hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{ dh VarH{$ en∫$ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ gmYZ h° \y$H$m{ß Z{ ndlßIbVm ˙m{Ã H$m ndMma ^r gm_mnOH$ OrdZ Am°a Bgg{ Ow∂S>r KQ>ZmAm{ß [a ndMma H$aVm h°& VWm g_mO ‡ÒVwV nH$`m CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm gß]ßYr ndMmam{ß _{ß ndH{$›–r`Vm Am°a n^fiVm _{ß ]{hVa OrdZ H$r AmYma nÌmbmAm{ß H$r Im{O H$aVm h°& `{ AmYma nÌmbmEß H{$ ÒdÍ$[ Adbm{nH$V hm{V{ h°& ¡`mß \´{$H$m{O bm{Q>mS©> ndkmZ H$m{, AmYwnZH$Vm g_mO H$m{ JnV ‡XmZ H$aVr h°& VWm Ï`n∫$ H$m{ ]{hVa OrdZ OrZ{ H$r H$m{, kmZm{X` H$m{, VH©$ H$m{, VWm ]wn”dmX H$m{ AÒdrH$ma H$aVm h°& `hr ‡{aUm X{Vr h°& BgH{$ H$maU g_mO _{ß EH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m nZ_m©U hm{Vm h°& CgH$m CŒma-AmYwnZH$VmdmX h°& O{∑`yO XnaXm H{$ CÀVa Am‹mwnZH$Vm gß]ßYr gm_mnOH$ ndkmZm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß g_mOÌmmÛ EH$ Z`m ndf` AdÌ` ndMma CgH{$ ndgßaMZmH$aU H$r AdYmaUm [a AmYmnaV h°& h° nH$›Vw g_mOÌmmÛr [na‡{˙` _{ß BgH$m nMßVZ BVZm hr ‡mMrZ nOVZm H{$›–r`H$aU H{$ ndMma H{$ ÒWmZ [a A›` g^r ndMmam{ß H$m{ ‡YmZVm nH$ _mZd g_mO _{ß AZ{H$ ndMmaH$m{ß Z{ g_mOÌmmÛr` [na‡{˙` H{$ ng”mßVm{ß X{Z{ H$r ]mV H$aVm h° Om{ A^r VH$ C[{njV h°, Om{ A^r VH$ X]mE JE h°, H$m{ —nÓQ>JV H$aZm h°& dmÒVd _{ß g_mOÌmmÛ H$m Vrd´Vm g{ ndH$mg hwAm h° Om{ A^r VH$ hmngE [a I∂S{> W{& E{g{ g^r H$m{ H{$›–r` ]ZmZ{, CZH$m{ _hÀd _mÃ S{>∂T> eVm„Xr g{ Hw$N> AnYH$ g_` _{ß, g_mOÌmmÛr ng”mßVm{ß H$r ]m∂T> X{Z{ H$r ]mV X{naXm H$aVm h° `hr CgH$m CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm dmX h°& ¡`mß gr Am JB©& [hb{ ∑bmngH$b g_mOÌmmÛr` ng”mßVm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aV{ W{ ]m{nS>©bmS©> Z{ OZ gßaMZr` g_mO Edß C[^m{∫$m g_mO [a ndÌm{f ‹`mZ n\$a AmYwnZH$ g_mOÌmmÛr` ng”mßVm{ß H$m A‹``Z nH$`m J`m& dV©_mZ _{ß AmH´$nf©V nH$`m h°& BZH$r _m›`Vm h° nH$ gßÒH•$nV [a ‡nVH•$nV ‡^mdr h°& CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mOÌmmÛr` ng”mßV H$m A‹``Z H$a ah{ h°& g_mO Bgr H$m{ d{ CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mO H$r gßkm ‡XmZ H$aV{ h° BZH$m _mZZm h° emÛr` ngß”mßV _{ß CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm VrZ XÌmH$ [hb{ Am`r h°, O] Î`m{Q>S©> nH$ CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mO EH$ C[^m{J Am°a _rnS>`m H$m g_mO h°& Bg Z{ A[Zr [wÒVH$ "X [m{ÒQ> _m∞S>Z© H$ÎMa' 1979 _{ß gd©‡W_ Bg e„X H$m g_mO [a dmÒVndH$Vm H$m Zht An[Vw gßH{$V, ‡nVH•$nV, Am°a AmH$•nV`m{ß ‡`m{J nH$`m& CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm dmX EH$ E{gm gßÌb{fUmÀ_H$ g_mOÌmmÛr` H$m ‡^md h° g] Hw$N> H$mÎ[nZH$ h°& `hmß Mmam{ß Am°a H{$db H$m]©Z H$m∞[r h°& ng”mßV h°& Om{ ndn^fi kmZ emImAm{ß g{ Vœ`m{ß Am°a AdYmaUmAm{ß H$m{ b{H$a _yb ‡nV H$m H$ht [Vm Zhr h°& `h [yßOrdmX H$m Z`m AdVma h°& Hw$b ^ndÓ` H{$ g_mO H{$ ]ma{ _{ß EH$ EH$rH•$V ndMmaYmam ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& `h n_bmH$a [yßOrdmX Z{ hr Bg CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mO H$m{ O›_ nX`m Om{ nH$ ^ndÓ` H{$ g_mO H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ng”mßV ]ZmZ{ H$m EH$ E{gm ‡`mg h° Om{ ndZmÌm H{$ H$Jma [a h°& Bh] hOZ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß BZH$m XÌm©ZÌmmÛ gmnhÀ`ÌmmÛ H$bm, nÌmÎ[H$bm AmnX g{ ]hwV Hw$N> J´hU H$a H$hZm h° nH$ [rQ>≤g Bnbà Am°a Om`Ìmr Z{ EH$ Z`m H{$›– ]Zm`m h°& H$m`©, A[Z{ nZnÌMV gßXÌm© _{ß dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ Ï`dnÒWV H$aVm h°& CŒma An^H$Î[ H$m{ EH$ Z`m AW©, ÒdÍ$[ JhamB©`mß ‡XmZ H$r h¢ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm AmYwnZH$VmdmX H$m gß]ßY ndH$ngV Edß [yßOrdmXr X{Ìmm{ß H$r OrdZ [”nV dmXr nZn_©V H$aV{ h°, Om{∂S>V{ h° aßJV{ h°, H°$Zdmg [a aßJm{ß H$m{ nN>∂S>H$ H$a dh g{ Ow∂S>m h°& BgH$m EH$ _mÃ CX{Ì` AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ Om{ Vœ` Am°a ng”mßV h° ^r B©Ìda H{$ âm{g{ ahH$a CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm dmXr H$bm H$m{ [na^mfm H$r C›h{ ‹dÒV H$aZm h°& gr_m g{ ]mha b{ OmV{ h°& VWm ndnhZVm [a ]b X{V{ h°& _mBH$b \$m{H$mÎQ>- CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß MmÎg© O{ß∑g H$m H$hZm h° nH$ "CŒma dV©_mZ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm g_mO _{ß kmZ H$m ÒWmZ gdm}[na h°& Bg H{$ ¤mam AmYwnZH$VmdmXr ndMmaH$ ]mX H{$ [yßOrdmX `m ]mX H$r AmYwnZH$Vm H$r hr en∫$ AnO©V H$r Om gH$Vr h°& `ht kmZ Am°a en∫$ _mZd AnÒVÀd H$m{ Ï`mª`m H$aV{ h°& Agbr CŒma AmYwnZH$VmdmX H$r Ï`mª`m H$aV{ hwE Oß{∑g ]ZmE aIV{ h°& Bg Am{a en∫$ H{$ Bgr AmYma g{ \$m{H$mÎQ> H$m{ CŒma H$hVm h° nH$ `h dmÒVd _{ß Xm{har H$m{nSß>J H{$ hm{Z{ H$r Xbrb X{Vm h°& H$m{B© EH$ gßaMZmdmXr H{$ Í$[ _{ß ª`mnV n_br& ndÌd—nÓQ> ‡^mdr Zht h°& [aÂ[am, AmYwnZH$Vm, AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ ]mX VWm AV: BZ ndMmaH$m{ß Z{ n[N>b{ EH$ XÌmH$ _{ß CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H$r Ï`mª`m CŒma AmYwnZH$ Ï`dhmam{ß [a ]hwbVm H$m emgZ h° Om{ EH$ hr gßÒH•$nV H{$ g°”mßnVH$ [na‡{˙` _{ß H$r h°& `⁄n[ AnYH$mßÌm ndMmaH$ `h ÒdrH$ma H$aV{ h° AßVJ©V EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ H$m{hZr _maH$a aJ∂S> ah{ h° VWm EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ [N>m∂S>Z{ nH$ AmO H$r AdÒWm _{ß CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm EH$ gwgßJV ng”mßV Zht h°& n\$a ** ***‡m‹`m[H$, emgH$r` ]mobH$m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 126

^r BZ ndMmaH$m{ß Z{ CÀVa AmYwnZH$Vm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß VH©$ nX`m h° nH$ `h EH$ H$aV{ h° AmO H$r _ÌmrZ{ ndÌmmbV_ kmZ H$m{ gy˙_ Í$[ _{ß aIH$a Ï`m[mnaH$ ‡H$ma H$r AamOH$Vm h° Om{ g_mO H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ ]{bJm_ N>m{∂S> X{Vm h°& Bg ]mOma _{ß S>mb X{Vr h° A] kmZ grIZ{ H{$ VarH{$, kmZ Òd`ß H$m dJr©H$aU g_mO _{ß Am°⁄m{nJH$ CÀ[mXZ C[^m{∑VdmX g{ Ow∂S> OmVm h°& _mZdr` _yÎ` _ÌmrZm{ß ¤mam hm{Z{ bJm h°& g]g{ ]∂S>m AmÌM`© `h nH$ g°H$∂S>m{ß [•ÓR>m{ß dmbr Am°a _mZH$ VmH$ _{ß aIH$a nXE OmV{ h°& Am°a CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm H$m am{S> am{ba [wÒVH$ EH$ n\$bm{[r _{ß H°$X hm{ OmVr h°& ^maVr` g_mO _{ß `h H´$mßnVH$mar amÒV{ _{ß Om{Jr AmVm h° Cg{ am{ßXVm Mbm OmVm h° E{gm —nÓQ>H$m{U CŒma [nadV©Z h°& AmO `h _mZm OmVm h° nH$ nOg X{Ìm H{$ [mg nOVZm AnYH$ AmYwnZH$Vm dmX H{$ ndMmaH$m{ß H$m h°& kmZ h° dh X{Ìm CVZm hr AnYH$ en∫$Ìmmbr h°& nOgH{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ ^maV Z{ [nÌM_r X{Ìmm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW ^maV ^r BgH{$ ‡^md g{ ANy>Vm Zht h°& ‡JnV Vm{ H$r h° nH$›Vw [yßOmdmXr VH$ZrH$r Ï`mdÒWm H{$ H$maU ‡XyfU AmYwnZH$rH$aU H$r ‡nH´$`m H{$ gmW ^maV Z{ AmYwnZH$m{Œma `wJ _{ß ‡d{Ìm ]∂T>m, am{Jm{ _{ß d•n” hwB©, ]{H$mar Edß Jar]r H$_ hm{Z{ H{$ ]OmE ]∂T>r h° X{Ìm _{ß nH$`m& AmYwnZH$rH$aU H{$ ‡^md H{$ H$maU ^maV H$r H$B© [maÂ[naH$ gßÒWmEß Z°nVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m h´mg hwAm _m°nbH$Vm H$r Xm°∂S> H{$ H$maU bm{J `{Z H{$Z Edß Ymn_©H$ _m›`VmAm{ß [a XwÌ‡^md [∂S>m h°& 1990 _{ß Q>rµdrµ M°Zb _{ß E_µQ>rµdrµ ‡H$m{aU YZ gßM` H$aZ{ H$r gm{MV{ h°& ^´ÓQ>mMma Ma_ gr_m [a [hwßM J`m& Z{ Om{a [H$∂S>m XwnZ`m H{$ [°_mZ{ [a E_µQ>rµdrµ N>m J`m& nOg{ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm ]hwamÓQ>≠r` C⁄m{J g_m· hm{ JE& dmnX`m{ß Z{ hmWm{ß hmW nb`m nOgH$m ‡^md ^maV H{$ [aÂ[amdmXr T>mßM{ [a ^maV H{$ ‡OmVßÃ [a OmnVdmX, ‡m›VdmX Am°a ^mfmdmX hmdr hm{ Hw$N> Bg Vah g{ [∂S>m nH$ gß`w∫$ [nadma Qy>Q> JE, d•”m{ß H{$ ‡nV AZmXa H$r J`m& d°kmnZH$ ndMmam{ß Am°a ZdrZ Im{Om{ H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$a ^mΩ`dmX Am°a ^mdZm ]∂T>r d•”ml_m{ß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>Vr Mbr JB©& Z°nVH$Vm H$m [VZ hm{ Y_© [a g]g{ ]∂S>m Hw$R>mamKmV h°& ^maV _{ß gßVmZ B©Ìda H$r X{Z _mZr JB© J`m& Ï`n∫$dmnXVm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm n_bm& g_mO _{ß ^m°nVH$dmX VWm ndgmnbVm AmO ^r nddmh H$r Am`w, ndYdm [wnZnd©dmh, ]mb nddmh, Ûr gÂ[nV ]∂T> JB© \$mÒQ>\y$S>, a{ÒQ>m{aß{Q> H{$ńS>Q> H$mS©>, _m{]mBb \$m{Z, BßQ>aZ{Q> [a M¢nQ>J AnYH$ma CŒmamnYH$ma Xh{O VWm VbmH$ g{ gß]ßnYV ZdrZ H$mZyZ ]Z{ Am°a M{Zbm{ß [a AÌbrbVm [am{gZ{ O°gr ZB© gßÒH•$nV ndH$ngV hm{Vr Mbr JB©& nddmh Ohmß EH$ Ymn_©H$ gßÒH$ma _mZm OmVm Wm _hO EH$ g_^m{∫$m ]Z H$a Om{ h_mar ndÌd ‡ng” ‡mMrZ VWm Am‹`mnÀ_H$ gßÒH•$nV H$m{ ndH•$V H$a ah J`m& nhfl[rdmX [Z[m Ï`n∫$ ZÌm{ H$m AmXr hm{ J`m, d°kmnZH$ [”nV ahr h°& BgH$m ndÌm{f ‡^md _mZd H$r OrdZ e°br [a ^r [∂S>m h°& ha AmX_r H{$ VH©$ H$m{ ÒdrH$mam J`m& ^maV _{ß AÓH$ ndÒ\$m{Q> ^r nH$E h° VWm Am`©^≈ Xm°∂S>Vm nXImB© X{Vm h°& AH{$bm[Z CgH$r nZ`nV hm{ OmVr h°& Xygam dh Zm_H$ AmnX C[J´h N>m{∂S>H$a Ò[wVnZH$ OJV _{ß _hÀd[yU© g\$bVm ‡m· H$r OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ß ‡nV`m{nJVm H$aVm nXImB© X{Vm h°& Cg{ gßVm{f Zht h°& bm{Jm{ß Z{ Z`m X{Ìm nd›`mg ^r A[Zm`m h°& ZE `mVm`mV gßMma H{$ n_bVm h°& EH$mßH$r[Z ‡nV`m{nJVm Am°a Ag›Vm{f-_ZwÓ` H$r _Z: nÒWnV gmYZm{ß H$m{ ^r A[Zm`m h° b{nH$Z AmO n]Ñr amÒVm H$mQ>Z{ [a `m N>tH$Z{ H$m{ XÌmm©V{ h°& [a ew^ AÌmw^ H$m nhgm] bJmV{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma ^maV _{ß CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm CÀVa AmYwnZH$Vm H$r ndMmaYmam H{$ H$maU ^maV _{ß Hw$N> _m_bm{ß _{ß EH$ ZE Mm{b{ _{ß ÒdrH$ma n_bm J`m h°& [aÂ[am H$m ÒdÍ$[ [nadnV©V hr Zht hwAm ]nÎH$ CgH$m AnÒVÀd hr g_m· ^maV _{ß AmYwnZH$Vm [yßOrdmXr Ï`dÒWm H{$ VhV≤ AmB© Am°a Cgr amÒV{ hm{ J`m& CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm dmnX`m{ß H$m EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m VH©$ `h nH$ _hmZ d g{ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm Z{ ^r A[Z{ [°a O_m nbE nOgg{ ^maV H$r gm_mnOH$ gÀ` H$h{ OmZ{ dmb{ d•Vm›Vm{ß H$m{ Hy$∂S{> H$aH$Q> _{ß S>mb Xm{& d•Vm›V d{ H$WmEß, Ï`dÒWm _{ß E{gm [nadV©Z Am`m Om{ JwUmÀ_H$, A`m{Ω`, ndOmVr`, ndIßnS>V, n_WH$, bm{H$n‡` H$hmnZ`mß h°& [ßMVßÃ H$r H$hmnZ`mß n_WH$ O°g{ nH$ ‰mr_ ndam{Y ^mgr VWm C^` ‡H•$nV H{$ g_mO [a ]b nX`m& CŒma AmYwnZH$ dmX H$r JXm g{ Hw$ßS> ]Z J`m, g_w– [a g{Vw ]Z J`m, amO[yVm{ß H$r CÀ[nŒm gm]y EH$ Vrd´rH$aU Am°a EH$ [ßyOrdmXr Ï`dÒWm H{$ ZdrZV_ `wJ H{$ Í$[ _{ß [d©V H{$ AoΩZHw$S> g{ hwB© `{ E{g{ H$B© d{ `{ _mZV{ h° nH$ `{ g_mO H$r Í$n∂T>`m{ß ÒdrH$mam Om ahm h°& [aÂ[amAm{ß Am°a AßYndÌdmgm{ß H$m{ d°⁄Vm X{V{ h°& ^maV _{ß d•Vm›Vm{ß H$m ngbngbm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H{$ H$mb _{ß ‡maÂ^ hm{Vm h°& Bgg{ [hb{ [wamUm{ß H$m Amª`mZ h° 1. g_mOÌmmÛ H$m g°”mßnVH$ [na‡{˙` - adr›– ZmW ^wHw$Or 2003 n_bH$m{ß H$r ]am]a â_ma h° ß n_bH$m{ß g{ Ow∂S>r H$WmEß, dmVm©Eß A] ^r H$m{nQ> 2. [nadV©Z Edß ndH$mg - Orµ Amaµ _XmZ H$m{nQ> OZm{ß H{$ d´Vm{ß Am°a C[mgZm H$m{ nXÌmm X{V{ h°& CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm Bg 3. g^m _{ß [nadV©Z Edß ndH$mg - S>rµ Egµ ]K{b Vah H{$ _hO d•Vm›Vm{ß H$m{ MwZm°Vr X{Vm h°& Edß ndn^fi kmZ emImAm{ß ¤mam 4. ^maVr` g_mO - Y_©dra _hmOZ ]ZmB© JB© gr_mAm{ß H$m IS>Z H$aVm h° VWm EH$ ZB© ndMmaYmam H$m{ CÀ[fi 5. CÉVa g_mOÌmmÛr` ng”mßV - EgµEbµ Xm{fr, E_ E_ nÃd{Xr H$aVm h°& A[Z{ H$WZ H$m ‡maÂ^ ^mfm g{ H$aVm h°& ^mfm H$m AmO H{$ gßX^© Ì. g_mOÌmmÛ ZB© nXÌmmEß - Eg Eb Xm{fr [r gr O°Z _{ß AnYH$V_ gß]ßY H$Âfl`yQ>a g{ h° Om{ EH$ AmYwnZH$V_ VH$ZrH$ h°& ^maV _{ß 7. ^maVr` g_mO Edß ndMmaYmamEß - Jm{nd›X M›– [mS{>` gßMma H´$mßnV H{$ AmZ{ g{ ^maVr` gm_mnOH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß AmYwnZH$Vm H$m 8. g_H$mbrZ g_mOÌmmÛr` ng”mßV - am_{Ìda bmb _°Zr ÒWmZ CŒma AmYwnZH$Vm Z{ b{ nb`m gßMma g{ gyMZm n_bVr h°& CgH$m ^S>mam 9. ^maVr` gm_mnOH$ Ï`dÒWm - am_ AmhyOm

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 127

AmYwoZH$Vm H$r MH$mMm¢Y _{ß Jw_ hm{Vm ^Jm{na`m [d©

H$_b ogßh _mbdr` * ‡m{. _rZm _mdr * *

‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV X{e EH$ odemb X{e h° oOg_{ß AZ{H$ Y_© OmoV H{$ bm{J H$a{J{ß & B©Ìdar` H•$[m g{ AH$mb IÀ_ hwAm Am°a A¿N>r \$gb{ß hwB© & V] g]g{ oZdmg H$aV{ h¢& Bgr _{ß Xwa-XwamO H{$ j{Ãmß{ _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbr OZOmoV`mß [hbm _{bm ^Jm{a _{ß bJm oOg_{ß ]É{, `wdm, d•’ Ûr [wÍ$f Z`{ dÛ [hZ ^r A[Z{ Amdmg gßÒH•$oV Eßd aroV-nadmOm{ß H{$ H$maU EH$ AbJ hr [hMmZ H$a T>m{b _mXb AmoX [maÂ[naH$ dm⁄ `ßÃm{ß H{$ gmßW JmV{ ]OmV{ hwE A[Zr aIVr h°& [wa{ X{e _{ß _‹`‡X{e EH$ E{gm am¡` h°& Ohmß OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ‡W_ H•$VkVm ‡H$Q> H$r gd©‡W_ ^Jm{a _{ß _{bm bJZ{ H{$ H$maU hr Bg [d© H$m ÒWmZ [a h¢& BZH{$ bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV Eßd [d© AZwR{> hm{V{ h¢ Om{ A›` g_mO g{ Zm_ ^Jm{na`m aIm J`m & o^fi hm{V{ h¢ Cgr _{ß g{ EH$ h° ^Jm{na`m [d© Om{ oH$ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a ^Jm{na`m hmQ> H{$ oXZ J´m_dmgr ‡mV: H$mb g{ hr hmQ> _{ß OmZ{ H{$ ob`{ A[Zr [hMmZ ]Zm ahm h°& b{oH$Z AmO AmYwoZH$Vm H{$ Xm°a _{ß ]hwV gma{ CÀgmohV ahV{ h°& [nadma H{$ d∂•’OZ ‡mV: ÒZmZ H$aH{$ X{dr- X{dVm H$r [nadV©Z h_{ß X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h¢& [yOm H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX ^Jm{na`m hmQ> _{ß JmZ{ H$r V°`mar H$aVr h°& ^Jm{na`m [d© ^Jm{na`m [d©- _‹`‡X{e H{$ [oÌM_r oObm{ß _{ß _wª`V: ^rb OZOmoV H$r [a Z•À` X{dVm ^ßJam X{d H$r [wOm H$r OmVr h°& C›h{ß [H$dmZ Ao[©V oH$`{ ‡YmZVm h°& ^rb OZOmoV H{$ A[Z{ AZwR{> [d© CÀgd hm{V{ h°& BZ [dm} _{ß OmV{ h¢& [yOm H$m`© g]g{ gÂ_moZV d•’ H$amVm h°& CÀgd H$a ‡maÂ^ ‡gmX ^Jm{na`m [d© h°& Bg [d© H{$ H$maU Pm]wAm Edß BgH{$ [∂S>m{gr oObm{ß Z{ odVaU g{ hm{Vm h°& `wdH$ `wdoV`m± A[Z{ h_ C_´ gmoW`m{ß H{$ gmW g_yh _{ß A[Zr A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` [hMmZ ]Zm br h°& V°`ma hm{V{ h°& ‡À`{H$ g_yh A[Zr d{e ^yfm d l•ßJma EH$ O°gm H$aV{ h° Pm]wAm Am°a ^Jm{na`m EH$ Xwga{ H{$ [`m©` ]Z MwH{$ h°& Bg [d© [a A] `wdoV`m EH$ O°gr Am°∂T>Zr, „bmCO d bhßJm [hZVr h°& VWm [wÍ$f ^r EH$ [S>m{gr am¡` hr Zht X{e-odX{e g{ ^r [`©Q>H$ AmV{ h¢ H$B© em{YmoW©`m{ß Z{ O°gr d{e ^yfm _{ hr ZOa AmV{ Am°a PwS>m{ß _{ß [aÂ[amÀ_H$ ]mY`ßÃm{ß, T>m{b, A[Z{ em{Y odf` H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^Jm{na`m H$m M`Z oH$`m h°& _mßXb, Hw$ßS>r, Wmbr H$m{ ]OmV{ hwE Z•À` H$aV{ OmV{ h° Bg ‡mMrZ [aÂ[am H$m{ g^r bm{J ]S{> CÀgmh H{$ gmW _ZmV{ h°∂& hmQ> _{ß [hwßMH$a Pybm PybV{ h¢, [mZ ImV{-oIbmV{ h¢& hm{br [yOZ H$r gm_J´r IarXV{ h¢, e∏$a g{ ]Zr _mO_, hma, Hß$JZ ^r ode{f Í$[ g{ IarXV{ h¢& ^Jm{na`m [d© _{ß AmYwoZH$Vm H$m ‡^md Bg [aÂ[amÀ_H$ [d© H$m{ g^r AmoXdmgr ]S{> CÀgmh g{ _ZmV{ AmE h°& _Ja AmO O] g_mO _{ß BVZm Vrd´ [nadV©Z hwAm h° Vm{ o\$a OZOmVr` g_mO Bgg{ H°$g{ ANw>Vm ah gH$Vm h°& g‰` g_mO H{$ gÂ[H©$ _{ß AmZ{ VWm AmdmJ_Z H{$ gmYZm{ß H{$ odH$mg gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m ha Ïò∫$ VH$ [h±wMZm Am°a XyaXe©Z H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡^md hm{Z{ ^Jm{na`m [d© ‡oVdf© hm{br [d© H{$ EH$ g·mh [yd© g{ ‡maÂ^ hm{Vm h° H{$ H$maU AmO OZOmoV g_mO _{ß ^r Am_yb Myb [nadV©Z X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ hm{br H{$ [hb{ oOg ÒWmZ [a oOg dma H$m{ gm·mohH$ hmQ> bJVm h°& dhr h° oOgg{ g_mO _{ß hr [nadV©Z h_H$m{ X{IZ{ H$m{ Zhr o_bVm ]oÎH$ ‡WmAm{ß Cg ÒWmZ H$m ^Jm{na`m hmQ> hm{Vm h°& ^Jm{na`m hmQ> g{ [yd© H$m hmQ> À`m{hmna`m Am°a _m›`VmAm{ß VWm [dm} _{ß ^r [nadV©Z Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vm h¢& Cgr _{ß g{ h° hmQ> bJVm h°& oOg_{ß ^Jm{na`m hmQ> H$r V°`mar H{$ ob`{ AmdÌ`H$ IarXXmar ^Jm{na`m [d© oOg_{ß AmYwoZH$Vm H$r MH$mMm°ßY BVZr X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h° H{$ ob`{ J´m_rU OZ AmV{ h°& ^Jm{na`m hmQ> H{$ ]mX dmbm hmQ> COmoS>`m hmQ> H$r [aÂ[amÀ_H$ aroV nadmO h_| H$hr X{IZ{ H$m{ Zht o_bV{& o_bV{ ^r h° Vm{ hm{Vm h¢ oOg_{ß A[{jm H•$V H$_ bm{J OmV{ h°& ]hwV H$_ [aÂ[amÀ_H$ d{f-^wfm H$r OJh \{$eZ{db [m{fmH$m{ß Z{ b{ br ^Jm{na`m [d© H$] g{ _Zm`m Om ahm h°& BgH$m H$m{B© oboIV ‡_mU [aÂ[amÀ_H$ dm⁄ `ßÃm{ß H$r OJh AmO AmYwoZH$ Bb{o∑Q≠>H$ `ßÃm{ß Z{ b{ br& Zht h°& Bg gß]ßY _{ß Om{ ^r OmZH$mar o_bVr dh OZlwoV`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ aßJrZ e]©V H$r OJh H$m{boS≠>ß∑g, AmB©ÒH´$r_ H$m g{dZ H$aV{ h°& [mZ ImZ{ o_br h°& BZ OZlwoV`m{ß H{$ AZwgma EH$ g_` Bg j{Ã _{ß ^`ßH$a AH$mb [S>m H$m ‡MbZ ^r H$_ hm{ J`m h°& & Xm{ VrZ dfm} VH$ dfm© Zht hwB© , AZmO Zht [°Xm hwAm, [rZ{ H{$ [mZr H$m gßH$Q> ^rfU Wm& _d{er [ew-[jr VH$ Ãmoh-Ãmoh H$aZ{ bJ{ & E{g{ g_` _{ß ^Jm{a (Pm]wAm oOb{ H$m EH$ J´m_) _{ß amOm Z{ [yOm AM©Zm H$r Am°a _fiV _mßJr òX AH$mb H$r H$mbr N>m`m hQ> JB©, Vm{ ‡oVdf© X{dVm H{$ ‡oV H•$VkVm ‡H$Q> H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ _{b{ H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m Om`{Jm, oOg_{ß J´m_dmgr o_bH$a X{dVm H$r [yOm AM©Zm H$a Am^ma Edß H•$VkVm ‡H$Q>

* AoVoWod¤mZ (g_mOemÛ) ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` WmßXbm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 128

O] AmO ^Jm{na`m A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a A[Zr [hMmZ N>m{∂S> ahm h°& `wdoV`mß „`yQ>r [mb©a OmH$a l•ßJma H$admVr h°& Jm{XZm- JwXdmZ{ H$m dhr AmYwoZH$Vm H{$ Bg Xm°a _{ß OZOmoV g_mO ¤mam BgH$r Am°a g{ AmH$f©U ‡MbZ H$_ hm{ J`m h°& oeojV OZOmVr` dJ© ^r∂S>-^m∂S> _{ß OmZm IÀ_ hm{Vm ZOa Am ahm h°& [hb{ ^Jm{na`m [d© _ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß [g›X Zht H$aV{ h¢& CZ_{ß hmQ>- _{b{ H{$ ‡oV H$m{B© AmH$f©U Zht hm{Vm _hrZm{ß [hb{ g{ CÀgmh ahVm Wm& Am°a ]S>r gßª`m _{ß bm{J Bg [d© H$m{ gmW h°& _{ß o_bOwbH$a _ZmV{ W{ ^Jm{na`m hmQ>m{ß _{ß ]S>r ^r∂S> gw]h g{ em_ VH$ X{Ir OmVr Wr& oZÂZ H$maUm{ß g{ g] bmJm{ß H$m AmH$f©U H$_ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h°& g‰` g_mO H$m{ X{IH$a ZB© [r∂T>r Cg [aÂ[amÀ_H$ [d© H$m{ H$_ [g›X H$aZ{ bJr h°& AmO bm{J A[Zr [aÂ[am H$m{ ^ybH$a [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV A[ZmZ{ bJ{ h°& Om{ oH$ EH$ joUH$ ‡^md dmbr hm{Vr h°& AmO h_ OZOmoV g_mO _{ß E{g{ [nadmam{ß H$m{ X{I gH$V{ h°& oO›h{ Òd`ß A[Z{ g_mO _{ß ‡MobV aroV nadmO CZH$m{ _ZmZ{ H{$ VarH{$ AmoX g{ [naoMV Zht h¢°°& `hmß VH$ H$r Òd`ß A[Z{ g_mO H$r ^mfm ^r AmO H$r ZB© OZa{eZ ^ybVr Om ahr h°& 5. [nadma H$m ‡^md H$_ hm{Zm -AmO OZOmoV g_mO hr ZÙt, g^r E{gr AdÒWm _{ß h_ H°$g{ H$Î[Zm H$a{ H$r OZOmoV g_mO H$m `h g_mOm{ß _{ß `h g_Ò`m X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°& Ohmß [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß [a [aÂ[amÀ_H$ [d© ^Jm{na`m ôdÓ` _{ß A[Zr [hMmZ ]aH$ama aI [m`Jm [yam oZ`›ÃU hm{Vm Wm, dh oZ`›ÃU A] H$_ hm{Vm Om ahm h°& ]É{ AV: AmO H{$ Bg AmYwoZH$ g_mO _{ß Om{ D$[ar ]ZmdQ>r MH$mMm¢Y X{IZ{ Xya eham{ß _{ß ahH$a oejm J´hU H$aV{ h¢ oOgg{ CZH{$ D$[a [nadma H$m H$m{ o_bVr h°& oOgH{$ [rN{> Km{a AßYH$ma hr Nw>[m hwAm h° Bg MH$mMm¢Y _{ß oZ`›ÃU Eßd [mnadmnaH$ aroVnadmOm{ß H$m ‡^md H$_ hm{Vm OmVm h°& OZOmoV g_mO H$r ‡oVÓR>m ]∂T>mZ{ dmbm ^Jm{na`m [d© ^r Bg gßH´$_U g{ Ïò∫$ AmO ÒdV›Ã ahZm MmhVm h°& ANy>Vm Zht ahm h°& 6. Mb oMÃm{ß Edß A›` gmYZm{ß g{ _Zm{aßOZ H$m hm{Zm -AmO XyaXe©Z, AmH$fU© H$_ hm{Z{ H{$ oZÂZ H$maU h° - _m{]mB©b ha Ïò∫$ VH$ [hw±M ahm h°& oOgg{ CgH$m A[Z{ À`m{hmam{ß 1. Y_© H{$ ‡^md H$m H$_ hm{Zm - AmO O°g{ hr `wJ [nadV©Z hm{ ahm h°& VWm CÀgdm{ß ¤mam hm{Z{ dmbm _Zm{aßOZ AmYwoZH$ gmYZm{ß g{ hm{Z{ bJm d°g{ hr Ymo_©H$ H$≈aVm ^r H$_ hm{Vr Om ahr h°& A] bm{J Y_© H{$ h° Mb oMÃm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ dhr MrO C›h{ß gwJ_Vm [yd©H$ ‡m· hm{ OmVr der^yV Zht ah{& Ïò∫$ A[Zr B¿N>m H{$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aVm h°& oH$gr h°& EH$ Y_© H$m AZw`m`r Z hm{H$a A[Z{ [gßX H{$ AmYma [a Y_© [nadV©Z oZÓH$f© - Bg ZdrZVm g{ AZwHy$b H$aZ{ _{ß OZOmoV Ag_W© ahr h° H$a b{V{ h° oOgg{ CZH$r _yb [aÂ[amAm{ß Edß aroVnadmO [a Jham [naUm_Ò[Í$[ ZdrZ gmßÒH•$oVH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß _{ß O›_ ob`m& B©gmB© o_eZna`m{ß ‡^md [S>Vm h°& Z{ g{dm H{$ Zm_ [a A[Z{ Y_© ‡Mma H$m H$m`© oH$`m Am°a AmoXdmogAm{ß H{$ 2. odkmZ H$m ]m{b ]mbm- AmO AoYH$Va bm{J gmja hm{ JE h°& oOgg{ AkmZ Am°a Aoejm H$m bm^ CR>m`m& dh A[Zr Í$oT> dmoXVm H$m{ À`mJH$a Vœ`m{ß [a odÌdmg H$aZ{ bJ{ß h°& B©gmB© o_eZna`m{ß H{$ ‡^md H{$ H$maU AZ{H$ AmoXdmog`m{ß _{ß A[Zr AmO gmar [aÂ[amEß{ Cg{ Ï`W© bJZ{ bJr h°& ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m BVZm gßÒH•$oV H$m{ À`mJ H$a [mÌMmÀ`≤ gßÒH•$oV H$m{ A[Zm`m& A[Z{ aroV-ardmOm{ ‡^md ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& oH$ bm{J \{$g]wH$, dmQ>g≤-A[, VWm A›` ‡WmAm{ß `wdm J´hm{ß H$m{ À`mJ oX`m h° Am°a CZH$r ‡mMrZ bobV H$bmAm{ß H$m gm{eb Z{Q>doH©$ßJ gmBQ>m{ß H$m _hÀd ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h°& ˆmg hm{Z{ bJm h°& 3. g‰` g_mO g{ gÂ[H©$ ]∂T>Zm- OZOmoV g_mO Om{ OßJbm{ß _{ß Xya BZ g] H$maUm{ß g{ oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° H$r Bg AmYwoZH$Vm H$r XamO H{$ BbmH$m{ _{ß oZdmg oH$`m H$aVm Wm& dhr AmO H$ÓQ>_` Xb- MH$mMm¢Y _{ß ^Jm{na`m O°g{ OZOmoV g_mO H$m ‡oVoÓR>V [d© Jw_ Z hm{ Xb g{ oZH$bH$a ]mha Am`m h° oOgg{ CgH$m gÂ[H©$ g‰` g_mO g{ OmE& E{gm Z hm{ H$r h_mar AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r H$m{ oH$gr gßÒWm `m oH$Vm]m{ß ]∂T>m Am°a CgH$r gßÒH•$oV Am°a nadmOm{ß H$m{ A[ZmZ{ H$r hm{S> bJ JB© h°& H$odVmAm{ß _{ß [Vm Mb{ H$r OZOmoV g_mO H$m EH$ [d© ^r hwAm H$aVm Wm 4. \°$eZ H$m ‡^md- OZOmoV g_mO AmO A[Z{ [aÂ[amÀ_H$ d{e oOg{ ^Jm{na`m [d© H$hm OmVm Wm& ^yfm H$m{ N>m{S>H$a \°$eZ H$r Am°a AmH$of©V hm{Z{ bJm h°& \°$eZ H$m ‡^md h_ ^Jm{na`m _{bm{ß _{ß Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ X{IV{ h° oOg_{ß `wdm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Ohm [hb{ß Ym{Vr, J_N>mm ,[J∂S>r [hZV{ W{ dhr AmO oOßg Q>reQ©>, 1. gmohÀ` ^dZ AmJam ¤mam ‡H$moeV g_mOemÛ [wÒVH$ 2009 Ò[m{Q©> ey, H{$[, MÌ_m VWm A›` gm°›X`© ‡gmYZm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ h°& Eßd Ïò∫$JV AZw^dm{ß H{$ AmYma [a &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 129

Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ oejm odf`H$ odMma ï (g_J´ gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ gßX^© _{ß)

S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m*

em{Y gmamße ñ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Z{ ^maV _{ß oh›Xw Y_© H$m [wZÍ$’ma VWm odX{em{ß _{ß gZmVZ gÀ` H$m ‡Mma oH$`m & `hr H$maU h° oH$ d{ ‡m¿Ó` Edß [mÓMmÀ` X{em{ß _{ß gd©Ã g_mZ Í$[ _{ß l’m Edß gÂ_mZ H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{I{ OmV{ h°& Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or A[Zr ]wo’, oddH{$ Edß e°ojH$ kmZ g{ gÂ[yU© g_mO H$m{ `h gßX{Ìm X{V{ W{ oH$ - oH$gr ]mV [a og\©$ Bgr H$maU odÌdmg Z H$a bm{ oH$ dh oH$gr J´ßW _{ß obIr h°& oH$gr MrO [a BgobE odÓdmg Z H$a bm{ oH$ oH$gr Ïò∫$ Z{ Bg{ gÀ` H$hm h°& oH$gr ]mV [a og\©$ Bg H$maU ^r odÌdmg Z H$Zm oH$ d{ [aÂ[am g{ Mbr Am hr h°& A[Z{ ob`{ gÀ` H$r Òd`ß hr C[bo„Y H$am{& Cg{ VH©$ H$r H$gm°Q>r [a H$gm{Q>r & odd{H$mZßX Or H$r odMmamYmam - "MnaÃ JR>Z' oOg{ `‡oVoÓR>V ‡km' H{$ Zm_ g{ AoôhV H$aV{ h°& g_mO H{$ odH$mg _{ß odd{H$mZßX Or H$r `wdm dJ© H$m{ ‡{aUmÀ_H$ odMmaYmam H{$ gmW-gmW Òd`ß H{$ CŒmaXmo`Àd H{$ ‡oV gOJ ahZm Edß AmÀ_odÌdmg â H$a OrdZ H$r H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ OyPZm d g_mO H$m{ ‡JoV [W [a b{ OmZm& odd{H$mZßX Or _mZd _{ß `_wPH$m{ Zht Vw_H$m{î _¢ Z hr Vw_ H$r ^mdZm â H$aa EH$ oZ:ÒdmW© _mZd ]ZmZm MmhV{ W{& Ïò∫$ H$Î`mU d g_mO H$Î`mU hr _mZd OrdZ H$r H$_©^yo_ h°, d{ odo^fi Y_© gß‡Xm`m{ß H$r ^{X^md [yU© ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a Aoejm, Xna–Vm, em{fU H$m{ Xya H$a [ro∂S>V _mZd g{dm H$a CZH$m C’ma H$aZ{ H$r ]mV AmO H{$ `wdm dJ© Om{ g_mO d amÓQ≠> H$m AmYma ÒVÂ^ h°, H$m{ X{V{ W{& gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H$r odMmaYmam- bm{hm O] J_© hm{Vm h° V^r Cg [a Mm{Q> bJmZr MmohE& gwÒVr H$r H$m{B© OÍ$aV Zht h°& B©Ó`m© Am°a Aßh H$m{ gXm H{$ obE JßJm _{ß Sw>]m{ Xm{& H$m`©j{Ã _{ß _hmeo∫$ H{$ gmW Am OmAm{ß& H$m_, H$m_, H$m_, ]g `hr _yb_ßÃ h°& eara Vm{ EH$ oXZ OmZ{ H$m{ hr h°, Vm{ o\$a `h Ambog`m{ß H$r Vah ∑`m{ß Om`{ß ? OßJ bJH$a _aZ{ H$r A[{jm oKg-o[g H$a, Hw$N> H$aH{$ _aZm H$ht A¿N>m h°& Òdm_r Or H$m H$m`© amÓQ≠>r` Am°a gmW hr gmW AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ^r Wm& Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m OrdZ VoS>V H{$ g_mZ V{OÒdr Am°a Vy\$mZ H{$ g—e d{JdmZ Wm & d{ A[Z{ bKw H$m`©H$mb _{ß Om{ Hw$N> H$a J`{ dh AmJm_r AZ{H$ eVmo„X`m{ß VH$ odÌd H{$ BoVhmg ‡dmh H$m{ oXem Am°a JoV ‡XmZ H$aVm ah{Jm& e„X Hwß$Or ñ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX , oejm odf`H$ odMma , oh›Xy Y_© H$m [wZÍ$C’ma , g_moOH$ odMma , gß[yU© g_mO H$m{ gßX{e, Í$T>rdmXrVm Ny>AmNy>V aohV ^mdZm , MnaÃ JR>Z , `m{J Edß Am‹`mÀ_ , CŒmaXmo`Àd Edß AmÀ_odÌdmg , kmZ `m{J , ô∫$ `m{J , amO `m{J , H$_© `m{J , Z`{ g_mO Edß amÓQ>≠ H$m{ ZB© oXem& ‡ÒVmdZm ñ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Z{ ^maV _{ß oh›Xw Y_© H$m [wZÍ$’ma VWm odX{em{ß Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H{$ OrdZ H$m{ V] EH$ ode{f oXem o_br O] d{ _{ß gZmVZ gÀ` H$m ‡Mma oH$`m & `hr H$maU h° oH$ d{ ‡m¿Ì` Edß [mÌMmÀ` X{em{ß lr am_H•$ÓU X{d H{$ gÂ[H©$ _{ß AmE& odd{H$mZßX Or H$r ]r.E. H$r [arjm H{$ _{ß gd©Ã g_mZ Í$[ _{ß l’m Edß gÂ_mZ H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{I{ OmV{ h°& odd{H$mZßX Or H$m [hb{ hr oXZ C›h{ß AMmZH$ B©Ìda H{$ ‡oV gd©J´mgr ‡{_ H$r AZw^yoV hwB© O›_ 12 OZdar 1863 B©0 gm{_dma H{$ oXZ ‡mV:H$mb gy`m}X` H{$ H$mb _{ß 6 Am°a d{ A[Z{ EH$ gh[mR>r H{$ H$_a{ H{$ ¤ma [a IS>∂{ hm{H$a ^mdwH$Vm [yd©H$ JmZ{ bJ{ ]OH$a 49 o_oZQ> [a hwAm Wm& AV: odd{H$mZßX Or Z{ Bg YaVr [a O] [hbr h{ [d©Vm{ß ! dmXbm{ß ! hdmAm{ß ! gmßg br dh _H$a gßH´$moV H$m oXZ Wm & _hmZ CÀgd H$m oXZ Wm & g] o_bH$a CZH$r _oh_m JmAm{ß ! _ZwÌ` H{$ OrdZ _{ß H$] ∑`m [nadV©Z Am Om`{, Hw$N> ht H$hm Om h{ gy`© ! M›– ! h{ Vma H$mAm{ß & gH$Vm& ]M[Z H$m ZQ>IQ>, C[–dr ]mbH$ Za{›–, `wdmdÒWm H$m VmoH©$H$ AmZ›X [yd©H$ ‡^w H$r _oh_m JmAm{ß & Za{›– - am_H•$ÓU [a_hßg H{$ ‡^md g{ E{gm Jß^ra, Yra Am°a —T>dVr g›`mgr `{ ^md AmO H$r `wdm [r∂T>r H{$ obE EH$ odMma h° & Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX ]Z{Jm, H$m°Z OmZVm Wm& odf_ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß A_{naH$m OmH$a odÌdY_© ‹`mZ brZ W{& C›h{ß X{IH$a E{gm bJm ahm Wm oH$ d{ oH$gr _hmZ AßV: ‡`m{J gÂ_{bZ _{ß ^maV H$r ‹dOm \$hamZ{ dmb{ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or hr h°& _{ß [yar Vah odbrZ hm{ J`{, Ï`mª`mZ Z{ gÂ[yU© g_mO H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or A[Zr ]wo’, oddH{$ Edß e°ojH$ kmZ g{ gÂ[yU© g^r H$m{ AZw^d hwAm oH$ O] d{ Ï`mª`mZ X{V{ W{ Vm{ CZH$r X{h g{ hbH{$ g_mO H$m{ `h gßX{e X{V{ W{ oH$ - îoH$gr ]mV [a og\©$ Bgr H$maU odÌdmg Zrb{ aßJ H$r od⁄wV bha{ß oZH$bVr Wr& Z H$a bm{ oH$ dh oH$gr J´ßW _{ß obIr h°& oH$gr MrO [a BgobE odÌdmg Z Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H{$ gß]ßY _{ß gw^mfM›– ]m{g H$m H$WZ - ""d{ H$a bm{ oH$ oH$gr Ïò∫$ Z{ Bg{ gÀ` H$hm h°& oH$gr ]mV [a og\©$ Bg H$maU EH$ AoV CÉ Am‹`moÀ_H$ C[bo„Y - gÂ[fi `m{Jr W{ oO›hm{ß{Z{ gÀ` H$m ^r odÌdmg Z H$Zm oH$ d{ [aÂ[am g{ Mbr Am hr h°& A[Z{ ob`{ gÀ` H$r ‡À`j gmjmÀH$ma oH$`m Wm Edß A[Z{ OrdZ H$m{ X{e H{$ Z°oVH$ Edß Òd`ß hr C[bo„Y H$am{& Cg{ VH©$ H$r H$gm°Q>r [a H$gm{î Am‹`moÀ_H$ Cfi`Z VWm g_J´ _mZdVm H{$ H$Î`mUmW© g_o[©V H$a oX`m AmO H{$ gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ gßX^© _{ß Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or O°gm Wm& _¢ B›ht e„Xm{ß _{ß CZH$m dU©Z H$aZm [gßX H$Í∞$Jm& òX d{ AmO OrodV oZ^r©H$, oOkmgw Vrd´ ]wo’, EH$mJ´ Edß AX≤^wV Ò_aU eo∫$ H$m Ïò∫$Àd hm{V{, Vm{ _¢ CZH{$ lr MaUm{ß _{ß hm{Vm &'' hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h° CZH{$ odMmam{ß _{ß Í$oT>dmoXVm Edß Nw>Am-Ny>V H$r ^mdZm Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H$m odMma Wm oH$ ‡À`{H$ OrdZ AÏ`∫$ ]´¯ h°& Zht Wr d{ Yo_©H$ dmVmdaU _{ß aah{ Edß Ymo_©H$ odMmam{ß ode{f H$a oed H{$ ]g Edß A›V: ‡H•$oV H$m{ der^yV H$aH{$ A[Z{ Bg ]´¯^md H$m{ Ï`∫$ ‡oV g_[U© H$r ^mdZm obE hwE W{& Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or am_mÙ, H$aZm hr OrdZ H$m [a_ b˙` h°& H$_©, C[mgZm, _Z:gß`_ AWdm kmZ, _hm^maV Edß [wamUm{ß H$r H$WmAm{ß H$m{ ‹`m g{ gwZV{ W{ Am°a CZ H$WmAm{ß H{$ BZ_{ß g{ EH$, EH$ g{ AoYH$ `m g^r C[m`m{ß H$m ghmam b{H$a A[Z{ ]´¯^md H$m{ oZMm{S> H$m{ A[Zr odbjU ‡oV^m g{ A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß CVmaV{ W{& Ï`∫$ H$am{ Am°a _w∫$ hm{ OmAm{ß& ]g `hr Y_© H$m gd©Òd h°& _V, AZwÓR>mZ [’oV`mß ** ***ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 130 emÛ, _ßoXa AWdm A›` ]m¯m oH´$`m-H$bm[ Vm{ CgH{$ Jm°U Ï`m°a{ _mÃ h°& gß‡Xm`m{ß H$r ^{X^md [yU© ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a Aoejm, Xna–Vm, em{fU odd{H$mZßX Or H$r odMmamYmam - ""MnaÃ JR>Z'' oOg{ ‡oVoÓR>V ‡km H$m{ Xya H$a [ro∂S>V _mZd g{dm H$a CZH$m C’ma H$aZ{ H$r ]mV AmO H{$ `wdm H{$ Zm_ g{ AoôhV H$aV{ h°& `h oOg ‡H$ma ‡À`{H$ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°, dJ© Om{ g_mO d amÓQ>≠ H$m AmYma ÒVÂ^ h°, H$m{ X{V{ W{& Cgr ‡H$ma Ïò∫$ g_oÓQ> g_mO _{ß ^r BgH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Y_© H$m{ oH$gr gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ [na‡{˙` _{ß Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H$r odMmaYmam- ‡H$ma H$r gm_moOH$ AWdm amOZroV C‘{Ì` H$r [yoV© H{$ gmYZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß bm{hm O] J_© hm{Vm h° V^r Cg [a Mm{Q> bJmZr MmohE& gwÒVr H$r H$m{B© b{V{ h°& Y_© H$m C‘{Ì` Y_© Zht h°& Om{ Y_© H{$db gmßgmnaH$ gwI H$m gmYZ OÍ$aV Zht h°& B©Ó`m© Am°a Ahß H$m{ gXm H{$ obE JßJm _{ß Sw>]m{ Xm{& H$m`©j{Ã _{ß _mÃ h° dh Y_© Zht h°& oOZ bm{Jm{ß _{ß gÀ`, [odÃVm Am°a oZ:ÒdmW© [aVm _hmeo∫$ H{$ gmW Am OmAm{ß& H$m_, H$m_, H$m_, ]g `hr _yb_ßÃ h°& od⁄_mZ h°, C›h{ß ÒdJ©, _À`© Edß [mVmb H$r H$m{B© ^r eo∫$ joV Zht [hw∞Mm eara Vm{ EH$ oXZ OmZ{ H$m{ hr h°, Vm{ o\$a `h Ambog`m {ßH$r Vah ∑`m{ß Om`{ß ? gH$Vr & BZ JwUm{ß H{$ ahZ{ [a Mmh{ g_ÒV odÌd hr oH$gr Ïò∫$ H{$ odÍ$’ OßJ bJH$a _aZ{ H$r A[{jm oKg-o[g H$a, Hw$N> H$aH{$ _aZm H$ht A¿N>m h°& ∑`m{ß Z hm{ Om` dh AoH{$bm hr CgH$m gm_mZm H$a gH$Vm h°& odd{H$mZßX Or Òdm_r Or H$m H$m`© amÓQ>≠r` Am°a gmW hr gmW AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ^r Wm& d{ H{$ AZwgma ""`m{J Edß A‹`mÀ_ H$r ‡maßo^H$ oH´$`mEß Ï`dhmnaH$ Edß emarnaH$ _mZd ‡{_r W{ Am°a d°kmoZH$ AIS>Àd H{$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ AmYma [a C›hm{ßZ{ hm{Vr h¢& eara [a BZH{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md hm{V{ h¢&'' emßoV Am°a odÌd ]›YwÀd H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Wr Am°a _mZd H$r g{dm H$m{ A[Z{ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H$r Ò[ÓQ> d∫$m, AZm°[MmnaH$Vm[yU© dmVm©bm[ OrdZ H$m{ C‘{Ì` ]Zm ob`m Wm& `hr H$maU Wm oH$ ^maV _{ß _mZd OmoV H{$ VH©$[yU©, Z[{-Vwb{ e„Xm{ß H$m ‡`m{J, A‹``Z _{ß Hw$emJ´d•o’ Edß oejm H{$ H$Î`mU H$m E{gm `ßÃ ÒWmo[V oH$`m oOgH$m H$m{B© eo∫$ Zme Zht H$a j{Ã _{ß oOkmgm Edß _Z _oÒVÓH$ H$m{ C’{obV H$a X{Zm AmO H{$ gm_moOH$ gH$Vr& Òdm_r Or Om{ _mZd OmoV Edß g_mO H$m{ A[Zr A›Vm©À_m H$r odH$mg H$r grT>r h°& d{ Xme©oZH$ odMmamYmamAm{ß g{ ‡^modV W{& odd{H$mZßX AmdmO g{ _waHw$amV{ hwE H$hV{ W{- M{VZm H$r CÉÒVar` H$jmAm{ß g{ AdVnaV H{$ gß]ßY _{ß OZab Ag{Â]br H$m∞b{O H{$ Xe©Z od^mJ H{$ A‹`j, odob`_ hm{Z{ dmbr Am‹`moÀ_H$ D$Om© _mZogH$ oH´$`mAm{ß Edß ^mdZmÀ_H$ oÒWoV _{ß oÒQß>J Om{ oH$ A[Z{ odf` H{$ ‡H$mS> [ßoS>V W{, Za{›– H{$ ]ma{ _{ß H$hm oH$ Ï`m[H$ [nadV©Z H$aV{ hwE Cg_{ß AVto–` ]m{Y H{$ ¤ma Im{bVr h°& V] Xe©Z H$m E{gm _{Ymdr N>mÃ `yam{[ H{$ oH$gr ^r odÌdod⁄mb` _{ß X{I{ H$m{ Zht Ïò∫$ Ïò∫$ Zht ahm OmVm, dh ]Z OmVm h° odamQ> H$m Ao^fi ohÒgm & o_b{Jm& [mÌMmÀ` Xme©oZH$ odMmamAm{ß Z{ Za{›– H{$ odMmam{ß H$m{ PH$Pm{a V^r CgH{$ AZw^dm{ß _{ß ôdÓ` Xe©Z, Xya ]m{Y-AßV]m{Y H{$ ZE ¤ma IwbV{ h°& oX`m& Xe©Z emÛ Za{›– H$m o‡` odf` Wm CZH$m oZaßVZ oMßVZ- oS>H$mQ©> oZÓH$f© ñ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m OrdZ VoS>V H{$ g_mZ V{OÒdr Am°a Vy\$mZ H$m AßhdmX hy_ Am°a ]{Z H$r ZmoÒVH$Vm, S>mo]©Z H$m odH$mgdmX Ò[{›ga H$m H{$ g—f d{JdmZ Wm & d{ A[Z{ bKw H$m`©H$mb _{ß Om{ Hw$N> H$a J`{ dh AmJm_r Ak{`dmX, o_ba H$m `WmW©dmX BZ_{ß g{ H$m°Z gÀ` h° ? Bgr oOkmgm Z{ AZ{H$ eVmo„X`m{ß VH$ odÌd H{$ BoVhmg ‡dmh H$m{ oXem Am°a JoV ‡XmZ Za{›– H{$ _oÒVÓH$ H$m{ C’{obV H$a oX`m& `h Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H{$ H$aVm ah{Jm& odd{H$mZßX Or ]hw_wIr ‡oV^m H{$ YZr W{, Am°a `⁄o[ C›h{ß OrdZ H$r AßVamÀ_m H$r VÒdra h° Om{ `wdm dJ© H{$ ‡U{Vm H$h{ OmZ{ dmb{ `wdm EH$ _hmZ X{e^∫$, b{IH$, odMmaH$, d∫$m, _mZd‡{_r AmoX ode{fUm{ß g{ dJ© H{$ obE hr odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß EH$ Z`m gßX{e X{Vr h°& od^yofV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° VWmo[ _ybV: d{ EH$ gd© À`mJr ]´Pd{Vm Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H{$ oejm gß]ßYr odMma oOZg{ gÂ[yU© g_mO g›`m`r W{& CZH{$ OrdZ H$m Xm{ham VmÀ[`© Wm- EH$ [ya{ odÌd H{$ obE H$m odH$mg gß^d h°- Xygam ÒdX{e H{$ obE& Òdm_r Or Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ O°g{ ]w’ H{$ [mg ‡m¿` l CŒmaXmo`Àd H$r ^mdZm & OJV H{$ obE EH$ gßX{e Wm d°g{ hr _{a{ [mg [mÌMmÀ` OJV H{$ obE EH$ l AmÀ_odÌdmg& gßX{e h°& òX [oÌM_r Xe `w’, Ò[Ym©, AmUodH$ od‹dßg, AmoW©H$ d°f‰` l H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ OyPZm& AmoX IVam{ß g{ A[Zr ajm H$aZm MmhV{ hm{ Vm{ CZH{$ obE Òdm_r Or ¤mam l amÓQ>≠ oZ_m©U H$r ^mdZm& ‡MmnaV odÌd H{$ AIS>Vm Am°a _mZd H{$ oXÏ`Àd H$m ^md A[ZmZm l g_ÒV OZ g_wXm` H$m EH$ _V& A[nahm`© hm{ OmVm h° Òdm_r Or ^maVr` Zd OmJam H{$ AJ´XyV W{& d{ l _wPH$m{ Zht Vw_H$m{ H$r odMmaYmam& ^maV H$r A›Vam©À_m H{$ _yV©Í$[ W{& AV: A[Z{ amÓQ>≠r` OrdZ H{$ d°oeÓQ>_ l oZ:ÒdmW© g{dm ^md& H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ obE h_mar AmJm_r [ro∂S>`m{ß H$m{ CZH{$ OrdZ Am°a dmUr H$m l gOmVr` _ZwÓ`m{ß H{$ ‡oV ghmZw^yoV& JhZ A‹``Z H$aZm hm{Jm& l Ïò∫$ H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm& Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Or H{$ C›Vmbrg df© (1863-1902) H{$ gßoj· l g_mO H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm& OrdZ H$mb H{$ H{$db Xg df© hr gmd©OoZH$ H$m`m} _{ß Ï`VrV hwE& BVZ{ H$_ l ÒdJ© Am°a ZH©$ H$r oM›Vm N>m{∂S>Zm& g_` _{ß ^r C›hm{ßZ{ ^mdr [roS>`m{ß H{$ obE emÌdV _hÀd H{$ Mma J´ßW N>m{S>∂{- l Òdß` Edß Ah_ H$m{ ^ybZm& l Y_© gÂ‡Xm` H$r ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>Zm& kmZ`m{J, ô∫$`m{J, H$_©^m{J, VWm amO`m{J `h g^r oh›Xy Xe©Z H{$ l Aoejm, Xna–Vm, em{fU H$m{ Xya H$aZm& AgmYmaU Y_©J´ßW h¢& Om{ AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r, Z`{ g_mO Edß amÓQ>≠ H{$ obE l [roS>V _mZdVm H$r g{dm H$aZm& EH$ ZB© oXem X{V{ h°& l ]w’ H$r ^mßoV OrdZ CÀgJ© H$aZm& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- AV: g_mO H{$ odH$mg _{ß odd{H$mZßX Or H$r `wdm dJ© H$m{ ‡{aUmÀ_H$ 1. Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX - gmYZm [m}H{$Q> ]w∑g, am{eZmam am{S>, oXÑr- 110087 odMmaYmam H{$ gmW-gmW Òd`ß H{$ CŒmaXmo`Àd H{$ ‡oV gOJ ahZm Edß 2. amO^m{J- am_H•$ÓU JR> ZmJ[wa AmÀ_odÌdmg â H$a OrdZ H$r H$oR>Z [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ OyPZm d g_mO 3. am.g{.`m{. Òd`ß g{dH$ X°Zo›XZr- ^mΩ`m{X` o‡›Q>g© ES> [o„beg©, _Wwam H$m{ ‡JoV [W [a b{ OmZm& odd{H$mZßX Or _mZd _{ß _wPH$m{ Zht Vw_H$m{ _¢ Z 4. h_mam ^maV- Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX hr Vw_ H$r ^mdZm â H$a EH$ oZ:ÒdmW© _mZd ]ZmZm MmhV{ W{& Ïò∫$ 5. odd{H$mZßX EH$ OrdZr- Òdm_r oZoIbmZßX H$Î`mU d g_mO H$Î`mU hr _mZd OrdZ H$r H$_©^yo_ h°, d{ odo^fi Y_© 6. AIS> ¡`m{oV- [ß. lram_ e_m© AmMm`© Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 131

AmYwoZH$ gßX^© _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ odo^ﬁ Am`m_

_ßOybVm ZmJa{ * ‡ÒVmdZm - _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r [hb 1985 _{ß A›Vam©Ô>≠r` gÂ_{bZ _wH{$]mOr _{ß [XH$ OrV H$a XwoZ`m _{ß ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß H$m Zm_ am{eZ Zam°]r _{ß H$r JB© Wr& dmÒVd _{ß òX odMma oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ _ohbm geo∫ H$aU H$m oH$`m h°& gm_m›` gm AW© oZH$bVm h° oH$ _ohbm H$m{ eo∫$ gß[fi ]ZZm `m gŒmm _{ß 5. odkmZ H{$ j{Ã - _{ß ^r ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß Z{ ZB© ZB© D∞$ßMmB`m{ß H$m{ Nw>Am _ohbmAm{ß H$r gmßP{Xmar g{ h°& oZ`©U b{Z{ H$r j_Vm geo∫H$aU H$m EH$ ]∂S>m h°& Xygam{ Edß H$B© AZwgßYmZ H{$›–m{ _{ß H$B© _ohbmEß AZwgßYmZH$Vm© H{$ Í$[ _{ß _mZH$ h°& geo∫H$aU H$m grYm gm AW© h° oH$ oH$gr H$m`© H$m{ H$aZ{ `m am{H$Z{ H$r H$m`© H$a Z`{-Z`{ AodÓH$ma H$a ahr h°& ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam AßVnaj j_Vm& _ohbm geo∫$H$aU g{ VmÀ[`© h°& oH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ ]am]a H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r [wÍ$fm{ H{$ g_mZ `m{JXmZ ahm h°& A^r A^r gwoZVm odob`_ d°YmoZH$, amOZ°oVH$, emarnaH$, _mZogH$, gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß CZH{$ Edß H$Î[Zm Mmdbm Z{ AßVnaj _ß{ OmH$a odkmZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß [nadma, g_wXm`, g_mO Edß amÓQ≠> H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ _{ß oZU©` b{Z{ H$r H$m Zm_ ]wbßX oH$`m& ÒdVßÃVm g{ h°& AmYwoZH$H$aU _{ß _ohbmEß odH$mg H$r Am{a ]hwV Vrd´ JoV g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma h{Vw CR>m`{ J`{ H$X_ - gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H{$ AmJ{ ]∂T> ahr _ohbmEß AmO Ka H$r Mma Xrdmar VH$ hr gro_V Zht ]oÎH$ MmQ©>a H{$ AmoQ©>H$b (55) _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ g_mZVm, ÒdVßÃVm, _mV•Àd VWm gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, e°joUH$, amOZ°oVH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, Ymo_©H$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß oZÀ` g]H$m{ ›`m` Bgr d°oÌdH$ ^mdZm H{$ gmW ÒdVßÃVm H{$ ]mX ^maV H{$ gßodYmZ Z`{ Am`m_m{ß H$r aMZm H$a ahr h°& _{ß ^r Ûr [wÍ$f g_mZVm (AZw.14) H$r MMm© H$r JB© h°& 1955 H{$ oh›Xy oddmh 1. amOZ°oVH$ j{Ã _{ß - ^maV _{ß _ohbmE{ oeojV odo^fi amOZ°oVH$ Xbm{ AoYoZ`_ 1954 H{$ ode{f oddmh AoYoZ`_ 1956 [wZod©dmh AoYoZ`_ H{$ A›VJ©V odo^fi [Xm{ß [a [XÒW h°& H$B© _ohbmE{ Vm{ amOZ°oVH$ Xb H{$ 1956 _{ß [mnaV oh›XyXŒmH$ J•hU Edß âU [m{fU AoYoZ`_ H{$ ¤mam Ohmß oZ_m©Vm Edß A‹`j [X [a [XÒW hm{Z{ H{$ gmW H$B© ‡mßVm{ _{ß _wª`_ßÃr H{$ Zmar H$m{ gm_moOH$ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`{ J`{ h°& dhr 1956 H{$ oh›Xy CŒmamoYH$ma [X [a [XÒW ahr h°& O°g{ - erbm XrojV, O`bobVm, _m`dVr, BZH{$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ ¤mam Cg{ gß[oŒm H$m AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°& \°$∑Q≠>r AoYoZ`_ Abmdm H$B© _ohbm amOZ°oVk H{$›– Edß am¡`m{ß _{ß _ßÃr`m{ß H{$ [Xm{ [a [XÒW 1948 Edß g_mZ [mnalo_H$ AoYoZ`_ 1976 H{$ ¤mam AmoW©H$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ h°& BZH{$ gmW-gmW ‡YmZ _ßÃr Edß amÓQ≠>[oV H{$ [X [a [h±wM H$a ^maV _{ß gmW-gmW BZH{$ gÂ_mZ H$m{ ^r gwajm ‡XmZ H$r JB©& oeojV Edß AoeojV _ohbm ge∫$rH$aU H$m{ Z`{ Z`{ Am`m_ oX`{ h°& g^r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ _VmoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Xh{O oZf{Y 2. AmoW©H$ j{Ã _{{ß - AmO H{$ AmYwoZH$ ^maV _{ß _ohbm`{ Ka oH$ XhbrO E∫$ 1961, ‡gyVr bm^ E∑Q> 1961 Edß Aõrb oMÃU oZdmaU 1986 ^r H$m{ bmßKH$a AmoW©H$ j{Ã _{ß oZÀ` Z`{ Am`m_m{ß oH$ aMZm H$a ahr h°& ^maV H{$ [mnaV oH$`{ J`{ h°& oZOr ]¢H$ j{Ã _{ß VrZ ‡_wI ]¢H$m{ H{$ gr.B©.Am{. H{$ [X [a [XÒW h°& H$B© ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam 2001 H$m{ _ohbm ge∫$rH$aU df© Km{ofV oH$`m H$Â[Zr`m{ß _{ß _ohbm`{ ‡]ßYH$ Edß OZab _{Z{Oa H{$ [X [a H$m`© H$a ahr h°& J`m& Òd`ß og’m`m{OZm, _ohbm g_mª`m H$m`©H´$_, –dmH$am AmoX `m{OZm`{ß BgH{$ gmW-gmW emgH$r` g{dm Edß oZOr gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß H$m`© H$a [nadma ‡maß^ H$r JB©& am¡`m{ Z{ ^r A[Zr A[Zr Am{a g{ ‡`mg oH$`{ O°g{ hna`mUm _{ß{ H$m{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ _O]yVr ‡XmZ H$a ahr h° [°Âgr H$Â[Zr H$r gr.B©.Am{. X{dr Í$[H$ `m{OZm Edß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß XrXr ]¢H$ `m{OZm BÀ`moX& H{$ [X [a ^maVr` _ohbm ¤mam H$m`© H$a _ohbm ge∫$rH$aU H$m{ odÌd _ß{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV - ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$r ‡ÒVmdZm H{$ AZwgma ^maV _ß{ Z`{ A`m_m{ß VH$ [hwMm h°& _ohbAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ H{$ g_mZ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`{ J`{ h°& ^maVr` gßodYmZ _ß{ 3. e°joUH$ j{Ã - ‡mMrZ H$mb _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Ka ]mha g{ ]mha oZH$bZm H$hr ^r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ß g{ H$_ AoYH$ma ‡m· Zht h°& oH$›Vw gm_moOH$ doO©V hwAm H$aVm Wm AV: d{ AoeojV hwAm H$aVr Wr b{oH$Z g_` H{$ [mnadmnaH$ Í$oT>dmXr [aÂ[am H{$ H$maU ^maV _ß{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV ha j{Ã _ß{ gmW-gmW AmO H{$ AmYwoZH$rH$aU `wJ _{{ß _ohbmEß ^r [wÍ$fm{ H{$ g_mZ o[N>S>r hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX ^r AmO H{$ ^maV _{ _ohbmE{ oejm H{$ H$maU OmJÍ$H$ Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bH$a oejm H{$ j{Ã V{Or g{ AmJ{ ]T> ahr h°& S>m∞∑Q>a hm{ ahr h°& Am°a ha j{Ã _{ß CfioV H$a _ohbm geo∫$H$am H$m{ ]∂T>m ahr h°& ^maVr` BßOroZà Edß ha ‡H$ma H$r VH$ZroH$ ‡m· H$a ahr h°& XwoZ`m H{$ ha odÌd gßodYmZ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ode{f AoYH$ma oX`{ J`{ h°& amOZ°oVH$ j{Ã _{ß _ohbm od⁄mb` _{ß ^maVr` _ohbmEß A‹``Z H$aVr hwB© [mB© Om ahr h°& Bg ‡H$ma CoMV ‡oVoZoYÀd X{Z{ H{$ obE gßodYmZ H{$ 73 d{ gßem{YZ ¤mam gÂ[yU© X{e ha ‡H$ma H$r oejm ‡m· H$a oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m{ ZB© [ßMm`Vm{ Edß oObm [nafXm{ß _{ß 33 ‡oVeV AmajU ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°& 26 D±$MmB©`m{ VH$ [hwMm`m h°& A∑Qy>]a 2006 H$m{ Ka{by _ohbm, ohßgm _ohbm, AmajU H$mZyZ [mnaV oH$`m 4. I{bHy$X H{$ j{Ã _{ß - XÌm{ _{ß{ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam AmYwoZH$ J`m& g°’mßoVH$ Í$[ g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ H$mZyZ _{ß [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ g_mZ g^r AoYH$ma ^maV _{ß odo^fi j{Ãm{ _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU D±$MmB©`m{ VH$ [hwMZ{ H{$ ‡m· h°& [aßVw Ï`dhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ BZ_{ß ]hwV AßVa h°& [nadmam{ß _{ß b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ b∂S>H$m{ gmW-gmW I{b j{Ã _{ß ^r Z`{ Am`m_m{ H$m{ Nw>Am h°& Q{>oZg _{ß gmoZ`m o_Om© H{$ g_mZ oejm I{bHy$X ImZ{-[rZ{ AmoX _{ß ^{X^md oH$`m OmVm h°& AmO ^r ¤mam odÌd _{ß EH$b [hMmZ ]ZmB© h°& gmB©Zm Z{hdmb ¤mam ]{S>o_Qß>Z _{ß oddmh H$aV{ g_` b∂S>H{$ ¤mam b∂S>H$r H$m{ X{IZ{ H$r [aÂ[am h°& AH$ga H{$db odÌd _ß{ o¤Vr` ÒWmZ ‡m· oH$`m&[rQ>r D$fm ¤mam Eoe`mB© I{bm{ß _{ß Mma b∂S>H{$ g{ [gßX Z [gßX H{$ ]ma{ gh_oV br OmVr h°& O]oH$ bS>oH$`m{ß H$r gh_oV ÒdU© [X OrVH$a Z`{ BoVhmg aMm BgH{$ Abmdm dV©_mZ Am{bßo[H$ _{ß `m Agh_oV H$m{ ZOa AßXmO H$a oX`m OmVm h°& eharH$aU Edß AmYwoZH$r` * em{YmWu,(g_mOemÛ od^mJ) ]aH$VCÑm odÌdodYmb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 132

H$aU H{$ H$maU ehar Edß oeojV [nadmam{ß _{ß hr b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ Hw$N> Ny>Q> Edß gwodYm 15 _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ b{H$a Cfm Z{ Òd`ß ghm`Vm H{$ ob`{ EH$ N>m{Q>m-gm g_yh ]Zm`m b∂S>H$m{ß H{$ ]am]a ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& oH$›Vw `hmß [a ^r b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m X{a amV H$m{ Ka Wm& A] dh ]∂T>H$a H$B© JwZm hm{ J`m h° Om{ [ya{ oOb{ _{ß EH$ AmXe© o_gmb ]Z JB© AmZm bS>H$m{ß H{$ gmW Yy_Zm `m CZH{$ gmW hm{Q>bm{ß _{ß ImZm ImZ{ [moQ©>`m{ß _{ß OmZ{ [a h°& Bg g_yh Z{ ]∂S>m AZm{Im H$m_ oH$`m h°& EH$ _ohbm H•$of ‡gma od⁄mb` H$m b∂S>H$m{ß H{$ g_mZ ÒdVßÃVm ‡m· Zht hm{Vr h°& AH$ga C›h{ß OÎXr Ka AmZ{ H$m{ H$hm JR>Z oH$`m Om{ H•$of g{ OwS>r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ZB©-ZB© OmZH$mar X{Vm h°& BgH{$ OmVm h°& AmO H$b emXr H{$ obE Zm°H$ar [{em b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r _mßJ ]∂T>Vr Om ahr h°& ]{hVa [naUm_ o_b{& [wamZ{ Am°Omam{ß d [wamZ{ VarH$m{ß g{ Nw>Q>H$mam o_bm& g_` eo∫$ d oH$›Vw o\$a ^r C›h{ ßKa Edß ]mha Xm{Zm{ ßOJh g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& l_ H$r ]a]mXr Í$H$r& gm{MZ{ H$m Tß>J ]Xbm& H$_ bmJV d H$_ d∫$ _{ß ¡`mXm OJh-OJh [a C›h{ CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [S>Vm h°& oH$›Vw o\$a ^r AmYwoZH$ \$m`Xm hwAm& j{Ã _{ß \y$bm{ß d ZB© go„O`m{ H$r I{Vr ]∂T>r& gXÒ` _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ^maV _{ß{ ^maVr` _ohbmEß g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß l{ÓR>Vm H{$ Z`{ Am`mAm{ß H$r aMZm H$a ahr h°& [nadmam{ß H$r Am_XZr ]∂T>r, CZH$m OrdZ ÒVa gwYam h°& `h X{IH$a Xygar _ohbmAm{ß A‹``Z odoY - _ohbm geo∫$rH$aU H$m A‹``Z ¤°ŒmrH$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß g{ EH$oÃV H$m ‡{aUm o_br h°& g_yh H$r gXÒ`mAm{ß H$m{ X{I-X{I H$a Jmßd H$r Xygar _ohbm`{ß ^r oH$`m J`m oOg_{ß [wÒVH$, g_mMma [Ã EH$b A‹`m[Z AmoX H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß, a{oS>`m{, Q>r.dr. AmoX g{ OmZH$mar b{Z{ _{ß AoYH$ Í$oM b{Z{ bJr h°& Om{ J`m h°& [∂T>Zm-obIZm Zht OmZVr Wr, d{ ^r e_©, gßH$m{M Am°a ^` N>m{∂S>H$a A] Aja kmZ A‹``ZH$m C‘{Ì` - b{Z{ H$r H$m{oee H$a aht h°& Bgr Vah EH$ Xm{ Zht X{e H{$ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{{ß AZ{H$ g_yh Mb 1. dV©_mZ ÒWoV _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU [a odÌb{fU Edß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ah{ h¢& d{ A[Zr Wm{∂S>r-Wm{∂S>r ]MV BH$∆r H$aH{$ OÍ$aV_ßX≤ gXÒ`mAm{ß H$r _XX H$aV{ h¢& obE oZo_©V odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZm& _mM© 2007 VH$ 68575 g_yh ]Z{ W{ oOg_{ß 10 bmI _ohbm`{ß gXÒ` Wt& 2. `m{OZmAm{ß g{ bm^mßodV _ohbmAm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZm& oZÓH$f© - oÛ`m{ß H$m gm_moOH$ amOZ°oVH$ Am°a gmd©OoZH$ OrdZ _{ß ‡oVoZoYÀd 21 dr gXr _{ß ‡d{e H$a MwH{$ O_mZ{ _ß{ A] O]oH$ b∂S>oH$`mß [T> obI ahr h°, XjVm _{ß Ao^d•o’, gm_moOH$ gwajm H$r ‡mo· H$m{ hmogb H$aH{$ C›h{ß ge∫$ AmÀ_oZ^©a h°, [wamZ{ ]ßYZm{ g{ _w∫$ h°, odo^fi gßJR>Z H$m`© H$a ahr h°, V] _ohbmE± ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& oÛ`m{ß H$m geo∫$H$aU C›h{ß ojoVO oXImZ{ H$m ‡`mg h° AoYH$ gwgßÒH•$V Am°a Hw$eb hm{ ahr h°& em`X `hr CZH{$ [wZ©O›_ H$m ÒdoU©_ H$mb oOg_{ß d{ ZB© j_VmAm{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$a Òd`ß H$m{ Z`{ VarH{$ g{ X{I{ßJr, Ka{by eo∫$ h°& AmO _ohbmAm{ß Z{ [wÍ$fm{ß H$r ]mJS>m{a gß^mbZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m h°& Bg ZdrZ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]{hVa g_m`m{OZ H$a{ßJr Am°a Ka Edß [`m©daU _{ß Òdm`ŒmVm H$r AZw^yoV [naH$Î[Zm _{ß oH$aU ]{Xr, Q{>gr Wm∞_g, ‡oV^m [moQ>b, _ram Hw$_ma O°g{ H$B© M{ha{ H$a{ßJr& b¢oJH$ Ag_mZVm, Xh{O, gm_moOH$ _m›`Vm Edß g_woMV oejm, ÒdmÒœ` AmBH$Z ]ZH$a Câ ah{ h°& _oU[wa _{ß Xg gmb g{ Am_aU AZeZ [a AÒ[Vmb AmoX Hw$N> [hbwAm{ß H$r oXem _{ß ‡`mg H$aH{$ hr _ohbm geo∫$H$aU oH$`m Om _{ß Zob`m{ß H{$ ghma{ b{Q>r Bam{_ emo_©bm Z{ Vm{ Z PwH$Z{ Am°a Z oS>JZ{ H$r Zmar gßH$Î[Zm gH$Vm h°& geo∫$H$aU H$r JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ ¤mam Zmar g_mO H{$ Zd OmJaU H$r ZB© Zmar oH$dßXVr J∂T>r h°& gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ bmZ{ dmbr AÍ$Um am` _ohbm Am°a H$Î`mU H$r R>m{g ewÍ$AmV H$r OmZr h°& _ohbm g]brH$aU AmYwoZH$ gemo∫$H$aU H$r ‡]b [am{H$ma ]Zr h°& ôdÓ` d∫$mAm{ß Z{ 21 dt gXr H$m{ Zmar OrdZ _{ß gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$r O∂S>m{ H$m{ _O]yV H$aVm h¢& g_mO H{$ ad°`{ _{ß gXr H$h H$a gß]m{oYV oH$`m h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$r goH´$` ^mJrXmar [ßMm`Vm{ß Am°a ]woZ`mXr [nadV©Z bmH$a _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odd{H$, g_mœ`© Edß `m{Ω`VmAm{ß H$m{ o_bZ{ ÒWmZr` oZH$m`m{ß _{ß ]T>Vr Om ahr h°& AmO _ohbmEß [ßMm`V MwZmd b∂S>V{ g_` `h dmbr MwZm°oV`m{ß H{$ ]rM C›h{ß ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm h°& A[Zr j_VmAm{ß H$m{ [hMmZ gßH$Î[ H$a MwZmd bS>Vr h° oH$ dh "EH$ Am°a ^´ÓQ> ga[ßM' Zht ]ZZ{ X{Jr& ÒHy$b H$a Am°a C›h{ß H$m_ _{ß bmH$a Ï`dhma _{ß [naoUV H$aZm oOgg{ d{ g_mO H{$ CÀWmZ H$m∞b{O [∂T>Z{ dmbr bS>oH$`m± `h V` H$a [T>mB© H$aVr h° oH$ dh XoH$`mZwgr, _{ß `m{JXmZ H$a gH$Vr h¢& _ohbmAm{ß H$m geo∫$H$aU EH$ bJmVma MbZ{ dmbr bmbMr Am°a Am[amoYH$ g_mO H$m ohÒgm Zht ]Z{Jr& H$m`© j{Ã H{$ odo^fi ]°R>H$m{ JoVerb ‡oH´$`m h°, BgH$m _yb C‘{Ì` `h h° oH$ hmoe`{ H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ _wª`Ymam _{ß Òd`ß ]∂T>-M∂T> H$a ^mJ b{Jr Z oH$ CZH{$ [oV `m gß]ßYr A[Z{ hÒVmja h{Vw oH$gr _{ß bm`m Om gH{$ Am°a gŒmm gßaMZm _{ß ^mJrXma ]Zm`m Om gH{$& AmO ^maVr` H$m{ Ka Z ]wbmH$a Òd`ß A[Z{ H$m`m©b` _{ß C[oÒWV hm{H$a A[Z{ Xmo`Àd H$m _ohbmAm{ß Z{ X{e XwoZ`m H{$ odo^fi j{Ã _{ß A[Zm gÂ_moZV ÒWmZ ]Zm`m h° AmO oZdm©hZ H$a{Jr& _ohbmAm{ß H$r `h C[bo„Y _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r X{Z h°& gaH$ma _ohbm`{ß ]{hVa am{OJma H{$ ob`{ XwoZ`m H{$ oH$gr ^r H$m{Z{ _{ß OmZ{ H{$ ob`{ V°`ma h¢ ¤mam _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ oejm H$r g_woMV Ï`dÒWm hm{Z{ g{ _ohbmAm{ß _{ß XjVm, AmO E{gm H$m{B© j{Ã Zht Ohmß _ohbmAm{ß Z{ A[Zr C[oÒWoV XO© Z H$amB© hm{& H$m°eb, kmZ Edß j_VmAm{ß H$m odH$mg hwAm h°& _ohbm`{ß odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß d amÓQ≠> H{$ odH$mg H$r AJ´XyV ]Zr _ohbmAm{ß ¤mam X{e hr Zht daZ≤ odX{em{ß _{ß ^r amÓQ≠>r` H$m`©H´$_m{ß g{ OwS>r, `Wm gß^d ]hw_wIr odH$mg H{$ _mJ© [a H$X_ [a H$X_ A[Z{ amÓQ≠> H$m [aM_ bham`m h¢& g_w– H$r JhamB`m{ß g{ b{H$a [hmS>m{ß H$r Dß$MmB`mß ]∂T>m`m oOg_{ß d{ H$m_`m] ^r hwB© h°& _ohbm`{ß A[Zr ]wo’, `m{Ω`Vm H{$ AmYma [a ^r BZ H$X_m{ß H{$ gm_Z{ N>m{Q>r [∂S> JB©& amÓQ≠> H$r AmßVnaH$ VWm ]mh≤m JoVodoY`mß g^r Zm°H$na`m{ß Am°a Ï`dgm`m| _{ß AmJ{ AmZ{ bJr h°& obo[H$, oeojH$m, AoYH$mar, BZg{ ANy>Vr Z ah [m`t & _ohbm geo∫$H$aU h{Vw AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ ‡emgoZH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß Vm{ _ohbm`{ß A[Z{ H$X_ O_m MwH$r h° Bgg{ AmJ{ [wobg, ‡emgoZH$ gßaMZm H{$ ‡À`{H$ ÒVa [a _ohbmAm{ß H$r JwUmÀ_H$ d gmW hr BßOroZ`naßJ, [m`bQ>, oMoH$Àgm, g{Zm, Zog©J, [ÃH$mnaVm, gm¢X`© ‡gmYZ, gßª`mÀ_H$ gh^moJVm ^r AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ hm{& eo∫$ gßaMZm _{ß{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r ode{fkm{ß AmoX H{$ Í$[ _{ ^r CÑ{IZr` ‡JoV ‡m· H$a br h°& I{bHy$X, [d©Vmam{hU gh^moJVm H$m{ gwoZoÌMV H$aZm, C›h{ß g_mZVm oXbmZ{ `m CZH{$ AmZw[moVH$ d H{$ j{Ã oeojV _ohbmAm{ß g{ Jm°admo›dV hw`{ h°& Eàhm{ÒQ{>g, nag{fleoZÒQ>, odÒV•V gm_moOH$ _w‘m{ H$m{, _ohbmAm| d g_mO H{$ gßX^© _{ß g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg ^r g{ÎgJÎg©, _m∞S>b, H$bm, ZÀ` gßJrV AmoX j{Ãm{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m dM©Ò` ÒWmo[V hm{Jm& EH$ ›`m`m{oMV d _mZdr` gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ oZ_m©U h{Vw h_{ß _ohbmAm{ß hwAm h°& AmO H$r _ohbm`{ß H{$db [ÀZr, _mVm AmoX gß]ßYm{ H{$ ¤mam hr A[Zm H$r gh^moJVm H{$ _hÀd H$m{ g_PZm hm{Jm& [naM` Zht X{Vr, ]oÎH$ A[Z{ Am[H$m{ amÓQ≠> H{$ CŒmaXm`r ZmJnaH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gßX^© J´Wß gyMr :- C[oÒWV H$aVr h°& S{>ar [ew[mbZ, [m{ÎQ≠>r, _N>br [mbZ, MQ>Zr, AmMma _wa„]{ `mZr 1. Mm°hmZ ∂S>m∞. B©Ìdaogßh, 1989 ^maVr` g_mO, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW oH$ Im⁄ [naajU, hWH$aKm, XÒVH$mar O°g{ H$m_m{ß _ß{ J´m_rU _ohbm`{ß [rN{> Zhr h¢, AH$mX_r& b{oH$Z Om{ Jmßd ehar BbmH$m{ß H{$ ZOXrH$ h° dhmß H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Bg Zd OmJ•oV 2. [mR>H$ B›Xw, _mM© 2007, amOZroVH$ gh^moJVm Edß _ohbm Am°a M{VZm H$m bm^ AoYH$ [hwßMm h°, ]hwV-gr _ohbmAm{ß Z{ Vm{ A[Zr g\$bVm H{$ geo∫H$aU, Hw$Í$j{Ã, _mogH$ [oÃH$m, [{O-26 naH$mS©> H$m`_ oH$`{ h°& [oÌM_r CŒma‡X{e _{ß EH$ oObm h° ]mJ[V& dhmß H$r ]∂S>m°V 3. X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã - Zd ^maV, X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, X{e]ßYw, A_•VgßX{e & Vhgrb H$r Cfm Vm{_a Z{ o_gmb H$m`_ H$r h°& H$ar] 7 df© [hb{ A[Z{ BbmH{$ H$r 4. AmoW©H$ g_rjm, 2008-2009, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© oXÑr& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 133

"S>m`Z ‡Wm' (odMH$m‚Q>) : EH$ gm_moOH$ odõ{fU

S>m∞. [a{e o¤d{Xr *

‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV AZ{H$ ododYVmAm{ß dmbm X{e h°& `hm± OZOmVr` gßkmAm{ß _{ß H$mÎ[oZH$Vm AoYH$ h° oOgH$m Zm H$m{B© VmoH©$H$ `m d°kmoZH$ g_wXm`m{ß Edß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ gmW ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß ^r H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ aroV- AmYma h° Am°a Zm hr ‡_mU& Bg ‡H$ma S>m`Z ‡Wm H$r AdYmaUm H$m nadmOm{ß, [aÂ[amAm{ß Edß ‡WmAm{ß H$m ‡MbZ h°& BZ_{ß Y_© Edß OmXy H$m gß]›Y _ohbmAm{ß g{ Om{∂S>H$a X{Im OmVm h° Om{ A‡À`j È[ g{ oH$gr _•V _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°& gÂ[yU© ^maV _{ß Y_© Edß OmXy H{$ g›X^© _{ß AZ{H$ _ohbm H$r AmÀ_m H{$ È[ _{ß C[am{∫$ ]VmB© JB© _ohbmAm{ß H$r oH$gr ^r l{Ur ododYVm`w∫$ _m›`VmAm{ß H{$ gmW Cgg{ gÂ]o›YV AZwÓR>mZ Edß g{ gÂ]o›YV hm{ gH$Vr h°& H$^r- H$^r Vm{ ghO, gwg‰` Edß ‡oVoÓR>V oH´$`modoY`m{ß H$m{ ^maVr`m{ß ¤mam [yU© oH$`m OmVm h°& BZ AZwÓR>mZm{ß Edß oXImB© X{Z{ dmbr _ohbm oOgH{$ ¤mam ghO _{ß H$hr JB© ]mV Ï`mdhmnaH$ oH´$`modoY`m{ß H$m gÂ]›Y [odÃVm Edß A[odÃVm H$r YmaUm H{$ gmW Ow∂S>m È[ g{ oZa›Va og’ hm{ OmVr h° Vm{ Cg{ ^r gm_yohH$ gh_oV H{$ gmW S>m`Z hwAm h°, oOg{ [yU© H$aZ{ H{$ Xm{ _mJ© h°, [hbm _mßoÃH$ _mJ© Edß Xygam VmßoÃH$ H$h oX`m OmVm h°& [a›Vw odo^fi [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV KQ>ZmAm{ß, _mJ©& _mßoÃH$ _mJ© H$r gÂ]’Vm Y_© H{$ [odÃ AZwÓR>mZ g{ h° O]oH$ VmßoÃH$ em{Y A‹``Z H{$ oZÓH$fm} VWm Am_ gm_moOH$ YmaUm H{$ AZwgma S>m`Z _mJ© H$m{ A[odÃ AZwÓR>mZ g{ Om{∂S>H$a X{Im OmVm h° oOg_{ß OmXy-Q>m{Z{ H$r EH$ OrodV MnaÃ h°, Z oH$ _•V& oH´$`mAm{ß H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h°& _mßoÃH$ oH´$`modoY`m{ß _{ß `k, hdZ, d´V, S>m`Z H{$ gßX^© _{ß _m›`VmE± - S>m`Z H{$ gßX^© _{ß Bg ‡H$ma H$r _m›`Vm C[dmg O°gr oH´$`mE{ß goÂ_obV hm{Vr h°& h° oH$ d{ _ohbmE± oOZH$r AH$mb A‡mH•$oVH$ `m A‡À`moeV _•À`w hm{ OmVr ^maV H{$ bm{Jm{ß _{ß `h _m›`Vm h° oH$ oZò_V [yOm, AM©Zm, AmamYZm, h°, Vm{ CZH$m Bg ‡H$ma Agm_o`H$ _•À`w H$m{ ‡m· hm{ OmZm CZH$r A[yU© d´V, C[dmg Edß g_`-g_` [a `k-hdZ AmoX [odÃ _mßoÃH$ AZwÓR>mZm{ß _hÀdmH$mßjmAm{ß, A[{jmAm{ß Am°a AYyar AmemAm{ß H$r Am{a gßH{$V H$aVr h°& H$m{ [yU© H$aV{ ahZ{ g{ od[oŒm`m{ß g{ ajm H{$ gmW, C[ar hdm, Z∂Oa, ^yV-‡{V, _•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV C›h{ß _m{j Zht o_bVm Am°a Z hr CZH$m oH$gr Xygar `m{oZ _{{ß S>m`Z O°gr A[odÃ AmÀ_mAm{ß g{ gwajm hm{Vr h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ ^maV _{ß bm{Jm{ß H$m [wZ©O›_ hm{Vm h° Am°a `h Ag›VwÓQ> ^Q>H$Vr AmÀ_m S>m`Z H{$ È[ _{ß odMaU AmÀ_m Am°a [wZO©›_ H$r YmaUm _{ß odÌdmg h°& E{gr hr A‡À`j Í$[ g{ H$aVr h° Om{ oH$gr ^r OrodV _ohbm, [wÈf, ]Ém{ß Edß OmZdam{ß H$m{ [a{emZ A[odÃ AmÀ_m H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ S>m`Z H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m h° Om{ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW Cg_{ß ‡d{e ^r H$a gH$Vr h°& Bgr ‡H$ma AmoW©H$ È[ g{ ‡WmJV _m›`Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß amOÒWmZ H{$ AoVna∫$ ^maV H{$ JwOamV, [oÌM_ H$_Om{a Ag›VwÓQ>, Xygam{ß H$r ‡JoV g{ ZmIwe, B©Ó`m© aIZ{ dmbr OrodV ]ßJmb, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, _‹`‡X{e, hna`mUm, Ag_, PmaIS>, _hmamÓQ≠> AmoX _ohbmE± ^r VßÃ od⁄m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ BZ _•V AmÀ_mAm{ß H{$ È[ _{ß C[oÒWV am¡`m{ß _{ß ^r X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°& d°oÌdH$ —oÓQ> g{ A\´$rH$m _{ß `h ‡Wm S>m`Z H$m{ de _{ß H$aH{$ oH$gr H$m{ ^r oH$gr ^r È[ _{ß [a{emZ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a h°& eara _{ß ‡d{e H$am gH$Vr h° `m Òd`ß ‡d{e H$a b{Vr h°& oH$g{ H$hV{ h° S>m`Z ? Am_ _m›`Vm H{$ AZwgma Xm{ g›X^© S>m`Z H$r gßkm Am_ ^mfm _{ß AmÀ_m H{$ È[ _{ß EH$ S>m`Z H$m{ S>mH$Z ^r H$hm OmVm h° _{ß gm_Z{ AmV{ h°, [hbm, O] oH$gr _ZwÓ` H$r AmH$oÒ_H$, Agm_o`H$ `m oOZH{$ ]ma{ _{ß `h H$hm OmVm h° oH$ dh 70 ‡H$ma H{$ È[ YmaU H$a gH$Vr AH$mb _•À`w hm{ OmVr h° Om{ oH$ A‡À`moeV Edß A‡mH•$oVH$ hm{Vr h°, Cg{ h° oOg_{ß CgH{$ ogH$m{Var, _°br, g`mZr Edß MwS>∂°b O°g{ È[ ]bembr Edß XwÓQ>`m ^Q>H$Vr AmÀ_m H$r l{Ur _{ß aIm OmVm h°& [wÍ$fm{ß H$r E{gr _•À`w Am°a IVaZmH$ _mZ{ OmV{ h°& BZ ÒdÍ$[m{ß _{ß EH$ S>m`Z, dra (_•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV CZH$r ^Q>H$Vr AmÀ_m H$m{ ^yV-‡{V, dra `m OrZ H$hm OmVm h° Edß _ohbmAm{ß [wÈfm{ß H$r ^Q>H$Vr AmÀ_m H$m EH$ ÒdÍ$[) H$m gh`m{J b{H$a oH$gr ^r hX H$r Bg ‡H$ma H$r _•À`w Edß ^Q>H$Vr AmÀ_m H$m{ S>m`Z `m Mw∂S°>b H$hm OmVm h°& VH$ ZwH$gmZ [hw±Mm gH$Vr h°& CZH{$ odMaU H$m g_` Xm{[ha 12-3 Edß Xygam Jar], EH$b, XobV, odYdm, [naÀ`∫$m, emaroaH$ Edß _mZogH$ _‹àmÃr 12-3 ]O{ H$m _mZm OmVm h° VWm `h _Ja_¿N> `m arN> [a gdmar oH´$`mAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a gH$mamÀ_H$ Zht oXIZ{ dmbr, odoMÃ d{e^yfm Edß H$aVr h°& ahZ{ H{$ Tß>J oOg_{ß ZH$mamÀ_H$ JwU oXImB© [∂S>V{ hm{, S>amdZr oXIZ{ dmbr _m°oIH$ BoVhmg Edß X›V H$WmAm{ß H{$ AZwgma O] S>m`Z gdmar Am°a ]ma-]ma oH$gr _ohbm ¤mam H$ht JB© ]mVm{ß H$m Om{ Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ _{ß H$aVr h° Vm{ dh A[Z{ gma{ H$[S{> CVma H$a ZæmdÒWm _{ß odMaU H$aVr h°& gÀ` hm{Vr OmVr h° oOg{ gm_yohH$ _m›`Vm H{$ AmYma [a CoMV R>hamH$a Cg Bg AdÒWm _{ß òX H$m{B© Cg{ X{I b{ Vm{ CgH$m AoZÓQ> hwE o]Zm Zht ahVm& _ohbm H$m{ S>m`Z H$r gßkm X{ Xr OmVr h°& oH$gr _ohbm H$m{ S>m`Z ]VmZ{ H$m AmYma _ßÃ eo∫$ h°& `h _ßÃ eo∫$ dmUr, S>m`Z H$r [hbr gßkm _{ß AmÀ_mdmX g{ gÂ]’Vm oXImB© X{Vr h° Am°a PyR>Z, ImZ{ _{ß oH$gr ‡H$ma H$r o_bmdQ>, ]mbm{ß H{$ Jw¿N{> _{ß _mßoÃH$ oH´$`mAm{ß, Xygar gßkm _{ß OrodV gŒmmdmX H$m [wQ> oXImB© X{Vm h°& b{oH$Z Xm{Zm{ß hr amB© H{$ XmZ{ o]I{aH$a, _yR> _maH$a, Zt]y _{ß Ambo[Z Mw^m{H$a, dÛ [hZmH$a

* Ï`mª`mVm (g_mOemÛ) ^y[mb Zm{]Îg ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 134

`m E{g{ hr A›` oH´$`mAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡d{e H$admB© OmVr h°& E{gr oH´$`mAm{ß BgH$m gd©l{ÓR> CXmhaU h_{ß am_m`m J´ßW g{ VmaH$m H$m o_bVm h° Om{ _{ß _ßÃ eo∫$ H{$ ‡d{e H$m{ ^r dra H$hm OmVm h°& O] dra oH$gr _ohbm _{ß A[Zr VmßoÃH$ odYmAm{ß g{ gßV [wÈfm{ß Am°a F$of-_woZ`m{ß H$m{ `k AmoX ‡d{e H$a OmV{ h° Vm{ dh S>m`Z ]Z OmVr h°& BZ oH´$`mAm{ß H$m C‘{Ì` oH$gr [odÃ H$m`© H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Vr Wr& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß X{dVmAm{ß Z{ odo^fi ÒdÍ$[m{ß H$m AohV H$aZ{ H{$ gmW Hw$\$b ‡XmZ H$aVm hm{Vm h°& dra 52 ‡H$ma H{$ _mZ{ _{ß AdVnaV hm{H$a Agwar d•oŒm H$m{ ZÓQ> oH$`m Edß F$of-_woZ`m{ß H$r ajm H$r& OmV{ h° Om{ hZw_mZ Or H$r gmYZm H$aZ{ [a hr hmW bJV{ h°& hZw_mZ Or, eoZ _ÙmamO, ^°ad AmamYZm, Jm`Ãr Edß X{dr AmamYZm _{ß E{g{ EH$ S>mH$Z H{$ [m±M dra hm{V{ h° oOg{ dh oN>[mH$a aIVr h° Am°a oOg{ g›X^© ‡m`: Am_OZ ¤mam H$r OmZ{ dmbr ÒVwoV _{ß [m`{ J`{ h°& E{g{ _{ß `h dh S>mH$Z ]ZmZm MmhVr h° Cg_{ß C›h{ß ÒWmZm›VnaV H$a X{Vr h°& Om{ S>mH$Z ‡ÌZ gm_Z{ AmVm h° oH$ ∑`m odo^fi Amam‹` X{dm{ß H$r ÒVwoV H{$ Xm°amZ AmZ{ gm° ^jU H$a MwH$r hm{Vr h° dh ogH$m{Var ]Z OmVr h°& _°br S>mH$Z g{ H$_ dmb{ ^yV-‡{Vm{ß, Agwar d•oŒm Edß ‡{VmÀ_mAm{ß H{$ g›X^© CZH{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ [a›Vw g`mar g{ AoYH$ eo∫$embr _mZr OmVr h°& ogH$m{Var Ohm± A[Zr ]VmV{ h° oOZg{ Om{∂S>H$a S>m`Z O°gr ‡{VmÀ_mAm{ß H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ dV©_mZ _{ß gIr gh{ob`m{ß H{$ gmW ]∂S>m ^´_U H$aVr h° dhr _°br oH$gr H$m{ OmZ g{ _ma bm{Jm{ß ¤mam Y_©J´›Wm{ß _{ß CÑ{oIV KQ>ZmAm{ß g{ Om{∂S>H$a X{Im OmVm h°& OmXy, Zht gH$Vr& dh OmZdam{ß Edß ]Ém{ß H$r Am±I{ß Iam] H$a gH$Vr h°& _°br Q>m{Z{-Q>m{Q>H{$ H{$ ‡gßJ ^r Ymo_©H$ J´›Wm{ß _{ß o_bV{ h°& `_amO H$r H$hmoZ`m± oH$gr H$m PyR>Z Zht ImVr& g`mar H$m H$m`© j{Ã A[{jmH•$V gro_V Edß ^r BZH{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ ]bdVr ]ZmVr h°& Bg gÂ[yU© Y_©emÛr` —oÓQ>H$m{U N>m{Q>m hm{Vm h°& BZ g]_{ß S>m`Z gdm©oYH$ eo∫$embr Edß AoZÓR>H$mar hm{Vr H$m{ dV©_mZ Edß AVrV g{ oH$g ‡H$ma Om{∂S>H$a X{Im OmE, `h EH$ odMmamr` h°& S>m`Z O] oH$gr H$m o]Jm∂S>m H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr gmYZm H$aVr h° Vm{ dh o]›Xy h°& AH{$b{ Edß odH•$V oÒWoV _{ß hm{Vr h°& CgH{$ _w±h g{ bma oJaZ{ H{$ gmW M{ham [yd© A‹``Zm{ß H$r g_rjm - B©dmßg o‡MmS©> (1940) Z{ gd©‡W_ S>m`Z ]XgyaV hm{Vm h° Am°a Am±I{ß bmb hm{ OmVr h°& BZH$r g^r oH´$`mE± [wÍ$fm{ß [a H$_© H$m odÒV•V A‹``Z oH$`m& C›h{ß A\´$rH$m _{ß ‡MobV Bg odÌdmg H$m bmJy Zht hm{Vr h°& [a›Vw _ohbmAm{ß H$r _•À`w VH$ hm{Z{ H$r Bg_{ß gÂ^mdZm [Vm Mbm& CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ S>m`Z H$_© EH$ dmÒVodH$Vm h° Om{ Hw$N> bm{Jm{ß ahVr h°& H{$ eara _{ß oZdmg H$aVr h° Am°a CgH$r B¿N>m H{$ o]Zm ^r H$m`© H$aVr h°& S>m`Z H$r C[oÒWoV H$r [hMmZ H$m AmYma Edß C[Mma -O] H$m{B© C›hm{ßZ{ A\´$rH$m H$r AOmS{> OZOmoV H{$ A‹``Z H{$ ]mX ]Vm`m oH$ _ohbm A[Z{ X°oZH$ OrdZ H{$ Ï`dhma g{ hQ>H$a AbJ ‡H$ma H$r oH´$`mE± AOmS{> bm{Jm{ß H$m odÌdmg h° oH$ O] AmX_r H$m{ [Vm MbVm h° oH$ Cg_{ß gÂ[fi H$aVr hwB© oXImB© X{ oOg_{ß AMmZH$ eara _{ß AH$∂S>Z Am OmZm, S>m`Z H$_© H$aZ{ H$r eo∫$ h° Vm{ dh CZ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ H$ÓQ> [hw±MmZ{ H$r YwZZm, ZmZm ‡H$ma H$r dÒVwAm{ß H$r \$a_mBe H$aZm AmoX goÂ_obV h°, V] H$m{oee H$aVm h° oO›h{ß dh Zm[g›X H$aVm h°& oOZ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß S>m`Z _{ß `h _mZm OmVm h° oH$ Cg_{ß S>m`Z Z{ ‡d{e H$a ob`m h°& bÂ]{ BbmO H{$ ]mX odÌdmg h° CZ_{ß BZH{$ Í$[ Am°a Ï`dhma H{$ odf` _{ß YmaUmE± ‡MobV h°& ^r ]r_mar H$m R>rH$ Z hm{Zm, eara H$m JbV{ OmZm, h_{em ga XX© ahZm, S>m`Z H$_© H$m g_` amÃrH$mb h° ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgr g_` Jw· XwamMma gÂ^d h°& gwÒVr ahZm, eara H$m dOZ H$_ hm{Zm, H$m_ _{ß _Z Z bJZm, AghO amV _{ß odMaZ{ dmb{ ‡mUr Cgg{ gÂ]o›YV _mZ{ OmV{ h°& BZH{$ ¤mam E{g{ oH´$`mE{ß H$aV{ ahZm O°g{ bjUm{ß H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß S>m`Z H$m eara _{ß ‡d{e H$m`© oH$`{ OmV{ h° Om{ gXmMma H{$ odÍ$’ h°& O°g{ ZßJ{ ZmM H$aZm, Ka H{$ _mZ ob`m OmVm h°& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß C[Mma H{$ obE dV©_mZ oMoH$Àgm [¤oV gm_Z{ _b-_yÃ À`mJZm& Om{ AmX_r [wÍ$f `m Ûr S>m`Z ]ZVm h° CZH$m H$m_ Zht AmVr h°& `’o[ oMoH$Àgm odkmZ A[Z{ Am[ _{ß ]hwV ]∂S>m j{Ã h° _Zhyg, Agm_moOH$ oeH$m`Vr Í$[ ‡À`j hm{Vm h°& Bg odÌdmg _{ß d{ g^r [a›Vw dh BZ g^r ]mVm{ß H$m{ ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aVm h°& V] [aÂ[amJV ^m{[m{ß, bjU Am OmV{ h° Om{ XwamMma H$r l{Ur _{ß _mZ{ OmV{ h°& S>m`Z H$_© H$r XwÓQ>Vm Am{PmAm{ß, \$H$ra `m Ï`dgmo`H$ VmßoÃH$ oH´$`m H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H{$ gmW X{dam{ß, H$m{ _yV©Í$[ H$hm OmVm h° AV: g_mO g{ S>m`Zm{ß H$m{ hQ>mZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m bm{H$ X{dr-X{dVmAm{ß, _∂Oma H{$ ÒWmZ [a OmH$a eaU br OmVr h°& OmVm h°& `h A‹``Z S>m`Z H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h°& g`mar Edß _°br H{$ ‡d{e VH$ _ohbmE± A[Z{ ÒVa [a Q>m{Z{ Q>m{Q>H{$ H$aH{$ Q>m`ba (1913) Z{ A[Z{ OrddmX H{$ og’m›V _{ß AmÀ_m Edß ‡{Vm{ß _{ß _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Í$[ g{ amhV [mZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h°& g\$bVm Zht o_bZ{ [a odÌdmg H$m{ AmYma _mZm h°& Q>m`ba H$m _mZZm h° oH$ A_yV© Edß A^m°oVH$ ^m{[m{ß, Am°PmAm{ß, \$H$ram{ß Edß VßÃ oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ gÂ[moXV H$aZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$`m{ß ‡{VmÀ_mAm{ß H{$ ‡oV ^` Edß l’m H$r Ao^d•oŒm AmoX_ Y_© H$m _yb Edß g{ amhV [mZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmVm h° oOg_{ß Vm]rO, H$mbm YmJm H$m ‡mMrZV_ ‡H$ma h°& `{ ‡{VmÀ_mE± h_ma{ oZ`›ÃU _{ß Zht hm{Vr& BgobE [hZZm, ]ob X{Zm, XmÍ$ H$r ]m{Vb _{ß VmßoÃH$ oH´$`mAm{ß g{ S>m`Z H$m ]m{Vb BZH$r [yOm AmamYZm H$r OmVr h°& VmoH$ `{ H$m{B© ZwH$gmZ Z [hw±MmE Edß _{ß ‡d{e H$admZm oOg{ CVmam odoY H$hm OmVm h°, Mma amÒVm{ß H{$ Mm°amh{ [a `Wm AmdÌ`H$Vm ghm`H$ og’ hm{ gH{$& ]mX _{ß Q>m`ba Z{ A[Z{ odMma H$m{ Zt]y H$mQ>H$a \{$ßH$Zm, bmb H$[∂S{> g{ T>H$r _Q>H$r _{ß CVmam H$aH{$ aIZm, og’m›V H$m Í$[ X{V{ hwE Cg{ OS>mÀ_dmX (Animism) H$r gßkm Xr oOg_{ß CVmam H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX ]m{Vb `m _Q>H$r H$m{ [mZr _{ß \{$ßH$ X{Zm Am°a [rN{> _w∂S>H$a g^r ‡H$ma H$r X{dr eo∫$`m{ß _{ß odÌdmg H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h°& Q>m`ba Z{ Bg{ Zht X{IZm, H$mOb, o]›Xr, og›Xwa, My∂S>r, gm∂S>r AmoX H$m MT>mdm O°gr [wZ: Xm{ dJm~ _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m - oH´$`mE{ß ‡_wI h°& 1. AmÀ_m H$m og’m›V - Bg_{ß `h odÌdmg Wm oH$ _ZwÓ`m{ß H$r AmÀ_mE± Y_©emÛr` —oÓQ>H$m{U - òX oboIV [mR>Á gm_J´r _{ß Ymo_©H$ J´›Wm{ß H$m hm{Vr h°, Om{ _•À`w H{$ ]mX ^r e{f ahVr h°& _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m OmE Vm{ H$B© g›X^m~ _{ß F$of _woZ Edß Agwa Xm{ ‡H$ma H$r 2. ‡{Vm{ß H$m og’m›V - Om{ _yV© X{dr eo∫$`m{ß H{$ AoÒVÀd [a AmYmnaV h°& l{oU`m± o_bVr h°& JmWmAm{ß _{ß Agwa d•oŒm H$m{ A[odÃ _mZm J`m h°& O]- O] H$m{B© _ZwÓ` _aVm h° Vm{ H$m{B© VÀd CgH{$ eara g{ AbJ hm{ OmVm O] ^r F$of-_woZ`m{ß ¤mam [odÃ Ymo_©H$ oH´$`mAm{ß H$m gÂ[mXZ oH$`m h°& d°gr Xem ]{hm{er, ZtX `m C›_mX _{ß X{Ir Om gH$Vr h°& Bg ‡H$ma OmVm Wm, V]-V] Agwar d•oŒm Z{ A[Zr VmßoÃH$ gmYZmAm{ß Edß oH´$`mAm{ß g{ Q>m`ba H$r Ï`mª`m Edß _V oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ß ‡{VmÀ_mAm{ß H{$ Ord F$of-_woZ`m{ß H{$ [odÃ H$_© Edß V[Ò`m _{ß od‹Z S>mbH$a C›h{ß [a{emZ oH$`m& gŒmmdmX, AmÀ_mdmX Edß ‡{VmÀ_m H{$ og’m›V H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 135

_{aQ> (1974) Z{ ^r A[Z{ og’m›V OrdgŒmmdmX `m _mZmdmX _{ß A‡mH•$•oVH$ _•À`w, M{MH$, [mZr _{ß Sy>]Zm, [{∂S>m{ß g{ oJamZm AmoX S>m`Z ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ AmoX_ bm{Jm{ß H$m gÂ[yU© Ymo_©H$ OrdZ H$oV[` E{gr hr oH$`m OmVm h°& Abm°oH$H$ eo∫$ g{ CÀ[fi hm{Vm h° Om{ A]m{YJÂ_, AÏò∫$H$, A_m°obH$ am`, E.gr. (1915) Z{ Camßd _{ß S>m`Z H$_© H$r oejm H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß Am°a A_yV© hm{Vm h° VWm gßgma H{$ g^r gOrd Edß oZOr©d [XmWm~ _{ß AßVoZ©ohV obIm h° oH$ S>m`Z H$_© H$r ‡mo· Jm{[Zr` A‰`mg ¤mam hm{Vr h°& A’©amÃr ahVr h°& `h kmZ{o›–`m{ß H$r [hw±M g{ [a{ hm{Vr h°, oH$›Vw _ZwÓ` H{$ odMmam{ß, _{ß ode{fH$a A_mdÒ`m H{$ oXZ g^r [∂S>m°gr Jmßd H$r S>m`Z{ Jm±d H$r Am]mXr oH´$`mAm{ß VWm CgH{$ Mmam{ß Am{a od⁄_mZ [XmW© H$r emarnaH$ `m ‡mH•$oVH$ g{ Xya EH$ d•j H{$ ZrM{ O_m hm{H$a A‰`mg H$aVr h°& dhm± A[Z{ dÛm{ß H$m{ eo∫$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ hm{Vr h°& EH$ Ïò∫$ `m [XmW© _{ß BgH$r _m°OyXJr CVmaH$a [wamZ{ PmSy> H$m{ dÛ ÒdÍ$[ YmaU H$aVr h°°& S>m`Z H$_© _{ß d{ H{$ Aßem{ß H$r Vrd´Vm _{ß [aÒ[a \$H©$ hm{ gH$Vm h° oH$›Vw VÀdV: `h g^r _ßÃm{Mma, ZmM Edß A›` VH$ZrH$ grIVr h°& S>m`Z gÂ]›Yr A›d{fH$m{ß H$m{ [XmWm~ _{ß hm{Vr h°& _{aQ> H$r Ï`mª`m ^r S>m`Z H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m{ A_yV© Í$[ _{ß X{dZmam H$hV{ h°& X{dZmam, S>m`Z J´ÒV Ïò∫$ H$m{ gm{H$m H{$ [mg ^{OVm h°, ÒdrH$ma H$aVr h°& Om{ oZ^©` hm{H$a S>m`Z H$m Zm_ C”m{ofV H$a X{Vm h°& gm{H$m EH$_mÃ Ïò∫$ XwIr©_ (1976) H$r _m›`Vm h° oH$ Y_© _{ß H{$db [mdZ (g{H´${S>) h° Om{ S>m`Z ¤mam ‡{ofV XwÓQ> AmÀ_mAm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$a gH$Vm h°& S>m`Zm{ß H$m{ odÌdmgm{ß H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h°& `{ odÌdmg E{g{ X{dVmAm{ß Edß B©Ìdar` gm_moOH$ XwÌ_Z _mZm OmVm h°& ]hwV ¡`mXm gVm`{ OmZ{ [a Jm±d dmb{ ‡oV_mAm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß hm{V{ h° Om{ dÒVwV: g_mO H{$ ‡VrH$dV hm{V{ h°& BZ S>m`Z H$m{ _ma X{V{ h°& odÌdmgm{ß H$m{ Ymo_©H$ oH´$`mAm{ß ¤mam gß[moXV oH$`m OmVm h°& A[mdZ C[`w©∫$ A‹``Z Y_© Edß OmXy H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡H$ma S>m`Z (‡m{\{$Z) odÌdmg Am°a oH´$`mE± [odÃ Zht hm{V{ AV: Y_© _{ß BZH$m g_md{e H$r AdYmaUm, _m›`Vm, [hMmZ Edß C[Mma H{$ g›X^© _{ß ‡maÂ^ _{ß H$r JB© Zht oH$`m OmVm& `{ OmXy h°& `{ Ïò∫$JV A∑IS>[Z H{$ gyMH$ Am°a g_mO Ï`mª`m H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h°, Am°a Bg ]mV H$m Xmdm H$aVr h° oH$ OmXy Q>m{Z{ odam{Yr hm{V{ h°& BgobE `{ A[mdZ h°& XwIr©_ H$r A[mdZ oH´$`mE± ‡{VmÀ_mAm{ß H$r oH´$`mAm{ß Edß A[odÃ H$_© ¤mam AoZÓR>H$mar oH´$`mE{ß S>m`Z H$_© H{$ Í$[ Edß XwamMmar oH´$`mAm{ß H$r Ï`dhmnaH$ _mZogH$Vm H$m{ ]bdVr ]ZmVr h°& _{ß H$r OmVr ahr h° Om{ ‡mMrZH$mb g{ gm_moOH$ _m›`Vm ‡m· S>m`Z ‡Wm H{$ \´${Oa (1922) H{$ OmXy gÂ]›Yr odMma, _°obZm{dÒH$r (1948) H{$ g\{$X ‡MbZ H$m{ OmÒ R>hamVr h°& amOÒWmZ _{ß ^r ^rb, _rUm, Jamog`m, Edß H$mbm OmXy H$m dJr©H$aU ^r oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡H$ma g{ [mdZ Edß A[mdZ ghna`m OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ gmW H$B© J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß Edß AßeV ZJar` Am]mXr oH´$`mAm{ß H$m g_W©Z H$aV{ h° oOg_{ß \´${Oa H{$ AZwgma g^r OmXwB© oH´$`mAm{ß _{ß ^r S>m`Z H$_© H$r C[`w©∫$ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ _m›`VmAm{ß H{$ gmW S>m`Z ‡Wm _{ß H$maU Am°a ‡^md H{$ ]rM gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m{ ghmZw^yoV —oÓQ> g{ X{Im `m _mZ H$m ‡MbZ [m`m OmVm h°& ob`m OmVm h°& CZH{$ AZwgma OmXy ^r H$maU-‡^md gßKQ>H$m{ß H{$ Adbm{H$Z dV©_mZ ‡d•oŒm`m± - Y_© Edß OmXy Q>m{Z{ H{$ ododY A‹``Z S>m`Z H$_© H{$ Am°a ‡`m{JrH$aU [a AmYmnaV h°& C›hm{ßZ{ OmXy H$m{ g°’mo›VH$ Edß Ï`dhmnaH$ Í$[ _{ß S>m`Z ‡Wm H{$ ‡MbZ H$m{ gßXo^©V H$aV{ h°& _m›`VmAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV H$a g°’mo›VH$ OmXy H$m{ N>Ÿ odkmZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß VWm Bg ‡Wm H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° [a›Vw dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß Ï`mdhmnaH$ OmXy H$m{ N>ŸH$bm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°& Ï`mdhmnaH$ OZOmoV`m{ß Edß J´m_rm j{Ãm{ß _{ß S>m`Z ‡Wm H$r _m›`VmAm{ß _{ß [nadV©Z OmXy H{$ C›hm{ßZ{ gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß ZH$mamÀ_H$ [jm{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m h°& hm{H$a H$B© ‡H$ma H$r odH•$oV`m± AmZ{ H{$ gmW `h ‡Wm EH$ Hw$aroV H{$ Í$[ _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ [j _{ß _ßÃ-VßÃ (gm{g©ar) OmXy-Q>m{Zm (odMH´$m‚Q>) H$m{ goÂ_obV [nadoV©V hm{Vr oXImB© X{ ahr h°& Bg{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odÈ’ ohßgm H$r l{Ur _{ß oH$`m h°& ZH$mamÀ_H$ [j _{ß oZf{Y (Q{>]y) H$r MMm© H$r h°& CZH$r odMH´$m‚Q> aIm Om gH$Vm h°& dV©_mZ _{ß EH$b, [naÀ`∫$m, odYdm, Jar] AWdm XobV H$r _m›`Vm S>m`Z H{$ AoÒVÀd H$m g_W©Z H$aVr hwB© ‡VrV hm{Vr h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ S>m`Z, S>mH$Z `m MwS°>b Km{ofV H$aH{$ C›h{ß CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß g{ _°obZm{dÒH$r Z{ A[Z{ dJr©H$aU _{ß g\{$X OmXy H$m{ gm_moOH$ H$Î`mU H$m dßoMV aIm Om ahm h°& CZH$r A[{jmAm{ß H$m{ Hw$MbZ{ H{$ obE C›h{ß [mJb `m Km{VH$ ]Vm`m h° dhr H$mb{ OmXy H$m{ C›hm{ßZ{ Xygam{ß H$m{ hmoZ [hw±MmZ{ H{$ ßÍ$[ S>m`Z og’ H$aZ{ H$m ogbogbm Aoêm[ ]ZVm Om ahm h°& CZH{$ gmW _{ß Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oOg_{ß C›hm{ßZ{ Q>m{Zm Am°a ^yV-‡{V H$r og’r H$m{ goÂ_obV A_mZdr` AÀ`mMma H$aZm AmOH$b Am_ ]mV hm{ JB© h°& _ohbm ohßgm H$m oH$`m h° Om{ BgH{$ AoÒVÀd H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h°& Xw]{ (1951) ¤mam dJr©H•$V VWmH$oWV S>m`Z Í$[ O_rZ gÂ[oŒm h∂S>[Z{ H{$ gmW [wamZr aßoOe oZH$mbZ{ gßdY©H$, gßajH$ Edß odZmeH$ OmXy H{$ VrZ ‡H$mam{ß _{ß odZmeH$ OmXy Vy\$mZ H$m hoW`ma ]ZVm Om ahm h°& H$B© ]ma Vm{ gÂ[oŒm AmoX h∂S>[Z{ H{$ obE oZ`ßÃU H{$ obE, gÂ[oV odZme H{$ obE, ]r_mar ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE, oH$gr H$m{ OmZ]yP H$a S>m`Z H$ama X{Z{ H$r gmoOe aMr OmVr h° Am°a hÀ`m ^r H$a Xr _maZ{ H{$ obE oH$`{ OmV{ h° Om{ S>m`Z H{$ g›X^© _{ß Am_ bm{Jm{ß H$r _m›`VmAm{ß OmVr h°& Am{PmAm{ß H$r o_br ^JV g{ AmoXdmgr ]hwb BbmH$m{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h¢& \´$m`S> (1960) Z{ BgH$r Ï`mª`m ¤°⁄d•oŒm H$m{ S>mH$Z H$ama X{H$a C›h{ß ‡Vmo∂S>V H$aZm AmO ^r Omar h°& (Eßo]]b{ßg) H{$ g›X^© _{ß H$r h°& AWm©V [aÒ[a odam{Y AY©_mZogH$ J´m_rU AßMbm{ß _{ß S>m`Z H$r Z•eßg hÀ`m ^r H$^r-H$^r H$a Xr OmVr AdÒWmAm{ß dmbr Ï`moYJ´ÒV oX_mJr oÒWoV& CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ h°& Jmßdm{ß _{ß X]ßJ, CÉ OmoV H{$ ‡oVÓR>m ‡m· YZmT>Á bm{J O_rZ hoW`mZ{ ¤°⁄d•oŒmm[yU© gßKf© g{ hr g^r ‡H$ma H{$ Q{>]y CÀ[fi hm{V{ h°& Edß H$oWV oZÂZ OmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ X]mEß aIZ{ H{$ obE CZ [nadmam{ß H$r OmXy Q>m{Z{ H$r oH´$`mAm{ß g{ ^maVr` OZOmVr`m{ß _{ß ^r S>m`Z H$_© H{$ Am°aVm{ß H$m{ S>m`Z Km{ofV H$aV{ h° Am°a C›h{ß ]war AmÀ_m H{$ oZ`ßÃU _{ß ‡MmnaV ‡MbZ H$m g›X^© o_bVm h°& oOg_{ß S>m`Z H$_© ‡m`: oÛ`m{ß ¤mam oH$`m H$aH{$ gm_moOH$ K•Um Am°a C[{jm H$m [mÃ ]ZmV{ Om ah{ h°& BZ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ _mZm OmVm h°& "hm' OZOmoV _{ß S>m`Z H$_© H$aZ{ dmbr Ûr H$m{ g_mO g{ A[Zm Ka-]ma, O_rZ-Om`XmX H$m°oS>`m{ß H{$ ^md ]{MH$a Jmßd N>m{∂S>Z{ H{$ ]ohÓH•$V oH$`m OmVm h°& N>m{Q>m ZmJ[wa H{$ Camßd OZOmoV _{ß S>m`Z H$_© gmW oZdm©ogV OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ{ H$m{ _O]ya hm{Zm [∂S> ahm h°& Am_Vm°a [a oH$`m OmVm h°& BZ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ I{Vm{ß _{ß bJr \$gb Edß oOZ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ S>m`Z Km{ofV oH$`m OmVm h° d{ ]r_ma, C_´XamO, Jar] OrodV _ZwÓ` H$m{ joV [hw±MmZm, OmZdam{ß H$m{ ]r_ma ]Zm X{Zm, ]r_mar, Edß o[N>∂S{> dJ© H$r hm{Vr h°& d{ _mZogH$, emarnaH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ BVZr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 136

H$_Om{a hm{Vr h° oH$ A[Z{ C[a hm{Z{ dmb{ AÀ`mMma H$r oeH$m`V ^r Zht ‡Wm Vm{ gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß [aÂ[amJV hm{Vr h° b{oH$Z EH$ OrVr-OmJVr H$a [mVr h°& _ohbm H{$ gmW [moÌdH$ Ï`dhma H$aZ{ d _mZdVm H{$ gmW _mIm°b C∂S>mZ{ S>m`Z H$m{ ‡Vmo∂S>V H$aZ{ H{$ _wª` H$maU O_rZ, Am[gr aßoOe, dmb{ Bg nadmO H$m{ Hw$aroV hr H$hZm CoMV hm{Jm oOg{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE oZMb{ AßYodÌdmg, [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$r _•À`w VWm oZgßVmZVm ‡_wI h°& S>m`Z ÒVa [a OmH$a ‡`mg H$aZ{ hm{ßJ{ oOg_{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m Ah_ h°& O] H{$ ]ma{ _{ß `h Am_ YmaUm ]ZmB© OmVr h° oH$ dh OmXy Q>m{Zm H$aZ{ dmbr, VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ oeojV Edß gmja ]ZmH$a C›h{ß AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ ge∫$ OmZdam{ß H$m Í$[ YmaU H$aZ{ dmbr VWm _mZd AßJm{ß H$m{ Im OmZ{ dmbr Zht oH$`m OmVm V] VH$ BZH$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma bmZm _woÌH$b h°& _ohbmAm{ß hm{Vr h° oOgH{$ obE Jmßd, OmoV, g_mO, [naOZ, OmoV [ßMm`V H{$ [ßM Edß _{ß CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß Edß H$mZyZ H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h° oOg_{ß ^m{[{ _wª`Í$[ g{ oOÂ_{Xma h°& S>m`Z g{ [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$m{ H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ oeojV _ohbm dJ© H$m{ EH$OwQ>Vm H{$ gmW BZ Hw$aroV`m{ß H{$ oIbm\$ AmdmO XwÓ‡^mdm{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& Cg{ emarnaH$ Edß _mZogH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm CR>mZr hm{Jr& o_bZ{ H{$ gmW AmoW©H$ XS> ^wJVZm [∂S>Vm h°& gm_moOH$ ]ohÓH$ma hm{Vm h° _ohbmAm{ß [a Bg ‡H$ma H{$ oXZ-‡oVoXZ ]∂T>V{ AÀ`mMmam{ß H$m{ am{H$Z{ Am°a CZH{$ [ew, I{V d \$gb H$r Mm{ar H{$ gmW _H$mZ _{ß Vm{∂S>-\$m{∂S> H$a Xr H{$ obE _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ge∫$ H$aZ{ H{$ gmW [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ ^r gßd{XZerb ]ZmZ{ OmVr h°& dh A[Zm AmÀ_odÌdmg Im{Z{ H{$ gmW ^`J´ÒV ahVr h°& ]Ém{ß H$r H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg H$m`© _{ß [wobg Edß ‡emgZ H$r goH´$`Vm Am°a H$R>m{a [∂T>mB©, oddmh Edß Ka{by Am`m{OZm{ß [a BgH$m ]wam ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& H$mZyZ ]ZmH$a CgH{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r ^r OÍ$aV h°& Òd`ßg{dr gßJR>Zm{ß H$r H$mZyZr Edß gßd°YmoZH$ [j - _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ S>m`Z H$hH$a ‡Vmo∂S>V ghm`Vm b{H$a gaH$mar Edß oZOr ÒVa [a Jm±d Edß OmoV [ßMm`V H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$aZ{ H$r KQ>Zm _‹`H$mb g{ Mbr Am ahr h°& Bg gÂ]›Y _{ß 1853 _{ß o]´oQe H$m{ ‡oejU X{H$a OmJÍ$H$Vm bmV{ hwE S>m`Z g{ gÂ]o›YV _m›`VmAm{ß _{ß gaH$ma Z{ VÀH$mbrZ na`mgV H{$ _hmamUm H$m{ [Ã obIH$a Bg Hw$‡Wm H$m{ _mZogH$ [nadV©Z bm`m Om gH$Vm h°& am¡` Edß amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J ^r IÀ_ H$aZ{ H$m AmJ´h oH$`m Wm& Bg [a df© 1854 _{ß H$mZyZ ]Zm`m J`m, gß`w∫$ H$m`©dmhr H$aH{$ Ah_ ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vm h°& oOg_{ß S>m`Z H$hH$a ‡Vmo∂S>V H$aZ{ dmbm{{ß H$m{ gm_yohH$ XS> H$m ‡mdYmZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Wm& _{dm∂S> emgZ _{ß Vm{ _ohbm AÀ`mMmam{ß H{$ oIbm\$ H$mZyZ ^r ]Zm oX`{ W{ 1. Bdm›g-o‡MmS©>, B©.B©. (1940), X ZyAa, Am∑Ò\$m{S©>, `woZdog©Q>r o\$a ^r S>m`Z ‡Wm Z{ gm_moOH$ ÒVa [a Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ odH$amb Í$[ ‡{g, b›XZ & YmaU H$a aIm h°& S>m`Z H$m Xße ^m{JZ{ dmbr Z Vm{ OrVr h° Am°a Z hr _aVr 2. Q>m`ba, B©.dr. (1913), o‡o_oQ>d H$ÎMa, _a{, b›XZ, ^mJ Xm{ & h°& bm{H$VmßoÃH$ Tß>J g{ O] _ohbm ga[ßM H$m MwZmd b∂S>Vr h° Vm{ dh S>m`Z 3. _°a{Q>, Ama.Ama. (1947) (1909, _{ß [hbr ]ma ‡H$moeV), oX Zht H$hbmVr h°& _Ja ga[ßM ]ZH$a OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ gmW A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß W´{ehm{ÎS> Am∞\$ naobOZ, _°œ`wZ : b›XZ & H$m C[`m{J H$aVr h° Vm{ Cg{ S>m`Z H$ama X{ oX`m OmVm h°& 4. XwIm©B_, B©. (1976) (1912, _{ß \´$mßg _{ß [hbr ]ma ‡H$moeV), oX amOÒWmZ _{ß am¡` _ohbm Am`m{J Z{ ‡X{e _{ß ]∂T>Vr E{gr KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m{ Eob_{ßQ>ar \$m∞Âg© Am∞\$ oX nabrOg bmB\$, EbZ ES> AoÎdZ : b›XZ& X{IV{ hwE am¡` gaH$ma H$m{ "S>m`Z ‡Wm oZdmaH$ odY{`H$' H$m ‡mÍ$[ ‡ÒVwV 5. \´${Oa, O{.Or. (1922) (1890, _{ß [hbr ]ma ‡H$moeV), oX Jm{ÎS>Z oH$`m& oOg_{ß E{g{ A[amY H$m{ gßk{` Am°a J°a O_mZVr H$r l{mr _{ß bmZ{ H$r ]mD$, _°H$o_bZ : b›XZ & og\$mnae H$r h°& Bgr ‡H$ma amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J Z{ S>m`Z Hw$aroV oZdmaU 6. _°obZm∞ÒH$r, ]r. (1948), _°oOH$, gmBßg ES> naobOZ, S>]bS{> odY{`H$ 2005 H$m ‡mÍ$[ ‡ÒVwV H$a Amam{[r H$m{ C_´H°$X H$r g∂Om H$r ES> H$Â[Zr : ›`y Ogr ©& og\$mnae H$r h°& oOgH$r ododY YmamAm{ß _{ß A[amY H$r JÂ^raVm H{$ AZwgma 7. Xw]{, Eg.gr. (1951), X H$_ma, `woZdg©b [o„beg©, bIZD$& g∂Om H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& b{oH$Z `m Vm{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oeH$m`Vm{ß [a ‹`mZ Zht 8. \´$m`S>, ogJ_ßS> (1960), (1913 _{ß O_©Z _{ß ‡W_ ]ma ‡H$moeV) oX`m OmVm `m o\$a ‡emgZ V^r haH$V _{ß AmVm h° O] oeH$m`V JÂ^ra Q>m{Q>_ ES> Q°>]y, aQ>bO ES> H{$Jb [mb b›XZ & hm{& 9. am`, Eg.gr. (1915), X D±$amd Am∞\$ N>m{Q>m ZmJ[wa, ]´˜_m{ o_eZ oZÓH$f© - Y_© Am°a OmXy gßH$Q> _m{MZ H{$ Xm{ VarH{$ h°& E{gm ‡VrV hm{Vm h° ‡{g, H$bH$Œmm & oH$ `{ Xm{Zm{ß C[mJ_ gX°d gmW-gmW ‡MobV ah{ hm{ßJ{& H$^r-H$^r `{ Xm{Zm{ß 10. _Oy_Xma, S>r.EZ. Edß _XZ, Q>r.EZ. (1984), gm_moOH$ _mZdemÛ H$m\$r g_mZ Edß [aÒ[a EH$mH$ma oXImB© X{V{ h°& VWmo[ E{gm odÌdmg H$m [naM` (Jm{[mb ^ma¤mO AZwoXV) Z{eZb [o„boeßJ hmCg, oH$`m OmVm h° oH$ OmXwB© C[mJ_ AoYH$ AmoX_ h°& _ZwÓ` Z{ AZwZ`- ZB© oXÑr & odZ` H$m VarH$m V^r AoªV`ma oH$`m hm{Jm O] CgH{$ Ahß g{ MmobV 11. C[m‹`m`, odO`eßH$a Edß e_m©, odO` ‡H$me (1993), ^maV H$r OmXwB© C[mJ_ dmßoN>V [naUm_ AoZdm`©V: [°Xm H$aZ{ _{ß Ag\$b ahm hm{Jm& OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV, _‹`‡X{e oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb& ^b{ hr AmYwoZH$ d°kmoZH$ _mZd g_mO VH©$ H{$ AmYma [a Ymo_©H$ 12. ^maVr oZhmnaH$m, (2007), XojUr amOÒWmZ H$r AZwgyoMV _m›`VmAm{ß H$m{ Òd-odd{H$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Bg{ ZH$maZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm ahm hm{ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ‡MobV _m°VmUm Edß S>m`Z ‡Wm H$r g_Ò`m H$m [a›Vw S>m`Z H{$ g›X^© _{ß gm_moOH$ _m›`VmAm{ß Edß Ï`mdhmnaH$ ‡MbZ H$m{ g_mOemÛr` A‹``Z, em{Y ‡]›Y, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ Z∂OaA›XmO Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm Om{ oH$ ‡WmJV Í$[ g{ AoÒVÀd _{ß h°& od⁄m[rR>, CX`[wa &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 137

^maVr` gßÒH•$oV [a Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ odMmam{ß H$r ‡mgßoJVm

‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm * em{Y gmamße ñ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H{$ _VmZwgma ‡À`{H$ X{e H$r gßÒWmE{ß dhm± H{$ gm_moOH$ [`m©daU, [aÂ[amAm{ß VWm aroV nadmO H$m [naUm_ hm{Vr h° Cgr ‡H$ma ^maV H$r ^r Hw$N> [aÂ[amE{ß, E{oVhmogH$ _m›`VmE{ß Am°a gßÒH•$oV h° oOgH{$ AZwgma h_{ß odH$ogV hm{Zm Mmoh`{& ^maV ^´_U H{$ Xm°amZ C›hm{Z{ß `h [m`m oH$ AkmZVm d Xna–Vm ^maV _{ß AoYH$ h° oOg [a odO` [mZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& C›hm{ßZ{ß XobVm{ß H$m{ –na–ZmamÙ H{$ È[ _{ß X{Im Am°a CZH$r g{dm H$m{ ^maVr`m{ß H$m ‡W_ H$V©Ï` ]Vm`m& odÌd ^´_U _{ß [m`m oH$ [yd© d [oÌM_ Xm{Zm{ß H$r hr gßÒH•$oV`m{ß _{ß Hw$N> l{ÓR> h°& [yd© (^maV) H$r OrdZ eo∫$ Y_© h° O]oH$ [oÌM_ H$r OrdZ eo∫$ odkmZ h°& AV: Xm{Zm{ß gßÒH•$oV`m{ß _{ß C›hm{Z{ß g_›d` ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m Am°a Bg h{Vw EH$ g{Vw H$r ^yo_H$m oZ^mB©& amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß ]wamB©`m{ß H$m oVaÒH$ma H$aZ{ Edß A¿N>mB`m{ß H$a{ ÒdrH$ma H$aZ{ [a ]b oX`m& gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ [nadV©Z _{ß AmÏhmZ oH$`m oH$ oejm ‡mo· H$m g^r H$m{ g_mZ Adga o_bZm Mmoh`{& e„X Hw$ßOr :- gßKmV, AmKmV, Xna–ZmamÙ, g{Vw ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV odÌd H$r g^r gßÒH•$oV`m|> H$r oga_m°a Wr& h]©Q©> Ò[{›ga Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$r Ambm{MZm g{ AÀòYH$ ‡^modV hwE& Òdm_r ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _mZd H{$ oZ_m©U H$r AX≤^wV o_gmb h°& Òdm_r Or H$m odMma odd{H$mZßX [oÌM_r g‰`Vm H$r H$m`©e°br ^maVdmog`m{ß H$m{ grImZm MmhV{ W{& Wm oH$$ h_| A[Zr gßÒH•$oV H{$ AZwÈ[ odH$ogV hm{Zm Mmoh`{& ‡À`{H$ X{e H$r C›hm{ßZ{ß obIm "[mÌMmÀ` X{em{ß _{ß ^´_U H$aZ{ g{ ode{f bm^ _{am hr hwAm h¢&' gßÒWmE{ß dhm± H{$ gm_moOH$ [`m©daU, [aÂ[amAm{ß VWm aroV nadmO H$m [naUm_ Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX [yd© Am°a [oÌM_ Xm{Zm{ß hr gßÒH•$oV`m{ß H{$ l{ÓR> VÀdm{ß g{ d{ hm{Vr h°& h_mar ^r Hw$N> [aÂ[amE± Am°a E{oVhmogH$ _m›`Vm`{ß h°& h_{ß C›hr H{$ [naoMV W{ AV: C›hm{ßßZ{ [yd© Am°a [oÌM_ H$r gßÒH•$oV`m{ß H{$ ]rM g_›d` ÒWmo[V AZwÈ[ odH$ogV hm{Zm Mmoh`{& ^maV _{{ßß AZ{H$ odX{oe`m{ß H{$ gßKmV hwE ^maVr` H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m& Bg —oÓQ> g{ C›hm{ßZ{ EH$ g{Vw H$r ^yo_H$m oZ^mB©& Òdm_r g_mO [a CZH$m ‡^md H$^r ZH$mamÀ_H$ ahm, H$^r gH$mamÀ_H$& ^maV _{ß odd{H$mZßX H{$ AZwgma ^maV H$r OrdZ eo∫$ h° CgH$m "Y_©' Bgr ‡H$ma g]g{ ¡`mXm ‡^md AßJ´{Or gßÒH•$oV H$m [∂S>m ∑`m{ßoH$ BZH$m C‘{Ì` ^maV [a [oÌM_ H$r OrdZ eo∫$ h° "odkmZ'& C›hm{ßZ{ß Y_© Am°a odkmZ H{$ ]rM gm_ßOÒ` emgZ H$aZm Wm& oH$gr g_mO [a emgZ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ Cg g_mO ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ [a ]b oX`m Am°a Bg ]mV H$m ‡oV[mbZ oH$`m oH$ Bg gm_ßOÒ` H$r gßÒH•$oV [a AmKmV oH$`m Om`{& BgH$m [naUm_ `h hwAm oH$ ^maVr` g_mO _{ß hr odÌd H$m H$Î`mU oZohV h¢& AßJ´{Or ^mfm A‹``Z [a ^r C›hm{ßZ{ Om{a A[Zr gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ^ybZ{ bJm Am°a [mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$oV H{$ aßJ _{ß aßJZ{ bJm& oX`m VmoH$ ^maVr` Bg gÂ[H©$ ^mfm H$m bm^ CR>mH$a dV©_mZ d°kmoZH$ Ï`mª`m - Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H$m ‡mXw^m©d Cgr g_` _{ß hwAm 16 AJÒV 1886 ‡JoV H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZ gH{$& Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX - "bm{J H$hV{ h° Bg [a odÌdmg _{ß am_H•$ÓU [a_hßg H$r _•À`w H{$ ]mX bJ^J 24 df©© H$r Am`w _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ß ‡U H$am{, Cg [a odÌdmg H$am{, _¢ H$hVm hy± [hb{ A[Z{ Am[ [a odÌdmg H$am{& oH$`m oH$ d{ A[Zm gmam OrdZ JwÈ H{$ gßX{e H{$ ‡Mma _{ß bJm X{J{ß& am_H•$ÓU gd©eo∫$ Vw_ _{ß h° ...... H$hm{ß h_ g] Hw$N> H$a gH$V{ h¢&' [a_hßg H$r _•À`w H{$ ]mX odd{H$mZßX Z{ Xm{ ]ma gÂ[yU© ^maV H$m ^´_U oH$`m& ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ ‡oV CZH$r A[ma l’m CZH{$ amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U gß]ßYr ‡W_ ]ma 1888 _{ß Eßd Xygar ]ma 1891 _{& ^maV ^´_U H{$ Xm°amZ C›hm{Z{ß odMmam{ß H{$ ‡Mma H$r AmO H$r [naoÒWoV`m{ _{ß ¡`mXm AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, AmdÌ`H$Vm ^maVr` g_mO, OrdZ, A‹`mÀ_H$ Y_©-H$_©, ^yI_ar, AkmZVm, –naXVm Bg ]mV H$r h° h_ ]wamB©`m{ß H$m oVaÒH$ma H$a{ß Am°a A¿N>mB`m{ß H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$a{ß& VWm ^maV H$m ôdÓ` H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m& Bg Xm°amZ Òdm_rOr H$m{ odX{em{ß _{ß AJa Hw$N> A¿N>mB©`mß h°, Vm{ h_ß{ß BZ A¿N>mB©`m{ß H$m{ J´hU H$aZ{ _{ß oH$gr dmÒVodH$ ^maV H{$ Xe©Z hwE& ^r ‡H$ma H$r ohMoH$MmhQ> Zht hm{Zr Mmoh`{& ^maV H$m{ `yam{[ g{ ]mh` ‡H•$oV [a ^maV ^´_U H{$ ]mX odd{H$mZßX Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hwßM{ oH$ òX ^maV H$m{ o\$a odO` ‡m· H$aZm grIZm h° Am°a `yam{[ H$m{ ^maV g{ AßVa ‡H•$oV H$m{ OrVZ{ H$r g{ A[Zr Am‹`moÀ_H$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV H$m{ ‡m· H$aZm h° Cg{ A[Zr H$bm grIZr h° V] Z oh›Xy ah{J{ß Z `yam{[r`Z, V] ah{Jr dh AmXe© _mZdVm AkmZVm Am°a Xna–Vm [a odO` [mZm hm{Jm& C›hm{ßZ{ XobVm{ß H$m{ Xna´XZmamÙ Om{ ]mˆ` Am°a AßVa Xm{Zm{ß ‡H•$oV`m{ß [a odO` ‡m· H$a MwH$r hm{Jr& H{$ È[ _{ß X{Im Am°a CZH$r g{dm H$m{ ^maVr`m{ß H$m ‡W_ H$V©Ï` ]Vm`m& Òd`ß À`mJ ^maV H{$ AmXem{} _{ß A] ^r gd©l{ÓR> Am°a gdm}É h° `h ]w’ H$r ^yo_, odd{H$mZßX H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß " h__ß{ g{ ‡À`{H$ H$m{ oXZ amV ^maV H{$ BZ H$am{∂S>m{ß XobVm{ß am_mZwO H$r ^yo_, am_H•$ÓU [a_hßg H$r ^yo_, À`mJ H$r ^yo_, dh ^yo_ Ohm± H{$ ob`{ ‡mW©Zm H$aZm Mmoh`{ Om{ Xna–Vm [wam{ohVm{ß H{$ OßOmb VWm AÀ`mMma _{ß{ ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ H$_©H$mS> H{$ odÈ’ ‡oVdmX oH$`m J`m& _{am odÌdmg h° oH$ OH$∂S{> hwE h°& oXZ amV CZH{$ ob`{ ‡mW©Zm H$am{&' Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Z{ ^maVr` ^maVr` amÓQ≠> g_ÒV amÓQ≠>m{ß _{ß AÀòYH$ gXmMmar Am°a Ymo_©H$ amÓQ≠> h°& Òdm_r g_mOemÛ H$m H$m{B© emÛr` A‹``Z Zht oH$`m Wm o\$a ^r ^maVr` g_mO odd{H$mZßX gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß [nadV©Z H$m AmÏhm≤Z oH$`m ∑`m{ßoH$ g_mO H{$ C›hm{ßßZ{ß oOVZr JhZVm g{ odõ{fU oH$`m h° Cg{ X{IH$a CZH$r g_mO —oÓQ> g^r gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ gÂ[oV, oejm VWm kmZ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ g_mZ Adga H$m ghO hr AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Jß^ra oMßVZ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ d{ EH$ o_bZ{ Mmoh`{ Am°a d{ gm_moOH$ oZ`_ Om{ Bg ÒdßVÃVm H{$ odH$mg H{$ Am∂S{> AmV{ h° g›`mgr H{$ ÒWmZ [a _hmZ g_mO gwYmaH$, ^Jdm dÛm{ _{ß amÓQ≠>-oZ_m©Vm _{ß hmoZH$a h° Am°a C›h{ß erK´mVrerK´ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$X_ CR>m`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{& [nadoV©V hm{ J`{& OwbmB© 1893 _{ß A›_ _{ß Òdm_r Or oeH$mJmß{ß [hßwM{& A_{naH$m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1. Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX Am°a CZH$m AdXmZ _{ß ^m°oVH$ gßÒH•$oV _{ß [b{ Am°a ]g{ A_{naH$mdmog`m| H$m oXb Òdm_r Or Z{ OrV 2. ^maVr` Ï`mª`mZ- ‡H$meH$ am_H•$ÓU, _R>, ZmJ[wa ob`m& A[Z{ N>mÃ OrdZ _{ß C›hm{Z{ß O{.Eg.o_b, hrJb, Ò[{ßga, H$mÂ∞Q> H{$ 3. odd{H$mZßX gmohÀ` odMmam{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m ÀWm h]©Q©> Ò[{›ga H{$ odMmam{ß H$m{ [∂T>H$a Ò[{›ga g{ 4. ^maVr` Zmar 5. odd{H$mZßX H$r OrdZr C›hm{ßZ{ [Ã Ï`dhma oH$`m Am°a CZH$r Hw$N> _m›`VmAm{ß H$r Ambm{MZm ^r H$r& 6. `wdH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV- Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX, am_H•$ÓU _R>, ZmJ[wa * * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (g_mOemÛ) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 138

_‹` ‡X{e _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$mE±

S>m∞. oOV{›– [mQ>rXma *

‡ÒVmdZm - [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm bm{H$VßÃ H$r _yb ^mdZm H$m{ gmH$ma l amOZroVH$ M{{VZm H$m A^md H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h°& J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ Òdm_rÀd emgZ l oZ:ÒdmW© Z{V•Àd H$m A^md H$m{ [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr gßMmobV oH$`m OmVm h°& `h EH$ l ^maV H$m Abm{H$VßÃr` gm_moOH$ VWm [mnadmnaH$ T>mßMm oÃ-ÒVar` (Three-Tier) AdÒWm h°& oOgH{$ A›VJ©V J´m_ ÒVa [a J´m_ l OmVr`, Ymo_©H$ VWm gmÂ‡Xmo`H$ oZÓR>m [ßMm`Vm{ „bm∞H$ ÒVa [a j{Ã [ßMm`Vm{ Am°a OZ[X ÒVa [a oObm [ßMm`Vm{ ‡emgoZH$ g_Ò`mE± - H$m ‡]ßY oH$`m J`m h°& [ßMm`Vm{ H$m CÑ{I ^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ ^mJ-9 _{ß l [ßMm`V ‡oVoZoY`m{ß VWm ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ _‹` CoMV oH$`m J`m h°& gßodYmZ _{ß `h oZX}e oX`m J`m h° ßoH$ "am¡` J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ VWm AmdÌ`H$ g_›d` H$m A^md H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE H$X_ CR>mEJm Am°a C›h{ß BVZr eo∫$ Am°a AoYH$ma l odH$mg gß]ßYr JoVodoY`m{ß H$r AmYma ^yV BH$mB© ∑`m hm{ IS> `m ‡XmZ H$a{Jm oOgg{ H$r d{ ÒdemgZ H$r BH$mB© H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`© H$a gH{$ß & oObm [ßMm`V VWm ‡emgZ H{$ H$m`m} _{ß AoVÏ`m[Z ÒdßVÃVm ‡mo· H{$ [ÌMmV ^maV _{ß [ßMm`Vr amOÏ`dÒWm H$m{ oXem l [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ H$m`m} _{ß AoYH$mna`m{ß VWm H$_©Mmar dJ© H$m ∑`m X{Z{ H$m _wª` l{` ^maV H{$ ‡W_ ‡YmZ_ßÃr [ß.Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ H$m{ OmVm ÒWmZ VWm Xmo`Àd hm{& h°& gZ≤≤ 1952 _{ß C›ht H$r [hb [a gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ ‡maÂ^ l odH$mg H$m`m} _{ß oObm AoYH$mar H$m ∑`m ÒWmZ VWm Xmo`Àd hm{& oH$`m& `⁄o[ Bg H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ A[{ojV g\$bVm Zht o_b gH$r oH$›Vw AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mE± - ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a OZVm H$m{ emgZ H{$ Xmo`Àdm{ g{ Om{S>Z{ H$r oXem _{ß `h l amOÒd Ûm{Vm{ß H$m A^md EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ Wm& gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _ß{ß A[{ojV g\$bVm l AZwÀ[mXH$ H$m`©H´$_ oOgg{ H{$db Ï`` H$r gß^mdZmE±& ‡m· Z hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r lr ]bd›Vam` _{hVm H$r A‹`jVm _{ß 1957 _{ß EH$ l odŒmr` odVaU Xm{f[yU© \$bV: ‡À`{H$ ‡`m{OZm/H$m`©H´$_ h{Vw am¡` A‹``Z Xb Z{ A[Zr na[m{Q©> _{ß og\$mnae H$r oH$ bm{H$Vmo›ÃH$ H{$ _wIm[Œmr odH{$›–rH$aU Am°a gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ g\$b ]ZmZ{ h{Vw l ÒWmZr` Ûm{Vm{ß g{ ewÎH$ H$am{ AmoX H$m{ EH$oÃV H$aZ{ _{ß H$m{B© CÀgmh [ßMm`V amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r OmZr MmohE& Zht& [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$m lr JU{e 2 A∑Qy>]a 1959 H$m{ VÀH$mbrZ l oH$gr oZ`m{OZ H{$ A^md _{ß ÒWmZr` gßgmYZm{ H{$ odH$mg H$r ‡YmZ _ßÃr lr Z{hÍ$ ¤mam amOÒWmZ H{$ ZmJm°a oOb{ _{ß oH$`m J`m Am°a gÂ^mdZmE± bJ^J ZJ` 1963 VH$ ^maVr` gßK H{$ g_ÒV am¡`m{ _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$m{ J´m_ ÒdamO d ‡_wI ‡mdYmZ - J´m_ ÒdamO H$r Bg ZB© Ï`dÒWm _{ß J´m_ A[Zm`m J`m h°& [ßMm`V H$r J´m_ g^m H$m{ ‡oVoZoY BH$mB© _mZm J`m h°& ‡À`{H$ J´m_ H$r [ßMm`Vr amO- odH{$›–rH•$V bm{H$V›Ã - [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ VhV E{gr EH$ J´m_ g^m hm{Jr J´m_ g^m H$m gXÒ` ‡À`{H$ dh Ïò∫$ hm{Jm oOgH$m amO Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm V°`ma H$r OmVr h°, oOg_{ß "gŒmm" H$m{ bm{H$VßÃ H$r Zm_ Cg J´m_ H$r _VXmVm gyMr _{ß hm{Jm, _hrZ{ _{ß EH$ ]ma J´m_ g^m H$r O∂S>m{ VH$ [hw±Mm`m OmVm h°, `h E{gr Ï`dÒWm h° oOg_{ß "OZVm H$r ]°R>H$ AmdÌ`H$ Í$[ g{ hm{Jr VWm H$m{a_ H$_ g{ H$_ 20 ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß gh^moJVm" H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE J´m_rm ÒVa VH$ oZdm©oMV gßÒWmE± H$m hm{Zm AoZdm`© hm{Jm& òX H$m{a_ H$r [yoV© Zht hm{Jr Vm{ g^m ÒWoJV JoR>V H$r OmVr h°, Om{ Òd`ß H$r Ï`dÒWm X{IZ{ H{$ obE CŒmaXm`r hm{ Bg H$a Xr OmEJr J´m_ g^m H$r ]°R>H$m{ _{ß EH$ oVhmB© _ohbmAm{ß Am°a AZwgyoMV Ï`dÒWm H{$ A›VJ©V MwZmdr _w‘{ J´m_ VWm CgH{$ N>m{Q{> C[J´m_m{{ß g{ gß]oYV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$r C[oÒWoV ^r AoZdm`© hm{Jr& g^m H$r hm{V{ h°& [ßMm`V H{$ MwZmd _{ß J´m_rm OZVm goH´$` Í$[ g{ ^mJrXma hm{Vr h° A‹`jVm ga[ßM H$a{J{ß òX ga[ßM AZw[oÒWV h° Vm{ C[ga[ßM `m [ßM Am°a VWm dh bm{H$VmßoÃH$ ‡oH´$`m _{ßß gh`m{Jr hm{ OmVr h°& \$bV: bm{H$VßÃ am¡` BZ Xm{Zm{ß H$r ^r AZw[oÒWV ahZ{ [a J´m_ g^m [ßMm{ _{ß g{ hr oH$gr EH$ H$m{ H{$ Ao›V_ N>m{a VH$ A[Zr [hw±M ]Zm b{Vm h°& A‹`jVm gm°[ gH{$Jr& [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ‡_wI g_Ò`mE± - EH$ Am°a Ohmß [ßMm`Vr amO gŒmm H${ _‹` ‡X{e _{ß ÒWmZr` ÒdemgZ - o]óQ>e emgZH$mb g{ hr ‡X{e _{ß odH{$›–rH$aU H$m ⁄m{VH$ h° dht Xygar Am{a `h gßÒWmE± `g_Ò`mAm| H$m ÒWmZr` ÒdemgZ H{$ obE ‡`mg oH$`{ OmV{ ah{ h°& _‹` ‡X{e _{ß BgH{$ [wob›Xm ]ZH$a Câr h°& gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ VWm ‡emgoZH$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß BZH$r odH$mg h{Vw gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ IV VWm IX,1934, Act XI, XII, XXVII VWm ‡_wI g_Ò`mE± Bg ‡H$ma h°& XXXI,1939, Act IV, VWm VIII 1947 Act VI 1945 VWm E∑Q> XIV,1947, gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE± - [mnaV oH$`{ JE W{& BZ AoYoZ`_m{ß Z{ _‹` ‡X{e _{ß ÒWmZr` ÒdemgZ H$r l OZVm _{ß gmjaVm H$m A^md gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ gaßMZm X{Zm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m Wm& * ‡m‹`m[H$ amOZroV odkmZ emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 139

^maV Jm±dm{ H$m X{e h°& Jm±dm{ H$r CfioV Am°a ‡JoV [a hr ^maV H$r OZgßª`m gm_m›`V: EH$ hr hm{Jr& CfioV Am°a ‡JoV oZ^©a H$aVr h°& JmßYrOr Z{ R>rH$ hr H$hm Wm oH$ òX Jm±d J´m_ ›`m`mb`rZ Ï`dÒWm ode{f ‡mdYmZ - OZ[X [ßMm`Vm{ ¤mam ZÓQ> hm{V{ h° Vm{ ^maV ZÓQ> hm{ OmEJm& "^maV H{$ gßodYmZ oZ_m©Vm ^r Bg Am_ gh_oV g{ gXÒ`m{ß H{$ _Zm{Z`Z H{$ ]mX BZ_{ßß g{ EH$ gXÒ` H$m{ J´m_ Vœ` g{ ^br^mßoV [naoMV W{& AV: h_mar ÒdmYrZVm H$m{ gmH$ma H$aZ{ Am°a ›`m`mb` H{$ ‡YmZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZdm©oMV oH$`m Om`{Jm& `h ‡oH´$`m [yar hm{Z{ Cg{ ÒWm`r ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE J´m_rU emgZ Ï`dÒWm H$r Am°a [`m©· ‹`mZ H{$ ]mX ha oObm H$b{∑Q>a A[Z{ oOb{ H{$ g^r J´m_ ›`m`mb`m{ß H{$ ewÍ$ hm{Z{ oX`m J`m& h_ma{ gßodYmZ _{ß `h oZX}e oX`m J`m h° oH$ "am¡` J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ Edß H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r oVoW oZoÌMV H$a AoYgyoMV H$a{J{ß& ha J´m_ ›`m`mb` H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE H$X_ CR>mEJm Am°a C›h{ß BVZr eo∫$ Am°a AoYH$ma H$m aoOÒQ≠>ma hm{Jm H$b{∑Q>a ¤mam J´m_ ›`m`mb` H{$ obE _Zm{ZrV gXÒ`m{ß ‡XmZ H$a{Jm oOgg{ oH$ d{ (J´m_ [ßMm`V{) ÒdemgZ H$r BH$mB© H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m{ gm_m›` ‡oH´$`m gß]ßoYV ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r Om`{Jr& J´m_ H$m`© H$a gH{$&" ›`m`mb` H$m H$m_ d•Œm H{$ _wª`mb` H{$ J´m_ [ßMm`V ^dZ _{ß J´m_ ›`m`mb`m{ß [ßMm`Vr amO _{{ß CVma-MT>md - ^maVr` gßK H{$ AoYH$mße am¡`m{ Z{ H$r Xm{ ]°R>H{$ hm{Jr BZ_{ß ‡H$aUm{ß H$r gwZdmB© H$r Om`{Jr& [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ JR>Z H{$ obE AoYoZ`_ [mnaV oH$E& amOÒWmZ oObm `m{OZm go_oV H$r ]°R>H{$ Edß JU[yoV©- oObm `m{OZm go_oV g]g{ [hbm am¡` Wm oOgZ{ A[Z{ `hmß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& Bg gßem{oYV AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 7 `H$í _{ß ‡XŒm eo∫$`mß{ H{$ VhV 30 A‡{b `m{OZm H$m CX≤KmQ>Z 2 A∑Qy>]a 1959 H$m{ ‡YmZ _ßÃr [ß. Odmhabmb 1999 H$m{ _‹` ‡X{e gaH$ma Z{ oObm gaH$mam{ H{$ H$m`© gßMmbZ H{$ obE Z{hÍ$ ¤mam ZmJm°a _{ß oH$`m J`m& 1959 _{ß hr Am›Y´ ‡X{e ^r [ßMm`Vr amO H$m_ H$mO ‡oH´$`m oZ`_ AoYgyoMV oH$`m h°, oOgH{$ AZwgma oObm `m{OZm Ï`dÒWm H$m{ A[Z{ ‡m›V _{ß bmJy H$a amOÒWmZ H{$ gmW [hb{ ZÂ]a [a Am go_oV H$r ]°R>H$ ‡À`{H$ _mh _{ß H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ ]ma AdÌ` hm{Jr, Bg ]°R>H$ J`m& [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$r gaMßZm odo^fi am¡`m{/gßK emogV j{Ãm{ß H$r gyMZm gß]ßoYVm{ H$m{ ]°R>H$ H$r oXZmßH$ _{ß ›`yZV_ [mßM oXZ [yd© AoZdm`© _{ß oÃÒVar` ‡Umbr Wr& O]oH$ 4 am¡`m{ gßK emogV j{Ãm{ß _{ß o¤ÒVar` Í$[ g{ Xr OmEJr& ]°R>H$ H{$ obE JU[yoV© EH$ oVhmB© gXÒ`m{ß g{ hm{Jr, ‡Umbr 9 am¡`m{ gßK emogV j{Ãm{ß _{ß EH$ ÒVar` ‡Umbr Wr& oH$›Vw oZU©` ]hw_V g{ hm{Jm ]°R>H$ H{$ obE [ßMm`Vm{ H$m oZdm©MZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß od^mOZ (IS> 3 Ymam 12,23 VWm ‡ÒVmodV odf` gyMr gXÒ` goMd (oObm H$b{∑Q>a) ¤mam A‹`j (_ßÃr) 30) [ßMm`V H{$ VrZm{ ÒVa H{$ oZdm©MZ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ od^moOV H$aZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H{$ AZw_m{XZ g{ hr V°`ma H$r OmEJr ]°R>H$m{ß_{ß odf` ode{fkm{ß Edß gß]ßoYV odY{`H$m{ _{ß A⁄m{oboIV H$r JB© h°& ‡maÂ^ g{ hr `h _mZm J`m oH$ [ßMm`Vr od^mJm{ H{$ oObmoYH$mar`m{ß H$m{ Am_ßoÃV oH$`m Om gH{$& amO gßÒWmE± R>rH$ ‡H$ma g{ H$m`© Zht H$a ahr h°& ^b{ hr 1959 g{ 1964 [ßMm`Vr amO H$r C[bo„Y`m± - h_ma{ X{e _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ewÍ$AmV VH$ H{$ BZH{$ H$m`©H$mb H$m{ CÀWmZ H$mb (Phase of Ascendancy) H$hm H$m{ EH$ E{oVhmogH$ KQ>Zm H$hm J`m& [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß g{ AoYH$ OmE VWmo[ 1965 g{ 1969 H$r H$m`m©doY H$m{ R>hamd H$mb ( Phase of ‡eßgm ]hwV hr H$_ gßÒWmAm{ H$m{ ‡m· hwB© h°& [ß. Z{hÍ$ Z{ Òd`ß H$hm Wm oH$ stagnation)Edß 1969 g{ 1983 H$r H$m`m©doY H$m{ ¯mg H$mb ( Phase " _¢ [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ ‡oV [yU©V: Amemo›dV h∞y& _¢ _hgyg H$aVm h∞y oH$ ^maV of Decline) h°& bÂ]{ g_` VH$ odo^fi am¡`m{ß _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ H{$ gßX^© _{ß `h ]hwV Hw$N> _m°obH$ Edß H´$mßoVH$mar h°&" MwZmd VH$ Zht H$admEß JE Am°a `{ gßÒWmE± oZoÓH´$` hm{ J`r& d°g{ 1977 _{ß ‡m{. aOZr H$m{R>mar H{$ AZwgma `Ù BZ gßÒWmAm{ß Z{ ZE ÒWmZr` Z{VmAm{ Aem{H$ _{hVm go_oV na[m{Q©> _{ß BZ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ Z`m Í$[ X{Z{ h{Vw H$m{ O›_ oX`m h°& Om{ AmJ{ MbH$a am¡` Am°a H{$›–r` gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ oZdm©oMV og\$mnae{ß H$r JB©, oH$›Vw C›h{ß oH´$`mo›dV Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& dÒVwV: ‡oVoZoY`m{ß g{ AoYH$ eo∫$embr hm{ gH$V{ h°& H$mßJ´{g Am°a A›` Xbm{ß H{$ 1983 H{$ ]mX [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ OrdZH$mb _{ß [wZam{–` ( Phase amOZroVk BZ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ bJ{ h°& A] d{ am¡` odYmZ _S>b H{$ of Revival) ‡maÂ^ hm{Vm h°& ]Om` [ßMm`V go_oV Am°a oObm [nafXm{ H$m{ VaOrh X{Z{ bJ{ h°& dÒVwV [ßMm`Vm{ _{ß AmajU - ‡À`{H$ [ßMm`V _{ß j{Ã H$r OZgßª`m H{$ AZw[mV _{ß BZ gßÒWmAm{ß Z{ X{e H{$ amOZroVH$aU, AmYwoZH$rH$aU Am°a gm_mOrH$aU AZwgyoMV OmoV`m{ß Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmV`mßß{ H{$ obE ÒWmZ AmaojV ah{J{ß& E{g{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h oH$`m h°& h_mar amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß ÒWmZm{ H$m{ ‡À`{H$ [ßMm`V _{ß MH´$mZwH´$_ (Rotaion) g{ AmdßoQ>V oH$`m Om`{Jm& OZgh^moJVm _{ß d•o’ H$aH{$ Jmßdm{ _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm CÀ[fi H$a Xr h°& AmaojV OmoV`m{ß Am°a OZOmoV`m{ß H$r oÛ`m{ß H{$ obE AmaojV ah{J{& [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r gßaMZmE± - am¡` odYmZ _S>bm{ß H$m{ odoY ¤mam [ßMm`Vm{ß J´m_ [ßMm`V - H$r gßaMZm H{$ ob`{ C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$r JB© h¢& [a›Vw oH$gr l EH$ hOma VH$ H$r Am]mXr dmbr J´m_ [ßMm`V _{ß H$_ g{ H$_ 10 dmS©> ^r ÒVa [a [ßMm`V H{$ ‡mX{oeH$ j{Ã H$r OZgßª`m Am°a E{gr [ßMm`Vm{ß _ß{ l 1000 g{ C[a H$r Am]mXr dmbr J´m_ [ßMm`V _{ß AoYH$V_ 20 dmS©> oZdm©MZ ¤mam â{ OmZ{ dmb{ ÒWmZm{ß H$r gßª`m H{$ ]rM AZw[mV g_ÒV g^r dmS>m} H$r OZgßª`m gm_m›`V EH$ gr hm{Jr& am¡`m{ _{ß `Wm gß^d EH$ hr hm{Jm& [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ g^r ÒWmZ [ßMm`V am¡` j{Ã OZ[X [ßMm`V - ‡À`{H$ 5000 H$r Am]mXr H{$ obE EH$ oZdm©MZ j{Ã H{$ ‡mX{oeH$ oZdm©MZ j{Ãm{ß g{ ‡À`{H$ oZdm©MZ ¤mam MwZ{ J`{& eo∫$`m{ß g{ â{ hm{Jm, [a›Vw Ohmß IS> H$r OZgßª`m 50,000 g{ H$_ h° dhmß H$_ g{ H$_ Om`{J{ß& Bg ‡m`m{OZ H{$ ob`{ ‡À`{H$ [ßMm`V j{Ã H$m{ E{gr aroV g{ oZdm©MZ 10 oZdm©MZ j{Ã hm{J{& oH$›Vw Hw$b oZdm©MZ j{Ãm{ß H$r gßª`m 26 g{ AoYH$ j{Ãm{ _{ß od^moOV oH$`m Om`{Jm oH$ ‡À`{H$ oZdm©MZ j{Ã H$r OZgßª`m Am°a Zht hm{Jr, g^r j{Ãm{ß H$r OZgßª`m gm_m›`V: EH$ gr hm{Jr& CgH$r Am]ßoQ>V ÒWmZm{ H$r gßª`m H{$ ]rM AZw[mV g_ÒV [ßMm`V j{Ã _{ß oObm [ßMm`V - `Wm gm‹` EH$ hr hm{Jm & oH$›Vw am¡` odYmZ _S>b odoY ]ZH$a E{gr l ‡À`{H$ 50,000 OZgßª`m H{$ obE EH$ oZdm©MZ j{Ã hm{Jm& aroV g{ Am°a E{gr eVm} H{$ AYrZ ahV{ hw`{& VÀ[a H$m`© oH$`{& l oOb{ H$r OZgßª`m 5 bmI g{ H$_ hm{Z{ [a H$_ g{ H$_ 10 j{Ã hm{{J{ [ßMm`Vr amO gßJR>Z VWm H$m`©‡Umbr - bm{H$ VmßoÃH$ odH{$›–r`H$aU oH$›Vw Hw$b oZdm©MZ j{Ã 35 g{ AoYH$ Zht hm{{J{& g^r j{Ãm{ß H$r Am°a odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß OZVm H$m gh`m{J ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ [ßMm`V Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 140 amO H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r JB©& [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$r VrZ gr∂T>r`m ahr h°& l am¡` gaH$ma ¤mam Bg gßÒWmAmß{ H$m{ oXE OmZ{ dmb{ AZwXmZm{ _{ß d•o’ J´m_ ÒVa [a [ßMm`V ,IS> ÒVa [a [ßMm`V go_oV `m OZ[X [ßMm`V Am°a H$aZm MmohE& oObm ÒVa [a [nafX `m oObm [ßMm`V& l H$am{ H$r dgwbr —T>Vm d H$S>mB© g{ H$r OmZr MmohE& [ßMm`V amO H$r C∫$ `m{OZm H$m CX≤KmQ>Z gd©‡W_ 2 A∑Q>m{Â]a l [ßMm`V ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H{$ obE AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ CoMV Edß Ï`dhmnaH$ 1960 H$m{ ‡YmZ _ßÃr lr Z{hÍ$ ¤mam amOÒWmZ amO H{$ ZmJm{a oOb{ _{ß ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr MmohE& oH$`m J`m& BgH{$ Vwa›V ]mX Bg{ AmßY´ ‡X{e _{ß VWm H´$_e: A›` am¡`m{ _{ß l _‹` ‡X{e [ßMm`V amO Edß J´m_-g^m AoYoZ`_ 1993 H{$ A[Zm`m J`m& 1963 VH$ ^maVr` gßK H{$ g^r am¡`m{ _{ß [ßMm`V amO H$r ‡mdYmZm{ H{$ VhV 2 A∑Qy>]a 2012 g{ ‡X{e H$r J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ ¤mam ÒWm[Zm hm{ JB©& bJ^J EH$ XeH$ VH$ [ßMm`Vr amO H$r `h Ï`dÒWm J´m_ g^mAmß{ H$m H´$_]’ Am`m{OZ oH$`m OmEJm& CoMV Í$[ g{ Mbr b{oH$Z BgH{$ ]mX H$r oÒWoV gßVm{fOZH$ Zht ahr& oZÓH$f© -[ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$m ohÒgm ]Z OmZ{ OZVm H$r ^mJrXmar [ßMm`V amO H$r g_ÒV Ï`dÒWm H$m _yb VÀd h° Am°a g{ A] H$m{B© ^r [ßMm`Vm{ H$m{ oXE JE AoYH$mam{ß, Xmo`Vdm{ß Am°a odŒmr` [ßMm`V amO H$m{ _yb AmYma V^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& O]oH$ BZ gßÒWmAm{ gmYZm{ß H$m{ CZg{ N>rZ Zht gH{$Jm& 73dm± gßodYmZ Z H{$db [ßMm`Vr amO H$m JR>Z VWm g_ÒV H$m`© gßMmbZ bm{H$V›Ãr` AmYma [a hm{& ^maVr` gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß gßaMZmÀ_H$ EH$Í$[Vm bmZ{ H$m ‡`mg h° ]oÎH$ dh gwoZoÌMV gßK H{$ AoYH$mße am¡`m{ß ode{f `m CŒma ^maV H{$ am¡`m{ _{ß Bg Ï`dÒWm _{ß ^r H$aVm h° oH$ BZ gßÒWmZm{ß _{ß g_mO H{$ H$_Om{a dJm} H$r ohÒg{Xmar ah{& AZ{H$ g_Ò`mAm{ Z{ Ka H$a ob`m& Hw$N> am¡`m{ _{ß Vm{ Ï`dhma _{ß EH$ XeH$ g{ Bg_{ß ‡À`{H$ [ßMm`V _{ß [ßMm`V j{Ã _{ß Hw$N> OZ- gßª`m _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV/ ^r AoYH$ g_` VH$ [ßMm`V am¡` gßÒWmAm{ H{$ MwZmd hr Zht hw`{ E{gr OZOmoV H$r OZgßª`m H{$ AZw[mV _{ß AoZdm`© AmajU H$r ^r Ï`dÒWm oÒWoV _{ß H{$›–r` gaH$ma H{$ ÒVa [a `h gm{Mm J`m h° oH$ [ßMm`V amO H$r H$r JB© h°& Bg_{ß EH$ E{gm ^r ‡mdYmZ aIm J`m h° oOgH{$ A›VJ©V am¡` Ï`dÒWm H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ XOm© oX`m OmZm Mmoh`{, VmoH$ [ßMm`V amO odYmZ _S>b, òX CoMV g_P{ Vm{ o[N>S>r OmoV`m{ß H{$ ZmJnaH$m{ H{$ obE Ï`dÒWm CoMV Í$[ g{ H$m`© H$a gH{$ & Amajm H$m ‡mdYmZ aI gH$V{ h¢& ‡oejU H$r Ï`dÒWm - g^r am¡`m{ _{ß [ßMm`Vm{ H{$ MwZmdm{ H{$ [naUm_ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ÒdÍ$[ [ßMm`Vm{ H{$ g^r ÒVam{ [a MwZ{ hw`{ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r gßª`m H$ar] 1. S>m±. O{.H{$. Ì`m_gw›Xa - _hmÀ_m JmßYr H$mer, od⁄m[rR> Mm°Vrg bmI Bg_{ß g{ AoYH$Va ‡oVoZoY ‡W_ ]ma MwZ H$a J`{ h°& ode{fH$a dmamUgr, gZ 2000, [•.12. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß, OZOmoV`m{ß VWm _ohbmAm{ß V°Vrg ‡oVeV _{ß g{ 2. ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U - gßVm{f Hw$_ma Hw$ßOm_, \$adar, MyßoH$ gßodYmZ Z{ J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ [a AmoW©H$ odH$mg VWm gm_moOH$ ›`m` 1999, [•. 100 g{ gß]ßoYV odo^fi H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ ]ZmZ{ Edß oH´$`mo›dV H$aZ{ H$m Xmo`Àd 3. H{$.Eb.e_m© - M›X{ar amdV [o„bH{$e›g, S>mbm h°& AV: MwZ{ hw`{ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$m{ ode{f XjVm ‡m· H$aZr hm{Jr, O`[wa, 1990, [•. 20 ‡oejU b{Zm hm{Jm [ßMm`Vr amO H$r g\$bVm ‡_wIV: Bg [a oZ^©a 4. amÓQ≠>r` g{dm `m{OZm - X{.A.od.od., B›Xm°a, 2003, [•.11 H$aVr h° oH$ Xmo`Àdm{ H{$ oZdm©h H{$ ob`{ MyZ{ hwE ‡oVoZoY`m{ _{ß oH$VZr 5. _mbdr` amOrd - oejm H{$ ZyVZ Am`m_, emaXm j_VmEß odH$ogV H$r OmVr h°& BgH{$ ob`{ g_`]ßY Edß Ï`doÒWV ‡oejU [wÒVH$ ^dZ, Bbmhm]mX, H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& odH$mg H$m`© _{ß bJ{ H$_©Mmna`m{ß goQ©>o\$H{$Q> H$m{Ò© 1999, [•.320 H$aZm ^r AmdÌ`H$ H$a oX`m J`m h°& AV: g^r ÒVa [a [ßMm`Vm{ _{ß 6. EZ.EZ.AmB©. - ^maV H$r gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE±, ‡oejU b{Zm AoZdm`© hm{ J`m h¢& H$moZH$b [o„bH{$eZ gwPmd - ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb` [w. ‡^mJ, l [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAmß{ H$m{ AoYH$ eo∫$embr ]ZmZ{ H$r oXem _ß{ 2009, [•.11 oZÂZoboIV gwPmd H$maJa og’ hm{ gH$V{ h°& 7. Website - www.mphighereducation.gov. in l [ßMm`Vr amO H$m{ AoYH$ ‡^mdr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE C›h{ß AoYH$ 8. Website - www.ugc.ac.in H$m`©[mbH$ AoYH$ma oXE OmZ{ MmohE& 9. ES>Ja EH$ ]{H$h_ - gÂ[mXH$ S>m`dog©Q>r© ES> hmà l [ßMm`Vm{ H$m{ odŒmr` Í$[ g{ —T>Vm ‡XmZ H$aZr hm{Jr& E¡`yH{$eZ E.Ï`y.Am∞\$ l d{ [na`m{OZmE± Am°a H$m`© Om{ oObm [nafX H$m{ gm°[ oXE OmZ{ MmohE& W´r Z°e›g, 2000, [•.51 l AoYH$mar`m{ß/H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ [ßMm`Vm{ H{$ H$m`© oZÓR>m Am°a AmÀ_r`Vm 10. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a - oXZmßH$ 10-12-2013 [•. 4 g{ ÒdrH$maZ{ hm{J{& 11. ZB© XwoZ`m - oXZmßH$ 05-01-2013 l amOZroVH$ Xbm{ H$m{ [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ H$m`m} _{ß hÒVj{[ Zht H$aZm VmobH$m H´$ß.1 [•.3 MmohE& [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ H$a bJmZ{ H{$ Ï`m[H$ AoYH$ma 12. ‡mMm`© oXΩXoe©H$m - oXZmßH$ 10-03-2000 oXE OmZ{ MmohE, [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ Òd`ß H{$ gmYZ 13. amÓQ≠>r` g{dm `m{OZm H{$ Xm{ - amÓQ≠>r` g{dm `m{OZm ‡H$meZ odH$ogV H$aZm MmohE& XeH$ go_oV grhm{a, _.‡. emgZ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 141

^maVr` amOZroVH$ Xb ‡Umbr Am°a MwZmd gwYma

S>m∞.AoZb XrojV *

‡ÒVmdZm - "o]Zm amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ Z Vm{ og’m›Vm{ß H$r gßJoR>V dmbm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ _{ß g_m ob`m& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ BgH$r VwbZm EH$ Y_©embm Ao^Ïò∫$ hm{ gH$Vr h°, Z ZroV`m{ß H$m Ï`doÒWV odH$mg, Z gßgXr` g{ H$r Wr Am°a H$hm Wm oH$ "H$mßJ´{g EH$ Y_©embm H{$ g_mZ h° Om{ _yIm}, YyVm}, oZdm©MZ H{$ gßd°YmoZH$ gmYZ H$m AWdm A›` oH$gr _m›`Vm ‡m· E{gr o_Ã Am°a eÃw, gmÂ‡Xmo`H$m{ß Edß Y_©oZa[{j gwYmadmXr VWm H$≈a[ßWr, gßÒWm H$m oZò_V ‡`m{J oOgH{$ ¤mam Xb gŒmm ‡m· H$aV{ h¢ Am°a Bg{ [yßOr[oV Am°a [±yOrdmX odam{oY`m{ß, g^r bm{Jm{ß H{$ obE Iwbr hwB© h°&' ]ZmE aIV{ h¢&' Ama.E_._°H$mBda ^maVr` amOZroVH$ Xb ‡Umbr H$r A[Zr EH$ ode{fVm h° Om{ Bg{ bm{H$VßÃr` emgZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß OZVm H$r B¿N>m ¤mam am¡` H{$ H$m`m} [oÌM_r X{em{ß H$r Xb ‡Umbr g{ o^fi ÒWmZ ‡XmZ H$aVr h°& ^maV H$m H$r ‡H•$oV H$m oZYm©aU hm{Vm h°& MyßoH$ OZVßÃ _{ß emgZ H$m gßMmbZ OZVm gßodYmZ ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ gßK ]ZmZ{ VWm MwZmd _{ß ^mJ b{Z{ H$m Ï`m[H$ H{$ ‡oVoZY`m{ß ¤mam hm{Vm h°& AV: emgZ H$m AmYma OZ_V hm{Vm h°& AoYH$ma ‡XmZ H$aVm h° BgobE ^maVr` Xb ‡Umbr H$m{ Iwbm amOZroVH$ OZ_V H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß AZ{H$ VÀd H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ Am°a CZ VÀdm{ß _{ß amOZroVH$ VßÃ H$hm OmVm h°& Xb EH$ AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIV{ h¢& BZ Xbm{ß H{$ o]Zm bm{H$VmßoÃH$ AmAm{ h_ ewÍ$ H$a{ß MwZmd gwYma H$r `mÃm - ]{eH$ MwZmd gwYma g{ hr gaH$ma Zht Mb gH$Vr VWm OZVßÃ H{$ o]Zm amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m odH$mg bm{H$VßÃ H$m{ ]b o_b{Jm& A] ^maV H$m{ odH$mg g{ H$m{B© Zht am{H$ gH$Vm, Zht hm{ gH$Vm& [a BgH{$ obE OÍ$ar h° oH$ h_ gwYma H{$ Xm{ÒVm{ß Am°a XwÌ_Zm{ß H$m{ R>rH$ g{ "ÒdVßÃ amOZroVH$ Xb hr bm{H$VßÃ gaH$ma H$m Xygam Zm_ h°' [hMmZ{ & Om{ Zm`H$ h° C›h{ß _O]yV H$a{ß Am°a Om{ IbZm`H$ ZOa AmZ{ bJV{ ‡m{. _wZam{ h¢, C›h{ß gwYma{ß `m gwYma H{$ obE _O]ya H$a X{ß& gwYma H$r Om{ _woh_ oXI ahr oH$gr X{e H{$ odYmZ `m H$mZyZ H{$ A›VJ©V amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m h°, Cg{ Or OmZ g{ OwQ>H$a _wH$m_ VH$ [hw±MmEß& CÑKßZ Zht hm{Vm, oH$›Vw Ï`dhma _{ß amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m AoÒVÀd ^r Zm`H$m{ß H$m{ H$a{ß _O]yV - BVZm hr C[`m{Jr Edß AmdÌ`H$ h° oOVZm oH$ odYmZ AWdm H$mZyZ& amÓQ≠>[oV - H$m°Z H$hVm h° oH$ ha amÓQ≠>[oV a]a ÒQ>mÂ[ hm{Vm h°& X{e H{$ 13 bm{H$VßÃr` emgZ H{$ A›VJ©V H{$db emgH$ Xb H$m Zht, ]oÎH$ odam{Yr Xb d{ß amÓQ≠>[oV ‡Ud _wIOr© Z{ XmoJ`m{ß H$m ]Mmd H$aZ{ dmb{ A‹`mX{e [a H$m ^r _hÀd hm{Vm h°& odam{Yr Xb emgH$ Xb [a AßHw$e bJmZ{ H$m H$m`© Am[oŒm OVmH$a JbV oXem _{ß Om ahr [yar amOZroVH$ Ymam H$m{ ghr oXem H$aVm h°& AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ bm{H$VmßoÃ` emgZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß amOZroVH$ _{ß _m{∂S> oX`m h°& d{ Agbr ìJ{_ M{ßOaî `m oZUm©`H$ ]ZH$a Câ{ h¢ CZg{ Xbm{ß H$m A[Zm _hÀd h° BgH{$ o]Zm OZVßÃ H$r g\$bVm gß^d Zht h°& CÂ_rX{ß ]∂T> JB© h¢& EZ.S>r.[m_a H$m H$hZm h° oH$ "òX ^maV H$m{ OZVmßoÃH$ oXem _{ß gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> - gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> MwZmd gwYma Am°a amOZroVH$ gwYma H{$ _m{M~ [a ]∂T>Zm d EH$ am¡` H{$ Í$[ _{ß OrodV ahZm h°, Vm{ Cg{ EH$ ÒdÍ$[ Xbr` OZVm H$r ZOam{ß _{ß ÒWmB© Zm`H$ h°& CgH{$ H$B© A¿N{> \°$gbm{ß H$m{ oZÓ‡^mdr Ï`dÒWm `m H$m{B© d°H$oÎ[H$ ‡^mdembr Ï`dÒWm odH$ogV H$aZr hm{Jr&'2 ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE H{$›– gaH$ma H$mZyZ _{ß hr gßem{YZ H$aVr ahr h°, XmJr _m_b{ gßgma H$r odo^fi emgZ Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß Xb‡Umbr H$m ÒdÍ$[ Am°a _{ß ^r gaH$ma `hr MmhVr Wr, [a ZmH$m_ ahr& H$m{Q©> H$m{ gwYma H{$ _m{M} [a Sß>ßQ{> H$m`©‡Umbr o^fi-o^fi oXImB© [∂S>Vr h°& Zma_Z S>r. [m_a H$m H$hZm h° oH$ ahZm MmohE& - "Om[mZ, o\$br[tg Am°a BOamBb H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a Eoe`m H{$ oH$gr ^r X{e OZVm - bm{H$VßÃ H$r Agbr Zm`H$ h° Bg{ H$^r gm{`m hwAm _mZZ{ H$r ^yb Zht _{ß [oÌM_r ∂Tß>J H$r gwgßJoR>V VWm ‡^mdembr OZVßÃr` Xb ‡Umbr H$m H$aZr MmohE& OZVm H{$ ]rM g{ hr Hw$N> bm{J MwZmd gwYma H{$ obE _woh_ MbmV{ h¢, odH$mg Zht hwAm h°&'3 _roS>`m H$m ghmam b{V{ h¢, CZH$r ]mV O] gaH$ma d [moQ©>`mß Zht gwZVr, Vm{ ^maV _{ß amOZroVH$ Xb H$m O›_ oH$gr Hw$brZVmßoÃH$ gŒmmÍ$∂T> dJ© gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> VH$ OmV{ h¢& OZVm H$m{ A[Zm Zm`H$Àd ]ZmE aIZm MmohE& H$m{ A[XÒW H$aZ{ H{$ obE Zht hwAm Wm Ao[Vw CgH$m C‘{Ì` odX{er Am°a IbZm`H$m{ß H$m{ gwYma{ß - gm_´m¡`dmX H{$ odÍ$’ amÓQ≠>r` ÒdVßÃVm AmßXm{bZ H$m{ MbmZ{ H{$ obE hwAm A[amYr - `h ghr h° oßH$ [hb{ h_ma{ Z{Vm A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ hmßH$m H$aV{ W{ Wm& ^maV _{ß Xb ‡Umbr H$m CX≤^d H$mßJ´{g H$r ÒWm[Zm g{ _mZm Om gH$Vm Am°a A] A[amYr hr Z{VmAm{ß H$m{ hmßH$Z{ bJ{ h¢& IwX Z{Vm ]ZZ{ bJ{ h¢& O] h°& AmaÂ^ _{ß H$mßJ´{g EH$ amOZroVH$ Xb Z Wm& 1885 _{ß BgH$r ÒWm[Zm gßgX _{ß 92 Z{VmAm{ß H{$ Zm_ Jß^ra oH$Ò_ H{$ A[amY XO© hm{ß Vm{ ∑`m `{ Z{Vm EH$ X]md JwQ> H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$r JB© Wr, ]mX _{ß H$mßJ´{g Z{ EH$ Am›Xm{bZ H$m Í$[ H$^r Mmh{ßJ{ oH$ MwZmd gwYma hm{ ? A[amYr Am°a ^´ÓQ> Z{Vm A] ^r emßV Zht Ymam H$a ob`m Am°a AmOmXr H{$ ]mX H$mßJ´{g amOZroVH$ Xb _{ß [nadoV©V ]°R{>ßJ{ß h_{ß gVH©$ ahZm MmohE& hm{ JB©& H$mßJ´{g H$m CX` EH$ "N>Ã gßJR>Z' H{$ g_mZ hwAm oOgH$m AW© h° amOZ{Vm -h_ma{ amOZ{Vm ªmwX H$m{ OZVm g{ l{ÓR> g_PV{ h¢ d{ OZVm H$m{ oH$ H$mßJ´{g Z{ g^r dJm~, OmoV`m{ß, g_wXm`m{ß, ohVm{ß VWm og’m›Vm{ß H$m{ _mZZ{ gw·, H$_Om{a Am°a JbV g_PV{ h¢& Z{VmAm{ß ¤mam ÒWmo[V ^maVr` * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 142 amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWm H$r Iy] oZßXm hm{Vr h°& bm{Jm{ß g{ ¡`mXmVa Z{VmAm{ß H$m{ 50 ‡oVeV + 1 _V - H$m{B© CÂ_r¤ma V] VH$ oZdm©oMV Km{ofV Zht oH$gr ^r A¿N>r H$m{oee H{$ oIbm\$ I∂S{> hm{V{ X{Im h°, Zht& OZ_V H$m{ oH$`m Om`, O] VH$ dh Hw$b _Vm{ß H$m 50 ‡oVeV+1 _V ‡m· Zht H$a OJmZm hm{Jm, V^r A¿N{> amOZ{Vm AmJ{ Am [mE{J{ß& b{Vm& BgH{$ obE oZ`_ 64 (E) _{ß gßem{YZ hm{Zm MmohE& A^r 18 ‡oVeV Zm°H$aemh - VrZ gmb [hb{ Òd`ß gaH$ma Z{ Zm°H$aemhm{ß H{$ ]rM gd} _V [mH$a ^r Z{Vm oZdm©oMV hm{ OmV{ h¢& odYmZg^m MwZmdm{ß H$r Vm{ Am°a ^r H$am`m Wm, oOg_{ß ha Vrga{ Zm°H$aemh Z{ _mZm Wm oH$ Ï`dÒWm oZÓ[j ]war oÒWoV h°& Am°a [maXer© Zhtß h°& Zm°H$aemhm{ß g{ em`X ha H$m{B© Xw:Ir h°, Z{Vm ^r, IM© H$r oZJamZr - MwZmd IM© H$r gr_m _{ß [mQ>r©, naÌV{Xmam{ß, o_Ãm{ß H{$ Ï`m[mar ^r Am°a OZVm ^r& Zm°H$aemh O] B©_mZXma Zm°H$aemhm{ß H$m hr Ï`` H$m{ emo_b Zht oH$`m OmVm, Bg{ emo_b oH$`m Om`& ^b{ hr MwZmd gmW Zht Xß{V{, Vm{ ∑`m H$hm OmE ? IM© H$r gr_m ]∂T>m Xr OmE, [a g^r Ûm{Vm{ß H$r OmZH$mar hm{& CÂ_r¤ma MwZmd Am`m{J H$m{ Am°a eo∫$embr hm{Zm MmohE& b{oH$Z A^r 16dt ¡`mXm IM© H$a{ Vm{ MwZmd a‘ H$a{ Cg{ ì„b°H$ obÒQ>î oH$`m Om`& bm{H$g^m H{$ obE amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß Z{ Òd`ß bm^ H{$ obE gßd°YmoZH$ gßÒWm AoZdm`© hm{ _VXmZ - X{e _{ß AoZdm`© _VXmZ H$r Ï`dÒWm bmJy hm{Zr MwZmd Am`m{J [a ^r gdmb CR>mE h°& MmohE& _VXmVm H$m{ Hw$N> AmdÌ`H$ _m_bm{ß _{ß _VXmZ Z H$aZ{ H$r Ny>Q> MwZmd Am`m{J ¤mam dmamUgr _{ß Za{›– _m{Xr H$r a{br H$m{ AZw_oV Z o_bZr MmohE& MwZmd _{ß H$_ dm{oQß>J H$m ^r \$m`Xm XmJr Z{Vm CR>m b{V{ h¢& X{Zm ghr hr h°& MwZmd Am`m{J ^maV H$r gßd°YmoZH$ gßÒWm h° Am°a g^r oOg{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE `h OÍ$ar h°& g_mO H$m oeojV dJ© hr _VXmZ H{$›–m{ß amOZ°oVH$ Xbm{ß H$m{ BgH$m gÂ_mZ H$aZm MmohE& Am`m{J H{$ gm_Z{ ]hwV VH$ OmZ{ _{ß [rN{> ahVm h°& gmar MwZm°oV`mß h¢ O] oH$gr [mQ>r© `m Z{Vm Z{ MwZmd Am`m{J H$r oZÓ[jVm [ßOrH•$V hm{ Xb -g^r amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m{ MwZmd Am`m{J _{ß [ßOrH•$V [a gdmb I∂S{> oH$E h¢& [hb{ ^r gb_mZ Iwer©X, __Vm ]ZOr©, AmO_ ImZ oH$`m Om`{ß& AZ{H$ Z{VmAm{ß H$r [yar OmZH$mar [mQ>r© H$r d°]gmBQ> [a _m°OyX O°g{ dnaÓR> Z{Vm Am`m{J H{$ oZU©`m{ß H$m IwbH$a odam{Y H$a MwH{$ h¢& 10 gmb ah{, VmoH$ H$m{B© ^r Cg{ X{I gH{$& Bgg{ amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$r H$m`©‡Umbr [hb{ E{gr oÒWoV Zht Wr, O°gr oH$ A] h°& AmO X{e _{ß MwZmd H$amZm [hb{ [maXer© hm{Jr Am°a d{ O]mdX{h ]Z{ßJ{& H$r VwbZm _{ß ¡`mXm MwZm°Vr âm hm{ J`m h°& AmßH$∂S>m{ß [a AJa Jm°a H$a{ß Vm{ [{S> ›`yO [a am{H$ - [{S> ›`yO am{H$Z{ H{$ obE AoYoZ`_ _{ß gßem{YZ oH$`m dV©_mZ Am_ MwZmd _{ß X{e _{ß bJ^J 8 hOma g{ AoYH$ CÂ_r¤ma A[Zm OmZm MmohE& [{S> ›`yO _{ß Xm{fr [mE OmZ{ [a CÂ_r¤ma H$m{ H$_ g{ H$_ Xm{ ^mΩ` AmO_m ah{ h¢& o[N>b{ Am_ MwZmd g{ bJ^J 10 ‡oVeV CÂ_r¤ma gmb H$r gOm H$m ‡mdmYmZ hm{& gaH$ma H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß H$m ]ImZ H$aZ{ Bg ]ma ¡`mXm h¢& E{g{ _{ß amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ ]rM Am[gr ‡oV’ßoXVm dmb{ odkm[Zm{ß Am°a g_mMmam{ß [a N>: _mh [hb{ g{ hr am{H$ bJmB© OmE& ]∂T>Zm Vm{ Òdm^modH$ hr h°& amOZroVH$ Xb oH$gr ^r Vah g{ MMm© _{ß ahH$a j{Ãr` [moQ©>`m{ß [a am{H$ - Am_ MwZmd (bm{H$g^m) _{ß j{Ãr` Xbm{ß H{$ BgH$m amOZroVH$ bm^ b{Z{ H$r OwJV _{ß ahV{ h¢& A] `h X{e H{$ _VXmVmAm{ß MwZmd b∂S>Z{ [a am{H$ hm{Zr MmohE& O] VH$ dh Hw$b dm{oQß>J H$m 6 ‡oVeV [a oZ^©a H$aVm h° oH$ d{ H°$g{ ‡À`mer H$m{ A[Zm ‡oVoZoY MwZV{ h¢& dm{Q> hmogb Zht H$a b{V{ V] VH$ CZ Xbm{ß H$m{ MwZmd _{ß ^mJ b{Z{ g{ dßoMV boÂ]V MwZmd gwYma Am°a CZH$r oÒWoV - hm{Zm MmohE& gro_V Xbm{ß H$m{ ^mJrXmar g{ X{e H{$ bm{H$VßÃ H$m{ g]b amBQ> Qy> naH$m∞b - OZ‡oVoZoY òX j{Ã _{ß MwZmd OrVZ{ H{$ ]mX A[Z{ o_b{Jm& e[W Am°a H$V©Ï` H{$ AZwÍ$[ H$m`© Zht H$a ahm hm{ Am°a OZVm H$m{ `h bJ{ ge∫$ hm{ Am`m{J - MwZmd Am`m{J H$m{ Am°a ge∫$ ]Zm`m OmE, VmoH$ oH$ dh MwZmd H{$ g_` oH$E A[Z{ dmXm{ß g{ _wH$a ahm h°, Vm{ _VXmVm H{$ [mg dh MwZmd gwYma H{$ ¡`mXm ‡`mg H$a gH{$& MwZmd Am`m{J H{$ g^r gXÒ`m{ß Cg{ "amB©Q> Qy> naH$m∞b' H{$ VhV dm[g ]wbmZ{ H$m AoYH$ma hm{& H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ gwajm Xr Om` Am°a Am`m{J H{$ obE AbJ g{ goMdmb` hm{& e[W [Ã H$r [∂S>Vmb - CÂ_r¤ma e[W[Ã X{V{ g_` H$B© _hÀd[yU© Am`m{J H{$ obE oZYm©naV ]OQ> H$m{ ]∂T>m`m Om`& OmZH$mna`m± Nw>[m b{ OmV{ h¢& CZH{$ Xmdm{ß H$r Om±M-[∂S>Vmb H$r H$m{B© Ï`dÒWm oZÓH$f© _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m Òd¿N> d Zht h°& e[W[Ã _{ß JbV OmZH$mar X{Z{ dmb{ CÂ_r¤ma H$m Zm_mßH$Z a‘ [maXer© hm{ Om{ OZVm H$m{ EH$ ZE H$b H$r Am{a b{ Om gH{$& CZH$m odH$mg H$aZ{ H{$ gmW hr gOm `m Ow_m©Z{ Xm{Zm{ß H$m ^r ‡mdYmZ hm{& d X{e H$m odH$mg hr _wª` _w‘m hm{ V^r bm{H$VßÃ H$m g[Zm [yam hm{ gH$Vm h°& e°joUH$ `m{Ω`Vm - S>m∞∑Q>a, BßOroZà, oejH$ ]ZZ{ H{$ obE oS>J´r H$r Wm{∂S{> g{ gwYma `m Wm{∂S{>ß gr Iwer g{ A] h_ma{ X{e H$m H$m_ Zht MbZ{ dmbm, OÍ$aV hm{Vr h° b{oH$Z Z{Vm ]ZZ{ H{$ obE H$m{B© ^r oS>J´r H$r OÍ$aV Zht h°& X{e H$m{ MmohE, [ya{ gwYma Am°a [yar Iwer& MwZmd OrVH$a OZVm H{$ Z{V•Àd H$m g[Zm X{IZ{ dmb{ CÂ_r¤mam{ß H$r ^r ›`yZV_ e°ojH$ `m{Ω`Vm oZYm©naV H$r OmZm MmohE& Bgg{ amOZroV Hw$N> gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- hX VH$ gm\$ hm{Jr& 1. Ama.E_._°H$mB]a - X _mS©>Z ÒQ{>Q>, [{O - 316 Xya ah{ß XmJr - oH$gr E{g{ ‡oVoZoY H$m{ oOg [a AXmbV Z{ A[amoYH$ 2. EZ.S>r. [m_a - X BoS>`Z [mobQ>rH$b ogÒQ>_, [{O-7 Amam{[ V` H$a oXE hm{ß `m Cg{ Xm{ gmb `m Cgg{ AoYH$ H$r gOm gwZmB© Om 3. EZ.S>r. [m_a - X BoS>`Z [mobQ>rH$b ogÒQ>_, [{O-24 MwH$r hm{, Vm{ MwZmd Am`m{J H{$ [mg CgH$r gXÒ`Vm InaO H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma 4. [oÃH$m g_mMma [Ã - 29 ogVÂ]a 2013 hm{& XmJr H$m{ oQ>H$Q> ^r Zht o_bZm MmohE& 5. [oÃH$m g_mMma [Ã - 12 _B© 2014

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 143

g^m[oV`m{ß H$r Z{V•Àd j_Vm H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z : CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ H{$ g›X^© _{ß

* b˙_r Hw$±da MwS>mdV ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maV EH$ bm{H$VmßoÃH$ X{e h° oOg_{ß ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ H$m VrZm{ß g^m[oV`m{ß ¤mam ZB©, g∂S>H$ Zmbr, Zmbm _X [a gdm©oYH$ IM© oH$`{ A[Zm ode{f _hŒd h°& Bgob`{ ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ H$m{ ‡OmVßÃ H{$ ob`{ J`{& lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß ÒHy$b ^dZ oZ_m©U, gm_m›` AmYmaoebm _mZm OmVm h°& ÒWmZr` emgZ _{ß ZmJnaH$ amÓQ≠> H{$ ‡oV odH$mg H$m`m~ [a AoYH$ ‹`mZ oX`m J`m dht lr `woYoÓR>a Hw$_mdV H{$ OmJÍ$H$ hm{V{ h¢ Edß odH$mg H{$ Z`{ Am`m_ ÒWmo[V hm{V{ h¢& Xyga{ e„Xm{ß _{ß H$m`©H$mb _{ß gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ, ÒHy$b ^dZ oZ_m©U Edß gm_m›` odH$mg ÒWmZr` emgZ dh emgZ h° oOg{ oZU©` b{Z{ d H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$m`m~ [a Om{a oX`m J`m& O]oH$ lr adr›– lr_mbr H{$ H$m`© _{ß gdm©oYH$ ‡m· h°& Bg ‡H$ma ÒWmZr` emgZ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ gdm©oYH$ odH$mg H{$ ob`{ ‡mWo_H$Vm [{Òb, h°S>[Â[ _X _{ß ahr& gmW hr C⁄mZ gm°›X`r©H$aU, AoV AmdÌ`H$ gßÒWm H{$ Í$[ _{ß CâH$a Am`m h°& oH$gr ^r j{Ã H{$ odH$mg eha g\$mB© Ï`dÒWm, ZE dmhZ d J°amO d AoΩe_Z, Mm°amhm{ß H$m odH$mg, _{ß ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ Edß ZJar` oZH$m` odŒmr` —oÓQ> g{ Edß ‡emgoZH$ H$Ér ]ÒVr H$m{ [∏$m H$aZm, ÒdmÒœ` Edß oMoH$Àgm oeoda, I{b gwodYm eo∫$`m{ß g{ gw—∂T> hm{ Vm{ j{Ã odH$mg H{$ [W [a AJógV ah{Jm& H$m odÒVma, ogQ>r ]g gßMmbZ AmoX H$m{ _hÀd oX`m J`m& dV©_mZ _{ß A‹``Z j{Ã - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß 1994 H{$ ]mX H{$ CX`[wa ZJa lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr ^r eha H$m{ g\$mB© Ï`dÒWm, Mm°hmam{ß H$m gm°›X`r©H$aU, [nafX≤ H{$ 55 dmS>m} ¤mam MwZ{ hwE g^m[oV H$r ^yo_H$m Edß odo^fi odH$mg oMoH$Àgm oeoda, oXdmbr-Xeham _{bm, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am`m{OZ AmoX [a H$m`m~ H$m gmjmÀH$ma H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gd} H{$ AmYma [a VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ‹`mZ H{$›–rV ahm& oH$`m J`m h°& 1994 H{$ ]mX ^maVr` OZVm [mQ>r© H{$ H´$_e: lr_Vr oH$aU VmobH$m -2 ([rN{> X{I|) _mh{Ìdar (1994-1999) lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV (1999-2004), lr ‡mWo_H$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ AmYma [a g^m[oV`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z adr›– lr_mbr (2004-2009), lr_Vr aßOZr S>mßJr (2009-2014) 1. A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb _{ß _w‘m{ß H$r ‡mWo_H$Vm - lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar g^m[oV ah{ h¢& 1994 _{ß 2009 H{$ _‹` VrZ g^m[oV A‡À`j MwZmd Z{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb _{ß oZÂZ _w‘m{ß H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr& C›hm{ßZ{ gwb^ em°Mmb`, [’oV AWm©V≤ ]hw_V Xb H{$ Z{Vm ¤mam MwZ{ J`{ O]oH$ 2009 _{ß lr_Vr g\$mB©, o]Obr, g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U, gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ oZ_m©U [a Om{a oX`m& `{ aßOZr S>mßJr ‡À`j _VXmZ ‡Umbr ¤mam OZVm ¤mam MwZr JB© h°& ‡ÒVwV Cg g_` H$r ‡mWo_H$Vm AmdÌ`H$VmE± Wr O]oH$ lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV Z{ em{Y [Ã _{ß B›ht g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ H$m`m~ H$m ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß ]Vm`m oH$ eha H{$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m ‹`mZ aIZ{ h{Vw H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ ÒdmÒœ` ¤mam g_rjmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a Z{V•Àd H$r j_Vm H$m [Vm bJm`m Om gH{$Jm& gÂ]›Yr H$m`© H$adm`{ß& Bg_{ß _wª`V: gm\$ g\$mB© H$m`m~ H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` -‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß oZÂZoboIV C‘{Ì` h° - Edß eha H{$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ _Zm{aßOZ h{Vw Xr[mdbr Xeham _{bm O°g{ H$m`©H´$_ ewÍ$ 1. ZJar` emgZ H{$ Câ{ Z{V•Àd (g^m[oV) H$r ÒWmZr` emgZ Edß H$adm`{ß& lr adr›– lr_mbr Or Z{ gmd©OoZH$ oZ_m©U, am{eZr Edß g\$mB© amOZroV _{ß ^yo_H$m H$m{ g_PZm& Ï`dÒWm [a ‡H$me S>mbm Edß dV©_mZ _{à lr_Vr aßOZr S>mßJr Z{ Zmbm{ß H{$ 2. ZJar` emgZ H$r _O]yVr _{ß Z{V•Àd H$r Ï`mdhmnaH$ oÒWoV H$m{ OmZV{ oZ_m©U, g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U, ZB© g∂S>H{$, o]Obr, [moH©$ßJ h{naQ{>O AmoX H$m`m~ H$m{ hwE CgH$r g_Ò`mAm{ß Edß gwPmdm{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aZm& ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr h°& em{Y odoY VßÃ - CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ 55 dmS>m~ _{ß od^∫$ h°& oOg_{ß 2. g^mo[V`m{ß H{$ H$m`©H$mb H$r C[bo„Y`m± - lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar 1994 g{ A] VH$ H{$ Mma g^m[oV`m{ß H$m{ ob`m J`m h°& em{Y-[Ã ‡mWo_H$ Z{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb H$r C[bo„Y`m± ]VmV{ hwE H$hm oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ MwßJr H$a Edß o¤Vr`H$ AmßH$∂S>m{ß [a AmYmnaV h°& oOg_{ß ‡mWo_H$ AmßH$∂S{> gmjmÀH$ma g_m· H$aZ{ [a ode{f ]b oX`m& oOgg{ gaH$ma H$m{ H$am{∂S>m{ß H$m _wZm\$m hwAm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Edß o¤Vr` AmßH$∂S{> CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ H{$ odo^fi ‡H$meZm{ß, Edß gwb^ H$m∞Â[b{∑g H$m oZ_m©U H$admZm Edß gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ H$m oZ_m©U gßÒWmZm{ß Edß od^mJm{ß ¤mam ‡H$moeV ‡oVd{XZm{ß g{ ob`{ J`{ h¢ß& O°g{ H$B© odH$mg H$m`© H$adm`{& lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV Z{ H$hm oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ g^m[oV H$r ^yo_H$m H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z (1994 g{ A] VH$) -1994 H{$ Eà[m{Q©> H{$ ob`{ 1 H$am{∂S> H$r amoe C[b„Y H$amB©& I{b Jm±d H{$ ob`{ amoe ]mX Mmam{ß g^m[oV ^maVr` OZVm [mQ>r© H{$ ah{ h°& eha H$r ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m C[b„Y H$admB©, Zr_M _mVm [a od⁄wV Ï`dÒWm, Om{Yogßh [wob`m H$m H{$ AZwÍ$[ VWm ehar ‡emgZ H{$ ]∂T>V{ ‡^md H{$ H$maU CŒmam{Œma ]OQ> _{ß oZ_m©U, _{bm{ß d g_mam{h H$r ewÍ$dmV AmoX H$B© H$m`© H$adm`{& lr adr›– d•o’ H{$ gmW odH$mg H{$ H$m`© H$adm`{ß& lr_mbr Z{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb [mH$m~ H{$ odH$mg, Jwbm]]mJ H{$ gdm©JrU odH$mg, VmobH$m- 1 ([rN{> X{I|) Jm°aYZ odbmg [a ÒdU© Oò›V ¤ma, oS>dmBS>a H{$ gm°›X`©H$am eha _{ß VmobH$m 1 H{$ AZwgma 2004-2009 H{$ _‹` gdm©oYH$ ]OQ> 17141.42 [m°Ymam{[U O°g{ H$m`m~ [a ]b oX`m& lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr Z{ Zmbm{ß H{$ oZ_m©U, bmI amoe odo^fi _Xm{ß [a IM© H$r JB©, Om{ [yd© H{$ H$m`©H$mbm{ß g{ AoYH$ h°& [≈m{ß H$m odVaU, [moH©$ßJ ÒWb, g\$mB©H$o_©`m{ß H$r ^Vr© AmoX H$m`© H$adm`{ß& * em{YmWr© (amOZroV odkmZ od^mJ) _m{hZbmb gwImo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 144

3. g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß H$_Om{na`m± - lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar OmE& H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ CZH{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß H$m{B© H$_Om{ar Zht ahr C›hm{ßZ{ gma{ 7. g_`-g_` [a dmS>m~ H$m AmH$oÒ_H$ oZarjU oH$`m OmE Edß H$m`© Om{ `m{OZm]’ Í$[ g{ [yU© oH$`{ h°& lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV Z{ H$hm oH$ gÂ]o›YV dmS©> [mf©X g{ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar b{H$a CZH$m CoMV C›hm{ßZ{ CZH{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß d°g{ Vm{ g^r H$m`m~ H$m{ oH´$`mo›dV oH$`m H{$db g_mYmZ oH$`m OmE& gmd©OoZH$ VaUVmb H$m oZ_m©U Zht hm{ [m`m& lr adr›– lr_mbr Z{ H$hm oZÓH$f© - C[am{∫$ odd{MZ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ C[b„Y ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ CZH{$ H$m`©H$mb H$r `h H$_Om{ar ahr oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ ‡^mdr `m{OZmE± ]ZmB© AmßH$∂S>m{ß g{ `h Vœ` CâH$a AmE h° oH$ Mmam{ß g^m[oV`m{ß Z{ C[b„Y ]OQ> b{oH$Z oH$›ht H$maUm{ß g{ [yU© Zht hm{ [mB© Edß lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr Z{ H$hm oH$ g{ VÀH$mbrZ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb H$m{ C›h{ß [yU©V: ‡emgoZH$ gh`m{J Zht o_b [m`m oOgg{ H$B© H$m`© ]moYV hm{ g\$b ]Zm`m& ah{ h¢ Edß eha H{$ AoVH´$_U [a oZ`ßÃU Zht hm{ [m ahm h°& lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar (1994-1999) oOZH$r ‡_wI C[bo„Y 4. CX`[wa H$m{ ì]rî l{Ur H$m XOm© oXbmZ{ _{ß g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ ‡`mg- "MwßJr H$a g_mo·' EH$ A[yd© Edß E{oVhmogH$ H$X_ gmo]V hwAm, oOgg{ CX`[wa H$m{ ì]rî l{Ur H$m XOm© oXbmZ{ _{ß g^r g^m[oV`m{ß Z{ A[Z{-A[Z{ ÒWmZr` oZH$m`m{ß H$r odŒmr` g_Ò`m Xya hwB© Edß H$am{∂S>m{ß È. H$r Am` hwB© Edß ÒVa H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ BZH{$ odMma Bg ‡H$ma h°- lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar Z{ C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ g_` H{$ Hw$b ]OQ> g{ 1126.12 bmI È[`{ ZB© g∂S>H$, H$hm oH$ Bg odf` [a C›hm{ßZ{ am¡` gaH$ma H$m{ ‡ÒVmd ]ZmH$a ^{Om Wm& Zmbr, Zmbm oZ_m©U [a Ï`` oH$`{&lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV (1999-2004) lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV Z{ H$hm oH$ OZgßª`m H$_ hm{Z{ g{ Bg l{Ur _{ß CX`[wa H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß C[b„Y ]OQ> _{ß g{ gdm©oYH$ 3074.45 bmI ZB© g∂S>H$ H$m{ XO© Zht H$am [m`{ß&lr adr›– lr_mbr Z{ H$hm oH$ Bg gÂ]›Y _{ß ]m{S©> Zmbm oZ_m©U [a Ï`` oH$`{ Edß AmYma^yV ∂T>m±Mm BZH{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß gw—∂T> o_oQß>J _{ß g_`-g_` [a ‡ÒVmd ^{Om Edß lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr Z{ H$hm oH$ hwAm& lr Hw$_mdV H{$ Ord›V Ow∂S>md H{$ H$maU CX`[wa eha dmog`m{ß Edß ha ÒVa [a Om{ gyMZm _mßJr JB© ‡{ofV H$r JB©& ‡mW©Zm [Ãm{ß H$m{ ^{OH$a ^r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß _{ß bm{H$o‡` hwE& BZH{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß odH$mg H$m`m~ H$m{ JoV ha ÒVa [a ì]rî l{Ur H$m XOm© oXbmZ{ H{$ ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ h¢& o_br Edß CŒm_ Z{V•Àd j_Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß CâH$a AmE& g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß ]mYmE± - g^m[oV`m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb lr adr›– lr_mbr (2004-2009) A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb H{$ eha H{$ _{ß H$B©-H$B© ‡H$ma H$r ]mYmEß _hgyg H$r Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h°- ‡_wI C⁄mZ Jwbm]]mJ H$r gm°›X`©Vm _{ß Mma MmßX bJm oX`{ Edß C⁄mZ Edß 1. H$_ g_`mdoY H$m hm{Zm& oZ_m©U Edß odH$mg [a C›hm{ßZ{ 500.06 bmI È[`{ Ï`` oH$`{ Edß A[Zr 2. AmMma gßohVm H{$ H$maU dV©_mZ H$m`m~ _{ß X{ar hm{Zm& N>od EH$ Òd¿N> Edß B©_mZXma H$m`©H$Vm© H{$ Í$[ _{ß ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ gÂ_wI aIr& 3. odam{Yr Xb H{$ [mf©Xm{ß H$m Ï`dhma H$^r gh`m{JmÀ_H$ ahVm h° H$^r lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr (2009-2014) H{$ H$m`©H$mb H$r ‡_wI Agh`m{JmÀ_H$& C[bo„Y`m{ß _{ß Zmbm{ß H$m oZ_m©U, [≈m odVaU, [moH©$ßJ ÒWb H$m [wZ: oZ_m©U, 4. ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$mna`m{ß g{ Vmb_{b H{$ A^md _{ß ^r H$m`m~ _{ß ‡JoV g\$mB© H$o_©`m{ß H$r ^Vr© O°g{ H$B© H$m`© CÑ{IZr` h°& oZÓH$f© ï Mmam| Zht hm{Vr& g^m[oV`m{ß Z{ A[Z{ H$m`©e°br d Z{V•Àd j_Vm d ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ H$maU 5. Z`{ [mf©Xm{ß H{$ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naV g_` [a Zht H$adm`{ß ZmJarH$m{ß _{ß bm{H$o‡` ah{ h¢& lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar Hw$eb Z{V•Àd j_Vm OmV{& lr `woYoÓR>a Hw$_mdV goH´$` H$m`©H$Vm© d oZU©` b{Z{ H$r j_Vm lr adr›– 6. Xbr` Ï`dÒWm H{$ H$maU ^r Agh`m{J ahVm h°& lr_mbr Òd¿N> B©_mZXma N>dr H{$ YZr d lr_Vr aOZr S>mßJr gH$mamÀ_H$ 7. g^m[oV H{$ MwZmd H$r ‡oH´$`m ^r EH$ ‡H$ma H$r ]mYm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ [hb{ gm{M H$r YZr H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Zr Hw$ebVm H$m{ og’ oH$`m h°& B›ht odH$mg [mf©X g^m[oV H$m{ MwZH$a bmV{ W{ Vm{ [mf©X Edß g^m[oV`m{ß _{ß Vmb_{b H$m`m~ d OZVm H{$ Ow∂S>md H{$ H$maU bJmVma BZH$m Xb (^maVr` OZVm ahVm Wm b{oH$Z A] OZVm g^m[oV H$m{ MwZH$a bmVr h° Vm{ [mf©Xm{ß Edß [mQ>r©) ]hw_V H{$ gmW bJmVma Mma ]m{S>m~ _{ß odO` ah{ h¢& Om{ oH$ bm{H$o‡`Vm g^m[oV H{$ Am[gr Vmb_{b Zht ahVm Edß odH$mg H$m`© AdÍ$’ hm{V{ h¢& H$m _m[XS> Xem©Vm h°& oZoÌMV hr V•U_yb ÒVa [a oH$E H$m`© Z{V•Àd H$m gwPmd -em{Y [Ã _{ß AmYma [a g^m[oV`m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb _{ß H$B© [hMmZ oXbmV{ h¢& ‡H$ma H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ OyPZm [∂S>m h° oOgg{ odH$mg H$m`© AdÍ$’ hm{V{ h¢ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-XÒVmd{O - BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ oZamH$aU h{Vw H$B© gwPmd oX`{ JE h° - 1. CX`[wa ogQ>r Â`yoZog[b E∑Q>, 12-12-1922, ÒQ{>Q> ‡{g Am∞\$ 1. AmMma gßohVm H$m{ ÒWmZr` H$m`m~ g{ _w∫$ aIm OmE& _{dm∂S>, CX`[wa& 2. MwZmd ‡oH´$`m - MyßoH$ dV©_mZ _{ß g^m[oV H{$ MwZmd h{Vw ‡À`j emgZ 2. CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ H$m`m©b`, ZJa [nafX≤ H$r gmYmaU g^m d ‡Umbr H$r Ï`dÒWm Vm{ h°& `h Hw$N> hX Vm{ R>rH$ h° b{oH$Z g^m[oV go_oV`m{ß H$r H$m`©dmoh`m{ß H$m oddaU, 1994-2004. A[Z{ [X H$m XwÍ$[`m{J Zm H$a{ BgH{$ ob`{ Cg{{ g_` [yd© [X g{ hQ>mZ{ 3. Ò_aoUH$m, [nafX≤ H$r [ßMdfr©` odH$mg `mÃmîî, 1994-1999, H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr Mmoh`{ VmoH$ oZaHw$ßeVm Z Am [m`{& 1999-2004, 2004-2009, 2009-11, CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤, 3. H$R>m{a ‡]›YZ H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{ - ‡]›YZ Bg ‡H$ma H$m hm{Zm CX`[wa& Mmoh`{ oH$ oZYm©naV g_` _{ß AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ odH$mg H$m`© hm{ [mE& [wÒVH{$ - 4. ]OQ> H$m AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma AmdßQ>Z - Om{ ^r ]OQ> Am`{ Cg_{ß 1 AdÒWr, E. : ""Â`yoZog[b Jd_}›Q> BZ BßoS>`m'', b˙_r ZmamÙ o[N>∂S{> j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg H$r `m{OZmE± ]ZmH$a H$m`© oH$`m OmE& odam{Yr AJ´dmb AmJam, 1972 Xb H$r [mQ>r© H{$ j{Ãm{ß H$m ^r odH$mg hm{& 2. Mm°Yar, S>r. Eg. : ""Â`yoZog[b ES>o_o›ÒQ≠>{eZ BZ amOÒWmZ'', a_{e 5. [mf©Xm{ß H{$ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ Edß oeoda g_`-g_` [a H$admE OmE& ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa, 1970. 6. XbJV amOZroV g{ D$[a CR>H$a odH$mg H$m`m~ H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr 3. _mh{Ìdar, Eg.Ama. : ""^maV _{ß ÒWmZr` emgZ'', ZmamÙ AJ´dmb, AmJam, 1984. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 145

4. _wVmob], E_.E.ImZ, E. Abr : ìîX œ`m∞ar Am∞\$ bm{H$b Jd_}›Q>îî, 1. EhOmX Í$_r, ìî\$m_© Am∞\$ Aa]Z bm∞H$b JdZ©_{›Q> BZ BoS>`mîî OZab ÒQ>ob™J [o„beg© ‡m. obo_Q{>S>, ZB© oXÑr, 1982. Am∞\$ Eoe`Z ES> Ao\´$H$Z ÒQ>S>rO, (A‡°b 2008 vol. 43) 5. H$m°oeH$ Eg Eb : brS>aoe[ BZ A]©Z Jd_}›Q> BZ BoS>`m, oH$Vm] 2. obS>ÒQ≠>m{_, ES>a, ìîX H$Â[{a{oQ>d ÒS>S>r Am∞\$ bm∞H$b JdZ©_{›Q> ogÒQ>_ _hb Bbmh]mX, 1986 : E nagM© EO{›S>mîî OZab Am∞\$ H$Â[{oQ>d [m∞obee EZmobogg, [Ã-[oÃH$mE{ß - H{$bda EH{$S{>_r [o„bgg© o‡›Q{>S> BZ ZrXab°S>g&

VmobH$m- 1 1994 g{ 2009 H{$ _‹` g^m[oV ¤mam H$am`{ J`{ H$m`© EH$ ZOa _{ß H´$.gß. _X H$m Zm_ amoe (bmIm{ß _{ß) 1994-99 1999-2004 2004-2009 lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar lr `woYoÓR>a Hw$_mdV lr adr›– lr_mbr 1. ZB© g∂S>H$, Zmbr, Zmbm 1126.12 3074.45 4520.16 2. ÒHy$b ^dZ oZ_m©U 137.00 484.52 476.04 3. gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ 18.42 425.18 507.71 4. C⁄mZ oZ_m©U Edß odH$mg 57.68 213.07 500.06 5. [{`Ob, h°S>[Â[, Q>Áy]bmB©Q> 23.49 160.58 5932.00 6. od⁄wVrH$aU 62.83 88.64 403.35 7. gm_m›` odH$mg H$m`© 503.96 1221.53 1487.03 Hw$b ]OQ> 1924.50 5975.28 17141.42 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 146

VmobH$m -2 df© 1994 g{ 2014 VH$ CX`[wa ZJa [nafX≤ H{$ g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ odMmam{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H´$. gß. g^m[oV`m{ß g{ [yN{> J`{ ‡ÌZ lr_Vr oH$aU _mh{Ìdar lr `woYÓR>a Hw$_mdV lr adr›– lr_mbr lr_Vr aßOZr S>mßJr (1994-1999) (1999-2004) (2004-2009) (2009-2014) 1 oH$Z-oH$Z _w‘m{ß H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr gwb^ em°Mmb`, g\$mB©, Xr[mdbr-Xeham gmd©OoZH$ oZ_m©U, Zmbm{ß H$m oZ_m©U, o]Obr, g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U, _{bm am{eZr Edß g\$mB© g∂S>H$ oZ_m©U, gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ Ï`dÒWm ZB© g∂S>H{$, o]Obr d [moH©$ßJ h°naQ{>O 2 Am[H$r H$m`©H$mb H$r C[bo„Y`m± MwßJr H$a g_m·, Eà[m{Q©> H{$ obE 1 [mH$m~ H$m odH$mg, Zmbm{ß H$m oZ_m©U, gwb^ H$m∞Â[b{∑g Am°a H$am{∂S> H$r amoe, Jwbm]]mJ H$m [≈m{ß H$m odVaU, gm_wXmo`H$ ^dZ I{b Jm±d H{$ obE gdm™JrU odH$mg, [moH©$ßJ ÒWb, amoe C[b„Y H$amB©, Jm{aYZ odbmg g\$mB©H$o_©`mß H$r Zr_M _mVm [a od⁄wV [a ÒdU© Oò›V ^Vr© Ï`dÒWm, Om{Yogßh ¤ma oS>dmBS>a [wob`m H$m oZ_m©U, H$m gm°›X`©H$aU _{bm{ß d g_mam{h H$r eha _{ß [m°Ymam{[U ewÍ$AmV 3 H$m`©H$mb _{ß H$_Om{na`m± Hw$N> Zht gmd©OoZH$ VaUVmb ‡^mdr `m{OZmE± ]ZmB© ‡emgoZH$ Agh`m{J H$m oZ_m©U Zht hm{ [m`m b{oH$Z oH$›ht H$maUm{ß eha H{$ AoVH´$_U [a g{ [yU© Zht hm{ [mB© oZ`ßÃU [a Zht H$a [m`{ß 4 CX`[wa H$m{ ]r l{Ur _{ß XOm© oXbmZ{ _{ß am¡` gaH$ma H$m{ ‡ÒVmd OZgßª`m H$_ hm{Z{ ]m{S©> o_Qß>J _{ß g_`- ‡mW©Zm [Ã ¤mam g^m[oV H{$ ‡`mg ]ZmH$a ^{Om g{ l{Ur _{ß XO© Zht H$am g_` [a ‡ÒVmd ^{Om Om{ gyMZm _mßJr [mE JB© ha ÒVa [a gßH$obV H$a ^{Or 5 Km{fUm [Ã H$m{ oH$VZm ‡oVeV bmJy 100 99.9 80 80 H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b ah{ (‡oVeV _{ß) Ûm{V : Mmam{ß g^m[oV`m{ß H{$ Ïò∫$JV gmjmÀH$ma [a AmYmnaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 147

g›V_V Edß oZ_m∂S> _| gßV [aÂ[am

S>m∞. _Yy gyXZ Mm°]{ * em{Y gmamße ñ oZ_m∂S> Z H{$db _‹`‡X{e H$r ‡_wI ^m°Jm{obH$ BH$mB© h°, Ao[Vw `h EH$ CÑ{IZr` E{oVhmogH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ BH$mB© ^r h°& AmoX_mZd H$r H´$r∂S>m ÒWbr H{$ Í$[ _{ß BgH$r [wamVZVm AgßoXΩY h°& ô∫$ AmßXm{bZ _‹`H$mb _{ß g_mO, Y_© Am°a oMßVZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^maV H$r EH$ ]∂S>r odoeÓQ>Vm ahr h°& BgH$m odÒVma oZ_m∂S> j{Ã _{ß ^r hwAm& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß oZ_m∂S> _{ß ô∫$ AmßXm{bZ H{$ Xm°a g{ b{H$a AmYwoZH$ H$mb VH$ ‡dmohV g›V [aÂ[am H$m CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°& AZwgßYmZ H{$ C[amßV `h kmV hwAm oH$ oZ_m∂S> H$r g›V [aÂ[am g_•’ ahr Am°a Am[ ^r g›Vm{ß H$m ‡^md OZ_mZg [a —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{ ahm h°& e„X Hwß$Or ñ oZ_m∂S>, g›V, g›V [aß[am, oZJw©U, gJwU, ZdYm ô∫$, gy\$r_V AmoX&

‡ÒVmdZm - gÂ[yU© odÌd _{ß g_`-g_` [a _mZd OmoV H{$ ‡À`{H$ dJ© _{ß eQ> o]H$ma oOV AZK AH$m_m& AMb AoHß$MZ gwoM gwIYm_m&& E{g{ _hm[wÈf oZa›Va O›_ b{V{ ah{ h¢, oO›hm{ßZ{ AoYH$ Am°[MmnaH$ oejm Ao_V]m{Y AZrh o_V^m{Jr& gÀ` gma H$o] H$m{o]X Om{Jr&&4 ^b{ hr Z ‡m· H$r hm{, oH$›Vw A[Zr CXmŒm OrdZ [’oV g{ g_mO H$m d{ g›V (H$m_, H´$m{Y, bm{^, _m{h, _X Am°a _Àga-BZ) N>: odH$mam{ß H$m{ OrV{ Z{V•Àd H$aV{ hwE bm{H$ _ßJb H$m [a_ [mdZ [W ‡eÒV oH$`m h°& "E{g{ hwE, [m[aohV, H$m_ZmaohV, oZÌMb, AoHß$MZ, ]mha-^rVa g{ [odÃ, _hm[wÈfm{ß Z{ H{$db _m°oIH$ C[X{em{ß H{$ ¤mam hr Zht, daZ A[Z{ Z°oVH$ gwI H{$ Ym_, Agr_ kmZdmZ, B¿N>maohV, o_Vmhmar, gÀòZÓR>, od¤mZ, Am°a CÀH•$ÓQ> MnaÃ VWm A[Zr bm{H$ _ßJbH$mnaUr d•oŒm H$m [m{fU H$aZ{ H{$ `m{Jr,&& ob`{ H$^r-H$^r A[Z{ ‡mU VH$ X{ S>mb{, oH$›Vw d{ AZ{H$ VO©Zm{ß, ‡bm{^Zm{ß lr_X≤^Jd“rVm H{$ ]mahd{ß A‹`m` "ô∫$`m{J' _{ß lr H•$ÓU o‡` ^∫$ VWm ^` g{ H$^r A[Z{ gÀ[W g{ odMobV Zht hwE& E{g{ hr _hm[wÈfm{ß H$m{ H{$ Zm_ g{ g›V H{$ oH$ bjU ]VmV{ hwE H$hV{ h¢ oH$ oH$gr ^r ‡mUr g{ ]°a Z odÌd â Z{ g›V H$r C[moY g{ od^yofV oH$`m&"1 ^maV _{ß AZoJZV g›V H$aZ{dmbm, g]g{ o_ÃVm H$aZ{ dmbm, g] [a X`m H$aZ{ dmbm, __ÀdhrZ, hw`{ h¢, Vm{ oZ_m∂S> H$r Yam ^r g›V Ò[e© g{ gwao^V hwB© h°& oZahßH$ma, gwI-Xw:Im{ß H$m{ g_mZ g_PZ{ dmbm, j_merb, oZa›Va g›VwÓQ>, "g›V' e„X H$m gÂ]›Y gßÒH•$V H$r "Ag≤' YmVw g{ h°& BgH$m AW© h°- EH$mJ´ _Z dmbm, gß`_r, —∂T> gßH$Î[ dmbm, gXm _wP_{ß (^JdmZ _{ß) _Z "hm{Zm', "ahZm' `m "AoÒVÀd hm{Zm'& g›V _{ß gŒmm `m AoÒVÀd H$m ^md Am°a ]wo’ bJmE aIZ{ dmbm, oH$gr H$m{ H´$m{Y, ^` Am°a C¤{J g{ _w∫$, g_modÓQ> h°& odÌd _{ß `WmW© gŒmm ]´˜ H$r h°, AV: d°oXH$ gmohÀ` _{ß Bg{ H$m_ZmhrZ, [odÃ, MVwa, CXmgrZ, Ï`Wm g{ [a{, g] H$m`m~ H$m AmaÂ^ ]´˜ H{$ [`m©` H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡`w∫$ oH$`m J`m h°& A›` _V H{$ AZwgma g›V e„X N>m{∂S> X{Z{ dmbm ô∫$`w∫$, eÃw-o_Ã H$m ^{X Z aIZ{ dmbm, _mZ-A[_mZ H$r CÀ[oŒm "em›V' e„X g{ hwB©& BgH$m AW© oZd©oŒm _mJr© `m ]°amJr hm{Vm H$m{ g_mZ g_PZ{ dmbm, J_r©-gXr© Am°a gwI-Xw:I H$m{ EH$ gm _mZZ{ h°& H$mbm›Va _{ß g›V e„X H{$ AW© H$m odH$mg hwAm Am°a `h "A¿N>m', dmbm, oH$gr g{ H$m{B© bJmd Z aIZ{ dmbm, oZ›Xm Am°a ÒVwoV g{ ‡^modV Z "gXmMmar', "em›V', "[odÃmÀ_m', "[am{[H$mar' AmoX H$m ⁄m{VH$ hm{ J`m& hm{Z{ dmbm, gXm _m°Z ahZ{ dmbm, g^r XemAm{ß _{ß g›VwÓQ>, H$ht Ka ]ZmH$a BZ AWm~ _{ß g›V e„X H$m ‡`m{J YÂ_[X, _hm^maV, H$mobXmg Am°a Z ahZ{ dmbm Am°a oÒWa ]wo’dmbm _{am ^∫$ _ZwÓ` hr _wP{ o‡` h°&5 ^V•©hna H$r aMZmAm{ß _{ß o_bVm h°& gmYw `m _hmÀ_m H{$ AW© _{ß g›V e„X H$m g›V _V ]m°’ Y_© Am°a CgH{$ gmohÀ` g{ AZw‡moUV h°& "]m°’ Y_© g{ ‡mMrZV_ ‡`m{J od∆b ]maH$ar gÂ‡Xm` H{$ kmZX{d Edß A›` g›Vm{ß H{$ _hm`mZ VWm hrZ`mZ gÂ‡Xm`m{ß H$m Amod^m©d hwAm& _hm`mZ g{ _ßÃ`mZ ob`{ hwAm h°& oh›Xr H{$ _yY©›` H$m{eH$ma am_Mß– d_m© Z{ "g›V' e„X H$m _yb Am°a _ßÃ`mZ g{ dO´`mZ Am°a Bgr dO´`mZ H$r Km{a VmßoÃH$ ‡oH´$`m g{ ZmJ gßÒH•$V H{$ "gV≤' (EH$ AW© gmYw, _hmÀ_m) H$m{ _mZm h°& gV≤ g{ AZ{H$ e„X gß‡Xm` H$m CX` hwAm Am°a ZmW gÂ‡Xm` g{ ‡{aUm_ybH$ VÀdm{ß H$m{ b{H$a ]Z{ h¢, O°g{ gXmMma, gX≤^md, g“wU, gÉnaÃ, g¡OZ AmoX& BZ g^r g›V _V AdVnaV hwAm, ]m°’ Y_© g{ b{H$a ZmW gÂ‡Xm` VH$ Bg ‡oH´$`m gXmMmar e„Xm{ß H$m _yb gV≤ h°&2 _{ß Om{ OrdZ VÀd Câ{, CZ g]H$m g_md{e g›V _V _{ß hwAm&'6 am_MnaV_mZg _{ß g›Vm{ß H{$ bjU H{$ gÂ]ßY _{ß AZ{H$ ÒWmZm{ß [a CÑ{I XojU ^maV _{ß ô∫$ Am›Xm{bZ H{$ ‡dV©H$ am_mZwO W{, O]oH$ CŒma Am`m h°& ^maV _{ß g›V [aÂ[am H$m ‡maÂ^ O`X{d (12 dt gXr) g{ _mZm OmVm h°& gßVZ H{$ b¿N>Z aKw]ram& H$hhw ZmW ^d ^ßOZ ^ram&& O`X{d g{ b{H$a AmYwoZH$ H$mb VH$ hw`{ g›Vm{ß _{ß gYZm, ]{Zr, Zm_X{d, gwZw _woZ gßV›h H{$ JwZ H$hD±$& oO›h V{ _¢ C›h H{$ß ]g ahhy±&&3 oÃbm{MZ, am_mZ›X, H$]ra, g{Zm, [r[m, a°Xmg, H$_mb, Yfim, Oß^ZmW, h{ aKwdra! h{ ^d-^` H$m Zme H$aZ{ dmb{ _{a{ ZmW! A] H•$[mH$a g›Vm{ß ZmZH$, VwbgrXmg, AßJX, A_aXmg, am_Xmg, Y_©Xmg, XmXyX`mb, H{$ bjU H$oh`{& (lram_ Z{ H$hm) h{ _woZ! gwZm{, _¢ g›Vm{ß H{$ JwU H$hVm hy±, AOw©ZX{d, dfZm, Jar]Xmg, hnaXmg oZaßßOZr, V{J]hmXwa, _byH$Xmg, oOZH{$ H$maU _¢ CZH{$ de _{ß ahVm hy±& a¡O], gw›XaXmg, YaZmXmg, ]ybmgmh], Jwbmb gmh], OJOrdZXmg,

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (BoVhmg) ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 148

XybZXmg, Xna`mgmh], Jar]Xmg, MaUXmg, ghOm{]mB©, X`m]mB©, ^∫$ H$r _Zm{XemAm{ß H$m{ BßoJV H$aV{ h¢& dÑ^ _V _{ß ^mJdV H$r ZdYm am_hagXmg, [bQy> gmh], Vwbgr gmh], oedX`mb AmoX ode{f ô∫$ H{$ AoVna∫$ Xe_ ‡{_bjUm ô∫$ H$m ^r ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h°&'11 CÑ{IZr` h¢& gJwU ô∫$ Ymam ^r Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^∫$ hwB©- am_ ô∫$ Edß H•$ÓU ô∫$& oZ_m∂S> _{ß g›Vm{ß H$r gwXrK© [aÂ[am ahr h°& BZ_{ß ô∫$ _V Am°a gy\$r _V am_mZ›X Am°a VwbgrXmg am_ ô∫$ H{$ VWm gyaXmg, _ram, M°V›` AmoX Xm{Zm{ß [aÂ[amAm{ß H{$ g›V ah{ h¢& `h [aÂ[am g›V ]´˜Jra g{ ‡maÂ^ hwB© h°, H•$ÓUô∫$ H{$ ‡_wI g›V hw`{& BZ Xm{Zm{ß YmamAm{ß _{ß Ohmß g_mZVm h°, dht oOg{ Ymo_©H$-Am‹`moÀ_H$ g›V am_Xmg (_m°Zr ]m]m) Am°a gm_moOH$ AßVa ^r h°& gJwU am_ ^∫$m{ß H{$ am_ Am°a H•$ÓU ^∫$m{ß H{$ H•$ÓU Xm{Zm{ß odÓUw H{$ g›V S{>_›`m ]m]m Z{ AmO ^r OrodV ]Zm`{ aIm h°& AdVma h¢& Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ‡oV gJwU ô∫$ H$m odYmZ h°& Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ob`{ AmÀ_ ]´˜Jra H{$ oeÓ` _ZaßJra Am°a _ZaßJra H{$ ‡og’ oeÓ` ogßJmOr Edß g_[©U Am°a AÀòYH$ oZÓR>m ‡Xoe©V H$r JB© h°& OJfimW oJa hw`{& ogßJmOr H{$ OrdZH$mb _{ß Vm{ CZH{$ AZ{H$ oeÓ` ]Z{ hr C[`w©∫$ CÑ{oIV gJwU Edß oZJw©U ‡dmhm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z W{, CZH{$ oZdm©U H{$ [ÌMmV≤ XrK© H$mb VH$ H$B© bm{Jm{ß Z{ C›h{ß JwÈ Í$[ _{ß H$aZ{ [a kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ gJwUm{[mgH$ ‡mMrZ ^mJdV≤ gÂ‡Xm` H{$ ZdrZ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m VWm CZH$r oejmAm{ß g{ _mJ©Xe©Z ‡m· oH$`m& `h ogbogbm odH$mg H{$ AZw`m`r h¢, d{ ‡mMrZ Y_© emÛm{ß Edß Y_© emÛ ‡dV©H$m{ß H{$ AmO ^r Omar h°& ^mdogßh, H$mbyOr, XbyXmg, I{_Xmg, YZOrXmg H{$ AZw`m`r h¢, bm{H$ Y_© Edß Ïò∫$ Y_© H{$ g_W©H$ h¢, ahÒ`dmX H{$ odam{Yr h¢ß JwÈ ogßJmOr W{& g›V A\$Ob _{ß oZ_m∂S> _{ß AZm_r gÂ‡Xm` H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß JwÈ H$m{ [a_{Ìda _mZV{ h¢& "îoZJw©Um{[mgH$ Zd oZJ©wU ô∫$ H{$ C[mgH$ H$r& CZH{$ _V H$m{ CZH{$ oeÓ`m{ß bmbXmg, H$mbyXmg, IwÌ`mbXmg, XeaW, h¢, Y_© emÛm{ß Edß Y_© emÛ ‡dV©H$m{ß H{$ odam{Yr h¢, ahÒ`dmX H{$ [yOmar h¢, Z›Xbmb, hnaXmg Òdm_r AmoX Z{ AmJ{ ]∂T>m`m& oZ_m∂S> _{ß ô∫$ Am›Xm{bZ JwÈ Am°a [a_{Ìda H$m{ AbJ-AbJ _mZV{ h¢ VWm JwÈ H$m{ [a_mÀ_m g{ ^r Am°a gy\$r _V Xm{Zm{ß H$m ‡mXw^m©d Edß odH$mg hwAm& ô∫$ Am›Xm{bZ H$r Xm{ AoYH$ _hÀd X{V{ h¢&'12 ‡_wI YmamE± h¢- oZJw©U Edß gJwU& oZ_m∂S> _{ß BZ Xm{Zm{ß H$m AoÒVÀd ahm& oZ_m∂S> _{ß g›V ]´¯Jra, _ZaßJra, ogßJmOr, H$mbwOr, ^mdogßh, "oZJw©U H$m emo„XH$ AW© hm{Vm h°- JwU aohV& ô∫$ H{$ gßX^© _{ß JwUm{ß XbyXmg, I{_Xmg, ]m{ßXÍ$, A\$Ob, ]wImaXmg AmoX oZJw©U Ymam H{$ VWm H$m VmÀ[`© Ord Am°a O∂S>m{ß H{$ JwUm{ß g{ h°& gÀd, aO, V_, Í$[, ag, Ò[e©, g›V aßH$ZmW, XrZXmg gJwU Ymam H{$ ‡_wI g›V hw`{& oZ_m∂S> _{ß gJwU J›Y AmoX O∂S> H{$ JwU Am°a Aod⁄m, AÎ[kVm, amJ¤°e AmoX ∑b{e Ord ô∫$ Ymam H$m gyÃ[mV H$aZ{ Am°a Cg{ ‡dmohV H$aZ{ H$m l{` aßH$ZmW H$m{ h°& H{$ JwU h¢& [a_{Ìda BZ Xm{Zm{ß l{oU`m{ß H{$ JwUm{ g{ [•WH$ h°, Bgob`{ Cg{ OJfimW oJa, YZOrXmg, bmbXmg _ybV: oZJw©UdmXr W{, oH$›Vw gJwU oZJ©wU H$hm OmVm h°& "Ae„X_Ò[e©-_Í$[_ Ï``_≤'' AmoX Am°[oZfoXH$ gmH$ma H$r ô∫$ g{ ^r C›h{ß [ah{O Zht Wm& ‡_mUm{ß H{$ AmYma [a H$hm OmVm h° oH$ e„X, Ò[e©, Í$[ AmoX JwUm{ß g{ aohV oZ_m∂S> _{ß gy\$r _V H$m ^r ‡^md ahm& emarnaH$ [XmWm~ g{ _Z hQ>mH$a hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU B©Ìda oZJw©U hw`{&'7 oZJw©U Ymam Xm{ ^mJm| _| od^∫$ hwB© ñ B©Ìda H{$ gm°›X`© [a _wΩY hm{H$a Cgr g{ ‡{_ H$aZ{ dmbm Ïò∫$ gy\$r h°& gy\$r kmZ_mJu Am{a ‡{__mJu & kmZ_mJu gßVm| _| H$]ra, ZmZH$, a°Xmg Am°a XmXy _V H$m Ï`dhma _woÒb_ ahÒ`dmX H{$ ob`{ hwAm h°& gy\$r e„X H{$ _yb Úm{V X`mb ‡_wI h¢ & Xm{Zm| emImEß JwÈ Am°a ‡{_ H$m{ _hÀd X{Vr h° & B©Ìda H$m{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß _V^{X h°& gy\$r e„X "g∂\$m' g{ ]Zm h°, oOgH$m AW© [odÃVm oZamH$ma _mZVr h¢ & _m`m H$m{ gmYZm[W H$m g]g{ ]S>m Ï`dYmZ ÒdrH$ma hm{Vm h°& Om{ bm{J [odÃ W{, d{ gy\$r H$hbm`{& "g\$m' e„X oZÓH$[Q> ^md H{$ H$aVr h° & ahÒ`dmXr h¢ VWm AÏ`∫$ gŒmm H$r Am{a gßH{$V H$aVr h° & ob`{ Ï`dˆV hwAm h°, AV: gy\$r E{g{ Ïò∫$ H$m{ H$hZm Mmoh`{ Om{ Z H{$db Xm{Zm{ß _{ß Hw$N> A›Va ^r h¢& kmZ_mJr© g›V A›V: gmYZm [a ]b X{V{ [a_mÀ_m H{$ ‡oV oZÓN>b ^md aIVm h° Am°a A›` gma{ ‡moU`m{ß H{$ gmW ^r h¢& CZH$m oZJw©U KQ>-KQ> _{ß h°& B›hm{ßZ{ B©Ìda H$m{ gÀ` Am°a OJV H$m{ o_œ`m ew’ ]Vm©d H$aVm h°, Ao[Vw oOgH{$ ob`{ [a_mÀ_m Òd`ß ^r ÒZ{h ‡Xoe©V _mZV{ hw`{ ‡H•$oV H$m{ CXmgrZ —oÓQ> g{ X{Im& ‡{__moJ©`m{ß H$m B©Ìda ‡H•$oV H{$ H$aVm h°& _XrZm _{ß _whÂ_X gmh] ¤mam ]ZdmB© JB© _oÒOX H{$ ]mha "gw‚\$' H$U-H$U _{ß Ï`m· h°, Bgob`{ ‡H•$oV CZH{$ ob`{ AmH$f©H$ Am°a Ò[•hUr` AWm©V≤ M]yVa{ [a oOZ J•hodhrZ Ïò∫$`mß{ Z{ eaU b{H$a B©Ìdam{[mgZm _{ß h°& "kmZ_mJr© g›Vm{ß H$m ahÒ`dmX gmYZmÀ_H$ Am°a ‡{__mJr© g›Vm{ß H$m brZ ahV{ hw`{ [odÃ OrdZ Ï`VrV oH$`m, d{ gy\$r H$hbm`{& gy\$r e„X ahÒ`dmX ^mdZmÀ_H$ h°&'8 "gy\$' AWm©V≤ D$Z g{ CÀ[fi hwAm h°& `h [hb{ CZ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ob`{ ‡`w∫$ "gJwU H$m emo„XH$ AW© hm{Vm h°- JwU gohV& oOg_{ß JwU h°, dhr oH$`m OmVm Wm, Om{ _m{Q{> D$Zr dÛ [hZV{ W{& `{ bm{J ^m{J-odbmg g{ Xya gJwU h°& "`m{ JwU° gh dV©Œm{ g gJwU:' Om{ kmZ, [odÃVm, AZ›V ]bmoX ahH$a grYm-gmXm OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aV{ hw`{ Am‹`moÀ_H$ gmYZm _{ß brZ JwUm{ß g{ `w∫$ h°, Cg{ gJwU H$hV{ h¢&'9 [a_mÀ_m AZ›V H$Î`mUH$mar JwUm| ahV{ W{& gy\$r e„X J´rH$ e„X "gm{o\$`m' g{ ]Zm h°& BgH$m Ame` kmZ g{ `w∫$ h° & gJwU ô∫$ _| ^JdmZ H{$ gJwU gmH$ma È[ [a ]b oX`m J`m hm{Vm h°& gyo\$`m{ß Z{ gX°d AZw^dog’ kmZ H$m{ _hÀd oX`m h°& h° & gJwUdmoX`m| Z{ B©Ìda ô∫$ H{$ ob`{ _yoV© [yOm H$m{ OÈar _mZm h° & ^maV _{ß hw`{ AZ{H$ gy\$r g›Vm{ß _{ß ªdmOm _wBZw‘rZ oMÌVr, ªdmOm gJwU emIm _{ß ZdYm ô∫$ H$m{ AÀ`ßV _hÀd oX`m J`m h°& oOZ Zm° Hw$Vw]w‘rZ ]oªV`ma H$mH$r, ªdmOm \$arXw‘rZ, V[Òdr A]y CÒ_mZ g°`X, ‡H$ma H$r ô∫$`m{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m Wm, d{ Bg ‡H$ma h¢- ldU, H$rV©Z, ahr_, e{I gmXr, Obmbw‘rZ Í$_r, A_ra Iwgam{, e{I \$arX, oZOm_w‘rZ Ò_aU, [mX-g{dZ, AM©Z, d›XZ, gª`, XmÒ` Edß AmÀ_oZd{XZ&'10 "ô∫$ Am°ob`m AmoX ode{f CÑ{IZr` h°& oZ_m∂S> _{ß A\$Ob Am°a CZH{$ oeÓ`m{ß Z{ H$r `{ Zd odYmE± Bo›–`, _Z Am°a ˆX` H$m{ ^JdmZ H{$ ‡oV oZd{oXV H$aVr gy\$r _V H$m ‡gma oH$`m Wm& h¢& BZg{ ^∫$ Òd`ß H$m{ am_m[©U Edß H•$ÓUm[©U H$a X{Vm h°& ldU, H$rV©Z, oZÓH$f© - Bg ‡H$ma oOgZ{ [a_VÀd H$m AZw^d H$a ob`m hm{, dh g›V Ò_aU ^JdmZ H$r brbm g{ gß]ßY aIV{ h¢& [mXg{dZ, AM©Z Am°a dßXZ h°& g›V _V H{$ gm_m›` _mJ© _{ß ododY dmXm{ß H$m g_›d` hwAm h°& Bg_{ß ^JdmZ H{$ AdVma Am°a _yV©Í$[ g{ gß]ßoYV h¢& XÒ`, gª` Am°a AmÀ_oZd{XZ oh›Xy, _woÒb_, Jm{aI [ßWr, d{Xm›Vr, gy\$r Edß d°ÓUd H{$ Ymo_©H$ og’m›Vm{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 149

H$m g_md{e oXImB© X{Vm h°& oZ_m∂S> _ß{ß hwE g›Vm{ß Z{ AHy$V d°MmnaH$ gÂ[Xm 6. oh›Xr g›V gmohÀ` [a ]m°’ Y_© H$m ‡^md, b{IH$- S>m∞. od⁄mdVr N>m{∂S>r h°, Om{ ÔZm{ß H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß gßaojV h° Am°a CfiV OrdZ H{$ obE _mJ©Xe©Z _mbodH$m, ‡H$meH$- oh›Xr ‡MmaH$ [wÒVH$mb`, dmamUgr, X{ ahr h°& g›V ogßJmOr H{$ AdXmZ H$m{ g^r BoVhmgH$mam{ß Z{ ode{f gßÒH$aU- 1966, [•ÓR>-12. CÑ{IZr` _mZm h°& CZH$m ‡^md oZ_m∂S>-_mbdm _{ß A^r ^r ]∂S>r of‘V g{ 7. _‹`H$mbrZ oZJw©U ô∫$ gmYZm, b{IH$- S>m∞. hadße bmb e_m©, _hgyg oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ô∫$ H$r Xm{Zm{ß emImAm{ß Am°a gy\$r _V Z{ ‡H$meH$- _m∞S{>ÒQ> o‡›Q>g©, Omb›Ya, . gßÒH$aU- gßdV-1963, _mZddmX H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{V{ hwE OrdZ H{$ ZE ‡oV_mZ ÒWmo[V oH$E& [•ÓR>-03-04. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 8. H$mÏ` _{ß ahÒ`dmX, b{IH$- S>m∞. ]Éybmb AdÒWr, ‡H$meH$- J´ßW_., 1. _‹`H$mbrZ oh›Xr g›V, odMma Am°a gmYZm, b{IH$-, ‡H$meH$- H$mZ[wa, gßÒH$aU- 1965, [•ÓR>-163. oh›XwÒVmZ EH{$S>_r , Bbmhm]mX, gßÒH$aU- 1965, [•ÓR>-05. 9. gmohÀ` g›X{e : g›V gmohÀ` ode{fmßH$, ‡H$meH$- gmohÀ` Hw$ßO 2. ‡m_moUH$ oh›Xr H$m{e, gÂ[mXH$- lr am_M›– d_m©, ‡H$mfH$- , AmJam, gßÒH$aU- OwbmB©-AJÒV, 1958, [•ÓR>-17. gmohÀàÀZ _mbm, dmamUgr, gÂdV≤- 2008, [•ÓR> H´$.-437. 10. lr_X≤^mJdV, aMo`Vm- d{XÏ`mg, Q>rH$mH$ma- hZw_mZ‡gmX [m{‘ma, 3. lram_MnaV_mZg, aMo`Vm- Jm{Òdm_r VwbgrXmg, Q>rH$mH$ma- ‡H$meH$- JrVm ‡{g, Jm{aI[wa, gßÒH$aU- gß. 2054, [•ÓR>-393. hZw_mZ‡gmX [m{‘ma,, ‡H$meH$- JrVm ‡{g, Jm{aI[wa, gßÒH$aU- 11. H•$ÓU-H$mÏ` H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z, b{IH$- S>m∞. OJXre Jw·, gß. 2054., [•ÓR>-535. ‡H$meH$- oh›Xr [nafX≤, ‡`mJ odÌdod⁄mb`, ‡`mJ, gßÒH$aU- 4. lram_MnaV_mZg, aMo`Vm- Jm{Òdm_r VwbgrXmg, Q>rH$mH$ma- 1958, [•ÓR>-206-07. hZw_mZ‡gmX [m{‘ma, ‡H$meH$- JrVm ‡{g, Jm{aI[wa, gßÒH$aU- gß. 12. oh›Xr H$mÏ` _{ß oZJw©U gÂ‡Xm`, b{IH$- S>m∞. [rVmÂ]aXŒm ]∂S>œdmb, 2054., [•ÓR>-535 ‡H$meH$- ‡`mJ, gßÒH$aU- gÂdV≤ 2017, [•ÓR>-22. 5. lr_X≤^mJdV, aMo`Vm- d{XÏ`mg, Q>rH$mH$ma- hZw_mZ‡gmX [m{‘ma, ‡H$meH$- JrVm ‡{g, Jm{aI[wa, gßÒH$aU- gß. 2054, [•ÓR>-393.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 150

ZaogßhJ∂T> H{$ e°boMÃm{ß H$m gßajU

S>m∞. __Vm Im{B©`m *

‡ÒVmdZm - e°boMÃ _mZd g‰`Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ ewÍ$AmVr Xm°a H$r oZemoZ`m± 1. ode{fk H$r oZJamZr _{ß [ya{ [naga H$m{ odH$ogV Am°a gßaojV H$aZ{ H{$ H$m_ h°, V] BßgmZ Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß ahVm Wm& [ÀWa H$r Xrdmam{ß [a Hw$XaVr aßJm{ H$r _XX g{ [a A_b oH$`m OmE& dh A[Zr H$Î[ZmAm{ß Am°a ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ AmH$ma X{Vm Wm& Bg_{ß VÀH$mbrZ 2. Jw\$mAmß{ H{$ Amg[mg g{ AoVH´$_U hQ>m`m OmE& OrdZ, ‡mH•$oVH$ [nad{e Am°a _m›`VmAm{ß H$m oMÃU hm{Vm Wm& `h ogbogbm 3. [hmo∂S>`m{ß [a [mW-d{ ]ZmH$a g^r Jw\$mAm{ß H$m{ Am[g _{ß Om{∂S>m OmE& Bg_{ß H$B© hOma gmbm{ß VH$ Mbm& BgobE e°boMÃm{ß H{$ odf` _{ß ^r odH$mg H$r N>m`m H$m{Xy[mZr, ]∂S>m_hmX{d, ohßJbmO _mVm g{ H$mH$oebm VH$ H{$ j{Ã H$m{ emo_b ZOa AmVr h°& e°boMÃ XwoZ`m H{$ C›ht ohÒgm{ß _{ß o_b{ h° Ohm± ]hwV [hb{ _mZd oH$`m OmE& g‰`Vm odH$ogV hm{ MwH$r Wr& ^maV H{$ AbJ-AbJ ohÒgm{ß _{ß E{g{ oMÃm{ß H$r 4. e°boMÃm{ß H$r oh\$mOV H{$ obE BZ [a H$dnaßJ H$r OmE& Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ ]mhar ohÒg{ Jw\$mE± ]∂S>r VmXmX _{ß h°& ZaogßhJ∂T> _{ß ^r AZ{H$ e°boMÃ oÒWV h°& ZaogßhJ∂T> _{ß _{ß Omob`m± bJmB© OmE& Job`mam{ß _{ß ‡H$me H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{ & oÒWV e°boMÃm{ß H$r Jw\$mAm{ß H$r JUZm odÌd H{$ gdm©oYH$ [wamZ{ e°boMÃm{ß _{ß H$r 5. [hmo∂S>`m{ß [a [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ obE [{Òb H{$ [`m©· BßVOm_ hm{ & OmVr h°& H$ar] 40 hOma gmb [wamZ{ e°boMÃm{ß H$m CoMV gßajU Am°a ‡Mma hm{Z{ 6. [ya{ [naga H$r gwajm H{$ obE Mma gwajm JmS>m} H$r S>`yQ>r bJmB© OmE& g{ j{Ã H$m{ [`©Q>Z CKm{J H$m{ ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& j{Ã _{ß oÒWV ‡mMrZ e°boMÃm{ß H$m{ gßaojV H$aZ{ H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m [arjU BZ e°boMÃm{ß H$r Im{O S>m∞.oOV{›– XŒmm oÃ[mR>r Z{ H$r Wr& B›hm{Z{ß g]g{ H$aZ{ H{$ obE H{$›–r` [wamVÀd od^mJ H$m OmßM Xb Z{ _B© 2013 Z{ gmBQ> H$m [hb{ gZ≤ 1980 H{$ XeH$ _{ß BZ Jw\$mAm{ß H$r Im{O H$r & C›hm{Z{ß BZH$r H$mbJUZm gd}jU oH$`m& Bg Xb _{ß ghm`H$ [wamVÀdodX≤ Ama.H{$.[Q{>b Am°a S∞>m. hme_r H$r Am°a Jw\$mAm{ß H$m{ H´$_ oXE& dnaÓR> [wamodX≤ S>m∞. oOV{›– XŒmm oÃ[mR>r H{$ emo_b W{& Xb Z{ ohßJbmO _mVm, H$mH$oebm Am°a H$m{Q>am H$r [hmo∂S>`m{ß H{$ e°boMÃm{ß AZwgma j{Ã H{$ e°boMÃ 40 hOma gmb VH$ [wamZ{ h°& JUZm H{$ AmYma [a B›h{ H$r OmßM H$r& Ama.H{$.[Q{>b Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ e°boMÃm{ß H{$ gmW [`©Q>Z H$r AdYmaUm g_` Am°a e°br H{$ obhmO g{ odÌd ‡og¤ ^r_]°R>H$m H$r Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ e°boMÃm{ß Zht MbVr h°& e°boMÃm{ß H$m{ H{$db [mZr H{$ nagmd g{ ]MmZ{ H$r OÍ$aV hm{Vr h° H{$ g_H$j aIm h°& BZ_{ß ohßJbmO _mVm, H$mH$oebm, ]∂S>m _hmX{d, H$m{Q>am, BgH{$ Abmdm C›h{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ Vm°a [a H$m{B© Xygam IVam Zht hm{Vm h°& dmÒVd _{ß H$m{Xy[mZr, ]b]Q>[wam Am°a Bbmhr ]∂S>br H$r Jw\$mE± ‡_wI h°& o\$bhmb AoVH´$_U e°boMÃm{ß H{$ obE g]g{ ]∂S>m IVam BßgmZm{ß ¤mam H$r JB© N{>∂S>N>m∂S> hm{Vr h° BgobE Am°a eamaVr VÀdm{ß H$r haH$Vm{ß g{ `h oMÃ V{Or g{ ZÓQ hm{ ah{ h°&AZ_m{b [wamVmoÀdH$ e°boMÃm{ß dmbr OJh BßgmZr [hwßM g{ oOVZr Xya ah{ CZH$r gwajm H{$ obE CVZm Yam{ha e°boMÃm{ß H$r Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ ]]m©X hm{Z{ H$m ogbogbm W_ Zhr ahm h°& BZ hr ]{hVa hm{Vm h°& Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ [a e°boMÃm{ß g{ N{>∂S>N>m∂S> H$r JB© h°& A] eamaVr VÀdm{ß Z{ oMÃm{ß OmßM Xb "X Z{Ma J´w[' ¤mam ‡ÒVwV ‡ÒVmd g{ ]hwV ‡^modV hwAm Edß A[Z{ H$m{ ZÓQ H$aZ{ H$m Z`m VarH$m A[Zm`m h°& aßJam{JZ [m{VZ{ H{$ gmW A] oMÃm{ H$m{ od^mJr` AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ Bg{ oXImZ{ H$r ]mV H$hr& C›hm{ßZ{ H$hm oH$ H$m{Q>am H$r [ÀWam{ß g{ Iam{ßM H$a ZÓQ oH$`m Om ahm h°& `hr Zht _m_b{ H$m{ ¡`mXm gßd{XZerb [hmo∂S>`m{ß H$r Xyar ZaogßhJ∂T> H$r Xygar Jw\$mAm{ß g{ ¡`mXm h° AJa [ya{ j{Ã H{$ ]ZmZ{ H$r JaO g{ BZ oMÃm{ß [a MyZm [m{VH$a Ymo_©H$ ‡VrH$ ^r ]ZmE Om ah{ h°& e°boMÃm{ß H$m{ gßaojV H$aZm h° Vm{ H$m{Q>am H$m{ ^r ZaogßhJ∂T> ]{ÎQ> _{ß hr emo_b H$a ‡emgZ Z{ A] VH$ BZ Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ gßajU H{$ obE oH$gr Vah H{$ EhoV`mVr EH$ ]∂S>r `m{OZm H$m ImH$m V°`ma H$a{ßJ{& H$X_ Zhr CR>mE h°& Bgg{ BZ Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß AoVH´$_U Am°a oMÃm{ß H$m{ ZÓQ H$aZ{ H$r Xwb©^ e°boMÃm{ß g{ gOr BbmH{$ H$r XO©Zâ g{ ¡`mXm Jw\$mE± V{Or g{ ]]m©X KQ>ZmAm{ß _{ß ]∂T>m{Œmar hm{ ahr h°& hm{ ahr h°& ¡`mXmVa Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ e°boMÃ ZÓQ> hm{ MwH{$ h° ]Mr hwB© Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß ^r `hr Jw\$mE± H´$_mßH$ AmB© E\$ 14 _{ß _H$mZ H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h°& AmB© E\$ 13 _{ß oÒWoV h°& Bg{ Zht am{H$m J`m Vm{ BbmH{$ H$r [wamVmoÀdH$ odamgV H$m{ Vm{ ZwH$gmZ Vm{∂S>\$m{∂S> H$r JB© h°& AmB© E\$ 15,16,17,18 Jw\$mAm{ß H$m{ [m{V oX`m J`m h°& BZ hm{Jm hr, gmW hr ôdÓ` _{ß ]{hVa Am` H$m EH$ Ona`m ^r h_{em H{$ obE IÀ_ Jw\$Am{ß H$m{ ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a oZÂZ Vah g{ ZwH$gmZ hm{Vm h°- hm{ Om`{Jm& Jw\$mAm{ß VH$ [hw∞M _mJ© JßXJr g{ â{ hwE h°& Bgg{ g°bmZr MmhH$a ^r 1. g^r Jw\$mE± d›`j{Ã _{ß oÒWV h° BZH{$ Amg[mg o]Zm AZw_oV ]∂S>r VmXmX BZ VH$ Zhr [hw∞M [mV{ h°& _‹`‡X{e emgZ [ya{ j{Ã H$m{ [`©Q>Z [°H{$O g{ Om{∂S>Z{ _{ß _H$mZ ]ZmH$a bm{J ah ah{ h°& H$B© Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß ^r _H$mZ ]Zm obE JE h°& _{ß OwQ>m h° & E{g{ _{ [`©Q>H$m{ H$m{ ItMH$a `hmß VH$ bmZ{ _{ß e°boMÃ hr g]g{ ]∂S>r 2. ZJa [mobH$m, dZ od^mJ, [wamVmÀd Am°a amOÒd od^mJ H$m Am[g ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$V{ h°& AJa Jw\$mAm{ß H$m gßajU Am°a Ï`m[H$ ‡gma hm{ OmVm h° _{ß{ Vmb_{b Zhr h°& Bgg{ e°boMÃm{ß H$r gwajm H$r OmZH$mar b{Z{ dmbm H$m{B© Vm{ `hmß ^r ^r_]°R>H$m H$r Vah X{er-odX{er g°bmZr ]∂S>r VmXmX _{ß Am gH{$J{ß& Zht h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 3. eamaVr VÀd ^r Jw\$mAm{ß H$m{ joV [hwßMm ah{ h°& 1. gw]m{Y H$[ya-X BßoS>`Z BZgmBH$m{[roS>`m (‡rohÒQ>m{naH$ am∞H$ AmQ©> Am∞\$ BZ Jw\$mAm{ß H$m{ ZÓQ hm{Z{ g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE [`m©daU H{$ obE H$m_H$aZ{ BßoS>`m ) 2002 ZB© oXÑr dmbr Òd`ßg{dr gßÒWm "X Z{Ma J´w[' Z{ df© 2010 _{ß [hb{ ZaogßhJ∂T> _hm{Àgd H{$ 2. Ama.H{$.e_m© Edß H{$.H{$. oÃ[mR>r-‡rohÒQ>m{aH$ AmQ©> BZ BßoS>`m 1996 Xm°amZ VÀH$mbrZ Eg.S>r.E_. H{$ OnaE gr.E_. H$m{ [ya{ e°boMÃ j{Ã H$m{ gßaojV 3. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a _{ß ‡H$moeV b{I 2013 H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ ‡ÒVmd ]ZmH$a oX`m Wm& Bg_{ß `h gwPmd W{- 4. [oÃH$m _{ß ‡H$moeV b{I 2013 *ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (BoVhmg) emgH$r` Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX _hmod⁄mb`,gmaßJ[wa - amOJ∂T> (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 151

_{dm∂S> H{$ [`©Q>Z H{$›– d oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H$r ‡d•oV : EH$ ^m°Jm{obH$ odõ{fU

S>m∞. bobV ogßh Pmbm * gwlr H$roV© amR>m°∂S> ** ‡ÒVmdZm - amOÒWmZ H$m{ [`©Q>Z H{$ j{Ã _{ß Z H{$db X{e _{ß Ao[Vw odÌd J´m\$-1 : amOÒWmZ Am°a oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z [`©Q>Z _mZoMÃ [a ‡_wIVm g{ OmZm OmVm h¢& amOÒWmZ H$r goX`m{ß g{ H$m oddaU (2009-2012) A[Zr Jm°adJmWm, H$bm Edß gßÒH•$oV, VrW©ÒWb, ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`©, [ew- [`©Q>Z H$r g\$bVm dhm± g{ AmYma^yV gwodYmAm{ß VWm R>haZ{ß H$r oÒWoV [a [jr A‰`ma` Edß E{oVhmogH$ ÒWbm{ß H{$ H$maU X{e-odX{e _{ß gamhm oZ^©a H$aVr h°& oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß [`©Q>H$ H{$›–, R.T.D.C. H$r [ŸZr hm{Q>b, OmVm h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ amOÒWmZ Am`{ o]Zm [`©Q>H$m{ß H$r ^maV `mÃm 75 e°Ê`mAm{ß H$m hm{Q>b [fim, hm{Q>b ‡Vm[ [°b{g oÒWV h° VWm ehar j{Ã H{$ AYyar ahVr h¢& [`m©· odÌd _{ß g]g{ ]∂S{> C⁄m{J H{$ Í$[ _{ß Câm h¢, oOgH$r ZOXrH$ 39 oH$bm{_rQ>a Xyar H{$eb odO`[wa d ]Ògr h°naQ{>O hm{Q>b ^r d•o’ Xa H$r gdm©oYH$ h¢& A›` AmoW©H$ g{∑Q>am{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß [`©Q>Z _{ß odH$ogV hwB© h° Om{ odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ bw^m ahr h°& oZd{e g{ gdm©oYH$ ‡À`j Edß [am{j am{OJma g•oOV hm{Vm h¢& gmW hr Cgg{ g_Ò`mE± - ]hw_yÎ` odX{em{ß _w–m H$m AO©Z H$r hm{Vm h°& ‡X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß 1. oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> j{Ã _{ß _wª` g_Ò`m gmBS> grZ H$m A^md h° H{$db XwJ© H{$ [`©Q>Z H{$ _hÀd H$m{ X{IV{ hwE am¡` gaH$ma Z{ [`©Q>Z odH$mg Edß [`©Q>Z H$m{ Abmdm E{gm H$m{B© Xe©Zr` ÒWb Zht h° Om{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ ]mßY gH{$& OZ C⁄m{J ]ZmZ{ H$r oXem _{ß AZ{H$ H$maJma H$X_ CR>m`{ h¢& amOÒWmZ _{ß 2. oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß [`m©· _mÃm _{ß gwodYmOZH$ hm{Q>bm{ß H$m A^md h°& [`©Q>Z H$m{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ ÒdÍ$[ oX`m Om ahm h¢& [`©Q>Z `hm± H$r gßÒH•$oV h¢& 3. [`©Q>Z od^mJ H$m{B© ode{f [°H{$O Zht X{Vm h° VmoH$ [`©Q>H$ gßª`m am¡` gaH$ma ¤mam hmb H{$ dfm~ _{ß [`©Q>Z j{Ã H{$ obE AZ{H$ gwodYmE± Edß ]∂T{>& na`m`V{ ‡XmZ H$r h°& [`©Q>Z j{Ã H$r Am{a AoYH$ odH$ogV H$aZ{ H{$ obE 4. XwJ© d A›` Xe©Zr` j{Ãm{ß _{ß [moH©$ßJ g_Ò`m d J›XJr H$r g_Ò`m gaH$mar Edß J°a gaH$mar Xm{Zm{ß j{Ãm{ß ¤mam aMZmÀ_H$ ‡`mg oH$E Om ah{ h¢& od⁄_mZ h°& em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` - oZ`m{OZ Edß gwPmd - 1. A‹``Z j{Ã _{dm∂S> _{ß [`©Q>Z H{$ Xe©Zr` ÒWbm{ß H$m [Vm bJmZm& 1. oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> XwJ© H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` Xe©Zr` ÒWb O°g grVm _mVm 2. [`©Q>Z AmJ_Z H{$ ‡mÍ$[ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZm& A‰`ma`, _{Zmb A›` ‡mH•$oVH$ ÒWbm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m OmZm MmohE& 3. [`©Q>Z odH$mg H{$ obE oZ`m{OZ H$r Í$[a{Im V°`ma H$aZm& 2. [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ R>hamd ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma AZwXmZ X{H$a VWm Amg- A‹``Z j{Ã -A‹``Z j{Ã oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> XojUr amOÒWmZ _{ß AdoÒWV [mg H{$ [`©Q>H$ ÒWbm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV H$a{ß& h¢ Om{ oH$ am¡` H$m 56.23 dJ© j{\$\$b ohÒgm h° VWm 2001 H$r OZJUZm 3. ÒWmZr` b[H$m{ß H$m{ AßHw$e bJmH$a g_`-g_` _{ß JmBS> ‡oejU H{$ AZwgma oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß 96,028 OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h°& eha _{ß Xm{ H$m`©H´$_ _{ß ÒWmZr` JmB∂S>m{ß H$r gh^moJVm H$m{ ]∂T>m`m OmE& _wª` ZoX`m± ]{S>M Edß JßÂ^rar ]hVr h°& 4. [`©Q>H$ ÒWbm{ß H$m{ Om{∂S>Z{ dmb{ amÒV{ Mm°∂S{> d odH$ogV oH$`m OmE& oMÃ gß. 1 : _{dm∂S> d oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> H$m AdoÒWoV _mZoMÃ 5. R.T.D.C. gmBS>-grZ H$m{ AoYH$ ]∂T>mdm X{ß VmoH$ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m R>hamd [`©Q>H$ Xe©Zr` AmH$f©U - oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> 156 B©. [y. _{dm∂S> H$r amOYmZr ]∂T{>& ahr h°& oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> XwJ© _{ß odO` ÒVÂ^, H$roV©ÒVÂ^, Hw$Â^m _hb, [X_Zr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _hb, _ram _ßoXa, H$mbH$m _mVm _oXa, \$Vh ‡H$meZ gßJ´hmb`, [`©Q>H$m{ß 1. Bhatiya, A.K. (1991), “International Tourism : Fundamentals and Practices,’’ Sterling Publication Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. H$m _wª` AmH$f©H$ ÒWb h°& 2. Bhattarcharya, A.N. (2000), Human Geography of Mewar, oMÃ gß. 2 : _{dm∂S> H{$ Xe©Zr` ÒWb Himanshu Publication, Udaipur. VmobH$m 1 3. Mishra, V.C. (1967), “Geography of Rajasthan”, National Book Trust, New Delhi. [`©Q>Z AmJ_Z H$m odõ{fU - [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H{$ ‡mÍ$[ H$m{ X{IZ{ 4. Negi, J. (1990) : Tourism & Travel, Gitanjali Publishing [a em{Y _{ß [m`m J`m oH$ am¡` 1.70 ‡oVeV X{er [`©Q>H$ VWm 3.28 House, New Delhi. ‡oVeV odX{er [`©Q>H$ oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß Ky_Z{ Am`m& [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmZ{ H$r 5. Singh, Ratandeep (1994), “Infrastructure of Tourism in India”, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi. ‡H•$oV H´$_e: CŒmam{Œma ]∂T> ahr h° [a›Vw 2010 _{ß VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ [`©Q>H$m{ß 6. Ziffer, Karen A. (1989), Eco-tourism International Series of H$r gßÒWm H$_ ahr h°& [`©Q>H$m{ß H$r d•o’ H$r ‡d•oŒm EH$ g_mZ Zht ahr h°& working papers on eco-tourism. * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (^yJm{b od^mJ) O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV * * em{YmWr© (^yJm{b od^mJ) [{ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 152

oMÃ gß. 1 : _{dm∂S> d oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> H$m AdoÒWoV _mZoMÃ

J´m\$ñ1 ï amOÒWmZ Am°a oMŒmm°S>JT> _| odX{er [`©Q>H$m| H{$ AmJ_Z H$m oddaU (2009-2012) oMÃ gß. 2 : _{dm∂S> H{$ Xe©Zr` ÒWb VmobH$m 1 amOÒWmZ Am°a oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> _{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H$m oddaU (2009-2012) df© X{er [`©Q>H$ odX{er [`©Q>H$ amOÒWmZ oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> % amOÒWmZ oMŒmm°∂S>J∂T> % 2009 25558691 404075 1.58 1073414 42787 3.98 2010 25543877 393970 1.54 1278523 33719 2.64 2011 27137323 465996 1.71 1351974 52184 3.86 2012 28611831 488652 1.70 1451370 47644 3.28

Ûm{V :- ‡JoV ‡oVd{XZ, [`©Q>Z od^mJ amOÒWmZ (2012-2013) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 153

Self Concept Of Engineering Students As Related With Personality Types

* ** Sunita Dhenwal Prof. Preeti Mathur Abstract- The purpose of this research was to determine the self concept of Engineering students and their personality type. The sample consisted of 100 students from 5 different courses of Engineering by using Stratified random method. The self concept questionnaire by Srivastava and Rastogi (1983) and for personality assessment I/E test by Joshi (1986) was used. Inferential statistics such as t-test was used to analyze the difference between the self concept and personality of the subjects . The t-test analysis showed that there was significant difference in self concept of Introvert and Extrovert subjects. Keywords- Self Concept , Personality Type. Introduction- Self concept is defined as the totality of having 5 alternatives –Very High,High,Average,Low & Very Low, Individuals thoughts and feelings having reference to person high scores on it indicates that person have very high self concept. as an object. Self concept holds that an individuals have a It’s reliability is 0.87. concept of self based on who they think they are (the actual 2. Introversion/Extroversion Test- It test was developed self) and a concept who they think they would like to be( the by M.C.Joshi(1986). This consists 50 items. There are three ideal self ). Self concept is not inherited but acquired. Self options are given “YES”,”?” or “NO”. The reliability of this concept is influenced by many factors like, one’s home, society, test is 0.90. academic achievement,peer group, economic level etc. Result –Table showing Mean,Standard Deviation and ‘t’ value Self concepts are central to humanistic theories-which focus of self concept and personality type- upon the individual’s subjective perceptions of self and self Personality Type N M SD t within the world . Two of most influential humanistic theorists Introvert 27 34.60 6.61 9.74™ are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Extrovert 73 59.0 12.30 The personality is composed of traits or specific qualities of Significant at .01 level ™ behavior, which characterize the individual’s unique Discussion- The main objective of the study was to find out adjustment to life as shown in his behavior and thoughts . self concept of engineering students as related with personality Self concept is dominant element in personality pattern. type. Analysis of the study showed that high self concept with Eysenck (1967) developed a model of personality based upon extrovert personality , According to Azizi et.al.(2005), those three universal traits- who have high self concept usually receive good attention and 1. Introversion/Extroversion care from every one who are around them . They have more 2. Neuroticism/stability chance to gain more success.This findings coordinates with 3. Psychoticism study by Mc.Clun,L.A.,& Merrel,K.W.(2008) who studied the Robinson(1970) found that engineering students’ self concept relationship between personalities with self concept. Findings had a correlation with success criterion .High achievers were further indicated that Introverts had low self concept. found to have significantly more positive self concept thanlow The findings can be applied as a guide for programmers to achievers. As suggested by Gaydene,E.Ghesquiere, P.,& organize personality growing workshops in colleges and Oneghena,P.(2005) to develop positive self concept, parents universities; to enhance the high self concept with positive need to provide a harmonious household climate, full of personality to prepare them as the generation of the future happiness and adequate necessaities. So,it is proved that technocrates. self concept and personality are intercorrelated factors. References- Looking at the present scenario a study was undertaken 1. Gayedene,E.Ghesquiere,P.&Ongheap.(2005)-Journal on to evaluate the self concept of engineering students as related personality assessment & self concept.57,110-119 with personality types with following objective- 2. Joshi,M.C.-Mannual of Introversion-Extroversion test 1. To study relationship between self concept and 3. Mc.Clun,L.A.& Merrel,K.W.(2008)-Theories of personality personality types among the engineering students. & self concept and how they affect one’s consumption 2. To find out the difference between the self concept of patterns, Columbia University engineering students of different courses. 4. Rastogi & Srivastava,D.N.(1983)- Mannual of Self concept Methodology- The sample of the present study consisted inventory of 100 engineering students of different courses i.e Mining 5. Robinson(1970)-research on personality correlates self N=10),Civil (N=10),Mechanical (N=10) ,Computer (N=10), & concept: A critique.Ind.Educl,Rev:I(I).79-84 Electrical (N=10). 6. Yahaya,Azizi(2005)-Relationship between self concept and Research Tools – 1. Self Concept Inventory- It’s personality and student’s academic developed by Srivastava and Rastogi (1983) consists of 45 items performance.University of Technologi,Malayesia. * * * Research Scholar Prof., Department Of Psychology , Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 154

d°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ Edß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU

gwYm em∑` * em{Y gmamße ñ gßVwbZ, ghZerbVm Am°a g•OZ H$m [`m©` h° Zmar& ^maV _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ d°oXH$ H$mb _{ß ]hwV gÂ_mZ hmogb Wm, Am°a Cg H$mb _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$f H{$ g_mZ oejm Am°a AoYH$ma Wm& Yra-Yra{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß oJamdQ> AmB© Am°a [wZï _ohbm geo∫$H$aU h{Vw ^maV H{$ odo^fi g_mO gwYmaH$, amOm am_ _m{hZ am`, X`mZßX gaÒdVr, AmMm`© odZm{]m ^md{, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX, gmodÃr ]mB© \w$b{, _hmÀ_m ¡`m{oVdm \w$b{, AmoX Z{ g_mO _{ß ‡MobV gVr ‡Wm, ]mb oddmh, _ohbmAm{ß H$r Aoejm, [Xm© ‡Wm O°gr Hw$aroV`mß{ H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ h{Vw gVV≤ ‡`mg oH$`m Wm& ^maV gaH$ma Z{ ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ ]mX _ohbmAm{ß [a hm{Z{ dmb{ AÀ`mMma Am°a Ag_mZVm[yU© Ï`dhma H$m{ am{H$Z{ h{Vw H$B© gßd°YmoZH$ ‡mdYmZ VWm AoYoZ`_m{ß H$m{ bmJy oH$`m & _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$r gwajm h{Vw H$B© AoYoZ`_ emgZ ¤mam ]ZmE JE oOZ_{ß ‡_wI h¢ ohßXw CŒmamoYH$mar AoYoZ`_ 1956, ode{f oddmh AoYoZ`_ 1954, ‡gyVr ‡gwodYm AoYoZ`_ 1961, R{>{H$m l_ AoYoZ`_ 1970, g_mZ [mnalo_H$ AoYoZ`_ 1976, d°Ì`md•oV oZdmaU AoYoZ`_ 1986, Ûr A^rÓQ> oZÍ$[U oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ 1986 ]mb oddmh oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ 1976, Xh{O oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ gVr oZf{Y Am`m{J AoYoZ`_ 1987, amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J AoYoZ`_ 1990, gßodYmZ H{$ 73 dß{ d 74 dß{ gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ 1992, ‡gd [yd© oZXmZ VH$ZrH$ AoYoZ`_ 1994, Ka{bw ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r gwajm h{Vw AoYoZ`_ 2005, AmoX& dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm VßÃ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$, emnanaH$ Edß _mZogH$, e°ojH$ Í$[ g{ ge∫$ Edß g]b H$aZ{ h{Vw ^maV gaH$ma Am°a emgZ ¤mam H$B© odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ d H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gßMmbZ oH$`m Om ahm h°, _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ohV _{ß MbmB© Om ahr odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß O°g{-OZZr gwajm `m{OZm, gVV≤ oejm H$m`©H´$_, _ohbm I{bHy$X `m{OZm, Òdß` ghm`Vm g_yh, ]mobH$ J•h `m{OZm, Ï`dgmo`H$ H$m°eb Cfi`Z Edß Am` Ao^do’ ‡oejU oeoda, odYdm [wZ©oddmh C[hma `m{OZm, Ò[{eb ‡m{J´m_ \$m∞a dy_Z S{>Ïb[_{ßQ>, oH$em{ar eo∫$ `m{OZm, _ohbm odH$mg F$U `m{OZm, oZò_V Q>rH$mH$aU H$m`©H´$_, ]mobH$m gß]b `m{OZm, J´m_rU _ohbm odH$mg `m{OZm, Ûr eo∫$ [waÒH$ma `m{OZm AmoX& ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam _ohbm df©, _ohbm oXdg, Edß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU df© Km{ofV H$aZm VWm `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ CZ VH$ [hwßMmZm hr [`m©· Zht h°& O] VH$ _ohbmE{ß Òdß` A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Zht hm{Jr, gmja Zht hm{Jr, ha j{Ã _{ß AmJ{ Zht Am`{Jr, VWm A[Zr _ßoOb Òdß` Zht V` H$a{Jr, V] VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m geo∫$H$aU gß^d Zht h°, Bgob`{ gaH$ma H{$ ¤mam odo^fi H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmAm{ß H$m [yU© bm^ CR>mH$a dh A[Z{ OrdZ H$m{ Iwehmb Am°a ge∫$ ]Zm gH$Vr h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - d°oXH$ H$mb _| Zmar H$m{ OrdZ H{$ g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß ]am]ar H$m _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r ^maVr` AdYmaUm - ^maVr` d{XmßV _{ß _ohbm XOm© ‡m· Wm, ]mX H{$ bJ^J 500 B©gm [yd© oÒWoV _{ß oJamdQ> AmZr ‡maß^ H{$ "eo∫$' H$m [`m©` _mZm J`m h° AV: Zmar eo∫$ ÒdÍ$[m h°& eo∫$ H{$ hm{ JB©& _‹`H$mb _{ß odX{er AmH´$_Um{ß H{$ H$maU Zmar H{$ gÂ_mZ _{ß ^r ˆmg A^md _{ß AmoX X{d "oed' ^r "ed' H{$ g_mZ h° eo∫$ H{$ g_mohV hm{Z{ [a hwAm Am°a ^maV _{ß gVr‡Wm, ]mb oddmh O°gr Hw$aroV`m± ewÍ$ hwB© A] VH$ hr "ed' "oed' ]ZVm h°& ^maVr` OrdZ Xe©Z H$r AdYmaU h° oH$ "îZmar odYdm oddmh ÒdrH$m`© Wm [a H$≈>a[ßWr odMmam{ß H{$ ]T>V{ß dM©Òd Z{ Bg [a [nadma Am°a gm_moOH$ gßaMZm H$r D$Om© Ûm{V h° Am°a CgH$r eo∫$ g{ hr ^r am{H$ bJm Xr& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ H$_m{d{e XmgVm Am°a ]ßoXem{ß H$m gm_Zm _ZwÓ`, [nadma Am°a g_mO H$m g•OZ hm{Vm h° ohßXw Y_© VWm Xe©Z _{ß Zmar H$m{ H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r aoO`m gwÎVmZ Z{ oXÑr [a emgZ oH$`m, Jm{ßS> H$r _hmamZr [wÍ$f H$r A’m™oJZr _mZm J`m h°& _ZwÒ_•oV H{$ AZwgma ^m`m© [wÍ$f H$m XwJm©dVr Z{ 15 df© VH$ emgZ oH$`m, MmßX]r]r Z{ 1590 XeH$ _{ß AH$]a AmYm AßJ h°, CgH$m gdm}Œm_ o_Ã h°& ^m`m© Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am°a _m{j H$m _yb g{ Ah_XZJa H$r ajm H$r& 19 dt gXr _{ß gwYma AmßXm{bZ H$m ‡maß^ hwAm h°& 19 dt eVm„Xr H{$ CŒmam’© _{ß gwYmadmXr AmßXm{bZm{ß Z{ ‡ÒVmodV oH$`m amOm am__m{hZ am`, B©ÌdaM›– od⁄mgmJa, ¡`m{oV]m \w$b{ AmoX gwYmaH$m{ß oH$ "Ûr H$m g_mO H{$ hmoe`{ [a ahZm h_ma{ g^r Am{a g{ o[N>∂S{>[Z H{$ Z{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE H$m`© oH$`m& 20 dt gXr _{ß Yra{-Yra{ _ohbmAmß{ H$maUm{ß H$m _wª` H$maU h°&' Bg _m›`Vm g{ hr oÛ`m{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m H$r oÒWoV _{ß [nadV©Z Am`m& oejm J´hU H$a g_mO _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm [°Xm ‡maß^ hwB© CZH$r goH´$`Vm ]∂T>r VWm g_mO Am°a amÓQ≠> H$r _wª` Ymam _{ß{ H$r& 1980 H{$ XeH$ _{ß _ohbm AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ Jß^raVm g{ ob`m OmZ{ bJm& _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZd©hZ oH$`m& C›hm{ßZ{ H°$naà H$r Am{a H$X_ ]∂T>m`m Am°a AmoW©H$ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$m{ _hÀd geo∫$H$aU h{Vw _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AoYH$ma - _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gm_moOH$ oX`m 1990 H{$ XeH$ _{ß ^y_ßS>brH$aU H$m Xm°a ‡maß^ hwAm _ohbmAm{ß H{$ amOZroVH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ g_mZ Adga ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw Hw$N> H$mZyZ ]mVMrV g{ b{H$a d{e^yfm VH$ _{ß AmÀ_odÌdmg X{Im J`m Am°a 21 dt gXr ]Z{ h¢ Am°a BZ H$mZyZm{ß Z{ ^maV _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV`m{ß [a ]hwV hX VH$ _{{ß ]am]ar g{ Ï`dhma H$aZ{ H$r oÒWoV ]Zr, [oV AoYH$ gßd{XZerb hm{Z{ Aga S>mbm h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ emgZ ¤mam oXE OmZ{ dmb{ AoYH$ma Bg bJ{ Am°a [ÀZr H{$ gmW naÌVm{ß _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ ]Xbmd X{Im J`m& _ohbmAm{ß ‡H$ma g{ h¢ - H$r E{gr oÒWoV H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE gaH$ma Z{ CZH{$ CÀWmZ Edß C›h{ß _wª` ohßXy CŒmamoYH$ma AoYoZ`_, 1956 ¤mam _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [°V•H$ gß[oŒm _| Ymam g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H{$ obE odo^fi ‡`mg oH$E& AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h°& * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (_Zm{odkmZ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 155 ode{f oddmh AoYoZ`_, 1954 H{$ AßVJ©V H$m{B© _ohbm A[Zm Y_© odYdm [wZod©dmh C[hma `m{OZm- Bg `m{OZm H{$ VhV Om{ odYdm ]Xb{ o]Zm oH$gr ^r Y_© H{$ Ïò∫$ g{ oddmh H$a gH$Vr h°& [{ßeZ [mZ{ H$r [mÃ h° òX dh [wZod©dmh H$aVr h° Vm{ Cg{ C[hmaÒdÍ$[ ‡gyoV ‡gwodYm AoYoZ`_, 1961 H{$ AZwgma ]É{ H{$ O›_ H{$ Hw$N> 15,000 Í$[E H$r amoe X{Z{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& g_` [hb{ `m ]mX VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ am{OJma H$m{ odoZò_V H$aVm h° Am°a od_ßoXV Edß ]mobH$m J•h - _mZogH$ Í$[ g{ od_ßoXV _ohbm oejU, ‡gyoV Am°a A›` ‡gwodYmEß gwb^ H$amZm h°& ‡oejU d [wZdm©g H{$ obE `h `m{OZm ‡maß^ H$r JB© h¢ R{>H$m l_ AoYoZ`_, 1970 ¤mam _ohbm lo_H$m{ß g{ ]mJmZm{ß _{ß ‡mV: 6 J•h C⁄m{J `m{OZm- _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Ka{by C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß Z{hÍ$ `wdm H{$›– Q>r.AmB©. g{ gm`ß 7 H{$ ]rM 9 KßQ{> H{$ ]mX H$m_ H$aZ{ [a ‡oV]ßY h°& AmoX H$r Am{a g{ J´m_rU d ehar j{Ãm{ß _{ß ‡oejU oXbmZ{ H$r `m{OZm H$m g_mZ [mnalo_H$ AoYoZ`_, 1976 H{$ AßVJ©V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ^r [wÍ$fm{ß C‘{Ì` h°& H{$ g_mZ [mnalmo_H$ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& Ò[{eb ‡m{J´m_ \$m∞a od_{Z S{>db[_{ßQ> - odYdm d [naÀ`∫$m odH$mg d{Ì`md•oŒm oZdmaU AoYoZ`_, 1986 H{$ _wVmo]H$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ X{h H$m`©H´$_ _{ß am{OJma H{$ obE F$U C[b„Y H$adm`m OmZm& Ï`m[ma [a ‡oV]ßY bJm`m J`m h°& _ohbm odH$mg F$U `m{OZm - _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ AMb gß[oŒm H{$ o]Zm Ûr A^rÓQ> oZÍ$[U oZf{Y AoYoZ`_, 1986 ¤mam _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AH•$of H$m`© d S{>àr C‘{Ì` H{$ obE F$U gwodYm Xr Om ahr h°& AÌbrb oZÍ$[U [a ‡oV]ßY h°& oZò_V Q>rH$mH$aU H$m`©H´$_ - odo^fi am{Jm{ß g{ gwajm ‡XmZ h{Vw oZdmaH$ ]mb-oddmh oZf{Y AoYoZ`_, 1976 H{$ AZwgma oZYm©naV C_´ g{ H$_ Q>rH{$ bJmE OmV{ h°& H$r ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ oddmh [a ‡oV]ßY bJm`m J`m h°& ]mobH$m gß]b `m{OZm - `m{OZm H$m C‘{Ì` ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ gß]b d Xh{O oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V oddmh _{ß Xh{O H{$ b{Z-X{Z [a ‡oV]ßY gwaojV ôdÓ` ‡XmZ H$aZm h°& H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& J´m_rU _ohbm odH$mg `m{OZm - J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$r ^mJrXmar H$aZm gVr oZf{Y Am`m{J AoYoZ`_, 1987 H{$ _wVmo]H$ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [oV d C›h{ß OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm `m{OZm H{$ C‘{Ì` h°& H$r _•À`w H{$ ]mX gVr hm{Z{ [a ‡oV]ßY bJm`m J`m h°& Ûr eo∫$ [waÒH$ma `m{OZm- AoYH$mam{ß H{$ obE gßKf©, H$aZ{ dmbr gßodYmZ H{$ 73d{ß d 74d{ß gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_, 1992 H{$ AßVJ©V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ amÓQ≠>r` [waÒH$mam{ß g{ gÂ_moZV oH$`m OmVm h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ oÃÒVar` [ßMm`Vr d ZJa [mobH$mAm{ß _{ß EH$ oVhmB© AmajU amÓQ≠>r` Edß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r CâVr H$r Ï`dÒWm h°& VÒdra- ‡gd [yd© oZXmZ VH$ZrH$ AoYoZ`_, 1994 H{$ _wVmo]H$ J^m©dÒWm amÓQ≠>r` Edß A›V©amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a _ohbmAmß{ H$m{ ge∫$ H$aZ{ h{Vw H$B© AoYH$ma _{ß ^yÚ H$r [hMmZ H$aZ{ [a am{H$ bJmZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& Am°a `m{OZmE MbmB© Om ahr h° od¤mZm{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ oH$gr gßÒH•$oV H$m{ Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r gwajm h{Vw AoYoZ`_, 2005 [oV `m AJa g_PZm h° Vm{ g]g{ AmgmZ VarH$m h° oH$ Cg gßÒH•$oV _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ gmW ahZ{ dmb{ oH$gr ^r [wÍ$f `m CgH{$ gß]ßoY`m{ß H$r ohßgm `m ‡Vm∂S>Zm g{ hmbV H$m{ g_PZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$a{ & H$B© A‹``Z `{ ]VbmV{ h° oH$ _ohbmAm{ß _ohbm H$m{ gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& H$r oÒWoV _{ß AmO H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ gwYma AmE h° - ^maV gaH$ma H$r Am{a g{ MbmB© Om ahr _ohbm geo∫$H$aU h{Vw l Jar] X{e O°g{-CJmßS>m, ]wÍß$S>r Am°a _{∑S>m{oZ`m _ß{ 30% _ohbmE gßgX Ûr-ohV H$r `m{OZmEß - _{ß h° & OZZr gwajm `m{OZm - _mV• _•À`w Xa Edß oeeww _•À`w Xa _ß{ H$_r bmZ{ d l ^maV _{{ß 1982 H{$ ]mX ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a amOZroV _{ß ‡oVoZoYÀd gßÒWmJV ‡gd _{ß d•o’ H{$ obE `h `m{OZm bmJy H$r JB©& BgH{$ AßVJ©V ]∂T>Z{ H{$ ]mX _ohbmAm{ß Z{ [wÍ$f gh`m{oJ`m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß 60% ¡`mXm ‡gyVmAm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h°& Ob [na`m{OZm ewÍ$ H$r & gVV≤ oejm H$m`©H´$_ - Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ VhV Zdgmja H{$ e°ojH$ ÒVa l MrZ Am°a od`VZm_ O°g{ X{em{ß _{ß 70% _ohbmEß H$m_ H$aVr h° & CZH{$ _{ß d•o’ H$aV{ hwE CgH{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß gwYma bmH$a Cg{ AmÀ_oZ^©a ]Zm`m ÒdmÒW _{ß V{Or g{ gwYma hwAm h° & hmbmßoH$ Bgg{ CZH$r ‡OZZ j_Vm OmVm h°& KQ>r h° & _ohbm I{bHy$X `m{OZm - _ohbmAm{ß Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ I{bm{ß H{$ ‡oV l Zm°H$ar H$aZ{ dmbr `mZr doH©$ßJ dy_{Z ^maV _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ h° & AmH$of©V H$aZ{ H{$ obE [ßMm`V ÒVa, am¡` ÒVa d amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa H$r l o]´Q{>Z _{ß 1997 H{$ ]mX gßgX _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r ohÒg{Xmar 18.2% ]∂T>r ‡oV`m{oJVm _{ß ^mJ b{Z{ H$m Adga oX`m OmVm h°& h°, oOgg{ dhmß [nadma g{ Ow∂S{> _∂w‘m{ß O°g{-H´${oS>Q>, h{ÎW H{$à, MmBÎS> Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh - J•h C⁄m{J d C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß ‡oeojV H{$à Am°a oejm [a gaH$ma H$m ¡`mXm ‹`mZ J`m h° & _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh JR>Z H{$ obE ‡{naV oH$`m OmVm h°& l ^maV _{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ oejm hmogb H$aZ{ dmbr _ohbmEß XwoZ`m H{$ ]mobH$m J•h - Bg_{ß CZ ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ ‡d{e oX`m OmVm h°, oO›h{ß oeeww oH$gr ^r _wÎH$ g{ ¡`mXm h° & J•h _{ß ahV{ hwE 5 df© g{ AoYH$ g_` hm{ MwH$m hm{& l ^maV _{ß A_{naH$m g{ ¡`mXm _ohbmEß S>m∞∑Q>a, gO©Z, d°kmoZH$ Am°a Ï`mdgmo`H$ H$m°eb Cfi`Z Edß Am` Ao^d•o’ ‡oejU oeoda- ‡m{\{$ga h° & Zdgmja _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ CÀWmZ d C›h{ß Òdmdbß]r ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE l J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _ohbmEß [wÍ$f H$r VwbZm _{ß Xm{ JwZm AoYH$ H$m_ H$aVr `m{OZm ewÍ$ H$r JB© h°& h°, Ohmß EH$ [wÍ$f ‡oVoXZ Xg KßQ{> H$m_ H$aVm h°, dht EH$ _ohbm am{OmZm gm{bh KßQ{> H$m_ H$aVr h° Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 156

l J´m_rU j{Ãmß{ H$r _ohbmAm{ß _{ß 90.2% H•$of j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV h° & 75% g{ H$aZ{ h{Vw ‡`mgaV h° [a›Vw AmO Òd`ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ 85% H•$of gß]ßYr H$m`m~ H$m{ d{ hr AßOm_ X{Vr h° & ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hm{Zm [S>∂{Jm & ge∫$ ]ZH$a hr d{ X{e H$r gm_moOH$, gwPmd - Am°⁄m{oJH$, amOZ°oVH$, AmoW©H$, e°ojH$ gßaMZm H$m{ gw‘∂T> H$a gH$Vr h° & l emgZ ¤mam MbmB© Om ahr ohVH$mar `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ _ohbmAm{ß VH$ A[Zr Jna_m, ‡oVÓR>m Am°a gwajm, gÂ_mZ h{Vw A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H$m C[`m{J [hwßMmZ{ H{$ obE _ohbm AoYH$mna`m{ß d H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$ hm{Zm H$aZm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ hm{ J`m h° & MmohE& oOgg{ A[Zr ]mV AmgmZr g{ _ohbm AoYH$mar Am°a H$_©Mmna`m{ß H{$ g_j aI gH{$ & gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- l ohVH$mar `m{OZmAm{ß H$m Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a ‡Mma Edß ‡gma gßMma H{$ 1. Xw]{, AmembVm- amÓQ≠>r` em{Y gßJm{R>r-_mZdmoYH$ma H$r gmW©H$Vm odo^ﬁ _m‹`_m{ß g{ H$adm`m OmE oOgg{ XyaJm_r j{Ã H{$ ahZ{ dmbr Edß gßajU (em{Y gßj{o[H$m 16-17 ZdÂ]a 2007 gmJa _ohbmAm{ß VH$ BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ [hwßM gH{$ & 2. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a- Ahm oO›XJr, _mM© 2012 l J´m_rU Edß ehar j{Ã _{ß ahZ{ dmbr oZaja _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gmja ]Zm`m 3. O°Z, _wH{$e- amÓQ≠>r` em{Y gßJm{R>r-_ohbm C⁄o_Vm: j{Ã Edß Adga OmE oOg_ß{ CZH{$ [nadma d A›` bm{Jm{ß H$m ∂ode{f `m{JXmZ ah{ & (em{Y gßj{o[H$m) 24-25 \$adar 2007 O]b[wa l `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z B©_mZXmar g{ oH$`m OmE oOgg{ [yam bm^ 4. e_m©, lram_- `wJ oZ_m©U `m{OZm ogVÂ]a 2003 _Wwam _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ o_b gH{$ & 5. e_m©, lram_- Zmar ha j{Ã _ß{ AmJ{ ]∂T{>, ‡km bKw [wÒVH$_mbm 45, l _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ge∫$ ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ZdrZ oMßVZ g{ A›` H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r _Wwam Í$[a{Im V°`ma H$a oH´$`mo›dV oH$`m OmE & 6. oÃ[mR>r g{dmam_- aMZm (o¤_mogH$ [oÃH$m) _.‡ oh›Xr J´ßW oZÓH$f©V- H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gaH$ma _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ha j{Ã _{ß ge∫$ AH$mX_r ^m{[mb (_.‡) AßH$ 104, ogVÂ]a, A∑Qy>]a 2013

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 157

`wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm

S>m∞. __Vm ]_©Z * em{Y gmamße ñ odÌd_ßM [a ^maV H$r ‡JoV Iwehmbr Am°a A^yV[yd© j_Vm H$m oXΩXe©Z H$amZ{ _{ß `wdm eo∫$ H$r ^yo_H$m gamhZr` h¢& ‡À`{H$ `wdm EH$ gßÂ^mÏ` eo∫$ h°& Cg_{ß Z{V•Àd Am°a ‡]ßY H$r j_Vm H$m A[ma ^S>ma h¢& g_mO _{ß Ï`m· ¡dbßV g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ H{$ obE `wdm [r∂T>r H$m{ hr AmJ{ AmZm hm{Jm & oddmh H{$ g_`, oddmh H{$ [yd© `m [ÌMmV≤ Xh{O H$r _mßJ H$aZm XS>Zr` A[amY h¢& gm_moOH$ Hw$‡WmAm{ß H$m odam{Y H$aH{$ `wdm[r∂T>r O] OZM{VZm bmEJr V^r g^r H$m H$Î`mU h¢& ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß AoYH$ma _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ g_mZ oXE h¢& `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) _{ß A‹``ZaV≤ 30 `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m ‡oVXe© H$m M`Z H$a S>m∞. Ama.Ama. e_m© ¤mam oZo_©V Xh{O Ao^d•oŒm _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m& Q>r-_mZ H$r JUZm H$r JB©& [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ `wdm N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV CÉ _mÃm _{ß ZH$mamÀ_H$ Ao^d•oŒm [mB© JB©& ‡ÒVmdZm - AmO h_ma{ X{e H$r ]hwgßª` Am]mXr `wdm h°& AmZ{ dmb{ 25 AWm©V≤ BZ_{ß obßJ-o^fiVm Zht h°& `wdmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV CÉ _mÃm dfm} _{ß ^maV H$r 70 ‡oVeV Am]mXr `wdm hm{Jr& `wdm ÒdmÒœ` Am°a D$Om© _{ß ZH$mamÀ_H$ Ao^d•oŒm [mB© JB©& g{ â[ya hm{V{ h¢& CŒm_ oejm Edß `m{Ω`Vm H{$ AmYma [a `wdm Am]mXr H$m{ dV©_mZ _{ß 21 dt gXr eVm„Xr H{$ VH$ZrH$r `wJ _{ß AmYwoZH$rH$aU, EH$ ]∂T>r CÀ[mXH$ eo∫$ _{ß [nadoV©V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢& eharH$aU Edß Am°⁄m{oJH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m Z{ `wdmAm{ß H{$ _yÎ`m{ß Edß gßÒH$mam{ß B∏$gdt gXr _{ß ^maVr` gm_moOH$ [nad{e AmO H$r AR>mahdt gXr H{$ g_j MwZm°Vr ‡ÒVwV H$r h° Am°a `wdm eo∫$ Z{ ^r A[Z{ AmYwoZH$ Edß H$r _mZogH$Vm H{$ gmW _ohbm ohßgm ¤mam ‡JoV _{ß ]mYH$ H$m H$m`© H$a ahm ‡JoVerb odMmam{ß H{$ gmW A[Zr ^yo_H$m Edß gj_Vm g{ g_mO _{ß A[Zr h°& Xh{O _m°V{ oÛ`m{ß H{$ ohßgmÀ_H$ XwÏ`©dhma H$m ¡db›V CXmhaU h°& ]hwAm{ß goH´$`Vm H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h¢& A[Zr OmJÍ$H$Vm, Hw$ebVm H$r ‡_moUH$Vm H$m{ Xh{O Z bmZ{ [a emarnaH$ Am°a _mZogH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm Xr OmVr h°& g{ `wdmeo∫$ ]Xbmd H{$ ‡VrH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{Ir Om ahr h°& Xh{O b{Zm Am°a X{Zm XßS>Zr` A[amY h°& Xh{O Hw$‡Wm Z{ gm_moOH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV hm{Z{ dmb{ ^{X^md H$m{ o_Q>mZ{ H{$ obE gm{M _{ß Am°a AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ O›_ oX`m h°& Xh{O oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ 1961 H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& `h ewÍ$AmV oejm, OZM{VZm g{ _{ß bJm`m J`m& g_mO _{ß Ï`m· g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m oZdmaU H$aZ{ H{$ obE [hb{ hr gß^d h¢& [mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$oV H{$ gm_m›` X]md H{$ H$maU `wdmAm{ß _{ß ZdrZ h_{ß ‡`mg H$aZm hm{Jm V^r H$mZyZ Am°a emgZ H$m ‡`mg gmW©H$ hm{Jm& M{VZm H$m gßMma hwAm h°& \$bV: AZ{H$ Hw$gßÒH$mam{ß VWm AßYodÌdmgm{ß g{ `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z ‡ÒVwV Nw>Q>H$mam gab hm{ J`m& oejm, gßMma H{$ gmYZm{ß _{ß CfioV, Am°⁄m{JrH$aU g{ em{Y H$m _wª` C‘{Ì` h¢& oZÂZoboIV [naH$Î[Zm oZo_©V H$r JB©- AmoW©H$ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm, d°YmoZH$ gwodYmE, A›VOm©Vr` oddmh, gh oejm, `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß H$m{B© AßVa Zht hm{Vm& AmoX E{g{ H$maU h° oOZH{$ ¤mam Zmar g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ ‡oV ÒdÒW OZ_V odoY - MòZV `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃm ‡oVXe© g_yh H$m{ A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` oZ_m©U H$aZ{ Edß da-_yÎ`-‡Wm H$r H$Qw>Vm KQ>mZ{ h{Vw `wdmAm{ß _{ß EH$ ZB© g_PmZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ S>m∞. Ama.Ama. e_m© ¤mam oZo_©V Xh{O Ao^d•oŒm _m[Zr M{VZm, OmJ•oV Am°a AmÀ_odÌdmg CÀ[fi hwAm Xh{O Z X{Zm Am°a Xh{O Z H$m ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m& b{Zm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm AmB© h¢& `h ÒdÒW [aÂ[am ‡JoVerb g_mO VmobH$m -1 H{$ obE oZVmßV AmdÌ`H$ h¢& g_yh N= gßª`m M= _‹`_mZ Q>r-_mZ oZÓH$f© - dV©_mZ _{ß ^maV _{ß `wdmAm{ß H$r N>od oXJ^ó_V `wdm H$r Z hm{H$a Ï`ÒH$ N>mÃ 15 199.6 0.98 AmÀ_odÌdmg g{ âr _hÀdmH$mßjr, gH$mamÀ_H$, AmÀ_oZ^©a ÒdVßÃodMmam{ß Ï`ÒH$ N>mÃm 15 207.6 dmbr, goH´$` Edß OmJÍ$H$ ÒdAZwemogV g\$b `wdm eo∫$ H$r hm{Jr& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße - 28 ]hwAm`m_r `wdmeo∫$ H{$ gXw[`m{J g{ hr g_mO A[Zr A[Zr ‡oVÓR>m 0.05 ÒVa [a - 2.05 Jm°ad-Jna_m H$m{ ]ZmE aI gH$Vm h°& 0-01 ÒVa [a - 2.76 oZÓH$f©Vñ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ `wdm dJ© _{ß Xh{O ‡Wm H{$ ‡oV CÉ ZH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_ Edß oddM{Zm - C[H$Î[Zm H{$ gÀ`m[Z H{$ obE _‹`_mZ Am°a Ao^d•oŒm ‡m· hwB© & Q>r-_mZ ¤mam ‡m·mßH$m{ H$r JUZm H$r JB© & [naUm_ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ‡m· Q>r-_mZ 0.98 gmW©H$Vm H{$ 0.05 ÒVa [a ‡m· ›`yZV_ _mZ 2.05 g{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$_ h¢& oZÓH$f© ÒdÍ$[ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ `wdm N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß _{ß Xh{O H{$ 1. AmhwOm, S>m∞. am_ (2007) - gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE± amdV [o„bH{$e›g, ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß gmßoª`H$r` —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht [m`m O`[wa J`m \$bV: oZo_©V [naH$Î[Zm gÀ` og’ hm{Vr h°& ‡m· [naUm_ g{ Ò[ÓQ> 2. ^Q>ZmJa gwae - AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` oejm Am°a CgH$r g_Ò`mE{ß h° oH$ `wdm N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$r Xh{O H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß H$m{B© AßVa Zht h°& gy`m© [o„bH{$eZ, _{aR * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (_Zm{odkmZ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 158

^maVr` ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m _hÀd

S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{ * ‡ÒVmdZm - AmoX_ _mZd H$m BoVhmg AÀ`ßV ‡mMrZ h°, Am°a Hw$N> od¤mZm{ß H{$ g{ [•WH$ ahm h°& `yam{[ H{$ X{em{ß _{ß ‡maßo^H$ oMÃmßH$Z _{ß H{$db [ewAm{ß H$m oMÃU AZwgma ‡W_ _mZd 18 bmI df© [yd© hwAm Wm& òX h_ H$bm H{$ BoVhmg H$r o_bVm h°, O]oH$ ^maVr` ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ oMÃU _{ß [ewAm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW _mZd Am{a ZOa S>mb{ß Vm{ oMÃH$bm H{$ j{Ã _{ß g]g{ [hb{ "_mZdmH•$oV`m{ß' H$r ewÍ$AmV AmH•$oV`m± ^r oMoÃV h¢& [oÌM_ X{em{ß H{$ e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß [ewAm{ß H{$ gm_Z{ _mZd H$m{ hm{Vr h°& Am°a `h _mZd AmH•$oV`m± e°b oMÃm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr ‡H$me _{ß AmB© & EH$ oZarh ‡mUr H$r Vah ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°& O]oH$ ^maV _{ß E{gr oZarhVm ^maV _{ß oMÃH$bm H$m O›_ H$] Am°a H°$g{ hwAm ? `h EH$ AÀ`ßV H$m oMÃU Zht X{Im J`m& _‹`‡X{e H{$ g^r e°bml`m{ß _{ß _mZd AmH•$oV`m± oddmXmÒ[X ‡ÌZ h°, oH$›Vw ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ _mZd Z{ oH$g ‡H$ma A[Zr gßÒH•$oV, ‡maÂ^ g{ hr oMoÃV o_bVr h°& ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ H$mb _{ß _mZd H$r CXa [yoV© H$m g‰`Vm Am°a A[Z{ ^md Edß odMmam{ß H$m odH$mg oH$`m, gm°^mΩ`de BgH{$ ]hwV ‡_wI gmYZ AmI{Q> hr ahm h°& Bgr H$maU g_ÒV j{Ãm{ß H{$ e°bml`m{ß _{ß _mZd g{ Vœ` AmO ‡H$me _{ß Am MwH{$ h¢& _‹`‡X{e _{ß ^r E{g{ AZ{H$ j{Ã ‡H$me _{ß Am AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{{ AmI{Q> —Ì` _{ß ]hwbVm g{ AßoH$V oH$`m J`m h°, `hm± H{$ e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß MwH{$ h¢ Ohm± ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ oMÃm{ß H{$ Xe©Z hm{{V{ h¢ `{ Xwb^© H$bmH•$oV`m± Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß _wIm°Q>m `w∫$ _mZd AmH•$oV`m± _‹` ^maV _{ß A[{jmH•$V AoYH$ gßª`m _{ß C[b„Y oMoÃV h¢ Am°a _‹`‡X{e H{$ AmX_J∂T>, am`J∂T>,ogßhZ[wa, hm{eßJm]mX Am°a o_Om©[wa h¢& _wIm°Q{> H$m C[`m{J Z•À` H{$ gßX^© _{ß AWdm oH$›ht X{dr-X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ ‡gfi H$aZ{ H{$ obIwwoZ`m, H$m{ha AmoX ÒWmZ ‡_wI h¢, Ohm± [hw±MH$a BZ H$bmH•$oV`m{ß H$m VWm AmI{Q> H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡`w∫$ oH$`m OmZm ‡VrV hm{Vm h°& e°bml`m{ß _{ß ohaU, ]ßXa, AmZßX CR>m`m Om gH$Vm h°& "od¤mZm{ß Z{ Bg{ 3000 B©. [yd© H{$ g_` H$m oZYm©naV ^mby, ]m`gZ, _Ja AmoX _wIm°Q>m`w∫$ _mZd AmH•$oV`m± oMoÃV h¢&î oH$`m& gZ≤ 1880 B©. _{ß [ßI-[m{emH$`w∫$ AZ{H$ oMÃ IwXr M≈>mZm{ß [a o_b{ h¢, Om{ Bg ‡H$ma AmoX_mZd Z{ oMÃm{ß _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ gabV_ Í$[m{ß Am°a oH$ ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ _hÀd H$r og’ hm{ MwH{$ h¢& BgH{$ ]mX _‹`‡X{e H{$ ogßhZ[wa ¡`mo_oV` AmH$mam{ß _{ß gßOm{`m h°& `h AmÌM`© H$r ]mV h° oH$ _ZwÓ` Edß [ew O°g{ VWm gaJwOm na`mgV H{$ Om{Jr_mam AmoX ÒWmZm{ß g{ AZ{H$ M≈>mZ{ C[b„Y hwB™& H$oR>Z Í$[m{ß H$m gabrH$aU H$aZ{ _{ß AmoX_mZd [yU© Í$[ g{ gj_ hwAm, b{oH$Z BZ M≈>mZm{ß _{ß bmb-[rb{ aßJ g{ AßoH$V [ew-[oj`m{ß H{$ gmW _mZd AmH•$oV`m± Edß BZ oMÃm{ß _{ß H$ht ^r ‡H•$oV H{$ Xe©Z (]mXb, AmH$me, [{∂S>, [m°Y{, ZXr, [d©V) Agwa AmH•$oV`m± ‡m· hwB© h°&' Zht hm{V{{& Hw$b o_bmH$a AmoX _mZd Z{ A[Z{ `wJ _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ^maV _{ß ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ oMÃm{ß H$r Im{O H$m gd©‡W_ l{` EoÎdZ H$m`m©`b _ZwÓ` H{$ gß[yU© BoVhmg H$r aMZm H$r h°& VWm OmZ H$mH$]Z© H$m{ OmVm h°, oO›hm{ßZ{ gZ≤ 1861-62 H{$ Amg-[mg ^maVr` C‘{Ì` Am°a odH$mg - AmoXH$mb _{ß "H$bm" O°g{ e„X H$r CÀ[oŒm ^r Zht hwB© oebm oMÃm{ß H$r Im{O H$m H$m`© ‡maÂ^ oH$`m& Wr, oOg{ h_ ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ H$mb H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZV{ h¢& _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ ]ZmZm AmO oMÃH$bm AmÀ_ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m EH$ ge∫$ _m‹`_ g_Pr OmVr h°& AmoX_ _mZd Z{ ewÍ$ oH$`m& oOgH$m C‘{Ì` A[Z{ oXZM`m© _{ß KoQ>V hm{Z{ dmb{ b{oH$Z [mfmU `wJ _{ß ^r _ZwÓ` AmÀ_-Ao^Ïò∫$ h{Vw oMÃU H$aVm Wm& AmoX_ KQ>ZmH´$_ H$m{ oXImZm VWm OßJbr OmZdam{ß g{ A[Zr ajm H$aZm Wm& `{ oMÃ _mZd A[Zr AmÀ_ Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ obE Òd`ß H$m{ [ÀWam{ß H$r Xrdmam{ß [a AßoH$V Hß$XamAm{ß Am°a Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß ]Zm`{ OmV{ W{, Om{ BZH$m oZdmg ÒWb hwAm H$aVm Wm& oH$`m h°& CZH$m C‘{Ì` Cg g_` H$bm H$m odH$mg H$aZm `m o\$a Cg_{ß oH$gr H$bmH$ma BZ oMÃm{ß ¤mam e°bml`m{ß [a EH$ hr gab a{Im H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]rV{ ‡H$ma H$m gm¢X`© oXImZm Zht Wm Ao[Vw CZH$m C‘{Ì` OßJbr OmZdam{ß H{$ gmW oXZM`m© H$m d•VmßV Ï`∫$ H$a X{V{ W{& BZ oMÃm{ß H$m{ AßoH$V H$a AmoX_ _mZd `h Òd`ß H$m{ oXImH$a `h ]VmZm Wm oH$ oH$g Vah Cg oXZ H{$ KQ>ZmH´$_ _{ß OmZda oXImZm MmhV{ W{ oH$ h_Z{ OßJbr [ew H$m{ A[Z{ de _{ß H$a ob`m h° `m CZ [a H$m oeH$ma `m{OZmZwgma CgH{$ ¤mam oH$`m J`m& ""[mfmU `wJ H{$ IßS>ham{ß _{ß oMÃ OrV hmogb H$a br h°& Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß AmoX_ _ZwÓ` ¤mam H$r JB© oMÃ-aMZm CZH{$ AmÀ_-Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ hwE Vm{ AmO ^r ‡VrV hm{V{ h¢, [a›Vw CZH{$ EH$mßV H$m{ Vm{∂S>Z{ dmbm H$bmÀ_H$ AZw^d h°& oMÃm{ß _{ß H$m{B© Xe©Z Zht oN>[m Wm&'' oMÃH$bm H$r CÀ[oŒm H$m g_` ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ""CgZ{ A[Z{ [nad{e H$m{ EH$ H´$_]’ grarO _{ß Cg g_` oMoÃV oH$`m h°, H$mb H$m{ H$h gH$V{ h¢&EH$ ]ma ‡H$Q> hm{H$a oMÃH$bm Z{ o\$a H$^r _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß O] dh A[Z{ ohbZ{-o_bZ{ dmbr oH´$`mÀ_H$Vm _{ß A[Z{ hm{Z{ H$r gVV≤ AZw^yoV H$m gmW Zht N>m{∂S>m Am°a oMÃH$bm _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m AßH$Z ewÍ$ hwAm Am°a Cg_{ß _{ß Sy>]Z{ bJm& ‡maÂ^ _{ß dh A[Z{ H$m{ hr oMoÃV H$aVm ahm& _mZdmH•$oV`m± hr Yra{-Yra{ gwYma hm{Zm ‡maÂ^ hm{ J`m& A[Zr ghO ‡VrH$mÀ_H$Vm _{ß Câ H$a Bg Xm°a _{ß ‡À`j hm{Vr h°& _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß Zd [mfmU `wJ _{ß dh ^`mZH$ Ord-OßVw o_Ã H{$ Í$[ _{ß oMoÃV h¢& BZ H$m a{ImßH$Z o]ßXwAm{ß Am°a a{ImAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ grYr, bhna`mXma, g_H$m{Ur` oMÃm{ß _{ß AmoX_mZd Z{ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ gmW [ewAm{ß H$m{ MamV{ hwE, CZH$m XyY VWm odf_H$m{Ur` ¡`mo_oV`m{ß g{ hwAm h°& B›ht AmYmam{ß [a Jw\$m-oMÃU _{ß XwhV{ hwE, Kw∂S>gdmar H$aV{ d H•$of H$m`© H$aV{ oMoÃV oH$`m h°& Ûr, [wÍ$f, ]É{ AmoX_ _ZwÓ` H{$ odH$mg H$r H$Wm H$m{ Ò[ÓQ>V: X{Im Om gH$Vm h°&'' g^r _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ Vra-H$_mZ, ^mbm, bmR>r, oÃewb, Hw$Îhm∂S>r AmoX eÛm{ß AmoX_ _mZd ¤mam ItMr grYr a{Im ^r Am∂S>r-oVaN>r a{Im H$r Vah H{$ gmW oXIm`m J`m h°& Bg e°b oMÃ _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ Am_m{X-‡_m{X H{$ oXImB© [∂S>Vr Wr, O] dh grYr a{Im ItMZ{ _{ß A‰`ÒV hm{ J`m, CgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ gmW ^r oMoÃV oH$`m h°, Om{ CZH{$ aogH$ OrdZ H$r Pm±H$r ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ h¢& CgZ{ A[Zr aMZm ‡oH´$`m _{ß H$m{Um{ß Edß d•Vm{ß H$m{ ÒWmZ oX`m, Am°a Bgr Vah CgZ{ "^maVr` ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ oMÃH$bm H$m odH$mg [oÌM_r X{em{ß H$r oMÃH$bm odH$mg _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ AßH$Z _{ß grYr a{Im, H$m{Um{ß Edß d•Vm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m& AmoX_ * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oMÃH$bm od^mJ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` ,Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 159

_mZd ¤mam ]ZmB© JB© _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß `WmW©Vm H$r PbH$ Zht oXImB© [∂S>Vr, em`X AmoX_mZd Bg g_ÒV OrodV gŒmm _{ß A[Z{ hm{Z{ H$r Vbme H$aVm ahm ∑`m{ßoH$ dh A[Zr _mZogH$ j_Vm H{$ AmYma [a hr A‰`ÒV Wm, Am°a EH$ gab hm{& a{Im H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr A[Zr ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ gmßH{$oVH$Vm H{$ AmYma [a ‡Xoe©V _‹`‡X{e H{$ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß _{ß AßoH$V AmoXH$mbrZ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m H$aVm Wm& òX BZ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m odÒVma[yd©H$ A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a [Vm bJVm h° oH$ `{ oZaßVa odH$mg H$r Am{a AJ´ga Wr AWm©V [m`{ßJ{ oH$ EH$ a{Im H{$ _m‹`_ g{ eara H{$ _‹`^mJ H$r aMZm _{ß ar∂T> H$m ‡VrH$ ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H{$ odH$mg H$m AmYma ÒVÂ^ Wr& VWm Bg I∂S>r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ N>m{a g{ oZH$bVr hwB© Xm{ a{Im`{ß Xm{Zm{ß [°am{ß H$m gßH{$V H$aV{ oebml` _{ß Zmar AmH•$oV`m± - A] VH$ ‡m· ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß oXImB© [∂S>Vr h¢& BZ Xm{ a{ImAm{ß H{$ AßoV_ o]ßXw [a H$m{U ]ZmVr N>m{Q>r a{Im [ßOm{ß H$m{ Zmar AmH•$oV H{$ AZ{H$ Í$[ ‡Xoe©V h°& BZ AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ E{gm ‡VrV ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h°& ar∂T> H$m{ ‡VrH$ H$aVr hwB© a{Im H{$ D$[ar ^mJ g{, Xm±`{ Edß ]m±`{ hm{Vm h°, _mZm{ß `h EH$ hr H$mb _ß{ oZo_©V Zht hwB© h°& Bg_{ß e°brJV ododYVm Xm{Zm{ß N>m{am{ß g{ oZH$bVr a{Im Xm{Zm{ß hmWm{ß H$m{ oMoÃV H$aVr h°& H$ht-H$ht Hw$hZr H{$ oXImB© X{Vr h°& ^mJ g{ _w∂S>r hwB© a{Im ^r oXImB© [∂S>Vr h°°, Am°a Cgr ar∂T> H$m{ ‡VrH$ H$aVr hwB© _wª` BZ oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß AßoH$V Zmar AmH•$oV`m± AoYH$mßeV: _mZd g_yh H{$ gmW a{Im H{$ D$[ar o]ßXw H$m{ Ny>Vr hwB© EH$ Jm{b{ gr ]Zr AmH•$oV oga H$r gßaMZm H$m{ ‡Xoe©V h°, b{oH$Z BZ Zmar AmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ Í$[-od›`mg _{ß gVV≤ odH$mg H´$_ ‡Xoe©V H$aVr h°, Am°a Am±I, ZmH$, H$mZ AmoX H$m{ oXImZ{ H{$ obE `Wm ÒWmZ oZo_©V hm{Vm h°& VmÀH$mobH$ H$bmH$mam{ß Z{ _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß H$r A[{jm [ewAm{ß H{$ o]ßXw H$m{ AmYma ]Zm`m J`m h°& Bg Vah BZ gab a{ImAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AmoX_ AßH$Z _{ß `WmW©Vm H$m Am^mg H$am`m h°& dht _mZd X{h H$m AßH$Z hmÒ`m[X Edß `wJrZ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U hm{Vm h°& ]MH$mZm ‡VrV hm{Vm h°, AoYH$mßeV: _mZd AmH•$oV`m± Am`VmH$ma X{h dmbr AmoX_ H$bmH$mam{ß ¤mam ]Zm`r J`t `{ _mZdmH•$oV`m± odH$ogV hm{Vr JB© AßoH$V h¢& `{ Am`VmH$ma X{h dmbr _mZd AmH•$oV`m± AmaoÂ^H$ AdÒWm H$r h¢& Am°a CZ _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß JoV Am°a ^mdm{ß H$m g_md{e —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Z{ bJm& BZ AmaoÂ^H$ Zmar AmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß obßJ-^{X Ò[ÓQ> Zht h°& [wÍ$f Edß Zmar H{$ Í$[ Yra{-Yra{ _mZd H$m _mZogH$ odH$mg ]∂T>Vm J`m Am°a _mZdmH•$oV`m± a{Im g{ H$m{ [hMmZZm AÀ`ßV H$oR>Z h°& hm{Vr hwB© oÃH$m{U, MVwÓH$m{U _{ß [nadoV©V hm{Z{ bJr& Bg Vah AmoX_ _ZwÓ` Z{ ""oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß Zmar H$r oÒWoV H$m ]m{Y CZH$r JoVodoY AWdm d{e- A[Zr H$bmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß _mZd H{$ emarnaH$ C^ma H$m{ oXImZ{ H{$ obE oÃH$m{U Edß ^yfm H{$ ¤mam hr AZw_moZV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& oH$›Vw bmImOm{a, H$R>m{oV`m, MVwÓH$m{Um{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ bJm& KwQ>Zm{ß, [ßOm{ß, Hw$hoZ`m{ß AmoX H{$ _m{∂S> H$m{ o^fi- Omdam, IadB© H{$ oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß H$oV[` Am`VmH$ma AmH•$oV`m{ß H$r X{h _{ß Xm{ o^fi ‡H$ma H{$ H$m{Um{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Xem©`m OmZ{ bJm& N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> oÃH$m{Um{ß H{$ Amam{[U ¤mam Cam{Om{ß H$m ‡Xe©Z hwAm h°&'' AmoX _mZd Z{ oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ Om{ Í$[ ‡XmZ oH$`m dh BZ AmoX_ oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß odo^fi ÒWmZm{ß [a CÀgmhdY©Z H$aVr hwB© Z•À` _mZd Hß$H$mb H$r ^m±oV ‡VrV hm{Vr Wt& CgZ{ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß hW{ob`m± g_yhm{ß _{ß _mZd AmH•$oV`m± AßoH$V o_bVr h°, b{oH$Z Za-Zmar JV o^fiVm Edß [ßOm{ß H$m{ EH$ N>m{Q>r bH$ra H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oXIm`m h°, b{oH$Z _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß EH$ —oÓQ>Jm{Ma Zht hm{Vr& ^r_]{R>H$m, bmImOm{a AmoX Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß _mZd AmH•$oV`m±, d•VZw_m oga ^r ]Zm`m h°, [a›Vw Cg_{ß H$mZ, ZmH$, Am±I, _w±h AmoX H$m{ oXImZ{ AßJ´{{Or H{$ Aja "S' Í$[ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h°& `⁄o[ gß^dV: BZ g_yh Z•À`m{ß _{ß [wÍ$f Edß _{ß [rN{> ahm& _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß H$r ^m±oV CgZ{ CgH{$ gß[H©$ _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ [ewAm{ß H$r Zmar Xm{Zm{ß H{$ hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm Ï`∫$ H$r Om gH$Vr h°& AmH•$oV ^r ]ZmB© h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ [ewAm{ß Am°a AmoX _ZwÓ` H$m grYm gß]ßY Wm& dh ""odo^fi H{$›–m{ß H{$ H$bmH$mam{ß Z{ A[Zr Ao^Í$oM Edß Hw$ebVm H{$ AZwÍ$[ CZH$m oeH$ma H$a Cg{ A[Zm ^m{OZ ]ZmVm Wm, Am°a Imbr g_` _{ß A[Z{ gmW Zmar X{h H$m{ `WmW©dV ]ZmZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& `⁄o[ CZ_{ß ÒWmZr` d°o^fi` Cg oXZ H{$ KQ>ZmH´$_ H$m{ [ÀWam{ß H$r oXdmam{ß [a AßoH$V H$aVm Wm& Yra{-Yra{ —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°, VWmo[ odÒV•V Í$[ _{ß C›h{ß `WmW©dV≤ Zmar Í$[ hr H$hm Om`{Jm& CZH$m _mZogH$ odH$mg hm{Zm ewÍ$ hwAm Am°a gmW hr gmW oMÃH$bm _{ß AmH•$oV Bg H´$_ _{ß Zmar H$m{ ‡m`: dmVm©bm[, [ew[mbZ, _YwgßM` Edß A›` J•h H$m`m~ _{ß odYmZ H$m [yU© kmZ AmoX_ _ZwÓ` H$m{ hm{Z{ bJm& Ï`ÒV oXIm`m J`m h°& d{ gßJrV Edß Z•À` _{ß ^r Í$oM aIVr OmZ [∂S>Vr h¢& O°g{ - g_` H{$ gmW-gmW AmoX_ _ZwÓ` H{$ _Z _{ß "^`' O°gr AdYmaUm [Z[Z{ [M_∂T>r H{$ EH$ oMÃ _{ß ]ßXa (AWdm [ew H$r Imb Am{∂T{> _ZwÓ`) H$m{ ]rZ g—Ì` dm⁄ bJr& OßJbr-OmZdam{ß H$m S>a, Hw$N> A—Ì` eo∫$`m{ß H$m ^` Cg{ gVmZ{ bJm, ]OmV{ hwE oXIm`m J`m h°, O]oH$ e°Ê`m [a b{Q>r hwB© Zmar Vmbr ]OmVr hwB© AßoH$V dh OmXy-Q>m{Zm VWm odo^fi H$_©H$mS>m{ß _{ß odÌdmg H$aZ{ bJm& Bgg{ ]Mmd H{$ h°& Bgr ‡H$ma _hmX{d [d©V H{$ EH$ oebml` _{ß EH$ ÒWb [a ]ßXam{ß H{$ gmW ZmMVr ob`{ CgZ{ Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß E{gr AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m oOgH{$ ‡oV Cg_{ß Jhar hwB© Zmar ‡Xoe©V h°& A›`VÃ Ì`m_bm ohb H{$ EH$ oMÃ _{ß Zmar EH$ odemb [jr H{$ AmÒWm OmJ•V hwB©& `{ AmH•$oV`m± Cg AmoX_ _ZwÓ` H{$ obE [y¡`Zr` Wr, oOg{ gÂ_wI Z•À` H$aVr hwB© oMoÃV h°& Bg H´$_ _{ß Zmar-AmH•$oV`m{ß H$r d{e^yfm Edß H{$e ]mX _{ß X{dr, X{dVmAm{ß H$r gßkm Xr OmZ{ bJr& AmoX_ _ZwÓ` ¤mam o_olV eara g¡Om _{ß ^r [`m©· d°o^fi` oXImB© X{Vm h¢ Bg H´$_ H{$ H$bmH$mam{ß Z{ Zmar X{h H$m{ H$r ^r aMZm H$r OmZ{ bJr, O°g{ _ÀÒàmZr, Zaogßh, _ZwÓ`_wIr Jm` AmoX& `{ ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡m`: Cam{O Edß ÒWyb oZVß] H{$ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m Adbß]Z oH$`m h°& EH$ Z`{ Vah H{$ odÌdmg H$r H$Î[Zm H$Wm Wr, Am°a `ht g{ Ymo_©H$ odÌdmg Z{ BoVhmg`wJrZ ^maVr` H$bmJV Zmar Í$[m{ß H{$ g—Ì` Cam{Om{ß H$m AoVÌ`m{o∫$[yU© O›_ b{Zm ewÍ$ oH$`m&oH$gr OmZda H$m oeH$ma H$aZ{ H{$ obE `m{OZm V°`ma H$a Í$[ _{ß AßH$Z oebmoMÃm{ß _{ß oXImB© X{Vm h°&'' gm_yohH$ Í$[ g{ oeH$ma H$aZm Cg_{ß gm_wXmo`H$Vm H$m{ Xem©Vm h°& g_wXm` _{ß AmoXH$mb H$r _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß H$bm gm¢X`© -AmoX_mZd ¤mam oMoÃV ahH$a XwI-gwI ]mßQ>Zm AmoX_ _ZwÓ` Z{ grI ob`m Wm& A[Z{ Iwer H{$ [b H$m{ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß ^b{ hr ]mh´` gm¢X`© H$r H$_r oXImB© X{Vr h°, b{oH$Z AmßVnaH$ Z•À` ¤mam Omoha H$aZm Edß oXdmam{ß [a AmI{Q> oMÃm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW, Z•À` oMÃm{ß gm¢X`© BZ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ od⁄_mZ h¢, ghOVm, gabVm Edß H$m{ ^r AmoX_ H$bmH$mam{ß Z{ oXImZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m& A[Z{ oMÃm{ß _{ß Z•À` g_yhm{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVwVrH$aU H$m Om{ gm¢X`© -^md [nabojV hm{Vm h°, E{gm gm¢X`©-^md AmO H{$ oXImZm, oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ CgH{$ ]m°o’H$ odH$mg H$m{ [nabojV H$aVm h°& oeH$ma H$bmH$mam{ß H{$ ‡Xe©Z _{ß Zht PbH$Vm& H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ gm_wXmo`H$ Z•À` H{$ Í$[ _{ß Iwer Omoha H$aZm Edß Cg Iwer H$m{ odß‹` [hm∂S>m{ß g{ C[b„Y _mZd AoÒW`m±, _‹`‡X{e H{$ ogßKZ[wa VWm ÒWmB© Í$[ ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß AmoX_mZd ¤mam Z•À` H$m oMÃmßH$Z ^r gaJwOm na`mgV _{ß AdoÒWV Om{Jr_mam g{ ‡m· oMÃ- IwXr M≈mZ{ß AmoX _mZd oH$`m J`m h° Om{ oZoÌMV È[ g{ EH$$ ge∫$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°& H$r H$bmo‡`Vm H$r Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ [woÓQ> H$aV{ h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma Vo_bZmSy>, Jw\$mAm{ß _{ß AoYH$mßeV: _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m AßH$Z AoYH$ hwAm h°& Bg Vah AmßY´‡X{e, N>m{Q>m ZmJ[wa, C∂S>rgm, hm{eßJm]mX, [ßOm], CŒma‡X{e Am°a Z_©Xm Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 160

C[À`H$m AmoX odo^ﬁ ÒWmZm{ß g{ C[b„Y dÛm{ß, [mfmU oMÃm{ß, _•oŒmH$m [mÃm{ß, oMoÃV e°bml` _{ß ]Zr _mZdmH•$oV`m± VWm Xyga{ e°bml` _{ß ]Z{ amOXa]ma H{$ bmb-[rb{ aßJm{ß oMoÃV aß{JV{ hwE H$r∂S>m{ß, [ewAm{ß, [oj`m{ß, _ZwÓ`m{ß AmoX H$r AmH•$oV`m{ß —Ì` _{ß AOßVm H{$ g_VwÎ` H$bm H$r PbH$ o_bVr h°& H$m A‹``Z H$aH{$ ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ^maV H{$ H$bm‡{_ H$m ghO hr _{ß [naM` o_b gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- OmVm h°& Bg ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ Ade{fm{ß H$r Jd{fUm H$aH{$ [wamVÀd od¤mZm{ß H$m 1. dmMÒ[oV J°am{bm- ^maVr` oMÃH$bm, Mm°IÂ]m gßÒH•$V ‡oVÓR>mZ, oXÑr, Ao^_V h° oH$ AmO H$r hr ^m±oV AmoX _mZd ^r gm¢X`m}[mgH$ Wm& Bgr gm¢X`© o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU, df© 1990 ‡{_ H{$ H$maU hr dh A[Z{ A_yV© ^mdm{ß H$m{ _yV© Í$[ X{Z{ H$r Am{a ‡d•Œm hwAm& 2. ‡m{0 am_Mß– ew∑b- AmYwoZH$ oMÃH$bm, H$bm ‡H$meZ, 17 Z`m ]°ahZm, Bg g_` H{$ H$bmH$mam{ß H$m ‹`mZ _mZdmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß JoV^md H$m{ oXImZ{ _{ß Bbmhm]mX - 1997 AoYH$ Wm Z oH$ gm¢X`© ‡Xe©Z _{ß& AmoXH$mb H{$ Amaßo^H$ oMÃm{ß _{ß gwJ∂T>Vm Edß 3. S>m∞0 AOrV am`OmXm-hm{eßJm]mX H{$ e°boMÃ, Ama0H{$0[o„beg©, ›`y gwÒ[ÓQ>Vm H$m A^md oXImB© [∂S>Vm h°, b{oH$Z O°g{-O°g{ _mZd H$m ]m°o’H$ Aem{H$ ZJa, oXÑr, 1997 odH$mg hm{Vm Mbm J`m, d°g{ß-d°g{ _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß b` Edß JoV H$r PbH$ 4. S>m∞0 Ì`m_gßwXa Xw]{- bm{H$ oMÃH$bm, Z{eZb [o„bogßJ hmCg, 337, oXImB© [∂S>Z{ bJr& AmO gm¢X`m©À_H$ —oÓQ> g{ `{ _mZdmH•$oV`m± BVZr gab Edß Mm°∂S>m amÒVm, O`[wa, 2005 ghO ]Z [∂S>r h° oH$ AmO H{$ AmYwoZH$ H$bmH$ma Z{ Bgg{ ‡{aUm [mH$a A[Zr 5. S>m∞0 H$_b{e XŒm [mßS{>-^maVr` oMÃH$bm _{ß ZmarÍ$[-od›`mg, E0H{$0]wH$ H$bm H$m{ ZB© amh ‡XmZ H$r h°& `{ AmH•$oV`m± gm¢X`m©À_H$ —oÓQ> g{ CÉ H$m{oQ> H$r h°& H$m[m}a{eZ, ZB© oXÑr, 2004 EH$ [°Zr ZOa S>mb{ß Vm{ h_ X{IV{ h¢ oH$ gm±Mr H{$ g_r[dVr© ZmJm{ar [hm∂S>r H{$ EH$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 161

Ao^mkmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ _{ß oMÃH$bm H{$ g›X^©

S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a * em{Y gmamße ñ _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$r ZmQ>≠Á aMZmAm{ß _{ß "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' gd©l{ÓR> h°, oOg{ odÌd H$r gdm}Œm_ ZmQ>≤Á-H•$oV`m{ß _{ ‡oVÓR>m ‡m· h°& "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$r gdm™J gw›Xa aMZm h°, oOg_{ß oMÃH$bm odf`H$ AZ{H$ g›X^© C[b„Y h¢& ‡ÒVmdZm - "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' H{$ AmaÂ^ _{ß hr _hmH$od H$mobXmg eHw$›Vbm H$m{ ]Zm`m hm{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ ]´˜m H$r Hw$ebVm Am°a eHw$›Vbm Z{ Om{ _ßJbmMaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°, Cg_{ß oMÃ H{$ g—Ó` —Ó`mÀ_H$Vm H$m H{$ gm°›X`© [a ]ma-]ma odMma H$aZ{ [a `hr bJVm h° oH$ `h AZwR>r oXΩXe©Z H$am`m J`m h°, Ohm± AÓQ>_yoV© oed H$m ÒdÍ$[ O°g{ gmH$ma gw›Xar hr C›hm{ßZß{ ]Zm`r h° & eHw$›Vbm H{$ gm°›X`© gß]ßYr Óbm{H$ hm{ J`m h° & _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$m `h ‡og’ _ßJbmMaU oZÂZmZwgma oZÂZmZwgma h° - h°-

2 "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' H{$ gdm}V_ g_P{ OmZ{ dmb{ MVwW© AßH$ _{ß 1 ^r oMÃH$bm H{$ odo^fi g›X^© C[b„Y hm{V{ h¢ & H$ht Vm{ _hmH$od C∫$ _ßJbmMaU _{ß _hmH$od H$mobXmg Z{ H$hm h° oH$ oedOr h_{ß H$mobXmg Z{ [mÃm{ß H$m{ ^r oMÃm{[_≠≤ ]Vm`m h° & H$ht oMÃH$bm H$m g›X^© Cg Ob H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡À`j oXImB© X{V{ h¢, oOg{ ]´˜m Z{ g]g{ [hb{ oX`m h° Am°a H$ht H$mÏ`mÀ_H$ dU©Z hr E{gm ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° oH$ Am±Im{ß ]Zm`m& d{ Cg Aoæ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oXImB© X{V{ h¢, Om{ odoY H{$ gmW Xr hwB©, H{$ g_j oMÃ gmH$ma hm{ Om`{ & MVwW© AßH$ _{ß XwÓ`›V H{$ odah _{ß oZ_æ hdZ gm_J´r J´hU H$aVr h° & d{ Cg hm{Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß oXImB© X{V{ h¢, Om{ eHw$›Vbm H$m{ X{IH$a o‡`ßdXm H$hVr h° oH$ ]m`{ß hmW [a Jmb aI{ hwE `k H$aVm h° & _hmH$od H$mobXmg H{$ AZwgma oedOr M›–_m Am°a gy`© fl`mar gIr H°$gr oMÃ obIr-gr oXImB© X{ ahr h¢ - H{$ Í$[ _ß{ oXImB© X{V{ h¢, Om{ oXZ Am°a amV H$m oZYm©aU H$aV{ h¢ & d{ AmH$me H{$ Í$[ _{ß oXImB© X{V{ h¢, oOgH$m JwU e„X h° Am°a Om{ gÂ[yU© 3 gßgma _{ß Ï`m· h° & g] ]rOm{ß H$m{ CÀ[fi H$aZ{ dmbr [•œdr H{$ Í$[ _{ß [oV-J•h H{$ ob`{ OmZ{ dmbr eHw$›Vbm H$m{ O] AZgy`m Am°a oedOr oXImB© X{V{ h¢ Am°a oOgH{$ H$maU g] ‡mUr OrodV ahV{ h¢ Cg o‡`ßdXm l•ßJma H$aZ{ bJVr h°, V] Am^yfU Am°a l•ßJma gm_J´r Vm{ dm`w H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r d{ oXImB© X{V{ h¢ & _hmH$od H$mobXmg Z{ A[Z{ bVm-d•jm{ß H{$ \y$b [Œmm{ß g{ ]Zm br OmVr h° [a›Vw Aml_dmgr H$›`mAm{ß _ßJbmMam _{ß `h H$m_Zm H$r h° oH$ Ob, Aoæ, hm{Vm, gy`©, M›–, Z{ H$^r Am^yfm Vm{ YmaU oH$`{ hr Zht W{ AV: d{ eHw$›Vbm H$m{ H°$g{ AmH$me, [•œdr Am°a dm`w H{$ AmR> ‡À`j Í$[m{ß _{ß Om{ ^JdmZ oed Am^yfU [hZmVt ! `hm± oMÃ _{ß X{Im AZw^d hr, goI`m{ß H$m gÂ]b g]H$m{ oXImB© X{V{ h¢, d{ g] bm{Jm{ß H$m H$Î`mU H$a{ß & _hmH$od H$mobXmg ]ZVm h° Am°a Xm{Zm{ß goI`mß eHw$›Vbm g{ H$hVr h¢ oH$ gIr ! h_Z{ Vm{ Z{ A[Z{ Bg ‡og’ _ßJbmMam _{ß bm{H$ H$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm H{$ gmW H$^r Am^yfU [hZ{ Zht h¢ [a oMÃm{ß _{ß O°gm X{Im Am°a OmZm h°, Cgr H{$ A—Ó` oedVÀd H{$ —Ó`mÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$r Am{a Om{ BßoJV oH$`m h°, dh AZwgma VwÂh{ß Am^yfU g{ gOm X{V{ h¢ - oMÃmÀ_H$Vm H{$ ‡oV CZH{$ _Z H{$ ghO AmH$f©U H$m{ hr ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h° & ‡ÒVmdZm ñ oMÃmÀ_H$Vm H{$ ‡oV _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$m `h ghO AmH$f©U "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' _{ß AZ{H$ ÒWmZm{ß [a Ï`∫$ hwAm h° & 4 ZmQ>H$ H$r H$Wm H$m AmaÂ^ ‡W_ —oÓQ> _{ß hr XwÓ`›V Am°a eHw$›Vbm H{$ e„X-oMÃm{ß H$r ‡ÒVwoV _{ß Vm{ _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$r ‡oV^m EH$-Xyga{ H{$ ‡oV [maÒ[naH$ AmH$f©U g{ hm{Vm h° Am°a Bg ‡gßJ _{ß hr Ao¤Vr` h°& oH$gr _mo_©H$ ‡gßJ H$m dU©Z H$aV{ hwE _hmH$od H$mobXmg _hmH$od H$mobXmg Z{ oMÃmÀ_H$Vm H$m gßH{$V ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& ZmQ>H$ ]∂S>r Hw$ebVm g{ ^mdmHw$b oMÃ C[oÒWV H$a X{V{ h¢, O°g{ oH$ eHw$›Vbm H{$ Xyga{ AßH$ _{ß O] amOm XwÓ`›V odXyfH$ H$m{ eHw$›Vbm H{$ gm°›X`© H{$ H$r o]XmB© H{$ g_` o‡`ßdXm H$hVr h° oH$ VwÂhma{ OmZ{ g{ H{$db Vw_hr ]ma{ _{ß ]VbmVm h° V] H$hVm h° oH$ o_Ã eHw$›Vbm H{$ gm°›X`© H{$ odf` XwIr Zht hm{ Ao[Vw g_yMm V[m{dZ ^r CXmg oXImB© [∂S> ahm h° & _{ß Am°a ∑`m H$hy± & Vw_ Vm{ ]g `hr g_P bm{ oH$ ]´˜m Z{ O] eHw$›Vbm V[m{dZ H$r CXmgr H$m _mo_©H$ oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ hwE _hmH$od H$mobXmg H$m{ ]Zm`m hm{Jm, V] [hb{ CgH$m oMÃ ]Zm`m hm{Jm Am°a o\$a Cg_{ß H$hV{ h¢ oH$ ohaoU`m± M]mB© hwB© Hw$f H{$ H$m{a CJb ahr h¢, _m{am{ß Z{ ZmMZm ‡mUm{ß H$m gßMma oH$`m hm{Jm AWdm ]´˜m Z{ gßgma H$r g_ÒV gw›Xna`m{ß N>m{∂S> oX`m h° Am°a bVmAm{ß g{ [rb{-[rb{ [Œmm{ E{g{ oJa ah{ h¢ O°g{ CZH{$ H{$ Í$[ H$m{ EH$oÃV oH$`m hm{Jm Am°a o\$a Cg_{ß ‡mUm{ß H$m gßMma H$aH{$ Am±gy oJa ah{ hm{ß - * J{ÒQ> \{$H$ÎQ>r (oMÃH$bm od^mJ) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡``` Edß odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 162

oMÃ Am°a Cgg{ Ow∂S>r ^mdoZ_æVm H$m N>R{> AßH$ _{ß _hmH$od H$mobXmg Z{ AX≤^wV≤ ‡gßJ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°, oOg_{ß BßoJV oH$`m J`m h° 5 oH$ gO©H$ H$r Ao^Ï`o∫$ ^b{ hr oH$VZr hr g_W© ∑`m{ß Z hm{ [a›Vw "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' H{$ N>R{> AßH$ _{ß eHw$›Vbm H{$ odah g{ CgH$r H•$oV _{ß oOVZm Hw$N> Ï`∫$ hm{Vm h°, Cgg{ H$ht AoYH$ AÏ`∫$ Ï`mHw$b XwÓ`›V ¤mam A[Zr o‡`m H$m oMÃ ]Zm`m OmVm h° & Bg ‡gßJ hr ah OmVm h° & ‡ª`mV H$od S>m∞. oed _ßJb ogßh "gw_Z' H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß - _{ß _hmH$od H$mobXmg Z{ oMÃmÀ_H$Vm H$m AZw[_ g›X^© ‡ÒVwV oH$`m H$od H$r A[Zr gr_mEß h¢ H$hVm oOVZm H$h [mVm h° h° & XwÓ`›V H$m ]Zm`m hwAm oMÃ X{IH$a odXyfH$ ‡eßgm H$aV{ hwE oH$VZm ^r H$h S>mb{ H$hVm h° oH$ BgH{$ AßJ-AßJ Am[Z{ E{g{ gw›Xa ]Zm oX`{ h¢ oH$ BgH{$ b{oH$Z AZH$hm AoYH$ ah OmVm h°& 11 _Z H{$ ^md VH$ R>rH$-R>rH$ CVa AmE h¢& _{ar Am±I{ß Vm{ Bg oMÃ _{ß ]Z{ S>m∞. "gw_Z' H$r C∫$ H$mÏ` ^mdZm H{$ AZwÍ$[ hr "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' hwE D±$M{-ZrM{ ÒWbm{ß _{ß O°g{ R>m{H$a{ß ImVr ah OmVr h¢ - H$m oMÃH$ma XwÓ`›V, eHw$›Vbm H$m Om{ oMÃ ]ZmVm h°, Cg_{ß Cg{ Òd`ß AZ{H$ H$o_`m{ß H$m Am^mg hm{Vm h°, V^r Vm{ XwÓ`›V odXyfH$ g{ H$hVm h° oH$ - A^r Vm{ _¢ oMÃ _{ß d{ Am^yfU hr ]ZmZm ^yb J`m hy±, Om{ _¢ 6 eHw$›Vbm H$m{ [hZmZm MmhVm Wm - XwÓ`›V ¤mam oZo_©V oMÃ H$m{ X{IH$a gmZw_Vr H$hVr h° oH$ amOof© 12 Vm{ ]∂S{> MVwa oMÃH$ma h¢, oMÃ E{gm bJVm h° O°g{ eHw$›Vbm gm_Z{ hr I∂S>r hm{ - eHw$›Vbm H$m{ [hZm`{ß OmZ{ dmb{ Am^yfUm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß odXyfH$ ¤mam [yN{> OmZ{ [a oMÃH$ma XwÓ`›V CŒma X{Vm h° - 7 XwÓ`›V Òd`ß eHw$›Vbm H{$ gm°›X`© g{ E{gm Ao^^yV h° oH$ A[Z{ ]Zm`{ hwE oMÃ H$m{ dh A[yU© hr _mZVm h° Am°a H$hVm h° oH$ `⁄o[ _¢Z{ 13 Bg oMÃ H{$ g]Xm{f R>rH$ H$a oX`{ h¢ [a›Vw o\$a ^r BZ a{ImAm{ß _{ß X{dr AWm©V≤ (XwÓ`›V H$hVm h° oH$) A^r Vm{ _¢ oMÃ _{ß dh ogag H$m H$r gw›XaVm ]hwV Wm{∂S>r-gr hr CVa [mB© h° - \y$b ^r Zht ]Zm [m`m hy±, oOgH$r Sß>R>b eHw$›Vbm Z{ A[Z{ H$mZm{ß [a Ya aIr Wr Am°a oOgH$m [amJ CgH{$ H$[m{bm{ß [a \°$bm hwAm Wm Am°a A^r Vm{ CgH{$ Cam{Om{ß H{$ ]rM _{ß M›–_m H$r oH$aU H{$ g_mZ [Vb{ 8 V›VwAm{ß H$r _mbm ^r Zht ]Zm`r h°& eHw$›Vbm H{$ oMÃ H$r H$o_`m± oXIbmV{ hwE XwÓ`›V H$hVm h° oH$ XwÓ`›V ¤mam ]Zm`{ hwE oMÃ H$m{ X{IH$a odXyfH$ H$hVm h° oMÃ H{$ H$m{am{ß [a _{ar [grOr hwB© D±$Job`m{ß H{$ H$mb{ Y„]{ [∂S> JE h¢ & oH$ Bg oMÃ _{ß eHw$›Vbm H$_b H$r [ßIwar O°gr A[Zr Za_ Am°a bmb Am°a _{ar Am±Im{ß g{ Om{ Am±gy oJam, Cgg{ eHw$›Vbm H{$ Jmb H$m aßJ C^a hW{ob`m{ß g{ _wI ∂T>H{$ hwE ^`^rV-gr ∑`m{ß oXImB© X{ ahr h° o\$a oMÃ Am`m h° & A^r Bg odZm{X ÒWmZ H$m oMÃ [yam Zht ]Z [m`m h°& BVZm H$m{ ‹`mZ g{ X{IH$a odXyfH$ H$hVm h° oH$ Aa{ X{oI`{ ag H$m bm{^r, ag H$hH$a XwÓ`›V oMÃ H$m{ [yU© H$aZ{ H{$ obE VyobH$m bmZ{ H{$ oZX}e X{Vm H$m Mm{a, ZrM ^±da X{dr H{$ _wI [a _ßS>am`{ Om ahm h° - h° & _yb Ìbm{H$ oZÂZmZwgma h° -

9 14 odXyfH$ O] XwÓ`›V g{ [yN>Vm h° oH$ oMÃ _{ß Am°a ∑`m ]ZmZm ah odXyfH$ ¤mam ^ßda H$r ]mV H$h{ OmZ{ [a XwÓ`›V [hb{ Vm{ Cgg{ J`m h°, V] XwÓ`›V CŒma X{Vm h° - hr H$hVm h° oH$ Bg XwÓQ> ^ßda H$m{ ^JmAm{ Am°a o\$a Òd`ß hr oMÃ _{ß oMoÃV ^ßda H$m{ dmÒVodH$ _mZH$a Cg{ ^JmZ{ H$m C[H´$_ H$aVm h° V] odXyfH$ hr XwÓ`›V H$m{ `h ‹`mZ oXbmVm h° oH$ dh Vm{ oMÃ h°, dmÒVodH$Vm Zht & A[Zr H$Î[Zm H$m gwI odXyfH$ ¤mam g_m· oH$`{ OmZ{ [a 10 XwÓ`›V odXyfH$ g{ H$hVm h° oH$ o_Ã Vw_Z{ `h ∑`m XwÓH$_© H$a oX`m ! _¢ AWm©V≤, A^r _mobZr ZXr ]ZmZr h°, oOgH$r a{Vr _{ß h±g H{$ Om{∂S{> Vm{ ]∂S>m V›_` hm{H$a gm_Z{ I∂S>r eHw$›Vbm H{$ Xe©Z _{ß oZ_æ Wm [a ]°R{> hm{ß, CgH{$ Xm{Zm{ß Am{a oh_mb` H$r dh VbhQ>r oXImZr h°, Ohm± Vw_Z{ Ò_aU H$amH{$ _{ar o‡`m H$m{ oMÃ ]Zm S>mbm - hnaU ]°R{> hwE hm{ß& _¢ EH$ E{gm [{∂S> ^r ]ZmZm MmhVm hy±, oOg [a dÎH$b dÛ Q±>J{ hwE hm{ß Am°a oOgH{$ ZrM{ EH$ hnaUr A[Zr ]mB™ Am±I H$mb{ 15 hnaU H{$ gtJ g{ aJ∂S>H$a IwObm ahr hm{ & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 163 oMÃ aMZm H{$ gmW hr H$[∂S{> AmoX [a aßJm{ß g{ obIZ{ H$m ‡MbZ ^r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _hmH$od H$mobXmg H{$ g_` _{ß ahm hm{Jm, BgH$m Am^mg CZH{$ gmohÀ` 1. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤ ‡W_ AßH$/1 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : g{ hm{Vm h°& "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' H{$ g·_ AßH$ _{ß _hmH$od H$mobXmg gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 3 Z{ H$hm h° - 2. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤ o¤Vr` AßH$/9 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 33 3. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$ H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : 16 gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 60 4. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$ H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : C∫$ Ìbm{H$ _{ß X{dVmAm{ß H{$ amOm B›– H$m gmaWr amOm XwÓ`›V g{ gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 67 H$hVm h° oH$ X{dVm JU Am[H{$ [amH´$_ H{$ JrV aMH$a H$Î[d•j H{$ 5. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$/12 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 71 H$[∂S>m{ß [a CZ aßJm{ß g{ obI ah{ h¢, Om{ AflgamAm{ß H{$ l•ßJma g{ ]M{ ah J`{ 6. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤≠ MVwW© AßH$/6 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : h¢& Bg dU©Z g{ `h Am^mg ^r hm{Vm h° oH$ Om{ gm_J´r l•ßJma-‡gmYmZ gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 114 _{ß C[`m{J _{ß bmB© OmVr Wr, CgH$m ‡`m{J oMÃ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ^r oH$`m 7. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$/6 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : OmVm Wm& gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 114 oMÃ-oZ_m©U H{$ gmW hr _hmH$od H$mobXmg H{$ g_` _{ß o_Q>≠≤Q>r 8. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$ 6/14 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 114 AmoX g{ oZo_©V oIbm°Zm{ß H$m{ ^r odo^fi aßJmß{ g{ oMoÃV oH$`m OmVm Wm, 9. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$ 6/15 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : Bg ]mV H$m Am^mg "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' g{ hm{Vm h° & _marM Aml_ gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 115 _{ß ogßh emdH$ g{ I{b ah{ ]mbH$ gd©X_Z H$m{ ]hbmZ{ H{$ ob`{ _hof© 10. _hmH$od H$mobXmg :Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ MVwW© AßH$ 6/17 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : _marM H{$ Aml_ H$r V[oÒdZr, Xygar V[oÒdZr g{ aßJrZ oMoÃV o_Q>≤≠Q>r gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 116 H$m _m{a bmZ{ H$m{ H$hVr h°- 11. S>m∞.oed_ßJbogßh : ]mV H$r ]mV : ìgw_Z g_J´í : IS>-1: [•ÓR> H´$. 329 "gw_Z' 12. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤≠- AßH$ 6 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 116 17 13._hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≠≤ AßH$ 6/18 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr: gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 117 oZÓH$f© - Bg ‡H$ma oZÓH$f©V: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _hmH$od 14._hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤≠ AßH$ 6 H$mobXmgJ´›Wmdbr : oZÓH$f© - gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 117 H$mobXmg Z{ oMÃmÀ_H$Vm Am°a oMÃH$bm H{$ ‡oV A[Z{ ghO AmH$f©U 15. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤ AßH$ 6/21 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr: H{$ AZwÍ$[ odo^fi g›X^© A[Zr gdm}Œmm_ H•$oV "Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤' gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 118 _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`{ h¢ & 16. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤ AßH$ 7/5 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 129 17. _hmH$od H$mobXmg : Ao^kmZemHw$›Vb_≤ AßH$ 7 H$mobXmg J´›Wmdbr : gÂ[mXH$ - [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr : [•ÓR> H´$. 135

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 164

^maVr` H$bm H$m ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[

S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a * em{Y gmamße ñ ‡VrH$rH$aU _ZwÓ` H$m ghO Òd^md h°& O] h_ odMma H$aV{ oH$gr E{g{ ÒVa [a [hw∞M OmV{ h¢ Ohm± gm_m›` ^mfm [’oV h_mar AZw^yoV`m{ß H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© ahVr h¢, Vm{ h_ ‡VrH$ odoY H$m Aml` b{V{ h¢ & dmÒVd _{ß ‡VrH$ oOg AmH•$oV H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h¢, Cgg{ ]hwV AoYH$ AW© ‡¿N>fi Í$[ g{ Cg_{ß oZohV ahVm h¢& OwßJ H{$ AZwgma-oH$gr AkmV dÒVw H{$ h{Vw CgH{$ ^´_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß aIr AmH•$oV ‡VrH$ H$hbmVr h¢& Am°a E{gm odÌdmg oH$`m OmVm h° oH$ Cg AkmZ dÒVw H$m AoÒVÀd h¢ AdÌ` E{gr dÒVw H$m{ ‡VrH$ H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` oH$gr ^r odoY g{ ]m{YJÂ` Zhr ß]Zm`m Om gH$Vm & ‡VrH$m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H{$db gßgma _{ß X{I{ J`{ Í$[m{ß H{$ AmYma [a hr Zhr ßhm{Vm & H$bmH$ma AZ{H$ bm°oH$H$ dÒVwAm{ß H{$ gß`m{J g{ ^r ‡VrH$-g•oÓQ> H$aV{ h¢, Am°a E{gr gy˙` AmH•$oV`m± ^r ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ h¢ oOZH$m gm—Ì` H$ht Zht o_bVm & `WmW© g{ H$mÎ[oZH$ Am°a H$mÎ[oZH$ g{ gy˙_ AmH•$oV`m{ß H$r Am{a ‡VrH$m{ß H$m `h odH$mg _mZd g‰`Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ gmW-gmW Mbm h¢ & AmoX_ _ZwÓ` ‡mH•$oVH$ C[mXmZm{ß ([ew-[jr,d•j-dZÒ[oV, gnaVm gmJa, [d©V AmoX) H$m{ ‡VrH$mW© X{Vm Wm, VÀ[ÌMmV≤ AoYH$ odH$ogV _ZwÓ` Z{ _mZd Edß _mZd{Va ‡H•$oV H{$ g_›d` H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m & AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß gy˙_ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J odH$ogV hm{ ahm h°&1 ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡VrH$ AmoXH$mb g{ h_ma{ odÌdmgm{ß _{ß OrodV ah{ h¢& h_ma{ B©Ìda H$r g•OZmÀ_H$ eo∫$ H$m{ oedobßJ ¤mam ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ Í$[ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ Í$[m{ß H$m H$bm VWm Xe©Z _{ß ‡m`: g^r ^maVr` Y_m©Mm`m~ Am°a ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h¢& Bg ‡VrH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß `m{oZ Am°a obßJ H$m [aÒ[a o_bZ Xme©oZH$m{ß Z{ g_W©Z oH$`m CZH$r Ao^Ï`ßOZm H$r Am°a CZH{$ Am°oMÀ` H$m{ oH$`m OmVm h¢& Bg ‡VrH$ ¤mam OrdZ Am°a _m{j H$m{ Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h¢& A[Z{-A[Z{ Tß>J g{ og’ oH$`m& AZw_mZV: òX ^maVr` Xme©oZH$m{ß Am°a BgH$r Agro_V JhamB© AmaoÂ^H$ oÒWoV _{ß OZZ-oH´$`m H{$ AmZ›X H$r od¤mZm{ß H$m BZ ‡oVH$mÀ_H$ odÌdmgm{ß H$m{ BVZm gß]b ‡m· Z hwAm hm{Vm, ^mdZm h¢ Am°a g_[©U _{ß oZdm©U H$m AmZ›X& g_ÒV ^maV _{ß oedobßJ Vm{ d{ H$] H{$ odZÓQ> hm{ J`{ hm{V{& B©gmB© Y_© _{ß ^r oJaOmKam{ß Z{ AZ{H$ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ _{ß [yOm OmVm h¢&3 AmoX_ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m{ A[Zr aroV`m{ß-ZroV`m{ß _{ß ÒWmZ oX`m & ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡VrH$m{ß H$m od^mOZ AZ{H$ —oÓQ>`m{ß g{ hm{ gH$Vm h° - ¡`mo_Vr` ‡VrH$m{ß _{ß B©Ìda H$m{, Om{ oZamH$ma Am°a Ak{` h¢, EH$ ey›` ‡mH•$oVH$ ‡VrH$ - [ew [jr, [wÓ[, d•j AmoX AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m AmYma b{H$a H{$ oM›h g{ kmo[V oH$`m OmVm h¢& ]´˜mU _{ß B©Ìda H{$ Í$[ H$m ‡VrH$ odH$ogV hwE h¢& g_oÃ]mhw oÃ^wO H$m{ _mZm OmVm h°& BgH$r VrZm{ß g_mZ ^wOm`{ß CZH{$ oÃ_yoV© ogßh-eo∫$ Am°a —∂T>Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& ‡m`: g^r ‡mMrZ g‰`VmAm{ß _{ß am¡` Í$[ H$m{ oXΩXoe©V H$aVr h¢ & O] oÃ^wO A[Z{ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ JwUm{ß g{ AßoH$V oM›h Edß Y_© ‡oVH$m{ß _{ß BgH$m AßH$Z hwAm h¢& _m°`©H$mbrZ ogßh ÒVÂ^ am¡` hm{Vm h° Vm{ ]wo’ Edß ‡JoV H$m ⁄m{VH$ ]Z OmVm h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdmoÒVH$ eo∫$ H{$ ‡VrH$ H$m gd©l{ÓR> CXmhaU h¢& MrZ _{ß ogßh ‡H•$oV H$r ^`ßH$a H$m oM›h g•OZmÀ_H$ eo∫$ d OrdZ H$m ⁄m{VH$ h¢& Bg{ Ob H$m ‡VrH$ ^r eo∫$`m{ß H$m ‡VrH$ ahm h¢& _mZV{ h¢& oÃ^wO H$m{ CÎQ>m oMoÃV H$aV{ h¢, AWm©V≤ CgH{$ AmYma H$m{ D$[a hmWr-H$m ‡`m{J am¡` eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$ h¢, hmoW`m{ß H$r Ob H´$r∂S>m ‡og’ h¢ Am°a erf© o]›Xw H$m{ ZrM{ H$r Am°a ]ZmV{ h¢, Vm{ Bg{ odZmeH$ VÀd H{$ Í$[ _{ß Am°a dra [wÍ$fm{ß H$r Ob-H´$r∂S>m g{ CgH$r C[_m Xr OmVr h¢& _{Km{ß H$r VWm Aoæ H$m ⁄m{VH$ _mZV{ h¢, Om{ g] g{ AoYH$ ^ß`H$a Am°a odZmeH$ VÀd h¢& dra [wÍ$fm{ß H$r JO©Zm, _ÒVr âr Mmb H$r C[_m hmWr g{ Xr OmVr h¢& d°oXH$ Bgr Í$[ _{ß Bg{ oed eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$ ^r _mZV{ h¢& H$_b [a Xm{ oÃ^wOm{ß H$m X{dVm B›– H$m dmhZ hmWr h¢& ]m°’ gmohÀ` _{ß Ìd{V hmWr,"]w’-gÀd" od[arV Í$[ _{ß AßH$Z amOH$r` emgZ H$m oM›h _mZm OmVm h¢, Am°a Bg{ VWm"îAbm°oH$H$î H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& "]˜mgZ" H$m Í$[ ^r ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h¢ & `h ]´˜mU H{$ VÀdm{ß H$m ^r d•f^- Bg{ ^yo_, Am–©Vm, ÒdJ© o[Vm AmoX H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm J`m h¢& ‡VrH$ _mZm J`m h¢& odH$mgerb eo∫$`m{ß H$m EH$ Am°a ¡`mo_Vr` ‡VrH$ _°gm{[m{Q>mo_`m _{ß. M›–X{d H$m{ d•f^ H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$oÎ[V oH$`m J`m h¢& `h MH´$ h¢ & dm`w _{ß BgH$m Í$[ "]dßS>a" (M∏$aXmAm±Yr) Am°a Ob _{ß"^±da" H{$ ]´˜mU H$r eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$ ^r ahm h°, `h oed H$m dmhZ Am°a H•$fH$m{ß H$m Í$[ H$m{ Xoe©V hm{Vm h¢& H$bmÀ_H$ Ao^Ïò∫$ _{ß BgH$m oMÃU Hw$ßS>br _ma{ ]›Yw h¢& og›Yw H$bm H$r _w–mAm{ß, _m°`©H$mbrZ ÒVÂ^m{ß AO›Vm Am°a ]mK H{$ hw`{ g[© H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Vm h¢, BgH{$ AoVna∫$ ^JdmZ odÓUw H$r g[© e°`m, lr JwhmoMÃm{ß _{ß d•f^ AßoH$V o_bV{ h¢& dÒV H$r AmH•$oV _{ß Jm{bmH$ma dj, emobJ´m_ H$r ]oQ>`m VWm H$_b H$r AÌd- H$m{ eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm J`m h¢ & _mZogH$ Í$[ _{ß `h C’m_ _w∂S>r hwB© Jm{bmH$ma Sß>S>r g^r Bgr eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$ h¢ & ahÒ_`"D±$" Bgr dmgZm H$m ‡VrH$ h¢, Bgr g{ ^maVr` ZroV _{ß Bo›–`m{ß H$m{ Km{∂S{> _mZm J`m h¢& Am‹`moÀ_H$ ‡VrH$ ¤mam E{br\{$›Q>m H$r _yoV©`m{ß _{ß AßoH$V oH$`m J`m h¢& ]H$a{- H$r _wImH•$oV H$m ‡mMrZ `yZmZ, H´$rQ> Am°a MrZ _{ß Ymo_©H$ Edß `m{J-Xe©Z H{$ AZwgma ]´˜mU H$r MH´$-eo∫$ oOg{ _hmHw$ßS>br H$r gßkm Xr AmbßH$mnaH$ Í$[ _{ß AßH$Z hwAm h¢& ^maV _woZ Z{ ZmQ>Á-X{dVm H{$"AOm_wI" JB© h¢, _mZd-eara _{ß A[Zm oZdmg H$aVr h¢&2 H$hm h¢& gß^dV: o[V•-‡VrH$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU hr BgH$m `h C[`m{J hwAm h¢& * AoVoW od¤mZ (oMÃH$bm od^mJ) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡``` Edß odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 165

_{f- ¡`m{oVf H$r ‡W_ amoe h¢& `h [a]´˜ Am°a kmZ H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& [oj`m{ß Ymo_©H$ Í$[ _{ß ]´˜m Am°a H$bmÀ_H$ Í$[ _{ß bm°oH$H$ AmZ›X H$r ‡VrH$Vm _{ß JÍ$∂S> AÀ`›V ‡mMrZ ‡VrH$ h¢& ^maV _{ß `h odÓUw H$m dmhZ Am°a gm[ H$m ob`{ hwE h¢& amYm H•$ÓU H$m amg ^r ‡VrH$ h¢& Jm°V_ ]w’"]w’Àd" AWm©V≤ eÃw h¢& o_l H$r H$bm _{ß BgH$m AW© OrdZ H$r CÓUVm, CÀ[oŒm Edß oXZ h¢& kmZ ‡m· H$aZ{ dmbr AmÀ_mAm{ß H$m ‡VrH$ ]Z J`{ h¢, B©gm _grh gßgma H$r `h o[Vm H$m ^r ‡VrH$ h°& draÀd, _hŒmm AmoX JwU ^r Bg_{ß H$oÎ[V oH$`{ XrZVm, ‡{_, gm°hmX© Am°a oZÓH$[Q>Vm H{$ ‡VrH$ ]Z J`{ h¢& `yZmZ H{$ ‡mMrZ J`{ h¢& X{dVm _mZdr` JwUm{ß H{$ AmXe© ‡VrH$ W{& drZg emarnaH$ gm°›X`© H$r ewH´$- H$m AßH$Z ^maVr` ‡{_-‡gßJm{ß _{ß hwAm h¢& `h H$m_X{d H$m dmhZ h¢ ‡VrH$ h¢& Am{bÂ[g ÒdmÒW H$m ‡VrH$ h°& odÓUw H$r Zmo^ H$m H$_b Cd©aVm AV: l•ßJma ‡VrH$ h¢&4 H$m ‡VrH$ h°&6 _`ya- gm¢X`© H$m ‡VrH$ Edß gaÒdVr H$m dmhZ h¢& AbßH$aUm{ß _{ß BgH$m ‡H•$oV AWdm —Ì` OJV g{ ob`{ J`{ [XmWm} H$r ‡VrH$Vm Ohm± H{$db ^maV Edß B©amZ _{ß ‡MwaVm g{ ‡`m{J hwAm h¢& ]mBO{Q>mBZ B©gmB© H$bm _{ß ^r ‡mgßoJH$Vm Í$[ _{ß ahVr h°& dhm± ¡`mo_Vr` AWdm gy˙_ ‡VrH$ ‡YmZ Í$[ BgH$m AßH$Z hwAm h¢& E{gm odÌdmg oH$`m OmVm h¢ oH$ _`ya H$m _m±g H$^r g{ gmßH{$oVH$ AW© dhZ H$amZ{ H{$ h{Vw ‡`w∫$ hm{V{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma H{$ Agßª` Iam] Zht hm{Vm AV: B©gmB©`m{ß Z{ Bg{ oZÍ$[m` AmÀ_m VWm A_aVm H$m ‡VrH$ gma{ gßgma _{ß \°$b{ hwE h¢ - ‡VrH$ _mZm h¢& dV©_mZ `wJ _{ß `h ^maV H$m amÓQ≠>r` [jr h¢& lrH•$ÓU H{$ aßJm{ß H$r ‡VrH$Vm ^maVr` Xe©Z _{ß oÃJwUmoÀ_H$m g•oÓQ> H{$ VrZ aßJ _mZ{ oMÃm{ß _{ß _m{a [ßI H$m{ AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ AßoH$V oH$`m OmVm h¢ dhm± gÂ^dV: J`{ h¢& gÀd H$m g\{$X, aOV≤ H$m bmb Am°a V_g≤ H$m H$mbm& emÛr` `h"KZÌ`m_" H{$ ‡{_r-^∫$ H$m oM›h h¢ oOg{ BVZm AmXa oX`m J`m h¢& AmMm`m} Z{ agm{ß H{$ ^r aßJ _mZ{ h¢& l•ßJma H$m Ì`m_, H´$m{Y H$m bmb, H$Í$U H$m hßg - H$m{ Zra-jra odd{H$r _mZm J`m h°, `h kmZ H$r oZ_©_Vm H$m ‡VrH$ ^yam, ^` H$m H$mbm, AX≤^yV H$m gwdUm©^ [rV, hmÒ` H$m Ìd{V, dra H$m Jm°a Am°a ]´˜m VWm gaÒdVr H$m dmhZ h°& ^maVr` H$bm`{ß BgH$m ‡MwaVm g{ dU©, dr^ÒV H$m Zrb Edß em›V ag H$m Ìd{V dU© _mZm J`m h¢& ham aßJ AßH$Z hwAm h¢& Ìd{V dU© H{$ H$maU hßg AmÀ_m H$r oZ_©bVm H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& Amem Edß g_•o’ H$m ⁄m{VH$ h¢& H$[m{V - emßoV H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& `h g›X{edmhH$ ^r h¢& H$[m{b-`wΩ_ H$m{ C[H$aU AmoX [a AmYmnaV ‡VrH$m{ß _{ß [mÃm{ß H$m ÒWmZ ‡_wI h¢& Ob l•ßJma ‡VrH$ ]ZmH$a ‡{_-‡gßJm{ß _{ß AßoH$V oH$`m J`m h¢ & [ynaV AWdm Hw$Â^ g_•o’ Edß [yU©Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h¢&7 H$m°dm - A[Z{ aßJ H{$ H$maU g•oÓQ> H{$ AmaÂ^, A›YH$ma, Cd©a ^yo_ AmoX oZÓH$f© : AV: oZÓH$f©V: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m A›V `hr H$m ‡VrH$ h¢& ahÒ_èo∫$ H{$ H$maU ôdÓ` —ÓQ>m _mZm J`m h¢& [a Zhr ßhm{Vm odÌdâ _{ß AZoJZV ‡VrH$ [wamVZ H$mb g{ Mb{ Am ah{ h¢ CbyH$ H$m{ o_lr H$bm _{ß amoÃ, _•À`w, erV Edß oZoÓH´$`Vm H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm Am°a H$bmH$ma VWm H$bm odMmaH$ Z`{ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m g•OZ H$aV{ ahV{ h¢&"oed" J`m h¢& AÒV hwE gy`© H$m ^r `h ‡VrH$ h¢ Om{ A›YH$ma H{$ g_w– H$m{ [ma Am°a"eo∫$","]w’" Am°a"B©gm","_°S>m{Zm" Am°a"odZg","ÒdmoVH$" Am°a"H´$mg" H$aVm h¢& H$ht-H$ht `h ]wo’_Œmm H$m ^r ‡VrH$ h¢&5 `{ g] E{g{ ‡VrH$ h¢ oO›hm{ßZ{ odemb OZ-g_yhm{ß H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m h¢& [wÓ[m{ß - H$m ^r AZ{H$ odY ‡VrH$Vm H{$ gmW ‡`w∫$ oH$`m J`m h¢& ^maVr` ‡VrH$ h_ma{ AM{VZ Am°a M{VZ H$m g_›d` H$aH{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ odH$mg _{ß [wÓ[m{ß _{ß H$_b ‡_wI h¢& Ob g{ gÂ]o›YV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `h AmoX g•oÓQ> H$m ghm`H$ hm{V{ h¢, lr AogV Hw$_ma hÎXma H$m `h H$WZ R>rH$ hr h¢ oH$ ‡VrH$ ahm h°, Bgr g{ g•oÓQ> H{$ X{dVm ]´˜m Edß odÓUw VWm g_w– _{ß g{ CÀ[fi "Am‹`moÀ_H$ Vœ`m{ß H$m{ gabVm[yd©H$ grIZ{ Am°a g_PZ{ _{ß ‡VrH$-^mfm hm{Z{ dmbr b˙_r g{ BgH$m gÂ]›Y h¢& A[Z{ Í$[ Edß aßJm{ß H{$ H$maU H$_b AÀ`›V gab hm{Vr h¢&' Bg gabVm H{$ H$maU d{ g_mO [a Ï`m[H$ ‡^md l•ßJma H$m ‡VrH$ h°& g•oÓQ> H$r CÀ[oŒm AWdm Ob g{ gÂ]o›YV g^r X{dVmAm{ß S>mbZ{ _{ß g_W© hm{V{ h¢& H$m `h AmgZ ^r h¢& _‹`H$mbrZ `yam{[ _{ß `h H{$›– g{ gÂ]o›YV _mZm J`m h¢ & AV: ÙX` H$m ‡VrH$ ahm h°& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- d•j - ^r ‡VrH$ Í$[ _{ ‡`w∫$ hwE h¢& H{$oÎQ>H$ gßÒH•$oV _{ß Am{H$ d•j, 1. S>m∞. AJ´dmb oJ©amOoH$em{a : H$bm g_rjm : [•.H´$. 122, 123, 124 ÒH{$oS>Z{od`m H$m E{e d•j, O_©Zr _{ß Zr]y H$m d•j VWm ^maV _{ß dQ> Edß 2. H$bm gm°›X`© Am°a OrdZ [•.H´$ 367, 368 [r[b H{$ ‡oV _Z _{ß [odÃVm Edß gÂ_mZ H$m ode{f ^md ahVm h¢& [aÒ[a 3. H$bm gm°›X`© Am°a OrdZ [•.H´$ 368 CbPr hwB© emImAm{ß dmb{ d•j AWdm d•jm{ß g{ ob[Q>r bVmE± l•±Jma ‡VrH$ h¢& 4. S>m∞. AJ´dmb oJ©amOoH$em{a : H$bm g_rjm : [•.H´$. 124, 125, 126, 127 \y$bm{ß Edß \$bm{ß g{ `w∫$ d•j H$m_Zm Edß `m°dZ H$m{ gyoMV H$aVm h¢& H$oV[` 5. S>m∞. AJ´dmb oJ©amOoH$em{a : H$bm g_rjm : [•.H´$. 128 X°dr ‡VrH$m{ß - H{$ ¤mam ^r g•oÓQ> ahÒ`m{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r JB© 6. S>m∞. AJ´dmb oJ©amOoH$em{a : H$bm g_rjm : [•.H´$. 131, 132 h¢& _`m©Xm [wÍ$fm{Œmm_ am_ erb-eo∫$ VWm gm°›X`© H{$ ‡VrH$ h¢& lr H•$ÓU 7. S>m∞. AJ´dmb oJ©amOoH$em{a : H$bm g_rjm : [•.H´$. 135

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 166

e°b oMÃm{ß _{ß aßJm{ß H$m _hÀd

S>m∞. ZrVm Vm{_a * em{Y gmamße ñ oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg CVZm hr [wamZm H$hm Om gH$Vm h°, oOVZm _mZd H$m BoVhmg & _ZwÓ` Z{ oOg g_` ‡H•$oV H$r Jm{X _{ß Z{Ãm{›_rbZ oH$`m Cg g_` g{ hr CgZ{ oZ_m©U H{$ VmaVÂ` g{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m{ gwIr VWm g_•’ ]ZmZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r Am°a Bg oZ_m©U H{$ H$m`© H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ CgZ{ E{gr H•$oV`m{ß H$m g•OZ oH$`m Om{ CgH{$ OrdZ H$m{ gwIX Am°a gwMmÍ$ ]Zm gH{$ & Bgr g_` g{ _ZwÓ` H$r bobV ^mdZm ^r OmJ CR>r Am°a CgZ{ A[Zr _yH$ ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ AZJ∂T> [ÀWam{ß H{$ `›Ãm{ß VWm VyobH$m g{ ]Zr Q{>∂T>r-_{∂T>r a{ImH•$oV`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß Jw\$mAm{ß Am°a M≈mZm{ß H$r o^oŒm`m{ß [a AßoH$V H$a oX`m&1 CgZ{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$r H$m{_b ^mdZmAm{ß _{ß AmI{Q> H$r JoV Am°a [ewAm{ß H$r _Zm{hmar N>od H$m AZw^d oH$`m, oOgH$m{ CgZ{ aßJm{ß g{ gZr VyobH$m g{ Jw\$mAm{ß VWm M≈mZm{ß H$r H$R>m{a g_Vb oebmAm{ß [a Ca{h oX`m & CgZ{ Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ Yyo_b ‡H$me _{ß A[Z{ OrdZ H$r gag VWm gab Ao^Ï`o∫$ VyobH$m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ IwXar M≈mZm{ß, VWm Jw\$mAm{ß H$r Xrdmam{ß [a oMÃm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß AßoH$V H$a Xr &2

‡ÒVmdZm - e°bml`rZ oMÃH$bm _{ß aßJm{ß H$m AÀ`›V _hÀd h¢ & `{ oMÃ _{ß a{Im `m gr_m a{Im H$r ‡YmZVm h¢, Bg H$maU BZH$m{ a{Im-oMÃ _mZZm odo^fi ÒWbm{ß [a odo^fi aßJm{ß g{ ]Z{ ‡m· hm{V{ h° & AoYH$mßeV: EH$ oMÃ H{$ gßJV h¢ & AmH•$oV H$r gr_m a{Im H$m{ AoYH$mße oH$gr Zm{H$rb{ [ÀWa g{ ]ZmZ{ _{ß EH$ hr aßJ H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmZm ‡VrV hm{Vm h° & [a›Vw H$oV[` Im{XH$a ]Zm`m J`m h¢ oOgg{ dh dfm© H{$ Ob g{ Ywb Z Om`{ Am°a ÒWmB© oMÃm{ß H$m AßH$Z Xm{ aßJm{ß H{$ ¤mam ^r oH$`m J`m h¢ & ‡mH•$oVH$ Í$[ g{ AoYH$ ]Z{ ah{ & gm_m›`V`m Xm{ VrZ a{ImAm{ß g{ _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m gwb^ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU J°naH$ aßJ H$m ‡`m{J oMÃmßH$Z _{ß ]hwVm`V g{ oH$`m J`m h¢ Am°a H$^r-H$^r Mm°IyQ{> Y∂S> g{ _ZwÓ` AmH•$oV ]ZmB© JB© h¢ oOg_{ß J`m h¢& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ oMÃm{ß H{$ AßH$Z _{ß H$ÀWB©, Jham bmb, g\{$X, [rbm, H$^r oVaN>r Am°a H$^r [∂S>r a{Im`{ß â Xr JB© h¢& oMÃm{ß _{ß aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J ]°JßZr VWm H$mb{ aßJ H$m ‡`m{J ^r Ï`m[H$Vm g{ oH$`m J`m h¢& S>m∞. dmH$UH$a ]mb-gwb^ ‡H•$oV H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m J`m h¢& Z{ ^r_ ]°R>H$m _{ß hwE CÀIZZ _{ß h°_{Q>mBS> (bmb) aßJ H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` aßJ AmH•$oV H$m{ âZ{ H{$ obE YamVb [a aßJm{ß H$m{ g[mQ> bJm`m J`m h¢ & _¢JZrO, [rb{, J{Í$E d ha{ aßJ H{$ ‡`m{J H{$ ‡_mU [m`{ h¢ & [M_∂T>r Edß BZ oMÃm{ß _{ß gwJ_Vm g{ ‡m· IoZO aßJm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢& BZ aßJm{ß _{ß CgH{$ Amg[mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß g\{$X aßJ H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡`m{J oMÃm{ß H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ ‡YmZVm J{Í$, oham¢Or, am_aO, VWm Io∂S>`m H$m ‡`m{J h¢& BZ aßJm{ß H{$ obE oH$`m J`m h¢& o¤aßJr oMÃm{ß _{ß ‡m`: EH$ aßJ g{ [yaU VWm Xyga{ aßJ g{ AoVna∫$ amgmòZH$ aßJm{ß _{ß H$m{`bm H$m H$mOb H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢ & a{ImßH$Z oH$`m J`m o_bVm h¢& `{ aßJ g\{$X Edß bmb hr ‡_wIV: o_bV{ h¢& AoYH$mße AmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß grYr a{Im dH´$ Am°a Am`V AmoX ¡`mo_Vr` H$oV[` oMÃmßH$Z E{g{ ^r o_bV{ h¢ oOZ_{ß ]m¯ a{Im VWm AmßVnaH$ aßJ [yaU H{$ AmH$mam{ß H$m ‡`m{J h¢& AoYH$mße oMÃH$mar H{$ CXmhaU a{Im Am°a g[mQ> aßJm{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m AßbH$aU Zhr ßo_bVm h¢ & dV©_mZ _{ß MyaZm, ‡`m{J g{ ]Zm`{ J`{ h¢ o\$a ^r H$ht-H$ht Jm{bmB© H$m Am^mg hm{Vm h°&6 PbB©, ]m{XbKmQ>, PwZH$a Zmbm, ]ßoXZr, H$Zdma Edß [Zma[mbr H{$ e°boMÃm{ß oZÓH$f© - _mZd Z{ a{Im aßJ AmH$ma H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Zr ‡JoV, AmÀ_m Am°a _{ß g\{$X `m _Q>_°bm g\{$X aßJ H$m Ï`m[H$Vm g{ ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢ & H{$db `wJ H$m gX°d ÒdmJV VWm AßH$Z oH$`m h¢& Am°a gmW hr A[Z{ ^mdm{ß H$m{ JO [ÀWa e°bml` H{$ e°boMÃm{ß _{ß g\{$X aßJ H$m H$m{B© AßH$Z —oÓQ>Jm{Ma Zhr gabV_ Í$[m{ß aßJm{ß _{ß gßOm{`m h¢ Om{ ]mb-gwb^ ‡H•$oV H{$ gw›Xa CXmham ßhm{Vm h¢ & `hm∞ _mÃ bmb, J{Í$Am Edß H$ÀWB© aßJ H$m ‡`m{J AmoX_ H$bmH$mam{ß H$h{ Om gH$V{ h¢ BZ oMÃm{ß H$r gr_m a{Im`{ß JoVerb h¢, `⁄o[ `h oMÃ ¤mam oH$`m J`m h¢& H$oV[` oMÃmßH$Zm{ß _{ß Vm{ _mZd AmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ AßJm{ß, dÛm{ß, Agß`V Am°a gab h¢ & _mZd Z{ A[Z{ ^mdm{ß VWm X°oZH$ OrdZ H$m{ oebmAm{ß Am^yfUm{ß Edß eÛm{ß H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aZ{ H{$ obE C›h{ß bmb aßJ g{ AßbH•$V oH$`m [a oMoÃV H$a H$bm g_rjH$m{ß H$m{ em{Y H{$ obE odf` ‡XmZ oH$`m h¢& BZ J`m h¢ & oMÃm{ß H{$ AßH$Z _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ aßJ H$m hr ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢&3 oebml`m{ß H{$ oMÃm{ß H$r a{ImAm{ß Am°a aßJm{ß _{ß AmZ›X Am°a _›Ã-_wΩY H$a X{Z{ e°boMÃm{ß _{ß aßJ âZ{ _{ß oH$gr ode{f VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡`m{J Zht hwAm& H{$ g_ÒV JwU h¢& Hw$b o_bmH$a BZ oebm oMÃm{ß _{ß VyobH$m, aßJ, a{ImAm{ß H{$ AmoX_ oMÃm{ß _{ß J{Í$, am_aO d Io∂S>`m O°g{ aßJm{ß H$m ghO ‡`m{J hwAm h¢, [{∂S> _m‹`_ g{ ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ `wJ H{$ _mZd H$m gÂ[ym© BoVhmg gßoMV h¢ & H$r Q>hZr H$m{ Hy$Q>H$a, CgH$r VyobH$m ]ZmH$a aßJm{ß H$m{ \°$bmZ{ H{$ obE ‡`w∫$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- oH$`m J`m h¢&4 1. S>m∞. d_m© AodZme ]hmXwa : ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg : [•.H´$.10: oMÃ ‡m`: bmb (J{Í$ Eßd oham¢Or) H$mb{, (H$m{`bm `m H$mOb), ‡H$meH$ : ‡H$me ]wH$ oS>[m{, ]a{br & 000 g\{$X Io∂S>`m aßJmß{ g{ ]Z{ h¢& BZ aßJm{ß H$m{ V°`ma H$aZ{ Edß BÒV{_mb H$aZ{ g{ 2. S>m∞. d_m© AodZme ]hmXwa : ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg : [•.H´$.12: [yd© B›h{ß [ewAm{ß H$r M]r© _{ß o_bm`m OmVm Wm & VyobH$m oH$gr a{e{Xma ‡H$meH$ : ‡H$me ]wH$ oS>[m{, ]a{br & bH$∂S>r, ]m∞g `m ZaHw$b AmoX H$m{ EH$ oga{ g{ Hy$Q>H$a ]Zm`r OmVr Wr Am°a 3. S>m∞. am`∂OmX AOrV : hm{eßJm]mX H{$ e°b oMÃ : [•.H´$. 39, 40 : ‡H$meH$: [ewAm{ß H{$ [w∆{ H$r h»r H$r fl`mbr aßJ Km{bZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$m_ _{ß br OmVr Wr &5 Ama.H{$. [o„beg© oXÑr& 4. dgr_ E_. : oMÃH$bm : [•.H´$. 57 : ‡H$meH$ : C[H$ma ‡H$meZ: AmJam oMÃm{ß H{$ g_ÒV CXmhaU bmb, H$mb{ `m [rb{ Am°a g\{$X aßJm{ß g{ ]Z{ h¢& 5. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ naVm : ^maVr` oMÃH$bm Edß _yoV©H$bm H$m BoVhmg : [•.H´$. `h oMÃ M≈mZm{ß H$r Xrdmam{ß, Jw\$mAm{ß H{$ \$em}, oôŒm`m{ß `m N>Vm{ß _{ß ]Zm`{ J`{ 26: ‡H$meH$: amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa & h¢ & AZ{H$ oMÃ ‡ÒVa oebmAm{ß [a ^r ‡m· hw`{ h¢& M≈mZm{ß H$r IwaXar Xrdmam{ß 6. S>m∞. d_m© AodZme ]hmXwa : ^maVr` oMÃH$bm H$m BoVhmg : [•.H´$. 20, [a bmb (J{Í$ `m oham¢Or) H$mb{ (H$m{`bm, H$mOb `m H$mobI) `m g\{$X 21 : ‡H$meH$ : ‡H$me ]wH$ oS>[m{, ]a{br & (Io∂S>`m) aßJm{ß H$m{ [ew H$r M]r© _{ß o_bmH$a `h oMÃ ]Zm`{ J`{ h¢& BZ oMÃm{ß * AoVoW od¤mZ (oMÃH$bm od^mJ) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡``` Edß odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 167

The Role of Science in Literature with special reference to English Fiction

* Dr Rajkumari Sudhir

Abstract - Indian English novel has gone through a lot of transformation from its initial days to the present times and has attained a whole new intensity in terms of concept, marketing, presentation, business and impact on the Indian culture. Literature has a wide connotation. Henry Hallam imagines that literature comprises of jurisprudence, theology and even medicine. Even a liberal critic would think twice before admitting science into literature. There are also thinkers who held extreme views like Bendetto Crook. He passed a statement of scathing criticism on the die-hard scientists. He strongly believed that:Scientific discoveries are not the light of truth, that truth alone which enlightens and fortifies, the truth which is good for the soul and which scientists and inventors do not give us, but only the geniuses of religion, philosophy and poetry, be they called Jesus of Nazareth, Socrates, Homer or Shakespeare. The discoveries of natural science as Bacon believed, do, indeed, increase man’s command over things, that is the power of his hands, but not of his soul (Dowden).

Introduction - Science has its influence on all the aspects for the laws and principles governing the formation of material of man and his life. Literature also is not left out from the objects and material forces, though its researches have now impact of science and the changes it has brought about in taken it to the borderline where the material opens out into man’s life. Indian English literature especially fiction has more subtler domains of reality. Literary fiction is an effort to also come under the influence of science. capture the deeper realities of life by focusing not only on Literature has a wide connotation. Henry Hallam material facts, moral principles and mental ideas, but by imagines that literature comprises of jurisprudence, theology portraying the chains of action and reaction among and and even medicine. Even a liberal critic would think twice between individuals, society, the forces of nature and in some before admitting science into literature. But it is an instances the subtle forces of other planes. Thoughts, beliefs, understatement to confess that one is a stranger to science. opinions, attitudes, emotions, sentiments, impulses, How can a man of letters remain untouched and uninfluenced desires, aspirations, anxieties, fears and cravings expressed by the progress of science? The history of literature, however, in action are the stuff of literature. Literature focuses on the tells a different story, although scientists and literary men meeting point between inner subjective intention and material have often failed to share a common platform. We are at the and social results in the external world of living beings, cross roads of history. We have passed through so many between thought and action, between cause and revolutions of ideas, and yet we feel that the revolutions are consequence, between human character and the character not revolutionary enough. There have been extreme views of life. held both by men of literature and scientists against each There are also others who have positively looked up on other. There are also thinkers who held extreme views like the influence of science on fiction. They accept that science Bendetto Crook. He passed a statement of scathing criticism has brought about revolutionary changes in our pattern of on the die-hard scientists. He strongly believed that: life and behaviour. The scientific enquiry of Newton, Colin Scientific discoveries are not the light of truth, that truth Maclawin, Thomas Simpson, John Michell, Henry Cavendish, alone which enlightens and fortifies, the truth which is good Joseph Priestley, and William Herschel, and others have for the soul and which scientists and inventors do not give widened our knowledge of natural phenomena. The Victorian us, but only the geniuses of religion, philosophy and poetry, Age marked the beginning of a new chapter in the life of be they called Jesus of Nazareth, Socrates, Homer or Europe. Educated people sought explanation of things in Shakespeare. The discoveries of natural science as Bacon physical terms. Such investigations had invariably made an believed, do, indeed, increase man’s command over things, impact upon literature. As a result of the influence of science, that is the power of his hands, but not of his soul (Dowden). we have a separate genre in the field of fiction viz., science Science and literature are not antagonistic, although fiction. John Huntington opines: their advocates feel shy of each other. Indian novelists also If science fiction gives the impression of facing the acknowledge their indebtedness to science and the wonderful unknown future with daring and foresight, it is seldom development that is taking place around us. Science focuses because it really imagines a new future in any radical way, primarily and most successfully on physical facts in search or because it forecasts change with any certainty or *** Asst.Professor (English) Govt.Sarojini Naidu Girls P.G. College, Bhopal (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 168 precision, but because, by relying on traditional literary imagination of Daniel De Foe. Mary Shelley’s Franken Stein conventions and forms, and by repeating historical and can be, in a sense, considered as the first specimen of psychological patterns from the past, it manages to Science Fiction in English language. The ball was set rolling domesticate the future to render it habitable and, in spite of by De Foe and Mary Shelley and a large number of novelists a somewhat strange surface, basically familiar (Sahni 306). followed in their footsteps with unequal success. Science The impact of the vast and ever widening store of knowledge fiction, by and large, have grown form an idea of progress. was writ large in every sphere of literature. But even before Science has done immense good to humanity. It has the investigation into natural phenomena, man looked far ameliorated human suffering. Science fiction is the forth into the future and dreamt fantastic dreams. Science celebration of the new knowledge that is placed at man’s fiction, strictly speaking has roots deep in tradition. It was disposal. Science fiction is as much a question as an answer. in the eighteenth century that science and technology made The answers in most cases are vague. It is a clear indication a dent into the static life of man, who still hugged their fond of the fact that man no longer likes to remain an unreasoning, belief that man could do nothing before the mighty forces of unthinking and unquestioning being. Nature. They had a calm and quiet resignation to Nature, and could not even dream of the rapid strides of science, References - which shook the world in an unimaginably short time. 1. D’haen, Theo and Iannis Goerlandr, eds. Literature for Science, no doubt, clips our imagination, for it fosters the Europe? New York: European Science Foundation, spirit of reason. It sounds paradoxical but the fact remains 2009. Google Books. Web.12 Oct.2012. that science widens our imagination. 2. Lem, Stanislaw. Microworlds: Writings on Science The idea of progress and a desire to overcome the Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Franz Rottensteiner. New York: physical limitations and conquer the unconquerable posed Harcourt Brace and Company, 1984. Google great challenge before man. His desire to plant his feet on Books.Web.18Aug.2012. the virgin soil, on the planets and satellites began to gain 3. Sahani,C.L.and J.N. Mundra.Advanced Literary Essays. momentum with the possibilities presented by science. So Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, 1963. Original from – long at the mercy of nature, he was now prepared to accept The University of Virginia. Digitized – 17 Dec 2010. the challenges posed by nature and began to seek supremacy Books. google.co.in. Web. 05 Aug. 2011. in every sphere. 4. Science Fiction. Encyclopeadia Britannica Online. When we turn the pages of the history of literature we Encylopeadia Britannica, 2012. Web. 10 Aug. 2012. find that the nineteenth century literature is a literature of 5. Science Fiction. Project Gutenberg. Gutenberg.Org, change. The onus for these new phenomena can be 2012. Web.22 Aug. 2012. attributed to the explosive growth of science. Explorers like 6. Science Fiction. Wikipedia Encyclopeadia. Wikipeadia. Dampier, Knox, Le Comte, Hakluyt, etc. have fired the Org. Web.07 Sept. 2012.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 169

Conservation Of Depleting Resources In India

* V.M. Audichya Introduction - The present concern for preservation and land and silting of rivers. These are some of the examples of conservation of depleting natural resources arises from the the wastage of natural resources whose recompansation is hazardous impact on environment because of human actions. beyond our power. Human demands are increasingly day by day with the growth In India nearly 74.8.m hectares of area is occupied by of population .Our resources are limited to meet such forest, which are important components of our environment increased demands in this modern materialistic age. As early and economy. Besides they check soil erosion, landslides, as in 1798, Thomas Malthus in his book ‘Essay on air pollution and attract rainfall as well. Along with the Population’ had predicted that human population would explosive increase in human and live stock population, the grow more rapidly than its food supply. It is evident that the increase in demand of timber, fuel, and the forest continuous earth has its own definite limits of productivity and tolerance to be cut down. The construction of roads on mountains, towards pollutants. Reckless and regular exploitation of establishment of mines and industries in forest regions has natural resources is causing serious impact on the purity of also led to the rapid cutting down of the forests. As a result environment. We are facing many problems due to over- of deforestation there is great increase in soil erosion and population, destruction and degradation of wildlife habitats, landslides. In India average 6000 million tones of upper soil depletion and contaminated surface and ground water, is eroded by water every year. Due to lack of vegetation depletion of non-renewable fuels or minerals, deforestation, cover on the top soil, there is change in the local climate soil erosion, loss of biodiversity due to species extinction, which is responsible for desertification. conversion of productive crop lands and grassing lands to Soil is the basic natural resources. The detachment deserts, desertification, etc. and transportation of soil particles from their original place The Resources are utilized for survival and flourishing. to another place by water, wind, snow and gravity results in They are present in our environment, so any part in our soil erosion. The quantity of Nitrogen (N2), Phosphorus (P) environment e.g. land, water, air, minerals, forests, wildlife, and Potassium (K) is swept up along with soil is almost or even man that one can utilize for promoting one’s welfare, double of the fertilizer production of our country every year. come under the category of natural resources. Nature takes about 400 years to form 1cm thick layer of soil Some resources are exhausted on utilization while and only one year is sufficient to destroy it. others last for a long period. On this basis these resources Three fourth part of earth is submerged under water but have been divided into two types Renewable and Non- this entire water is not useful for us 97% of total water is Renewable resources. Renewable resources can be renewed present in oceans is useless as it is salty, about 2% water along with their utilization. For e.g. plants, domestic and is available in the form of snow and 1% in rivers, lakes, wild animals, the water obtained through water cycle etc. ponds, most of the terrestrial organisms depend on 1% of Non-Renewable resources are those which cannot be water.60 % of water is utilized in industries for production of reestablished or renewed practically like minerals, coal, and electricity . It’s demand is increasing day by day with increase mineral oil etc. Formation of such resources takes several in population. It will not be wrong to say that quantity of thousand years, therefore if they are utilized on a very large available water per individual is decreasing with the increase scale; they will deplete fast and cannot be replaced. Soil for in population. In addition to this wastage of water is done by e.g. is such a resource that can be kept functional by proper man very much. With increasing industrialization there is management but its fertility is depleted by over-exploitation. continuous increase in polluted water. Due to percolation of It is paradoxical that the man who needs the polluted water in the earth, soil water is also getting polluted. environment most is destroying its sanctity and purity for The consumption of minerals such as iron, copper, lead, tin present monetary gains and endangers his own future and mineral oils is increasing so much that in near future generations. The record of the human wastage of the natural they will be eliminated from earth. resources is black. The occasional killing of grazers, the India is the world’s seventh largest energy consumer. blind destruction of whales, the excessive catching of fresh Coal is the primary fuel for thermal power plants while water and marine fishes, the extinction of birds, the cutting gasoline and diesel are primary fuels for vehicular transport. thousand square miles of forests, the burning of forests by There is also limited usage of natural gas. India has 85.4 fire, pollution of rivers by sewage water, industrial and million tones of coal, 0.3 billion tones of oil and 243.4 billion agricultural products, careless farming etc. have resulted meters of gas at its disposal.There is no doubt we have into wastage of thousands of square miles of agricultural become self reliant in food production to great extent but *** Asst. Prof. (English) Govt. College, Dhana, Distt.Sagar (M.P) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 170 this fact cannot be ignored that the green revolution through Though the Government is quite serious in protecting the industrialized agriculture involves huge amount of fuels, and environment yet it is duty of every industrialist and every chemicals in the form of fertilizers, pesticides and citizen to understand the necessity of preserving nature not weedicides, which is the chief cause of environmental only for ourselves but for future generations also. In our pollution and it has also decreased the nutritious value of country, the Supreme Court has also played a very crucial the food products. role in preventing the pollution in the cities and preserving There may be slight hesitation in calling agriculture the forests. ‘Spine of India’ yet this fact cannot be denied that 60% people The following steps may be taken for conservation of depend on agriculture. Ironically our agriculture is facing our natural resources and protect our environment. crisis due to drastic changes in ecology. 1. Preserving Biodiversity and protecting the soil. According to our agriculture scientists’ coal, petroleum 2. Saving energy and reducing outdoor air pollutants. products and natural gases emit 2 crore ton C02 daily, which 3. Reducing exposure to indoor pollutants. increase temperature of the earth. It is being predicted that 4. Saving water. in the coming future temperature of the earth will rise from 5. Reducing water pollution. 1.8 to 4.0. degree centigrade. As the whole world is about to 6. Reducing solid waste and hazardous waste. be transformed into ashes. Naturally it will affect our 7. Communicating with elected officials. agriculture and greenery. In protecting our natural resources, there should be use of Due to change in timing of seasonal crops, quality and alternative or non-conventional energy sources like hydrogen production has been adversely affected. There is imminent solar energy and gobar gasses etc. Natural minerals and danger of Global Warming on horticulture as well. As per building material should be used reasonably. Biological study of National Science Academy if quantity of C02 is manures should be used in agriculture. The forests should doubled in atmosphere, at least five kinds of cancer blooms be saved and at least 10% of the total available land should will be extinct by next century. It is true that plants intake be implanted with new trees. The valuable components of Co2 but its growing level has led to reduction in production nature like soil, water should not be polluted. up to 20% in wild flowers and 8% in total biodiversity. Last Above all we should think about our future generations, year Agriculture Scientists were stunned to notice that minimize our needs and stop exploiting our natural resources Rhododendron flower of the Himalayan region which used to mercilessly. bloom in March, bloomed 45 days earlier this year. Climate India has contributed several 167 plant species like rice, change is not only destroying flowers but is also responsible sugarcane, millets, pulses etc. to the world agriculture. for receding fragrance in them. However subsistence agriculture known as rain fed Changing ecology has affected adversely the wheat crop agriculture involving poor and asset less far over has also to in many countries. Recently International Rice Research be improved and sustained. Centre’s scientists have introduced two genes to make rice Regenerability of renewable resources must not be nutritious; these are responsible for formation of impaired and technologies using these resources must be betaKerotine. Sugar free rice and rice having less GI is also environment friendly. Non-renewable resources must be being produced. Similarly, through hydroponic agriculture recycled with minimum amount of waste and eco degradation. on roof plants are prepared. A sick earth system will lead to sick environment therefore: According to Forest research institute Kanpur, we have 1. People must inculcate a love for earth and its life support made progress in the country in the field of Tissue Culture system such as air, water, land, soil, and forests but we are still lagging far behind in preparing the clone of including flora and fauna. Every person should learn to the plants. We will have to work very hard in this direction take care of the local environment and never damage it. because many plants are getting destroyed very rapidly. The 2. People must exercise population control willingly and uncontrolled use of VD seed, pesticide and fertilizers will its stabilization at the level of caring capacity. put an end to our greenery. 3. Whatever damage occurs during development, the These examples help in explaining why most people must owe responsibility to restore degraded environmental scientists believe that over the next few ecosystems and protect those that are endangered on decades, the danger of degradation and depletion is greatest other accounts. for potentially renewable resources, these non renewable 4. As the resources of the earth are limited , people must resources (except for petroleum and some minerals) we willingly set a limit to its requirements for sustenance, cannot find economically and environmentally acceptable need and comfort, and must not use resources with an substitutes. element of greed and luxury. The best way for the benefit of human society is the References - thoughtful conservation of our natural resources. Conservation 1. Anjaneyulu.Y : ‘Introduction to Environmental Science’ does not literally mean accumulation, nor does it mean that 2. Awasthy J.K. : ‘Environmental Biology and Evolution’ the resources may not be used nor does it mean control 3. Dainik Bhaskar.com over the supplies. Its appropriate meaning is to ensure the 4. Khoshoo T.N.: ‘Towards Sustainable Development In India’ continuous production of valuable plants and other useful 5. Pratiyogita Darpan: Magazine matters and their judicious utilization as per requirement. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 171

AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m ÒdÍ$[ : ‡{_MßX H$m gmohÀ` Am°a g_mO

S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a * em{Y gmamße ñ BßgmZr XwnZ`m H{$ AmnW©H$ em{fU H$m H$Ém nM∆m Im{bZ{ dmb{ nh›Xr b{IH$m{ß _{ß ‡{_MßX H$m Zm_ gdm}[na h° & _mZdr` em{fU H{$ Bgr AmnW©H$ ÒdÍ$[ Z{ ‡{_MßX H$m{ g]g{ AnYH$ Ï`nWV nH$`m Wm & Bgr g{ CZH{$ b{IZ H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m H$maH$ ^r `hr ahm h°& ‡{_MßX Z{ AmnW©H$ em{fU H{$ nOVZ{ Í$[ X{I{ , C›h{ß [yar gÉmB© H{$ gmW nbIm Am°a [ya{ gmhg H{$ gmW H$hm & BgnbE nH$ bm{J OmZ{ - g_P{ nH$ em{fU H{$ g^r Í$[ nH$gr ^r —nÓQ> g{ _mZdr` Zht h¢ , g_mO Am°a amÓQ≠> E{g{ em{fU g{ ]M{ß Am°a A[Zr e{f gßd{XZmAm{ß H$m{ gßOm{H$a gwI-emßoV ‡{_ g{ OrE & b{oH$Z I{X oH$ E{gm Zht hm{ gH$m&AmoW©H$ em{fU H$aZ{ dmbr g_´m¡`dmXr VmH$V{ß , Om{ o]´oQe H$mb _{ß ‡]b Wr, amÓQ≠>m{ß Am°a Zm_m{ß H{$ [nadV©Z H{$ gmW AmO ^r od⁄_mZ h¢& ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡{_MßX Z{ A[Z{ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß AmoW©H$ em{fU H{$ oOZ ÒdÍ$[m{ß AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m ÒdÍ$[ (VarH$m)

H$m{ Im{bm h° ,Wm{∂S{> g{ [nadV©Z H{$ gmW oH$›Vw _ybV: d{ hr ÒdÍ$[ AmO ^r o_bV{ h¢ & ‡{_MßX h_mam ‹`mZ Bg [yar lß•Ibm H$r Am{a oXbmV{ h¢, Om{ em{fU Ï`dÒWm A‡À`j Í$[ g{ ‡À`j Í$[ g{ g{ H$∂S>r Xa H$∂S>r Ow∂S>r hwB© Wr & o]óQ>e hwHy$_V AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m H{$›– Wr Om{ o]óQe hwHy$_V amOmAm{ß H$m em{fU H$aVr Wr & amOm ,O_rXmam{ß H$m ,O_tXma- H$mna›Xm{ß Am°a H$moa›X{ ñ Xbmb AoYH$mar dJ© Xbmbm{ß H$m VWm Xbmb oH$gmZm{ß Am°a _OXyam{ß H$m em{fU H$aV{ W{& E{O{›Q>≤g òX h_ ‡{_M›X `wJrZ Edß dV©_mZ AmoW©H$ em{fU H{$ ÒdÍ$[ [a odMma OZVm AoYZÒW Edß AmolV H$a{ß Vm{ ]hwV g{ g_mZ oHß$Vw Jß^ra Vœ` gm_Z{ AmV{ h¢& o]óQ>e hwHy$_V _{ß ^maVr` amOm amOm Am°a O_tXma AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ gÂ[fi hm{V{ hwE ^r ]∂S>r X`Zr` oÒWoV _{ß W{& CZH$r Xem o[ßO∂S{> _{ß ]›X [jr H$r Vah Wr & o]óQ>e EO{›Q>≤g amOm Am°a O_tXma O_tXma g{ H$ht ¡`mXm AoYH$ma eo∫$ gÂ[fi W{ & R>rH$ E{gr hr Xem AmO gm_´m¡`dmXr VmH$Vm{ß H$r _w«r _{ß ]ßX amÓQ≠>m{ß H$r h° & H$mna›X{ - Xbmb A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _w–m H$m{f VWm odÌd EH$ J´m_ H$r _Ywa H$Î[Zm H{$ [rN{> H{$ H$Sw>E| gM H$m Oha [rZ{ H$m{ AmO AZ{H$ amÓQ≠> odde hm{ MwH{$ h¢ & ]mOma Ï`dÒWm g{ Ow∂S>Z{ oH$gmZ - _OXya H$r oddeVm VWm odÌdH$m{f H{$ Hý$a oZ`_m{ß g{ ]ßY{ amÓQ≠> AmO _w∫$ hm{Z{ H$m{ N>Q>[Q>m dV©_mZ gßX^© _{ß òX Bg —oÓQ> g{ ÒdÍ$[ [a odMma H$a{ß Vm{ oMÃ ah{ h¢& AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m `h XwÌMH´$ ‡{_MßX H{$ O_mZ{ g{ b{H$a AmO VH$ oZaßVa A[Zr _yb g_Ò`m H{$ gmW Hw$N> Bg ‡H$ma CâVm h° :- ]∂T>Vr odH•$oV`mß H{$ gmW _m°OyX h° & oejm Am°a VH$ZrH$ H{$ ]∂T>V{ XwÓ‡`m{J g{ `{ odH•$oV`mß AZ{H$ ‡MobV Í$[m{ß _{ß COmJa hm{ ahr h° Om{ oMßVZr` h° & A‡À`j em{fU ‡À`j em{fU [naM` - BßgmZr XwnZ`m H{$ AmnW©H$ em{fU H$m H$Ém nM∆m Im{bZ{ dmb{ nh›Xr b{IH$m{ß _{ß ‡{_MßX H$m Zm_ gdm}[na h° & _mZdr` em{fU H{$ Bgr AmnW©H$ ÒdÍ$[ Z{ g_´m¡`dmXr VmH$V{ß AoYH$mar dJ© _hmOZr Ï`dÒWm ‡{_MßX H$m{ g]g{ AnYH$ Ï`nWV nH$`m Wm & Bgr g{ CZH{$ b{IZ H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m H$maH$ ^r `hr ahm h°& ‡{_MßX Z{ AmnW©H$ em{fU H{$ nOVZ{ Í$[ X{I{ , C›h{ß [yar amÓQ≠>m{ß H$r gaH$ma{ß AoYZÒW, AmolV Jar] , _OXya gÉmB© H{$ gmW nbIm Am°a [ya{ gmhg H{$ gmW H$hm & BgnbE nH$ bm{J OmZß{ - g_Pß{ nH$ em{fU H{$ g^r Í$[ nH$gr ^r —nÓQ> g{ _mZdr` Zht h¢ , g_mO Am°a amÓQ≠> H{$›– am¡` E{g{ em{fU g{ ]M{ß Am°a A[Zr e{f gßd{XZmAm{ß H$m{ gßOm{H$a gwI-emßoV ‡{_ g{ OrE & b{oH$Z I{X oH$ E{gm Zht hm{ gH$m&AmoW©H$ em{fU H$aZ{ dmbr g_´m¡`dmXr OZVm VmH$V{ß , Om{ o]óQ>e H$mb _{ß ‡]b Wt , amÓQ≠>m{ß Am°a Zm_m{ß H{$ [nadV©Z H{$ gmW AmO ‡ÒVwV gßH{$V oMÃmß{ H{$ AmYma [a òX h_ ‡{_M›X `wJrZ Edß dV©_mZ ^r od⁄_mZ h¢& AmoW©H$ em{fU H{$ ÒdÍ$[ [a odMma H$a{ß Vm{ ]hwV g{ g_mZ oHß$Vw Jß^ra Vœ` ‡{_MßX Z{ A[Z{ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß AmoW©H$ em{fU H{$ oOZ ÒdÍ$[m{ß H$m{ Im{bm gm_Z{ AmV{ h¢& o]óQ>e hwHy$_V _{ß ^maVr` amOm Am°a O_tXma AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ h° ,Wm{∂S{> g{ [nadV©Z H{$ gmW oH$›Vw _ybV: d{ hr ÒdÍ$[ AmO ^r o_bV{ h¢ & ‡{_MßX gÂ[fi hm{V{ hwE ^r ]∂S>r X`Zr` oÒWoV _{ß W{ & CZH$r Xem o[ßO∂S{> _{ß ]›X [jr H$r h_mam ‹`mZ Bg [yar lß•Ibm H$r Am{a oXbmV{ h¢, Om{ em{fU Ï`dÒWm g{ H$∂S>r Xa Vah Wr & o]óQ>e EO{›Q>≤g amOm Am°a O_rXma g{ H$ht ¡`mXm AoYH$ma eo∫$ H$∂S>r Ow∂S>r hwB© Wr & o]óQ>e hwHy$_V AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m H{$›– Wr Om{ amOmAm{ß H$m gÂ[fi W{ & "aßJ^yo_' H$m ∑bH©$, gm{o\$`m H$m{ `hr ]VmVm h° oH$ "E{O{›Q>≤g H{$ em{fU H$aVr Wr & amOm ,O_rXmam{ß H$m ,O_tXma- H$mna›Xm{ß Am°a Xbmbm{ß H$m VWm AoYH$ma ]∂S{> hm{V{ h¢& CgH$m AoYH$ma gd©Ã `hmß VH$ oH$ amOm H{$ _hb H{$ AßXa Xbmb oH$gmZm{ß Am°a _OXyam{ß H$m em{fU H$aV{ W{& AmoW©H$ em{fU A_y_Z Xm{ ^r hm{Vm h° & dh amOm H{$ ImZ{ - [rZ{, gm{Z{,Amam_ H$aZ{ H$m g_` VH$ oZ`V H$a VarH$m{ß g{ hm{Vm Wm - gH$Vm h° & amOm oH$gg{ o_b{, oH$gg{ Xya ah{ ,oH$gH$m AmXa H$a{ß ,oH$gH$r Adh{bZm * ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 172

H$a{ ...... `hmß VH$ oH$ dh amOm H{$ oddmh H$m ^r oZÌM` H$aVm h° ]g `{ g_Pm{ OZVm H{$ ajH$ H{$ ÒWmZ [a ^jH$ dmbm Í$[ ‡{_MßX `wJ H{$ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h° & dh na`mgV H$m IwXm hm{Vm h°& ' ‡{_ml_ H{$ am` gmh] H{$ Bg H$WZ g{ oH$"gaH$ma "‡{_ml_' _{ß bJmZ dgybr H{$ g_` [wobg H$mnaßXm{ H$r ghm`Vm H$aVr h° ^rfU A[Zm _Vb] oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE h_{ß BbmH{$ H$m _mobH$ H$hVr h° & Bg na`mgV Z{ J_r© _{ß O] gmd©OoZH$ Vmbm] H{$ [mZr [a Jm°a Imß ¤mam bJmB© JB© am{H$ H$m h_{ß odbmgr,Ambgr Am°a A[mohO ]Zm oX`m h° & A] h_ oH$gr H$m_ H{$ Zht ah{' gw∑Iy Mm°Yar odam{Y H$aVm h° Vm{ [wobg Cg{ H$m{H$rZ aIZ{ H{$ PyR{> Amam{[ _{ß O_rXmam{ß H$r X`Zr` oÒWoV H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ hm{Vr h° & R>rH$ E{gr hr Xem AmO oJa‚Vma H$a b{Vr h° & AmoW©H$ bm^ H{$ obE Ym{Im - \$a{],agrXm{ß _{ h{am \{$ar H$r gm_´m¡`dmXr VmH$Vm{ß H$r _w«r _{ß ]ßX amÓQ≠>m{ß H$r h° & A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _w–m H$m{f VWm ‡d•oŒm BßgmZr AmMaU H$m Am_ ohÒgm h° & AmO H{$ [nad{e _{ß oO›h{ß F$U oX`m odÌd EH$ J´m_ H$r _Ywa H$Î[Zm H{$ [rN{> H{$ H$Sw>E gM H$m Oha [rZ{ H$m{ AmO OmVm h°, C›h{ß oXE OmZ{ dmb{ F$U \$m_© _{ß obIr eV~ BVZr KZr- ]marH$ Ajam{ß AZ{H$ amÓQ≠> odde hm{ MwH{$ h¢ & ]mOma Ï`dÒWm g{ Ow∂S>Z{ H$r oddeVm VWm _{ß hm{Vr h° oH$ [∂T>Z{ H$r oOkmgm hr X] OmVr h° & [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ Xmd{ H$r oÒWoV odÌdH$m{f H{$ Hý$a oZ`_m{ß g{ ]ßY{ amÓQ≠> AmO _w∫$ hm{Z{ H$m{ N>Q>[Q>m ah{ h¢& [a Xya - _{ß H$Â[Zr ¤mam C›ht oZ`_m{ß g{ hdmbm X{H$a, bm^ C∂R>mV{ hwE F$U oH$gmZ H$m{ Xya VH$ CZH{$ H$R>m{a ]ßYZ IwbZ{ H{$ H$m{B© Amgma Zht oXIV{ & AodH$ogV Am°a ]Vm`m OmVm Wm "EH$ Í$[`m ZOamZ{ H$m, EH$ Vhara H$m, EH$ H$mJO H$m, EH$ odH$mgerb X{em{{ß _{ß A[Zr _ZMmhr ^yo_ [a _ZMmhm C⁄m{J bJdm H$a , X{em{ß H{$ XÒVyar H$m, Bg Vah [mßM Í$[`{ H$mQ> ob`{ JE h¢& [mßM Í$[`{ XÒVmd{O H{$ H$mQ>Z{ YZ Am°a ÒdmÒœ` H$m AoYH$moYH$ em{fU gm_´m¡`dmXr VmH$V{ß V{Or g{ H$a aht H{$ ]mX [mßM Í$[`{ VwÂh{ oX`{ JE h¢ß,b{oH$Z obIm [∂T>r _{ß CYmar Vm{ Xg Í$[`{ H$r h¢& VH$ZrH$, B©YZ Am°a _erZ,CÀ[mXm{ß H$m{ OÍ$aV _ßX X{emß{ VH$ [hwßMmZ{ H$r hr obIm Xr OmVr h° & "AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m oXb XhbmZ{ dmbm oMÃU ‡{_MßX H$r _Z_mZr H$r_V{ß X{Z{ , T{>a gma{ ‡oV]ßYm{ H$m{ ÒdrH$maZ{ H{$ ogdm BZ X{em{ß H{$ [mg —oÓQ> oMßVZ H$m EH$ [j h° oOgH$m{ C›hmß{Z{ `Wm Adga oMoÃV oH$`m h°& dV©_mZ Am°a H$m{B© Mmam Zht h°& em{fU H{$ od–yV_ ÒdÍ$[ `mZr ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ H$^r IÀ_ Z hm{Z{ dmbm _mZH$a, ‡{_MßX `wJrZ g_mO _{ß amOm, O_tXma CÀgdm{ß _•À`w^m{O AmoX H{$ g_` CgH{$ odam{Y H{$ ÒWmZ [a Cg{ OrdZ e°br H$m AßJ ]Zm ob`m J`m h° ,O]oH$ Jar]m{ß ,XobVm{ß H$m em{fU H$a Ï`dÒWm H$m{ AßOm_ X{V{ W{ & E{g{ Am`m{OZm{ß H$m ‡{_MßX H{$ g_` oJZ{ -MwZ{ hr ghr ,AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m odam{Y H$aZ{ dmb{ [mÃ AoVna∫$ Ï`` OZVm ododY Í$[m{ß _{ß AXm H$aVr Wr& "H$m`mH$Î[' H{$ amOm AdÌ`H$ gm_Z{ AmV{ h¢& odembogßh H{$ oVbH$m{Àgd [a XrdmZ gbmh X{Vm h° oH$ "_{ar am` _{ß Amgmo_`mß{ `h ]mV AbJ h° oH$ CZH{$ odam{Y H{$ Òda H$m{ AmVßH$ g{ X]m oX`m OmVm [a ‡oV hb H{$ [rN{> Xg Í$[`{ MßXm bJm oX`m Om`{&hwOya Amgmo_`m{ß H$m{ oOVZm h° & Om{ em{fU H{$ odam{Y _{ß{ H$mZyZ ]YmaVm h°, hrb{ -hdmb{ H$aVm h° Cg [a Jar] g_PV{ h¢ , d{ CVZ{ Jar] h¢ Zht & EH$ -EH$ AmX_r b∂S>H{$ b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r oVJwZr Mm°JwZr Zmobf R>m{ßH$ Xr OmVr h°, ]mH$r ZwH$gmZ AbJ & "od‹dßg'H$r emXr _{ß hOmam{ß Í$[`{ C∂S>m X{V{ h¢& dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm H$m [na—Ó` C[`w©∫$ oÒWoV g{ gßVmZhrZ ^wZJr O_tXma H{$ M[amgr H{$ [yN>Z{ [a oH$ ì ∑`m{ß ar XmZ{ ^wZ J`{ ? Hw$N> o^fi Zht h° &bm{H$VßÃ H{$ AoYH$ma gß[fi Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ gÂ_mZ g_mam{h CÀgdm{ß "Òdmo^_mZ g{ Odm] X{Vr h° ' ^yZ Vm{ aht hyß...... [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ^m∂S> Im{X Xr Am`m{OZm{ß _{ß Ï`` H{$ AßYmYwßY amoe H$r AXm`Jr OZVm A‡À`j H$am{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß OmVr h° , Pm{[∂S>r _{ß AmJ bJm Xr OmVr h° V] ^wZJr Cgr AmJ _{ß Hy$XH$a ‡mU H$a ahr h° & AZ{H$ ]ma Hw$N> EH$ AoYH$ma gÂ[fim{ß ¤mam o]Zm H$r_V MwH$mE X{ XVr h°& ‡{_ml_ H$m M{Vy O] VrW©`mÃm H{$ obE hb [rN{> [mßM Í$[`m MßXm bJmE dÒVwAm{ß H$m C[^m{J H$aZ{ H{$ —Ì` Am_Vm°a [a X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h° & OmZ{ H$m odam{Y H$aVm h° Vm{ Cg{ BVZm AoYH$ [rQ>m OmVm h° oH$ dh _a OmVm h°& [yßOrdmXr XwÓ‡^md H$m{ ‡{_MßX Z{ g_` ahV{ X{I ob`m Wm&[naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ "‡{_ml_' H{$ hr [wobg H{$ Xm{ og[mhr XwIaZ ^JV H$m{ Q{>oZg H$m{Q©> H$r Kmg N>rbZ{ C›hm{Z{ XobVm{ß _OXyam{ß H$m{ H$bh, AemßoV, am{J, AY_© Am°a XwÏ`©gZm{ß H$m oeH$ma H$m{ ]m‹` H$aV{ h° & CgH{$ _Zm H$aZ{ [a Cg{ Om{a g{ Y∏$m X{H$a OyV{ bJmV{ hm{V{ X{Im Wm & ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ g_mO _{ß A[Z{ [°a [gmaV{ hwE oXImZ{ H{$ obE h°&"H$m`mH$Î[` H{$ _OXyam{ß ¤mam ]{Jmar g{ _Zm H$aZ{ [a AßJ´{Or H°$Â[ H$r \$m°O "aßJ^yo_' H{$ [yßOr[oV`m{ß H$r Hy$Q>ZroV H$m CXmhaU [`m©· h° gmd©OoZH$ MmamJmh C›h{ß Jm{ob`m{ß g{ ^yZ X{Vr h° & amOm H{$ oVbH$m{Àgd _{ß N>mVr \$m∂S> H$a H$m_ H$aZ{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡`w∫$ gyaXmg H$r Ïò∫$JV O_rZ [a [yßOt[oV Om∞Z EH$ \°$∑Q≠>r H$m dmbm{ß H$m{ O] ^m{OZ Zgr] Zht hm{Vm Vm{ EH$ OdmZ H$h X{Vm h° ' h_ Vm{ o]Zm oZ_m©U H$aVm h° & oZ_m©U H$m`© H$m odam{Y H$aZ{ [a gyaXmg H$r Pm{[∂S>r H$m{ Im`{ AmR>m oXZ g{ Ymg X{ ah{ h¢ ,Km{∂S{> ∑`m o]Zm Im`{ EH$ oXZ ^r Z Xm°S{>∂ßJ {{ß? R>mHw$a ObmH$a ImH$ H$a X{Vm h° & gyaXmg H$m{ Jm{ob`m{ß g{ ^yZ, gyaXmg H$r _yoV© ÒWmo[V gmh] Z{ P[Q> H$a Mma [mßM h›Q>a g∂S>m[ g∂S>m[ bJm oXE& Bg gßX^© H{$ dV©_mZ H$adm X{Vm h° & \°$∑Q≠>r ]ZV{ Z ]ZV{ [mg hr Vm∂S>r Ka, eam] ImZm Am°a MH$bm _{ß B∏$m Xw∏$m —Ì` oXImB© ^r X{V{ h¢ , AmdmO CR>mZ{ dmbm{ß H$m{ _mZogH$ —ÓQ>`m AoÒVÀd _{ß Am OmV{ h° & AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ Z°oVH$ [VZ H{$ gmW gmW _OXyam{ß H$m{ ^r AmÀ_hÀ`m H$r gr_m VH$ [a{emZ oH$`m OmVm h° AWdm Jw[Mw[ VarH{$ g{ _ma H$a A[Zr oJa‚V _{ß b{ b{V{ h° & aßJ^yo_ H$m `h gM dÒVwV: AmO H{$ CZ AZ{H$ ÒWmZm{ß _m_bm a\$m X\$m H$a oX`m OmVm h° & H$m gM h° Ohmß Z`{ oga{ g{ CYm{J -KßY{ ‡maß^ hwE h¢& oZÓH$f© - AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m `h XwÓMH´$ ‡{_MßX H{$ O_mZ{ g{ b{H$a AmO VH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma, [yßOrdmX H$r odH•$oV h° & AmYwoZH$ OrdZ e°br _{ß goÂ_obV , oZaßVa ]∂T>Vr odH•$oV`mß H{$ gmW _m°OyX h° & oejm Am°a VH$ZrH$ H{$ ]∂T>V{ XwÓ‡`m{J ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ ]rO Bg OrdZ _{ß ]hwV [hb{ hr [∂S> MwH{$ W{& "Jm{XmZ' H{$ ]¢H$ _°Z{Oa g{ `{ odH•$oV`mß AZ{H$ ‡MobV Í$[m{ß _{ß COmJa hm{ ahr h° Om{ oMßVZr` h° & Ifim A[Z{ o_Ã H$m{ F$U oXbmZ{ H{$ odf` _{ß H$hV{ h°- ]¢H$ Z{ EH$ Vah g{ b{Z- X{Z H$m H$m_ ]ßX H$a oX`m h° & _¢ H$m{oee H$Íß$Jm oH$ Am[H$m{ na`m`V Xr OmE, gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- b{oH$Z o]OZ{g BO o]OZ{g' `h Am[ OmZV{ h¢ , [a _{am H$_reZ ∑`m ah{Jm ? 1. ‡{_MßX - aßJ^yo_ gaÒdVr ‡{g, oXÑr, 1998 ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß Hw$N> AoYH$ [°gm{ß H{$ obE dH$rb AmgmZr g{ o]H$ OmV{ h¢& 2. ‡{_ml_ - ^mJ 1,2 H$m ^maVr ^mfm ‡H$meZ oXÑr 1987 R>rH$ `hr oÒWoV ‡{_MßX `wJ H{$ [nad{e _{ß ^r Wr & AmÀ_‡eßgm H{$ der^yV hm{H$a 3. H$m`mH$Î[ - ^mJ 1,2 H$m ^maVr ^mfm ‡H$meZ oXÑr 1987 dH$rb gmh] XobV H$r dH$mbV H{$ obE V°`ma hm{ OmV{ h¢& oH$›Vw amZr Jm`Ãr 4. J]Z - hßg ‡H$meZ Bbmh]mX 1985 H$m 500 Í$. H$m Am_ßÃm [mH$a XobV H$m H{$g AYyam N>m{∂S>H$a Jm{aI[wa Mb{ OmV{ 5. Jm{XmZ - gaÒdVr ‡{g oXÑr 1985 h¢& ^dZ H{$ _wßer H$m{ Nw>≈r H{$ obE S>m∞∑Q>ar AmoQ>\{$Aa BgobE Zht o_b [mVm ∑`m{ß 6. H$_©^yo_ - gaÒdVr ‡{g oXÑr 1985 oH$ CgH{$ [mg S>m∞∑Q>a H$m{ M∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE gm{bh Í$[`{ Zht W{ & Bgr Vah [wobg H$m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 173

JwOamVr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oejU oZÓ[mXZ H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. bmb MßX [Q{>b *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^mfm Ïò∫$ Am°a CgH{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ odH$mg H$m _hÀd[yU© em{Y _{ß ‡`w∫$ e„Xm{ß H$r oH´$`mÀ_H$ [na^mfmE± ñ gmYZ h°& Ïò∫$ A[Z{ A›Vg H$m{ ^mfm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm 1) ^mfmB© XjVm ñ `hmß ì^mfmB© XjVmí H$m gß]ßY JwOamVr ^mfr MmhVm h°& Bgr Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ gmW CgH{$ A›Xa oN>[r AZ›V eo∫$ oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$mß{ H$r oh›Xr ^mfm _{ß Ï`mH$aoUH$, emo„XH$, Ao^Ïò∫$ hm{Vr h°& ^maV EH$ ]hw^mfr X{e h° Ohm± o^fi-o^fi OmoV, gßaMZmÀ_H$, Ad]m{Y Edß Ao^Ïò∫$ XjVm AWm©V≤ `m{Ω`Vm g{ h°& g_wXm` d dJm~ H{$ bm{J oZdmg H$aV{ h¢& ^maV _{ß EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m dJ© CZ 2) oh›Xr oejH$ ñ `hmß oh›Xr oejH$ g{ VmÀ[`© JwOamV _{ß _m‹ò_H$ bm{Jm{ß H$m h° oOZH$r _mV•^mfm oh›Xr h° `hr H$maU h° oH$ oh›Xr H$m{ amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a oh›Xr H$m{ o¤Vr` ^mfm H{$ Í$[ _{ß [∂T>mZ{ dmb{ CZ oejH$mß{ g{ ^mfm Km{ofV oH$`m J`m h°& X{e H{$ AoYH$Va ‡m›Vm{ß _{ß oh›Xr ^mfm o¤Vr` h°, oOZH$m O›_ JwOamV _{ß hwAm h°, Om{ dhr [∂T{> obI{, ‡oeojV hwE ^mfm H{$ Í$[ _{ß [∂T>mB© OmVr h° oOZ_{ß g{ EH$ h° JwOamV& ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© H$m VWm od⁄mb` _{ß H$m`©aV h¢& ‡_wI C‘{Ì` JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm H{$ 3) A‹`m[Z oZÓ[mXZ ñ Bgg{ VmÀ[`© oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU AmYma [a CZH{$ oejU oZÓ[mXZ H$m [Vm bJmZm Wm& oZÓ[mXZ (j_Vm/`m{Ω`Vm) g{ h° Om{ CZH{$ oejU Ï`dhma _{ß em{Y C‘{Ì` ñ [nabojV hm{Vm h°& Bg_{ß CZH{$ Òd`ß H{$ ^mfm H$m°eb, oejU H$m°eb 1) JwOamV H{$ oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oejU `Wm ldU, H$WZ, [R>Z, b{IZ Edß gÂ‡{fU H$m°eb VWm Ï`mH$aU, oZÓ[mXZ _{ß gß]ßY H$m [Vm bJmZm& aMZm, J⁄, [⁄, ZmQ>H$, gßdmX AmoX H{$ odoYdV oejU g{ h¢& Bg_{ß 2) JwOamV H{$ oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r CÉ d oZÂZ ÒVar` ^mfmB© gßgmYZm{ß H{$ ‡`m{J H$m°eb VWm odo^fi oejU C[mJ_m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J XjVm H{$ AmYma [a CZH$r oejU XjVm H$m [Vm bJmZm& ^r goÂ_obV h°& 3) JwOamV H{$ oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oh›Xr oejU em{Y odoY ñ oZÓ[mXZVm H{$ e°ojH$ oZohVmW© H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& 1) odoY ñ ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© H$r ‡H•$oV H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a _mZH$rH•$V [naH$Î[ZmE± ñ gd}jU odoY H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& 1) JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$ ñ XjVm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& 1. ‡oVeV 2) JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU 2. _mZH$ odMbZ oZÓ[mXZ _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& 3. "Q>r' Q{>ÒQ> 3) JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Am°a oejU 4. gh-gß]ßY oZÓ[mXZ _{ß H$m{B© gß]ßY Zht h°& XŒm odõ{fU ñ "^mfmB© XjVm' Edß "oejU oZÓ[mXZ' g{ gÂ]o›YV em{Y A‹``Z H$m [nagr_Z ñ ‡m· XŒmm{ß H$m odõ{fU oZÂZoboIV VrZ AmYmam{ß [a oH$`m J`m- 1) `h em{YH$m`© ^m°Jm{obH$ —oÓQ> g{ JwOamV H{$ gm]aH$mßR>m Edß 1. JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© Ah_Xm]mX oObm{ß VH$ gro_V h°& XjVm H{$ _‹` A›Va& 2) ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß JwOamV H{$ AZwXmoZV JwOamVr _m‹`_ H{$ _m‹ò_H$ 2. JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß H$m`©aV JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$m{ goÂ_obV oZÓ[mXZ _‹` A›Va& oH$`m J`m h°& 3. JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oejU ›`mXe© ñ ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß JwOamV H{$ AZwXmoZV JwOamVr _m‹`_ H{$ oZÓ[mXZ H{$ _‹` gh gÂ]›Y& _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß H$m`©aV 100 oejH$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m& JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© C[H$aU ñ XjVm (Linguistic Competence) H{$ _‹` A›Va ñ Bg odõ{fU 1. ^mfmB© XjVm ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ A›VJ©V J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m _‹`_mZ 2. oejU oZÓ[mXZ Adbm{H$Z ‡[Ã d _mZH$ odMbZ H$r JUZm H$r JB© Om{ gmaUr gßª`m 1 _{ß Xem©`m J`m h¢-

***Ï`mª`mVm, od⁄mZJar E_.ES>. H$m∞b{O, ohÂ_VZJa (((JwJwJwOOOamamamVVV) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 174

VmobH$m gßª`m : 1 JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oejH$m{ß H$r bo„Y ÒVa CÉ h° BÀ`moX& "^mfmB© XjVm' H{$ _‹`_mZ _{ß A›Va H$r gmW©H$Vm JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß ^mfmB© XjVm (Linguistic H´$. g_yh _‹`_mZ _mZH$ gßª`m _‹`_mZ df t Competence) Edß oejU oZÓ[mXZ (Teaching Performance) odMbZ (N) A›Va H{$ _‹` ghgÂ]›Y ñ Bg odõ{fU H{$ A›VJ©V JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr 1. J´m_rU 34.2 1.41 50 6.38 98 3.8** ^mfm oejH{$mß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß oejU oZÓ[mXZ _{ß gÂ]›Y g{ 2. ehar 40.62 9.37 50 gÂ]o›YV XŒmmm{ß H$m odõ{fU oH$`m J`m& * 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ VmobH$m _yÎ` 1.98 VmobH$m gßª`m : 3 JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r "^mfmB© ** 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ VmobH$m _yÎ` 2.61 XjVm' Edß "oejU oZÓ[mXZ' H{$ _‹` ghgÂ]›Y NS AgmW©H$ g_yh N r gmW©H$Vm VmobH$m gßª`m 1 H{$ AZwgma J´m_rU Edß ehar oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm g_J´ MòZV ‡oVXe© 40 0.081 AgmW©H$ H{$ _‹`_mZ H$r VwbZm h{Vw ‘t’ _mZ H$m [naH$bZ H$aZ{ [a ‘t’ _mZ 3.86 ‡m· gmaUr gßª`m 3 H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g_J´ MòZV ‡oVXe© hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h°& AWm©V≤ J´m_rU JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr H$r "^mfmB© XjVm' Edß "oejU oZÓ[mXZ' H{$ ghgÂ]›Y H$m _mZ 0.081 ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm, ehar JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß ‡m· hwAm& VmÀ[`© h° oH$ JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ "^mfmB© g{ gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ o^fi h°& _‹`_mZ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ [a ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° XjVm' Edß "oejU oZÓ[mXZ' _{ß H$m{B© ghgÂ]›Y Zht h° Edß AgmW©H$ h°& oH$ ehar JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm, J´m_rU ^mfmB© XjVm H{$ CÉ `m oZÂZ hm{Z{ [a H$m{B© ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°& AV: `h JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß g{ VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ AoYH$ h°& AV: `h [naH$Î[Zm oH$ JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm Edß [naH$Î[Zm oH$ "JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© oejU oZÓ[mXZ _{ß H$m{B© gÂ]›Y Zht h°°° ÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h°& XjVm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°,' AÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h°& BgH$m H$maU `h hm{ e°ojH$ oZohVmW© (Educational Implications) ñ ^mfm AoYJ_ gH$Vm h° oH$ ehar j{Ã H{$ JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ ^m°oVH$ ‡oH´$`m oÃYwdr ‡oH´$`m h° oejH$ oejmWr© [mR>Á gm_J´r H$jm _{ß oejH$ gwodYmE± C[b„Y hm{Vr h¢& C›h{ß N>mÃm{ß H{$ g_j [yU© V°`mar H{$ gmW OmZm [∂S>Vm h°& Zm`H$ H$m Ao^Z` H$aVm h°& A¿N>r ^mfm ogImZ{ H{$ obE ^mfm XjVm AoV C›h{ß AoYH$ gßX^© gmohÀ`, e°joUH$ gm_J´r C[b„Y hm{Vr h°& AmdÌ`H$ h° oejH$ oOg ÒVa H$r ^mfm OmZVm h° Cgr ‡H$ma H$r ^mfm JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU N>mÃ grIV{ h°& A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß oZÓ[mXZ H$m A_yÎ` _hÀd h°& h_ oH$gr ^r oZÓ[mXZ (Teaching Performance) _{ß A›Va ñ JwOamVr ^mfr Ïò∫$ H{$ H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm H$m _m[Z CgH{$ oZÓ[mXZ H{$ ¤mam H$aV{ h¢- J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU oZÓ[mXZ A›Va H$m{ 1) ‡ÒVwV em{Y Aoh›Xr ^mfr ‡X{e _{ß H$m`©aV Aoh›Xr ^mfr oh›Xr gmaUr gßª`m 2 _{ß Xem©`m J`m h¢- ^mfm oejH$m{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ‡ÒVwV em{Y g{ oejm g{ gÂ]o›YV VmobH$m gßª`m : 2 JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oejH$m{ß H{$ Am`m{Jm{ß, go_oV`m{ß, gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$r ^mfmB© XjVm H$r "oejU oZÓ[mXZ' H{$ _‹`m_Z _{ß A›Va H$r gmW©H$Vm OmZH$mar ‡m· hm{Jr Am°a A[{ojV [nadV©Z `m gwYma bmZ{ H$r g_rjm H´$. g_yh _‹`_mZ _mZH$ gßª`m _‹`_mZ df t H$aZ{ H$m Adga o_b{Jm& Mean odMbZ (N) A›Va 2) "oejH$ H$^r gmYmaU Zht hm{Vm ]oÎH$ ‡b` Am°a oZ_m©U CgH$r (S.D.) Jm{X _{ß [bV{ h¢&' MmU∑` H$r Bg Co∫$ H$m{ MnaVmW© H$aZ{ H{$ obE oejH$ H$m{ 1. J´m_rU 50.05 9.29 20 7.90 38 2.63** A[Z{ H$m`© _{ß Xj hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h° EH$ ^mfm oejH$ V^r Xj ]Z gH$Vm 2. ehar 57.95 9.27 20 h° O] dh oOg ^mfm g{ gÂ]›Y aIVm h° Cg ^mfm [a CgH$m ‡^wÀd hm{& *0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ VmobH$m _yÎ` 2.02 ‡ÒVwV em{Y g{ JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$m{ A[Zr "^mfmB© **0.01 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ VmobH$m _yÎ` 2.70 XjVm' [aIZ{ H$m Adga o_b{Jm Am°a ^mfm _{ß g•OZmÀ_H$Vm bmZ{ H{$ obE NS AgmW©H$ VmobH$m gßª`m 2 H$m Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ [a J´m_rU Edß ehar JwOamVr ‡{naV hm{ßJ{& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ oejU oZÓ[mXZ H{$ _‹`_mZ _{ß A›Va H$r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1. Best, J.W. (1961). Research in Education Englowood Chifts. VwbZm h{Vw ‘t’ _mZ H$m [naH$bZ H$aZ{ [a ‘t’ _mZ 2.63 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h°& AWm©V≤ J´m_rU JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß N.J. Prentice Hall, Inc. H$m oejU oZÓ[mXZ ehar JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß g{ gmW©H$ 2. Kehan, Best, J.W. (2002). Research in Education. New Í$[ g{ o^fi h°& _‹`_mZ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ [a Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ehar York : Prentice Hall Inc. JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H$m oejU oZÓ[mXZ J´m_rU JwOamVr 3. gwoI`m, Eg.[r., _ham{Ãm, [r.dr., _ham{Ãm, Ama.EZ. (1979). ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß g{ VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ AoYH$ h°& AV: `h e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ H{$ _yb VÀd. AmJam : odZm{X [wÒVH$ _ßoXa& [naH$Î[Zm oH$ JwOamVr ^mfr J´m_rU Edß ehar oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß H{$ 4. g∑g{Zm, EZ.Ama., o_lm, ]r.H{$., _m{h›Vr, Ama.H{$. (2003). oejU oZÓ[mXZ _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& AÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h°& \$S>m{_›Q>b Am∞\$ E¡`yH{$eZb nagM©. _{aR> : gy`m© [o„bH{$eZ& BgH$m H$maU `h hm{ gH$Vm h° oH$ ehar JwOamVr ^mfr oh›Xr ^mfm oejH$m{ß 5. ogßh, E.]r. (gß.) (1983). A›` ^mfm oejU H{$ Hw$N> [j. AmJam: H$m{ ^m°oVH$ Am°a e°joUH$ gwodYmE± AoYH$ C[b„Y hm{Vr h¢& CZH$r ]wo’ H{$›–r` oh›Xr gßÒWmZ& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 175

oZambm H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß oZohV ‡JoVerb M{VZm-EH$ A‹``Z

S>m∞.gwZrVm `mXd *

em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV em{Y[Ã _{ß oZambm H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß oZohV ‡JoVerb M{VZm [a odMma oH$`m J`m h°& _hm‡mU oZambm, N>m`mdmX H{$ ‡_wI Mma ÒVÂ^m{ß _{ß A[Zm odoeÓQ> ÒWmZ aIV{ h¢& oZambm H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß Om{ ‡d•oV`m± X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h¢ d{ [aÂ[am g{ AbJ EH$ ZdrZ _mJ© [a AJ´ga oXImB© [∂S>Vr h¢& oZambm Z{ ‡MobV H$mÏ` ‡d•oV`m{ß Am°a Èo∂T>`m{ß g{ H$mÏ` H$m{ _w∫$ oH$`m h°& oZambm H$r H$odVmAm{ß _{ß N>m`mdmX Edß ‡JoVdmX Xm{Zm{ß H$r ‡d•oV`m± [nabojV hm{Vr h¢& ‡JoVerb H$odVm H$m C‘{Ì` g_mO gm[{j h°& H$odVm H$m{ g_mO g{ Om{∂S>Z{ Am°a ‡JoVerb VÀdm{ß g{ `w∫$ H$aZ{ _{ß oZambm H$m `m{JXmZ CÑ{IZr` h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - N>m`mdmX H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ‡JoVerb H$odVm H$m Amod^m©d hwAm& "dh Vm{∂S>Vr [ÀWa/X{Im _¢Z{ Cg{ Bbmhm]mX H{$ [W [a/Zhr N>m`mXa [{∂S> Bg ‡H$ma H$odVm oZa›Va ]XbVr ahVr h°, dh ‡JoVdmX H{$ [ÌMmV≤ dh oOgH{$ Vb{ ]°R>r hwB© ÒdrH$ma/JwÍ$ hWm°∂S>m hmW, H$aVr ]ma-]ma ‡hma/ ‡`m{Jm{›_wI Am°a ‡`m{Jm{›_wIVm H$r oÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ [ma H$aH{$ gm_moOH$ ‡oV]’Vm X{Im _wP{ Cg —oÓQ>, g{ Om{ _ma Im H$a am{B© Zhr/'3 oZ^mVr hwB© AmO h_ma{ gm_Z{ h¢ H$odVm H$m{ g_mO g{ Om{∂S>Z{ Am°a ‡JoVerb "]{bm' H$r Hw$N> JObm{ß _{ß ^r oZambm H$r gm_moOH$ ‡JoVerbVm H$m{ VÀdm{ß g{ `w∫$ H$aZ{ _{ß oZambm Or H$m `m{JXmZ CÑ{IZr` h°& oh›Xr H$mÏ` OJV X{Im †Om gH$Vm h°- "^{X Hw$b Iwb OmE dh gyaV h_ma{ oXb _{ß h°/X{e H$m{ _{ß oZambm H$m{ ‡W_ ‡JoVdmXr H$od H{$ Í$[ _{ß _m›`Vm ‡m· hwB© h°& o_b OmE± dm{ [y±Or†VwÂhmar o_b _{ß h°&'4 ‡W_ ‡JoVerb H$od oZambm H$m O›_ 1896 B©. _{ß [oÌM_ ]ßJmb Bgr Vah oZambm Z{ "o^jwH$' Zm_H$ H$odVm _{ß ^r EH$ Jar] oÎmar ‡mßV H{$ _ohemXb H{$ _{oXZr[wa oOb{ _{ß hwAm Wm& "oZambm H$m Ïò∫$Àd H$r X`Zr` Xem H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°& CgH{$ gmW CgH{$ ]É{ g∂S>H$ [a [∂S>r odamQ> Wm gmW hr CZH$m d°MmnaH$ Am`m_ odamQ>Àd H$m gVV A›d{er Wm PyR>r [Vbm{ß H$m{ MmQ> ah{ h¢& H$od H$r [yar gßd{XZm Cg o^jwH$ H{$ gmW h° Cgr ‡H$ma CZH$m H•$oVŒmd ^r ]hw_wIr ‡oV^m H$m ⁄m°VH$ odamQ> Am°a _hmZ "dh AmVm/Xm{ Qy>H$ H$b{O{ H{$ H$aVm [N>Vmdm [W AmVm/[{Q> [rR> Xm{Zm{ß h°'1& oZambm H$m H$mÏ` oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$r A_yÎ` oZoY h°& odf` Am°a e°br o_bH$a h° EH$/b{ hmW Mb ahm bHw$oQ>`m± Q{>H$/_w∆>r â XmZ{ H$m{ ^yI o_Q>mZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ CZH$m H$mÏ` ]hwAm`m_r ahm h¢& H$m{/_w±h \$Q>r [wamZr Pm{br H$m{ \°$bmVm&'5 oZambm H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß gm_moOH$ ]m{Y, amÓQ≠>r`Vm, gm_moOH$ od–m{h, "Hw$H$a_wŒVm' _ybV: dJ© M{VZm Am°a dJ© gßKf© H$m H$mÏ` h° Hw$Hw$a_wŒVm gd©hmam Z°oVH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, Edß, _mZd_yÎ`, ahÒ`dmX Edß Xe©oZH$Vm, ‡H•$oV- dJ© H$m ‡VrH$ h° VWm Jwbm] [y±OrdmXr dJ© H$m ‡VrH$ h°& oMÃU H{$ gmW-gmW ‡JoVdmXr M{VmZm Wr [nabojV hm{Vr h°& "oOg "A]{ gwZ d{ Jwbm]/^yb _V Om{ [mB© Iwe]y/aßJm{ß Am]/IyZ Mygm g_` ‡JoVdmXr H$mÏ` ‡maÂ^ hwAm Cg g_` X{e _{ß AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ odÍ$’ ÒdmX H$m VyZ{ AoeÓQ>/S>mb [a BVamVm h° H{$[rQ>obÒQ>&'6 ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ H$m AmßXm{bZ Mb ahm Wm& AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ gm_´m¡`dmX, "Z`{ [Œm{` H$r H$odVmAm{ß _{ß OZVm H{$ ododY em{fH$m{ß H$m Í$[ IwbH$a [y±OrdmX Am°a gm_ßVdmX H$r ZroV H{$ odÍ$’ ‡JoVdmX VZH$a I∂S>m ahm'2& Ò[ÓQ> hwAm h¢&'oS>flQ>r gmh] AmEí H$odVm _{ß OZVm H$m{ ‡MobV ]{Jmar Am°a BgrobE ‡JoVdmXr H$mÏ` Ymam _{ß gm_m¡`dmX, [y±OrdmX Am°a gm_ßVdmX _w∫$Im{ar H$m O_H$a odam{Y H$aV{ oXIbm`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma oZambm H$r H{$ odam{Yr odMma [nabojV hm{V{ h°& H$odVmAm{ß _{ß g_moOH$ ‡JoVerbVm H$m Òda AZ{H$ Í$[m{ß _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ ‡JoV odMmaYmam g{ ‡{naV H$od`m{ß Z{ gm_moOH$ odf_Vm [a AmH´$m{e hwAm h°& Ï`∫$ oH$`m, em{fU H$m odam{Y oH$`m VWm Jar] Edß XrZhrZ Xem H$m AmoW©H$ odf_Vm -oZambm Z{ AZ{H$ E{gr H$odVmE∞ ^r obIr h¢, oOZ_{ß oMÃU H$aV{ hwE Aghm` Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ ‡oV ghmZw^yoV Ï`∫$ H$r& oZambm Z{ AmoW©H$ odf_Vm H$m{ ‡JoVerb e°br _{ß ‡H$Q> oH$`m J`m h°, "]{bm' gßJ´h Om{ ‡JoVdmXr H$odVmE± obIr h°, CZ_{ß ode{f Í$[ g{ N>: ‡d•oV`m± Câ H$a H$r "^rI _mßJVm h° A] amh [a' H$odVm Bg —oÓQ> g{ CÑ{IZr` h°& Bgr gm_Z{ AmVr h¢& ‡H$ma "Aom_m' _{ß gßJóhV "MwßoH$ `hm± XmZm h°&' erf©H$ H$odVm _{ß ^r ‡JoVdmXr gm_moOH$ H$odVmE±- oZambm H$r ‡JoVerb gm_moOH$ Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ e°br _{ß AmoW©H$ odf_Vm H$m{ COmJa oH$`m J`m h°&Bg H$odVm H$odVmAm{ß _{ß "AZmo_H$m' H$r Vm{∂S>Vr [ÀWa H$odVm _{ß g_mOdmXr odMmaYmam _{ß [yßOrdmXr g‰`Vm [a Ï`ßΩ` H$aV{ hwE oZambm Z{ H$hm h° oH$ [°g{ [a ^r YZ H$m Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h° H$odVm H$m b˙` hr `h h° oH$ H$od [Z[ ahm h° ‡{_ [ÑodV hm{Vm h° Am{a H$odVm [woÓ[V hm{Vr h°ó Bbmhm]mX H{$ [W [a [ÀWa Vm{∂S>Vr hwB© _OXyarZ H{$ _Z H$r H$Í$Um H$m{ "MwßoH$ `hm± ImZm h°/BgobE/XrZ h°, XrdmZm h°/bm{J h¢, _ho\$b h°/ZΩ_{ ‡H$Q> H$aZm MmhVm h°& dÒVwV: Bbmhm]mX O°g{ eha H$r ^yo_H$m _{ß [ÀWa h°/VmO h°, oXbXma h° Am°a oXb h°/ e_m h°, [admZm h°&'7 Vm{∂S>Vr hwB© Jar] _OXyaZr H$r hmbV [a oOg dmVmdaU H$m oZ_m©U hwAm h° [yßOrdmXr g‰`Vm [a EH$ Am°a A›` Ï`ßΩ` "JrVJwßO' [wÒVH$ _{ß dh g_mO H{$ AmoW©H$ A^md H$m T>m±Mm ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°- "_mZd Ohm± ]°b Km{∂S>m h°' erf©H$ H$odVm _{ß ^r oH$`m J`m h°, oZambm Z{ * * AoVoW od¤mZ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, BN>mda oObm grhm{a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 176

_mZdVm H$m ‡Mma H$aV{ hwE `h ‡oV[moXV oH$`m h° oH$ O] VH$ EH$ _ZwÓ` gH$Vr h°& Bg ‡H$ma Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oZambm Z{ AZ{H$ ‡JoVerb H$odVmAm{ß H$r Xyga{ _ZwÓ` H$m{ _ZwÓ` Zht g_P{Jm, V] VH$ [•œdr [a gm_moOH$ OrdZ g•oÓQ> H$aH{$ Zmar H{$ CÀWmZ H$m _mJ© [éÒV oH$`m h°& H$m ÒdÒW odH$mg Zht hm{ gH{$Jm& AV: C›hm{ßZ{ Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ e°br _{ß obIm h°- 6. _mZdVmdmXr [j- oZambm Am⁄›V _mZdVmdmXr H$od W{, CZH{$ Bg "_mZd Ohm± ]°b Km{∂S>m h°, H°$gm VZ _Z H$m Om{∂S>m h°/oH$g gmYZ H$m Òdm±J _mZdVmdmX H$m{ h_ CZH$r ‡JoVerb H$odVmAm{ß _{ß ^r X{I gH$V{ h¢, aMm`m, Bg ]mYm H$r ]Zr ÀdMm/`h [H$ [H$ E{gm \y$Q>m h° O°g{ gm]wZ H$m oZambm H$r ^mdZm gm_moOH$ Am°a amÓQ≠>r` hm{V{ hwE ^r A›VV: _mZdVmdmX \$m{∂S>m h°&'8 _{ß [naUV hm{ J`r h°& oZambm H$r ZOa _{ß gwIr odÌd H$m ÒdÈ[ oOg_{ß 3. amOZroVH$ Ï`ßΩ` - oZambm Z{ amOZroVH$ JoVodoY`m{ß [a ^r VrI{ g_ÒV ÒZ{h Am°a g_mZVm H{$ a{e_r [me _{ß ]±Y{ hm{, Ohm± B©Ó`m©-¤{f Am°a Ï`ßΩ` oH$E h¢, CZH$r ‡og’ H$odVm "H$mb{-H$mb{` ]mXb N>m`{ Z Am`{ D±$M-ZrM H{$ ^{X^md g_m· hm{ J`{ hm{ VWm _ZwÓ`-_ZwÓ` H$m{ fl`ma H$aVm dra' "Odhma bmb Z{hÈ' H$r amOZroV g{ [na[yU© H$odVm h°& oOg_{ß Z{hÈ hm{, E{gr _mZdVm g_mB© hwB© h°& "AmamYZm' H{$ EH$ JrV _{ß C›hm{Z{ß Or H$r amOZroV [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h°- _mZdVmdmXr Òda _{ß Ò[ÓQ> obIm h°- "_hJmßB© H$r ]m∂T> ]∂T> AmB©, JmßR> H$r Ny>Q>r Jm∂S>r H$_mB©/^yI{ ZßJ{ I∂S{> ea_m`{ "D±$Q> ]°b H$m gmW hwAm h°& Hw$Œmm [H$∂S{> hwE OwAm h°&'12 Z Am`{ dra Odmha bmb&'9 dÒVwV - BZ [ßo∫$`m{ß _{ß _mZdVmdmXr Òda h°& oZambm Or Z{ _mZd g_mO H{$ "]{bm _{ß Om{ em{fmUd•oV H{$ ]mXemh Am°a Xyga{ H{$ em{fU H$m bhy [rZ{ CÀWmZ H{$ ob`{ B©Ìda g{ ^r ‡mW©Zm H$r h°°& "AoU_m' H{$ A›VJ©V E{gr dmb{ em{fH$m{ß [a ]∂S>m VrIm ‡hma H$aV{ hwE obIV{ h¢- H$odVmE∞ h°, Om{ oZambm H{$ Bgr ÒdÈ[ H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVr h°& dmoÒVdH$Vm `h "Iwbm ^{X, odO`r H$hbm`{ hwE Om{/bhw Xyga{ H$m o[`{ Om ah{ h¢&'10 h° oH$ oZambm H$m _mZdVmdmX Ïò∫$ H{$o›–V Zm hm{H$a g_mO H{$o›–V h° d{ "Z`{ [Œm{ H$mÏ` gßJ´h H$m ‡H$meZ 1946 _{ß hwAm h° Bg gßJ´h H$r AoYH$mße N>m{Q{> g{ N>m{Q{> _ZwwÓ` H$m{ gwIr gÂ[fi Am°a ›`m` H$m ‡VrH$ X{IZm MmhV{ W{& H$odVmAm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ Edß amOZroVH$ Ï`ßΩ` [nabojV hm{V{ h¢& oZambm `hr H$maU h° oH$ C›hm{Z{ß gm_moOH$ OrdZ _{ß Ï`m· odH•$oV`m{ß H$m{ g_m· H{$ Bg gßJ´h H$r H$odVm _{ß A›`m` em{fU H$r ]∂S>r VrIr Abm{MZm H$aV{ h°& H$aZ{ H$m ]rS>m CR>m`m& S>m∞. ¤mnaH$m ‡gmX g∑g{Zm Z{ obIm h° oH$ "oZambm amOZroV, Edß g_mO _{ß Ohm± H$hr ^r ]wamB`m± ZOa AmVr h°, Vm{ d{ Ï`ßΩ` H$r H{$ JrVm{ß _{ß `wJ-`wJ g{ ‡Vmo∂S>V Am°a ‡dßoMV _mZdVm [a hm{Z{ dmb{ dO´ XwYmar Vbdma g{ A¿N>r I]a b{V{ h°& oZambm Z{ X{e H$r amOZroV [a ^r ‡hma H$r ‡oVoH´$`m oXIbmB© X{Vr h°& _mZdVm H$m{ H$màVm Am°a H$m_[aVm Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Am°a A[Zr amÓQ≠>r` ^mdZm H$m [naM` oX`m h°& "^maV O` g{ OJmH$a Z`{ `wJ H{$ oZ_m©U H$r H$odVmE± H$aVr h°& oZambm ‡mMrZ Èo∂T>`m{ß odO` H$a' erf©H$ H$odVm _{ß CZH$r ‡JoVerb amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$m{ AmgmZr g{ H$m odam{Y H$aH{$ Mb{ h°& Bg odam{Y _{ß Z`{ `wJ oZ_m©U H$r ‡JoVerb X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& H$m_Zm oXIbmB© X{Vr h°&'13 4. Ymo_©H$ Ï`ßΩ`- gm_moOH$ OrdZ _{ß AZ{H$ Ymo_©H$ Èo∂T>`m Ï`m· h°, oZÓH$f©Vï- `h H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ oZambm N>m`mdmXr [r∂T>r H{$ hm{V{ hwE ^r oZambm Z{ BZ Èo∂T>`m{ß [a O_H$a ‡hma oH$`m h°& CZH$r "Ama{ JßJm H{$ [yar Vah ‡JoVerb H$od W{& CZH$r ‡JoVerbVm g_mO, OrdZ, _ZwÓ`, oH$Zma{' H$odVm _{ß `h oÒWoV X{Ir Om gH$Vr h°, Cg_{ß Ymo_©H$ A›YodÌdmg amOZroV, Y_© O°g{ odf`m{ß g{ OwS>H$a Ao^Ï`∫$ hwB© h°& H$odVm H{$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m ‡¿N>fi Ï`ßΩ` h°& "XmZ' erf©H$ H$odVm _{ß ^r Bgr ‡H$ma H$m Ï`ßΩ` h°, [j _{ß ^r oZambm Z{ A[Z{ ‡JoVerb —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ A[Zm`m h°& oZambm Z{ "gam{O Ò_•oV' H{$ A›V©JV ^r H$oV[` Ymo_©H$ Èo∂T>`m{ß H$m{ OrdZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- g{ oZH$mb X{Zm MmhV{ W{ Om{ h_ma{ D$[a Z H{$db ]m{P h°, Ao[Vw h_mar 1. oZambm H$mÏ` _{ß _mZd_yÎ` Am°a Xe©Z - S>m± X{d{›–ZmW oÃd{Xr g_ÒV M{VZm H$m{ AmÀ_gmV oH$E hwE h°& 2. amJ-odamJ-am_odbmg e_m© [•.37 "H$m›`Hw$„O Hw$b Hw$bmßJma/ImH$a [Œmb _{ß H$a{, N{>X BZ H{$ H$a H$›`m 3. Vm{∂S>Vr [ÀWa-oZambm AW© I{X/Bg odemb ]{ob _{ß odf hr \$b, `h XΩY _Í$ÒWb Zhr gwOb&'11 4. ]{bm-oZambm 5. Zmar oMÃU- gm_m›`V: oZambm H$m g_ÒV H$mÏ` Zmar H$r ÒdVßÃVm 5. o^jwH$-oZambm H$m [m{fH$ h°, C›hm{Z{ß ‡JoVerb —oÓQ> H{$ AmYma [a hr Hw$N> E{gr H$odVm±∞ 6. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr H$mÏ` gnaVm-S>m± C_{e M›– o_l "oed' [•. 85 obIr h¢, Om{ Zmar H{$ CÀWmZ g{ gÂ]o›YV h°, "dh BÓQ>X{d H{$ _ßoXa H$r [yOm 7. AoU_m-oZambm [•. 103 grî VWm "dZ]{bm' _{ß oZambm Z{ oddmh odf`H$ gm_moOH$ Èo∂T>`m{ß H$m 8. AmamYZm-oZambm [•. 72-73 oMÃU oH$`m h°, E{gm hr oMÃU oOgH{$ _yb _{ß Zmar CÀWmZ H$r ^mdZm H$m_ 9. Odhmabmb "]{bm'-oZambm [•. 54 H$a ahr h°, oZambm H$r "gam{O Ò_•oV' _{ß X{Im Om gH$Vm h° d{ oH$gmZ H$r 10. ]{bm-oZambm [•. 68 "Z`r ]hw H$r Am∞I{ O°gr' H$odVm _{ß ^r grYr gab J´m_rU Zmar H$m 11. gam{O Ò_•oV-oZambm gm°›X`m©Hß$Z H$aZ{ _{ß [rN{> Zht ah{ h¢& g_´mQ> ES>dS©> AÓQ>_ H{$ ‡oV aMZm _{ß 12. AmamYZm-oZambm [•. 72 Zmar ‡{_ H$r AmXe© H$r ‡oVÓR>m H$r h°, Om{ gm_´m¡`m{ß H$m{ oVbmßObr X{ 13. H$odVm g_`-gß. S>m± M›XH$m›V [mQ>rb [•. 12

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 177

Jw· Or H{$ H$mÏ` O` ^maV _| _mZdVmdmX

N>m{Q{> b>mb Jw·m * em{Y gmamße ñ AmYwoZH$ `wJ H{$ gmohÀ` gmYH$m{ß _ß{ _°oWbreaU Jw· H$m Zm_ AÀ`›V AmXa g{ ob`m OmVm h¢& d{ A[Z{ `wJ H{$ gdm©oYH$ _mZVmdmXr H$od hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H$mÏ` OJV _{ß A›` H$od`mß{ g{ l{ÓR> AmgZ [a AmgrZ hm{ gH{$& C›hm{ßZ{ o¤d{Xr`wJ g{ gmohÀ` g{dm H$m lr JU{e oH$`m Am°a gmVd{ß XeH$ VH$ gmohÀ` gmYZm H$aV{ ah{&OmVr` Jm°ad Am°a _mZdVmdmXr M{VZm H$m{ Ao^Ïò∫$ X{Z{ H{$ H$maU d{ odew’ _mZdVmdmXr _hmH$od H$hbmE& ‡ÒVmdZm - JwflV Or H$r gmH{$V Am°a O`^maV O°g{ gmßÒH•$oVH$, Mß–hmg Am°a Jw· Or ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ oh›Xy Y_© H{$ Am°a AmXe© _mZdr` gßÒH$mam{ß H{$ eo∫$ O°g{ [m°amoUH$, aßJ _{ß ^ßJ Am°a H$m]m Am°a H$]©bm O°g{ E{oVhmogH$, ^maV- Amª`mVm H$od W{& d{ Vwbgr H$r ^m±oV am_ H{$ AZ›` g{dr W{& C›h{ß EH$ E{g{ _mZd ^maVr Am°a ÒdX{e-gßJrV O°g{ amÓQ≠>r`, oh›Xy Am°a èm{Yam O°g{ Ymo_©H$, AoOV H$r ‡oVÓR>m[Zm hr o‡` Wr, oOgH$m AmXe© _`m©Xm-[wÍ$fm{{Œm_ am_ H$m AmXe© O°g{ gm_moOH$ VWm odÌd-d{XZm Am°a [•œdr[wÃ O°g{ H$mÏ`-J´ßWm{ß _{ß CXma hm{& d{ am_ZwOmMm`© H{$ odoeÓQ>mXd°VdmX g{ AÀ`›V ‡^modV W{, oOgH{$ AZwgma _mZdVmdmXr odMmaYmam H$m ‡dmh A‡¿N>fi Í$[ g{ —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& Jw· Or g^r OrdmÀ_mE± Cg EH$ [a_mÀ_m Í$[r ]´h_ H$r Aße h°& Jw· Or Z{ O` ^maV H{$ Z{ bJ^J [MmgH•$oV-H$ob`m{ß H$m{ amÓQ≠>-^maVr H{$ lr-MaUm{ß _ß{ Ao[©V oH$`m h°& EH$bÏ` ‡H$aU _{ß Bg Vœ` H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE obIm h°- A[Z{ g_ÒV aMZmH$mb _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr gmaÒdV gmYZm H$m ‡_wI AmH$f©U "gwZm{ VmV, h_ g^r EH$ h¢ ^d-gmJa H{$ Vra& _mZd H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m Am°a gd©OZ ohVm`, gd©OZ gwIm` H$r _hVr Am°a hm{ eara-`mÃm _{ß AmJ{ [rN{> H$m Ï`dYmZ, AmXe© ^mdZm g{ AZw‡moUV hm{H$a H$mÏ` H$r gO©Zm H$aH{$ A[Z{ H$odY_© H$m{ [a_mÀ_m H{$ Aße Í$[ h° AmÀ_m g^r g_mZ&'4 gmW©H$ oH$`m& C›hm{ßZ{ _mZd-OrdZ H{$ g^r [jm{ß [a A[Z{ C“ma Ï`∫$ oH$E Jw· Or Z{ Ord Am°a ]´h_≤ H{$ [mW©∑` H$m{ ^r gd©Ym AÒdrH$ma Zht oH$`m h¢& Am°a _mZdVm H$m [W ‡eÒV oH$`m& `⁄o[ ‡gmX H$m Xe©Z-Jmß^r`©, oZambm CZH$r Za-ZmamÙ ^mdZm CZH{$ Bg odMma H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h° Ohm± d{ Za- H$r odamQ> H$Î[Zm, [ßV H$m gm¢X`©- ]m{Y VWm _hmX{dr H$r Alwog∫$ ‡VrH$- ZmamÙ H{$ A^{X _{ß Zht, ]oÎH$ ^{X _{ß gwIm{[bo„Y H$m AZw^d H$aV{ h¢& `Wm- ^mdZm _°oWbreaU Or _{ß Zht h°, o\$a ^r d{ OrdZ H{$ ododY Í$[m{ß H{$, _mZd H{$ "h{ ZmamÙ ∑`m Am°a H$hy± amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßYm{ H{$ H$od h¢& A[Z{ od[wb [naUm_ H{$ gmohÀ` AX^wV ‡]ßY- Vy oZO Za _mÃ _wP{ aIZm, H$m°eb, ^mfm H{$ oZ_m©U Am°a odH$mg VWm OrdZ H$m{ g_J´Vm _{ß-odÌd _{ß odf_ ∑`m Zht EH$ g{ Xm{ A¿N{> odg—eVmAm{ß H$m{ EH$ag hm{H$a-J´hU H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm H{$ H$maU, CŒma ^maV H$r brbm-ag ah{ Ohm± MIZm?'5 OZVm H$r VrZ [ro∂T>`m{ß H$r `wJ-M{VZm H$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ dmbm ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV Jw· Or H$r _mZdVmdmX EH$ ‡H$ma g{ Y_©-‡{naV _mZdVmdmX H{$ Í$[ _{ß Í$[mo`V H$m AZ›` `h H$od oZÒgßX{h _hmH$od h°&1 hwAm h°& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b-Y_© Am°a `wJ-Y_© H{$ gß`w∫$ ‡^md g{{ H$od H{$ oOg O` ^maV Jw· Or ¤mam _hm^maVr` ‡gßJm{ß [a obºm J`m ‡]ßY gßH$bZ OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m oZ_m©U hwAm Cg{ h_ Ymo_©H$ _mZddmX `m ghr e„Xm{ß _{ß h°& Bg_{ß Zhwf H{$ MnaÃ g{ b{H$a [mßS>dm{ß H{$ ÒdJm©am{hU VH$ H$r H$Wm H$m{ EH$ hr ìd°ÓUd _mZddmXí H$h gH$V{ h¢& CZH$r Za-ZmamÙ ^mdZm H$m CÀg ^mJdV ÒWmZ [a gßJóhV oH$`m J`m h°& Jw· Or Z{ Bg H$mÏ` H$r aMZm EH$ hr g_` [a _{ß [m`m OmVm h° Ohm± Za Am°a ZmamÙ H$m{ EH$ hr OrdZ-VÀd H$r Xm{ AmH•$oV`m{ß Z H$a, ododY ‡gßJm{ß H$m o^fi-o^fi H$mbm{ß _ß{ ‡U`Z oH$`m h°, \$bV: H$WmZH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß aIm J`m h°& Bg ^mJdVr` odMmaYmam g{ ‡^modV Am°a ‡{naV hm{Z{ dmb{ _{ß H´$_]’Vm H$m A^md —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& o\$a ^r O` ^maV A[Z{ gß[yU© Í$[ Jw· Or H{$ _mZdVmdmX H$m{ odMmaH$ S>m∞. dmgwX{deaU AJ´dmb Z{ ^maVr` _{ß O°gm ^r h°, ˆX`Ò[er© Am°a J´m¯ h°& Jw· Or H{$ Bg ‡]ßY H$r g•OZ _mZdVm _mZdVmdmX H$r gkmß Xr h°&6 H$r Cd©am ^yo_ [a hwAm h°& BgH{$ g_ÒV [mÃ, gmYw Am°a AgmYw, ‡À`jm‡À`j A] h_ O` ^maV H$r _mZdVmdmXr [•ÓR>^yo_ [a odMma H$a{ßJ{& _mZddmX, Í$[ g{ _mZdVm H$r ^mdZm g{ ‡^modV h¢& Bg{ Jw· Or H{$ _mZdVmdmXr ÒdÍ$[ amÓQ≠>dmX Am°a Jm±YrdmX H$r VrZ ‡_wI ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m gßJ_-Òda hr _mZdVmdmXr H$m hr ‡^md g_PZm MmohE oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ Xw`m}YZ O°g{ IbZm`H$ H$m{ ^r Òda h°& Ambm{¿` H$mÏ` _{ß BZ VrZm{ß ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m odH$mg X{IZ{ _{ß AmVm h°& _mZd [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ E{g{ [nad{e _{ß C[oÒWV oH$`m h° oH$ O` ^maV H{$ [mR>H$m{ _{ß CgH{$ H$r l{ÓR>Vm Am°a CgH{$ AX≤odVr` em°`© H$m dU©Z _mÃ hr Zht, _mZd OrdZ H{$ ‡oV AZm`mg hr ghmZw^yoV Am°a H$Í$Um OmJ CR>Vr h°& O`^maVr` gw`m{YZ ododY Ï`m[mam{ß Am°a amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßYm{ß H$r gÂ`H$ Ï`mª`m ^r _mZddmX H{$ _hm^maVr` Xw`m}YZ H$r ^m±oV oZVmßV H´$ya Am°a XwÓQ> emgH$ Zht h°? daZ EH$ A›VJ©V AmVr h°& gßÒH•$oV Edß AVrV H{$ ‡oV __Àd VWm O›_^yo_ Am°a CgH{$ Òdmo^_mZr Am°a V{OÒdr H$m°admYre h°& H$U©, eHw$oZ, Xw:emgZ AmoX Ib oZdmog`m{ß H{$ ‡oV A[ZÀd H$r ^mdZm _{ß hr amÓQ≠>dmX H$r Ma_ [naUoV hm{Vr h°& [mÃm{ß H{$ MnaÃmßH$Z _{ß ^r H$od H$r _mZVmdmXr ‡d•oŒm Z{ ]∂S>r CXmaVm ]aVr h°& Ord _mÃ H{$ ‡oV __Vm, gÀ`-Aohßgm H{$ AmXem} H{$ ‡oV AmÒWm Am°a _mZdr` dmÒVd _{ß "AmO H{$ `wJY_© h° _mZddmX Am°a Jw· Or Z{ _hm^maV H{$ g_mZVm H$r ^yo_H$m [a hr Jm±YrdmX H$m ÒVß^ I∂S>m hm{Vm h°& O` ^maV _{ß Jw· Or [mÃm{ß H$m [wZoZ©_mU Bgr H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m h°&'2 `woYoÓR>a Vm{ Jw· Or H{$ Z{ _mZdVmdmX H$r C[`w©∫$ VrZ ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H{$ AVJ©V _mZd-OrdZ Am°a _mZd- gdm©oYH$ o‡` [mÃ h¢& `woYoÓR>a H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$od Z{ ^maV H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$r H$Î[Zm H$r OJV g{ gß]ßoYV g^r ‡_wI VÀdm{ß H$m g_mhma H$a ob`m h°& h°& "O` ^maV AWm©V ^maV H$r O`, `woYÓR>a H$r hr O` h°& O` ^maVH$ma O` ^maV _{ß H$od H$r _mZdVmdmXr ^mdZm H{$ Xe©Z ‡W_V: h_ß{ Zhwf H{$ Z{ `woYoÓR>a H$m{ E{g{ CXmŒm, AmXe© Am°a ^Ï` Í$[ _{ß oMoÃV oH$`m h° oH$ MnaÃ _{ß hm{V{ h¢& Zhwf H$m{ oJa{ hwE oZamem Am°a XrZ _ZwÓ` H{$ Í$[ _{ß oMoÃV H$aZm Zht d{ g_ÒV _mZdVm H{$ AJ´Jm_r ‡oVoZoY H{$ Í$[ _{ß [mR>H$m{ß H{$ gÂ_wI daZ Cg{ Vm{ EH$ Òdmo^_mZr Am°a ÒdmdbÂ]r _mZd H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡ÒVwV H$aZm hr Jw· C[oÒWV hm{V{ h°& Am°a _mZdVm H$r [arjm _{ß CŒmrU© hm{H$a _mZdÀd H$r Or H$m{ A^rÓQ> Wm& Zhwf H$m ÒdJ© g{ [VZ _mZd H$r AßoßV_ [amO` H$m gyMH$ Zht O` H{$ AoYH$mar ]ZV{ h¢&'3 Cg{ ôdÓ` H{$ obE gmdYmZ H$aZ{ H$m h{Vw h°&7 CZH$m Zhwf hma _mZZ{ dmbm BßgmZ *em{YmWu (oh›Xr od^mJ) O`‡H$me odÌdod⁄mb`, N>[am (o]hma) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 178

Zht, dh Vm{ gßH$Î[[yd©H$ ^mdr odO` _{ß A[Zm —∂T> odÌdmg Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ dmbm hm{Z{ g{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE `w’ H$m{ Q>mbZm Mmhm, b{oH$Z odÒ\$m{Q> hwAm Am°a ^maVdf© gmhgr Am°a C⁄_r [wÍ$f h°& `Wm- H$r gmar eo∫$ A[Z{ hr a∫$ _{ß ]h Mbr& _hm^maV H{$ Bg `w’ _{ß Jw· Or Z{ "o\$a ^r CRy>±Jm Am°a ]∂T>H{$ ahy±Jm _¢, Hw$Í$dße H$m hr Zht, g_ÒV Am`m©dV© H$m odZme X{Im& _mZdVmdmXr H$od H$m{ Za hy± [wÍ$f _¢, M∂T>H{$ ahy±Jm _¢&'8 `h odZme, `h AÀ`mMma H°$g{ ghZ hm{Vm? C›hm{ßZ{ ^JdmZ H•$ÓU g{ Jm±Ymar AßVV: Zhwf H$m gßH$Î[ [yU© hm{Vm h° Am°a C›ht H{$ dßeO [mßS>d ÒdJ© H{$ AoYH$mar ¤mam ‡ÌZ H$adm`m- ]ZV{ h¢& Jw· Or H$m{ _ZwÓ` H$r eo∫$ [a A[ma l’m h°& _mZd H{$ AJ´Jm_r MaUm{ß "_¢ _mZVr hy± XwnaV-[ynaV ]ßYw-d°a-odam{Y Wm, H$m{ Am°a CgH$r D$‹d©Jm_r AmH$mßjm H$m{ am{H$Z{ H$m Xw:gmhg H$m°Z H$a gH$Vm h°? [a hm`, ∑`m A›`m` H$m A›`m` hr ‡oVam{Y Wm?'13 CgZ{ A[Z{ AO{` gmhg H{$ ]b [a hr _hmgmJam{ß H$r N>mVr H$m{ am¢Xm h° Am°a Jwww· Or H$r _mZdVm H$m AmJ´h h° oH$ A›`m` H$m ‡oVam{Y ›`m` g{ Am°a AmH$me H$m ˆX` Mram h°& ÒdJ© H{$ X{dVm ^r _ZwÓ` H$r Bg odH$mgm{›_wI eo∫$ ohßgm H$m ‡oVH$ma Aohßgm g{ hm{& d{ ‡{_ H$m{ d°a H$r ewo’ _mZV{ h¢& Bgr odMmaYmam [a odoÒ_V h¢& _{ß Jm±YmrdmX H$m gma oZohV h°& Jw· Or H$m _mZdVmdmX ]mhar eÃwAm{ß [a odO` OrdZ H{$ ododY Ï`m[mam{ß Edß amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßYmßß{ [a ^r O` ^maV _{ß `Ã- H$r A[{jm _ZwÓ` H{$ ^rVar eÃwAm{ß H$m{ [amÒV H$aZ{ H$m odÌdmgr h°& `Wm- VÃ ‡H$me S>mbm J`m h°& –m°[Xr-gÀ`^m_m ‡H$aU _{ß Jw· Or Z{ AmYwoZH$ Zmar "]mha g{ ^r ]∂S{> od[jr A[Z{ hr ^rVa h¢, H$m{ b˙` H$aV{ hwE EH$ AmXe© J•hUr H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ ‡H$Q> oH$`m h°& [ÀZr A[Z{ CZ [a dhr odO` [mV{{ Om{ AmÀ_oZarjH$ Za h¢&'14 [oV H$m{ de _{ß oH$g ‡H$ma H$a{? OmXy-Q>m{Z{ g{? gÀ`^m_m H{$ Bg ‡ÌZ H$m CŒma Jm±YrdmXr ^mdZm H$m Agbr ÒdÍ$[ `h h° oH$ g^r ‡mUr g_mZ hm{ß& CZ_{ß Jw· Or Z{ –m°[Xr ¤mam AÀ`ßV ghO ^md g{ Ï`∫$ H$am`m h°& [oV H$m{ de _{ß H$aZ{ D±$M-ZrM H$m, ]S{>-N>m{Q{> H$m `m A_ra-Jar] H$m ^{X Z hm{& H$U©, EH$bÏ` Am°a H{$ obE [ÀZr H$m{ g_[©U Am°a g{dm H$m d´V b{Zm [∂S>Vm h°, gmYZm Am°a V[ÌM`m© ohoSß>]m H{$ MnaÃm{ß ¤mam C›hm{ßZ{{ A[Zr Bg ^mdZm H$m{ [wÓQ> oH$`m h°& _mZd hr H$aZr hm{Vr h°& Zmar H$m g_ÒV gm¢X`© Am°a l•ßJma A[Z{ o‡` H{$ obE hm{Vm h°& Zht, _mZd{Œma ‡mUr ^r gˆX`Vm[yd©H$ A[ZmE OmZ{ H{$ AoYH$mar h¢& Y_©amO CZH$m g_[©U X[©aohV Am°a odZ`[yd©H$ hm{Zm MmohE&9 `woYoÓR>a H$m ˆX` Cg g_` H$Í$Um g{ Am{V-[m{V hm{ CR>Vm h°, O] _•Jr A[Z{ Jw· Or Z{ O` ^maV _mZdr gß]ßYm{ß H{$ AZ{H$ oMÃ ^´mV•-‡{_, JwÍ$- emdH$ H$r ajm H{$ obE CZg{ ‡mW©Zm H$aVr h°& dh _mZd H{$ XmZdÀd H$m{ ô∫$,_°Ãr-oZÓR>m AmoX ItM{ h¢& C›hm{ßZß{ A[Z{ ‡À`{H$ [mÃ H$m{ Am°a [mÃm{ß H{$ \$Q>H$maVr hwB© CgH{$ X{dÀd H$m{ OJmVr h°& dZ-_•Jr Zm_H$ ‡H$aU _{ß Jw· Or Z{ [aÒ[a gß]ßßYm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ Z°goJ©H$ _mZdr` Í$[ g{ oMoÃV oH$`m h°& Bg ‡gßJ H$m ]∂S>m hr ˆX`–mdH$ o]ß] ItMm h°& dZ-_•Jr H$m¢V{` g{ H$hVr h°- _mZd-^mdZm H{$ ]mX A] h_ O` ^maV H$r amÓQ≠>r` ^mdZm [a odMma "OJ H{$ Ordm{ß _{ß O›Vw _mZd h°, H$a{ßJ{& Jw· Or Z{ O` ^maV _{ß `woYoÓR>a H$m Am°a `woYoÓR>a H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^maVdf© H$m BZ_{ß Xm{{Zm{{ß Am o_b{ß X{d-XmZd hß¢& O`Km{f oH$`m h°& CZH$m ì^maVí EH$ E{gm ^maVr` _mZd h° Om{ gÀ`-Aoßhßgm H{$ _¢ AmO X{d H{$ MaU-eaU AmB© hy± AmXem~ g{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m g]b ‡m· H$aVm h° Am°a Òdmo^_mZ Edß gÂ_mZ H{$ o[V•hrZ XrZ oeew e{f ^ß{{Q> bmB© hy±&'15 gmW OrdZ o]VmVm h°& O` ^maV _{ß `woYoÓR>a H{$ Í$[ _{ß EH$ E{g{ hr ^maV-Za H$m{ AV: _mZd A[Z{ ^rVa H$r XwÓ‡d•oŒm`m{ß [a odO` ‡m· H$aH{$ hr A[Zr g_ÒV ‡´ÒVwV oH$`m h°& CZH{$ O›_^yo_-‡{_ H$r ^mdZm H$m ÒdÍ$[ –ÓQ>Ï` h°- _mZdVm H$r O` H$m AoYH$mar ]Z gH$Vm h°& gßj{[ _{ß, Jw· Or Z{ amÓQ≠> H$r "Ord _mÃ H$m{ hr oZO O›_ÒWmZ fl`mam h°&'10 gßÒH•$oV H{$ _mZdr` _hmH$mÏ` O` ^maV _{ß _mZdVmdmX H$m O_H$a JwUJmZ _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zr YaVr H{$ ‡oV ‡{_ hm{Zm AÒdm^modH$ Zht h°& "^yVb `m oH$`m h¢& H$_©_`r [•œdr H{$ gmW AQy>Q> ]ßYZ `hr _mZd H$r _`m©Xm h°& `ht H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Xw:I-gwIm{ß H$r Jm±R> h_{ß Im{bZr h° Am°a Bgr YaVr H{$ gwIm{ß g{ gwIr 1. S>m∞. C_mH$mßV, _°oWbreaU Jw· : H$od Am°a ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ Amª`mVm, hm{Zm h°& H$od H$m H$mÏ` Cg IJHw$_ma H{$ g_mZ h° Om{ bobV Òda _{ß [•ÓR> gß0- 497 JmVm hwAm Ï`m{_ _{ß D$[a CR>Vm h°, oH$›Vw oOZH$r gwarbr VmZ H$m b˙` 2. S>m∞. ZJ{ß– : AmÒWm H{$ MaU, [•ÓR> gß0-576 A[Zm Km{ßgbm hr h°, _mZm{ A[Zr hr [ÀZr Am°a [wÃm{ß H$m{ naPmZm CgH{$ 3. S>m∞. ZJ{ß– : AmÒWm H{$ MaU, [•ÓR> gß0-575 JmZ H$r g\$bVm h°&'11 A[Zr O›_^yo_ H{$ ‡oV __Àd Am°a CgH{$ oZdmog`mß{ 4. O` ^maV, gmohÀ` gXZ, oMaJm±d (Pm±gr) gß 2014 od. [•ÓR> gß0-57 H{$ ‡oV A[ZÀd H$r ^mdZm hr amÓQ≠>r`Vm h°& amÓQ≠>dmX Am°a _mZdVmdmX EH$- 5. O` ^maV, gmohÀ` gXZ, oMaJm±d (Pm±gr) gß 2014 od. [•ÓR> gß0- Xyga{ H{$ [yaH$ h¢& Om{ amÓQ≠>dmXr Zht hm{Vm, dh _mZdVmdmXr Zht ]Z gH$Vm Am°a 445 Om{ _mZdVmdmXr hm{Vm h°, dh amÓQ≠>dmXr Vm{ hm{{Vm hr h°& E{gr amÓQ≠>dmoXVm H{$ j{Ã 6. ^yo_H$m _°oWbreaU Jw· : H$od Am°a ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ Amª`mVm, S>m∞. _{ß X[©, Ao^_mZ Am°a ÒdmW© H{$ obE H$m{B© ÒWmZ Zht ahZm MmohE& Bg ‡H$ma dmgwX{d eaU AJ´dmb, [•ÓR> gß0-11 AhßH$maey›` Am°a ÒdmW©aohV amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$m O] odH$mg hm{Vm h° Vm{ oZÒgßX{h 7. ^yo_H$m _°oWbreaU Jw· : H$od Am°a ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ Amª`mVm, S>m∞. CgH$r g\$b Am°a Ma_ [naUoV _mZdVmdmX _{{ß hm{Vr h°& Jw· Or H{$ amÓQ≠>r` dmgwX{d eaU AJ´dmb, [•ÓR> gß0-14 _mZdVmdmX H$r `hr [•ÓR>^yo_ h°& 8. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-22 AmO ^r odÌd H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r g_Ò`m h°- `w’ H$m oZamH$aU& Jw· Or Z{ O` 9. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-191 ^maV _{ß Y_©-ajm oZo_Œm oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ `w’ H$m ÒdrH•$oV Vm{ AdÌ` Xr h°, [aßVw 10. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-11 C›hm{ßZß{ ˆX` g{ gßKf© H$m g_W©Z Zht oH$`m h°& H$m°ad-[mßS>d-gßKf© H{$ [yd© 11. _°oWbreaU Jw· : H$od Am°a ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ Amª`mVm, S>m∞. `woYoÓR>a H$m ˆX` â AmVm h° Am°a d{ H$Í$Um–© hm{H$a H$hZ{ bJV{ h¢&- dmgwX{deaU AJ´dmb, ^yo_H$m, [•ÓR> gß0-13 "h{ X{d, OZ H{$ a∫$ g{ aßoOV Z OZ H{$ hmW hm{ß, 12. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-313 _Yw-_yoV© ]mbH$ Am°a dYwE±, Ï`W© hr Z AZmW hm{ß&'12 13. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-426 Y_©amO `woYoÓR>a _hm^maV H{$ gßKf© H$m XwÓ[naUm_ OmZV{ W{& BgobE CZH{$ 14. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-431 ˆX` _{ß ìj_m H{$ ^mdí OJ{ Am°a C›hm{ßZ{ har-âr [w`^yo_ H$m{ _aKQ> _{ß odKoQ>V 15. O` ^maV, [•ÓR> gß0-221 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 179

Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$m gßdmhH$ _hmH$mÏ` ñ Co_©bm

S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r *

‡ÒVmdZm - AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr H$mÏ`Ymam H{$ erf©ÒW H$od lr ]mbH•$ÓU [am@[am od⁄m H$m d°^d, e_m© "ZdrZ' AmXe©dmXr oM›VmYmam H{$ gd©l{ÓR> H$od h¢& AmMm`© Z›X d{X ^maVr H$Î`mUr- Xwbma{ dmO[{`r Z{ C›h{ß draag H{$ ÒdX{e ‡{_r H$od H{$ Í$[ _{ß _m›`Vm Xr h¢,1 Am`m} H$r `{ g] od^yoV`m±, Vm{ S>m∞. ZJ{›– Z{ C›h{ß amÓQ≠>r` gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$mÏ`Ymam H$m H$od ÒdrH$ma dZ _{ß ‡gmnaVm hm{ßJt, oH$`m h°&2 C›hm{ßZ{ obIm h° oH$ "ZdrZ Or Z N>m`mdmXr h¢ Am°a Z OoQ>b Hw$oQ>b AkmZ-^mdZm- Òd¿Nß>XVmdmXr, CZH{$ H$mÏ` H$m ‡_wI ÒVa amÓQ≠>r` gmßÒH•$oVH$ hr h°&3 oZÌM` [amoOVm hm{ßJr&7 _‹`‡X{e Edß CŒma‡X{e H$m{ A[Zr brbm d H$_©^yo_ ]ZmZ{ dmb{ ZdrZ Or H$od H$m _mZZm h° oH$ am_ H$m ^ybm{H$ [a AdVaU hr AmO H{$ H$m aMZm \$bH$ Ï`m[H$ h° C›hm{ßZ{ bJ^J XO©Z ^a g{ AoYH$ H$mÏ`H•$oV`m{ß ^m°oVH$VmdmX g{ ÃÒV Edß AW© H$m{ gd©‡mYm›` dar`Vm X{Z{ dmbr H$m ‡U`Z oH$`m h° oOg_{ß "Hw$ßHw$_', "aoÌ_a{I', "A[bH$', "π$mog', "odZm{dm oM›VZYmam H$m{ À`mJ, ‡{_ Edß odÌdmg H$m _hÀd g_PmZ{ H{$ obE hwAm h°& ÒVdZ', "Co_©bm', "‡mUm[©U', ogaOZ H$r bbH$ma{ß, "Zy[wa H{$ Òda', "ZdrZ CZH{$ am_ BZ VrZ gyÃm{ß H{$ g_o›dV g›X{eH$m{ b{H$a AdY[war g{ bßH$m[war Xm{hmdbr', "`m°dZ _oXam', "‡b`ßH$a' AmoX ‡_wI h¢& BZ g_J´ H$mÏ` VH$ `mÃm H$aV{ h¢& d{ obIV{ h¢- H•$oV`m{ß _{ß erf© ÒWmZ H$r AoYH$mnaUr H•$oV "Co_©bm' h° oOg{ H$od Z{ Ymo_©H$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, gm_moOH$ "[a_H$mÏ`'4 H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h°& Bg H•$oV H$m g•OZ H$od H$r —oÓQ> VÀd odMma ogImZ{ H$m{, _{ß CZH$m gdm}ÀH•$ÓQ> H$m`© h° oOgH$m ew^maß^ CZH{$ `m°dZ H$mb _{ß hwAm Am°a Am`© am_ AdVrU© hwE h¢, [yU©Vm g›‹`mH$mb _{ß hwB©& oOgH{$ gß]ßY _{ß H$od Z{ J´›W H$r ^yo_H$m _{ß obIm OJ H$m{ [›W oXImZ{ H$m{&8 h° - "‡eßgm H$roO`{-`h h° _{am `m{J: H$_©gwH$m°eb_≤'5 gZ≤ 1957 _{ß Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$r Bg gdm}[naVm H{$ ‡oV[mXZ H$m H$m`© "gmH{$V' H{$ ‡H$moeV "Co_©bm' _hmH$mÏ` H$od Z{ H$od adr›–ZmW Q°>Jm{a H{$ b{I "H$mÏ`{a am_ ^r H$aV{ hwE oXIbmB© [∂S>V{ h¢& Jw· Or ^r ZdrZ Or H$r ^mßoV lram_ H$m{ C[{ojVm' VWm AmMm`© _hmdra ‡gmX o¤d{Xr H{$ b{I - "H$od`m{ß H$r Co_©bm Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡VrH$ [wÈf oZÍ$o[V H$aV{ hwE obIV{ h¢ - odf`H$ CXmgrZVm' g{ ‡{naV hm{H$a obIm Am°a A[Zr H$mÏ`H•$oV _{ß Bg am_ Zht Za EH$ oMaVßZ, C[{jm gß]ßYr `Ã-VÃ gßH{$V oX`{ VWm `h C”m{ofV oH$`m oH$ Bgr C[{jm _ZZ [wÈf oh›Xy_Z H$m, H{$ oZdmaUmW© C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr b{IZr CR>mB© h° & am_ EH$ CÀH$f© H$Î[Zm, AÒVw Co_©bm H{$ C¡Odb MnaÃ ‡H$meZ H$r AmoÀ_H$ Ò[•hm Edß Bg AmXf© Am`© OZ H$m, ]m¯‡{aUm H$od VyobH$m H$r AmYma ^yo_ ]Zr Am°a Co_©bm H{$ CXmŒm MnaÃ am_ gÀ` oed gw›Xa ^mdmß{, H$m AZmdaU Vm{ H$od H$b_ g{ hwAm hr Ao[Vw g_J´ am_H$Wm H$m AmH$bZ H$r H$Î`mU_`r Pm±H$r&9 ^r Co_©bm H{$ g›X^© _{ß hwAm& VWm H$od Z{ Cg{ [wZÈÀWmZdmXr M{VZm d gmH{$VH$ma H{$ am_ H$r gÀ`, oed Am°a gw›Xa ^mdm{ß g{ Am[ynaV `h gmßÒH•$oVH$ g›X^© _{ß Om±M [aI H$a ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ H$m ÒVwÀ` H$m`© oH$`m& H$Î`mUH$mar Pm±H$r H$m C‘{Ì` ^r OZ-OZ VH$ Am`© gßÒH•$oV H{$ OrdZ H$od Z{ lram_ H$m{ Ã{Vm`wJ H$r _hmZ od^yoV _mZV{ hwE `h CX≤Km{ofV oH$`m AmXe© Z°oVH$Vm, À`mJ, l’m, odÌdmg Edß gXmMaU H$m ‡gma H$aZm ahm oH$ Ã{Vm`wJ gH´$mo›V H$mb h° Bg `wJ _{ß Am`© gßÒH•$oV Z{ EH$ ZdrZ H$adQ> h°& CZH{$ am_ Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ `h CX≤Km{f H$aV{ h¢ - br Wr& lr am_ H$r dZ `mÃm H$m _ybm{‘{Ì` Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$r odO` [VmH$m _¢ Am`m} H$m AmXe© ]VmZ{ Am`m, g_ÒV ^y_S>b [a \°$bmZm ahm h°& H$od Z{ J´›W H$r ^yo_H$m _{ß Bg Vœ` H$m OZ gÂ_wI YZ H$m{ Vw¿N> OVmZ{ Am`m& gßH{$V X{V{ hw`{ obIm h° oH$ -"am_ H$r dZ`mÃm EH$ _hmZ AW©[yU© Am`© gwI emo›V h{Vw _¢ H´$mo›V _MmZ{ Am`m gßÒH•$oV ‡gma `mÃm Wr& Bg `mÃm H$m{ C›hm{ßZ{ ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV ‡gmamW©, odÌdmgr H$m{ odÌdmg oXbmZ{ Am`m&10 EH$ _hmZ `k H{$ Í$[ _{ß J´hU oH$`m h°&6 "Co_©bm' H{$ V•Vr` gJ© _{ß d{ obIV{ "Co_©bm' _hmH$mÏ` [a odMma H$aZ{ [a h_ [mV{ h¢ oH$ H$od ZdrZ Z{ h¢ - Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$r oOZ [wZrV oH$aUm{ß H$m odVmZ VmZm h° CgH$m _yb ‡{aUmÚm{V Am`© g‰`Vm Am`© kmZ Am° "d{X', "C[oZfX' Edß "lr_X≤^Jd“rVm', AmoX [m°amoUH$ J´›W ah{ h¢& d{Xm{ß Am`m} H$r gßÒH•$V dmUr, g{ ‡^modV H$od ZdrZ Or Z{ V_gm{ _m ¡`m{oVJ©_` H$m{ Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$m

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmamOm ÒZmVH$m{Œma Òdemgr _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 180

_hm_ßÃ ÒdrH$maV{ hw`{ "Co_©bm' H{$ V•Vr` gJ© _{ß `h H$h oX`m h° oH$ am_ gßÒH•$oV H{$ oOg ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ H$od Z{ "Co_©bm' _{ß ‡gmnaV H$admZ{ H$m C[H´$_ dZ`mÃm H$m _ybmYma `hr h° `Wm - oH$`m h° dh C›hm{ßZ{ A[moW©d Edß ^Ï` Í$[ _{ß J´hU H$r h° CZH{$ AZwgma V_gm{ _m ¡`m{oVJ©_` Àd_≤, ^maVr` Am`© gßÒH•$oV H$m ÒdÍ$[ `h h° - _•À`m{_m© A_•Vß b{ Mb, ew’ odMma ‡m°∂T>Vm hr h°, od⁄m g{ gß`w∫$ _wP{ H$a, oôŒm g‰`Vm gßÒH•$oV H$r, A_•V MIm h{ AMb AQ>b& gXmMaU erbVm _mÃ h°, H$od ZdrZ Z{ V[ H$m{ AÀòYH$ _hÀd oX`m h° CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ ⁄m{VH$ gßÒH•$oV _oV Y•oV H$r&17 V[ H$r eo∫$ A[nao_V h°& V[ H$r eo∫$ g{ hr ]´¯m AZ›V g•oÓQ> H$r aMZm oZÓH$f©V: H$od ZdrZ Or ¤mam AmO H{$ ^m°oVH$VmdmXr `wJ _{ß lram_ H$aVm h°& C[oZf{X H{$ "g V[m{@Vfl`V g V[ÒVflÀdm BŸ gd©_ g•OV&'12 ¤mam g›X{oeV gßÒH•$oV H$m `h ÒdÍ$[ oZg›X{h ‡{aH$ h°& Am°a H$od H$r H$m{ d{ Bg ∂Tß>J g{ ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ h¢ - —oÓQ> _{ß `h gV H$m`© "`Xm `Xm oh Y_©Ò`' H{$ AZwgma V] hr hm{ [mVm h° - `h ]´˜mS> V[Ò`m H{$ ]b, O] Hw$N> CWb [wWb hm{Vr h°, JoV_` g•oV_` MobV hwAm, V] _mZdVm H$adQ> b{Vr, AUw-AUw _{ß H$U-H$U _{ß gfiV, Zd Zd aMZm aMVr h°&18 ‡W_ V[m{]b ¡dobV hwAm&13 ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV À`mJ Am°a V[m{dZ H$r gßÒH•$oV h° dhm± [naJ´h Zht gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- daZ≤≤ A[naJ´h H$m{ _hÀd oX`m J`m h°& dhm± AmÀ_dmX H$m{ _yb _mZm J`m h° & 1. AmMm`© ZßX Xwbma{ dmO[{`r - oh›Xr gmohÀ` ]rgdt eVm„Xr odko·, `Wm - [•ÓR> 03 AmÀ_dmX _{ß h° AZ›`Vm, 2. S>m∞. ZJ{›–- AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr H$odVm H$r _wª` ‡d•oV`m±, amÓQ≠>r` H$m AoV Í$oMa kmZ d°^d, gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$odVm, [•ÓR> 19-36 dhm± Zht gßM` gßM` H$m 3. S>m∞. ZJ{›– H$m [Ã 25.08.1962 gwZ [∂S>Vm h° H$H©$e Òda&14 4. lr ‡`mJ ZmamÙ oÃ[mR>r, ZB© oXÑr g{ gmjmVH$ma oXZm±H$ AmO H{$ ^m°oVH$dmXr VWm AW© ‡YmZ `wJ _{ß gßÒH•$oV H$m{ AWm©O©Z H{$ 23.05.1961 _m[XS> g{ AmßH$m Om ahm h° O]oH$ H$od H$m _mZZm h° oH$ Am`© gßÒH•$oV H{$ 5. lr ]mb H•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ- "Co_©bm' H$r ^yo_H$m, [•ÓR> J [na[m{fH$OZ AW© H$m{ OrdZ H$m ‹`{` Zhr _mZV{& `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH{$ 6. lr ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ - "Co_©bm' lr b˙_U MaUm[©U_ÒVw, [•ÓR> 06 am_ AW©dmX H{$ odam{Yr h¢& d{ H$hV{ h¢ - 7. lr ]mb H•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ - "Co_©bm' V•Vr` gJ©, [•ÓR> 198 AW© ‡JoV H$m oMÖ Zht h°, 8. ]mb H•$ÓU e_m© "ZdrZ' - "Co_©bm' V•Vr` gJ©, [•ÓR> 263 dh h° ‡JoVñdmXr H$m \{$Z, 9. lr _°oWbreaU Jw·- "gmH{$V' V•Vr` gJ©, [•ÓR> 295 dh Vm{ `m{ß hr CVamVm h°, 10. lr _°oWbreaU Jw· - "gmH{$V' AÓQ>_ gJ©, [•ÓR> 166 hm{Z{ H$m{ odbrZ ]°M{Z&15 11. lr ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ - "Co_©bm' V•Vr` gJ©, [•ÓR> 198 H$od "dgw⁄{d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_≤' H$r ^mdZm H$m [jYa hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU _ZwÓ` 12. V°Œmar`m{[oZfX 2,6 _mÃ H$r EH$Vm _{ß odÌdmg H$aVm h° CgH$m —oÓQ>H$m{U _mZdVmdmXr h°& 13. lr ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© "ZdrZ' - "Co_©bm' fÓR> gJ©, [•ÓR> 549 BgrobE dh H$hVm h° oH$ dmÒVd _{ß _mZdVmXe© H$r [na[woÓQ> odÌddmX _{ß 14. dhr [•ÓR> 548 hr oZohV h° - 15. dhr [•ÓR> 553 h° OJ H{$ ZmJnaH$ g^r h_, 16. dhr [•ÓR> 558 g] OJ â `h A[Zm h°, 17. dhr. [•ÓR> 554 gro_V X{e odX{e H$Î[Zm, 18. lr ]mb H•$ÓU e_m© "ZdrZ' "Co_©bm' V•Vr` gJ©, [•ÓR> 222 o_œ`m ^´_ H$m g[Zm h°&16

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 181

OrdZ d•Œmm›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r AdYmaUm

S>m∞µ _rZmjr Ia{ *

em{Y gmamße ñ OrdZ ndÌm{f H$m{ Ambm{MZm H$r Am∞I g{ X{IZm hr OrdZ d•Œmm›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r _wª` AdYmaUm h¢ ‡À`{H$ H•$nV, H•$nVH$ma H{$ Ï`n∫$Àd H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z n]Zm Z Vm{ A¿N>r Vah g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ Am°a Z CgH$m _yÎ`mßH$Z nH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢ [nÌM_ ndMmaH$ S≠>mBS>Z H$r `h AdYmaUm AmYwnZH$ H$mb H$r OrdZ d•Œmm›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$m _yb AmYma ]Zr& S≠>mBS>Z H$m `h ndMma [nÌM_ _{ß AZ{H$ OrdnZ`m{ß H{$ b{IZ _{ß ^r ghm`H$ ]Zm& OrdZ d•Œmm›V H$r Ambm{MZm H$r `h ndYm aMZm Am°a aMZmH$ma H$m{ g_PZ{ H{$ nbE ha —nÓQ> g{ bm^Xm`H$ h¢& Bg [”nV g{ MnaV - Zm`H$ H$m `wJ [nad{Ìm, CgH{$ OrdZ gßKf© H{$ ‡^md, CgH{$ _Zm{OJV H•$nV -H•$nVH$ma H{$ A›Vg™]ßYr aMZm ‡nH´$`m H•$nV H$r gßd{XZm `WmW© AmnX H$m{ OmßM Z{ [aIZ{ H$m _mJ© gabVm g{ IwbVm h°&

‡ÒVmdZm - OrdZ d•∫$m›Vr` Ambm{MZm (]m`m{ J´m\$rH$b oH´$oQ>og¡_ ) H$r ‡{aUm ]ZH$a ndH$ngV hwAm, AßJ´{Or gmnhÀ` _{ß 18dt eVm„Xr g{ H$m gw]m{Y -AW© h° OrdZ Am°a gmohÀ` H{$ A›Vgß©]ßYm{ß H$m{ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r nbIr JB© _hŒd[yU© OrdnZ`m± bmB\$ Am∞\$ Om∞ZgZ (dmgd{b -18 dt Am∞I g{ X{IZm OrdZ ode{f _{ß A›V: ]m¯ KQ>ZmE∞ KQ>Vr h¢, Om{ CVma- eVm„Xr) bmB\$ Am∞\$ dmàZ (Wm_g _ya 1830) bmB\$ Am∞\$ AZm©ÎS> M∂T>md AmV{ h¢, gßKf© g{ Om{ g\$bVmE±-Ag\$bVmE± C[OVr h¢ Cgg{ (Eµ[rµÒQ{>Zbr 1815) bmB\$ Am∞\$ Mmabm{Q>]´m›Q> (JmÒH{$b 1855) Om{ Ïò∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd oH$g gr_m VH$ Am°a oH$g Í$[ _{ß ‡^modV hm{Vm h° nH$ [nÌM_r Ambm{MZm-—nÓQ>H{$ ndÒVma Am°a ndH$mg H$r E{nVhmngH$ KQ>Zm VWm dh A[Z{ g_` Am°a g_` g{ OwS>∂{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$hm± VH$ ‡^modV H$aVm h¢& h¢ AmoX H$m{ [aIZ{ H$r ‡mmbr H$m Zm_ hr OrdZ d•∫$m›VrÀmbm{MZm h°& Bgr —nÓQ> g{ ‡{naV hm{H$a ^maVr` gmnhÀ` _{ß OrdZr b{IZ Z{ A[Zr E{oVhmogH$ —oÓQ> g{ OrdZ d•∫$mm›VrÀmbm{MZm [’oV H$m ‡maß^ C[nÒWnV XO© H$admH$a J⁄ H$r Bg ZdrZV_≤ ndYm H$m{ [wÓQ> nH$`m h°& H•$nV 18dt eVr _{ß AßJ´{Or gmohÀ` H{$ ‡og¤ H$od S≠>mBS>Z H{$ Bg _V g{ _mZm Am°a H•$nVH$ma H$m{ OrdZ d•∫$m›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r H$gm°Q>r [a H$gZ{ H{$ nbE OmVm h¢ oH$ "‡À`{H$ H•$oV H•$oVH$ma H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ _yÎ`mHß$Z o]Zm Z Vm{ Hw$N> E{g{ _mZXS> AnZdm`© W{ nOZg{ OrdZr ndÌm{f H{$ gmW ›`m` nH$`m A¿N>r Vah g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ Am°a Z CgH$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Om gH{$& Bg —nÓQ> g{ OrdZ d•∫$m›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r VrZ _wª` ÒWm[ZmE± S≠>mBS>Z H$m C[`w©∫$ Ao^_V [oÌM_r Ambm{MZm OJV≤ H$m H´$mßoVH$mar h¢ : odMma h° ∑`m{ßoH$ [oÌM_r g_rjm _{ß flb{Q>m{, AaÒVw, dS©>gdW© , H$m{barO, 1. gd©‡W_ Vm{ `h H•$oVH$ma H$m OrdZ oOg X{e H$mb _{ß OrVm Am°a Bob`Q>, Am°a naMS©>≤g Z{ g_`-g_` [a oOg Ambm{MZm [a ‹`mZmH$of©V OmJVm h¢$, Cg X{eH$mb g{ oZa[{j gmohÀ` H$m oZ_m©U Zht H$a oH$`m Wm& dh dÒVwV: _mÃ gmohÀ` aMZmAm{ß [a H{$o›–V Wr& ‡m`: g^r gH$Vm & Cg X{eH$mb H$m [oad{e CgH$r oM›VZ ñ eo∫$, ^mdmZw^yoV oM›VH$mß{ Z{ aMZm H{$ BX©-oJX© Z X{IH$a, H{$db aMZm H{$ oZohVmW© H$m{ hr Am°a odMma H$m ‡^modV H$aVm h° & A[Zr —oÓQ> _{ß aIZ{ [a ]b oX`m Wm& H$od Ambm{MH$ Bob`Q> Z{ 1921 B©. 2. Xygam `h h° nH$ H•$nVH$ma H$m OrdZ Am°a CgH$r H•$nV, Xm{Zm{ß ‡À`j `m _{{ß obIm Wm oH$ "Ambm{MZm H$r B©_mZXmar Bgr _{ß h¢ oH$ dh H$od H$r Am{a Zht [am{j Í$[ _{ß EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aV{ h¢& H•$nV H•$nVH$ma H$r C[bn„Y H$odVm H$r Am{a C›_wI hm{ Am°a V^r gßd{XZm [yU© agmÒdmX gß^d h°& h° Am°a ‡À`{H$ C[bn„Y OrdZ d•Œm g{ ndH$ngV hm{H$a CgH{$ AßJ H$r ZB© g_rjm H{$ Bob`Q> Am°a CZH{$ O°{{gm odMma aIZ{ dmb{ g^r g_rjH$ [ynV© H$aVr h°& Bg —•nÓQ> g{ `nX X{Im OmE Vm{ ‡À`{H$ H•$nV H$bmH$ma H{$ dÒVwV: ‡^mddmXr g_rjm [a ‡hma H$aZ{ dmb{ g_rjH$ W{ Am°a aMZm H{$ Xm{ [jm{ß H$m ‡nVnZnYÀd H$aVr h° & _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ obE oH$›ht ]mhar H$maH$m{ß H{$ ‡^mdm{ß H$m AmYma b{Z{ H{$ Iwb{ 3. Vrgam `h nH$ Bg Ambm{MZm - ‡Umbr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ h_ H•$nVH$ma H{$ odam{Yr W{& Bob`Q> Z{ A[Z{ Bg odMma H$m{ Hw$N> Bg ‡H$ma Ï`∫$ oH$`m oH$ OrdZ _{ß ^mJ b{H$a, CgH$r AZw^ynV H$m{ J´hU H$a b{Z{ [a, CgH$r "g¿Mr Ambm{MZm Am°a gy˙_ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$od [a Zht H$odVm [a ‹`mZ H{$o›–V H•$nV H$m{ AnYH$ ghmZw^ynV [yU©-—nÓQ> H{$ gmW X{I Am°a g_P gH$V{ H$aVm h°'& h¢& AÒVw, `nX [mR>H$ H{$ gm_Z{ nH$gr ^r Í$[ _{ß `h —nÓQ> ‡ÒVwV hm{ 19 dr eVt _{ß Ambm{MZm H$r Amß∞I H{$db aMZm (gmnhÀ` ) _mÃ [a gH{$ Vm{ ]hwV - gr E{gr aMZmE∞ Om{ AnYH$mßÌm gßX^©hrZ gr bJVr h¢, H{$n›–V Wr 18dt eVr H{$ S≠>mBS>Z H$m `h An^_V nH$ ‡À`{H$ H•$nV H•$nVH$ma CZH$m ^r _hŒd [`m©· _mÃm _{ß kmV hm{ Om`{Jm& AÒVw, ndd{MZm Í$[ H{$ Ï`n∫$Àd H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z n]Zm Z Vm{ A¿N>r Vah g_Pr Om gH$Vr h¢ Am°a Z _{ß OrdZ d•∫$m›Vr` ‡Umbr H{$ Xm{ ÒVa h¢& EH$ Vm{ `h nH$ ‡À`{H$ H•$nV CgH$m _yÎ`mßH$Z nH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢& [adVr© Ambm{MZm [”nV H{$ ndam{Y _{ß H$m{ CZH{$ nÌmÎ[ Am°a Í$[mH$ma H{$ AmYma [a X{IZ{ H$m ‡`mg nH$`m I∂S>m nXImB© X{Vm h¢ Am°a AmJ{ MbH$a S≠>mBS>Z H$m `h ndMma OrdZr b{IZ OmE, Xygam `h nH$ Cg dÒVw [aH$ —nÓQ> H{$ gmW Cg H•$nVH$ma H$r _Z: nÒWnV Am°a [nad{Ìm H$m ^r EH$ Aø``Z ‡ÒVwV nH$`m OmE& *AnVnW nd¤mZ (nh›Xr) emµgH$r` H$›`m _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 182 dÒVwV: Ambm{MZm H$r C[`w©∫$ ÒWm[ZmAm{ß H{$ AZ{H$ bm^ h¢ - Amb{I H{$ AZwgma OrdZ d•∫$m›V H$r Ambm{MZm _yb gmV ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ 1. [mR>H$m{ß H$m MnaV Zm`H$ H{$ `wJrZ [nad{Ìm g{ gmjmV≤≤ hm{Vm h° & AmYma [a H$r OmVr h°& 2. MnaV Zm`H$ H{$ OrdZ-gßKf© H{$ d{ _m{∂S>. nOZg{ CgH$m Ï`n∫$Àd Am°a 1. [nad{Ìm g{ aMZmH$ma H$r gßbæVm [mnad{ÌmH$ gßKf© VWm [nad{Ìm H$m H•$nVÀd ‡^mndV Am°a ndH$ngV hwAm h°, Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ bnjV hm{V{ h¢°& aMZm [a ∑`m ‡^md [∂S>m h° ? 3. MnaV Zm`H$ H{$ Ï`n∫$Àd Am°a H•$nVÀd H$m{ _Zm{d°kmnZH$ [”nV g{ 2. C[`w©∫$ ‡ÌZm{ß H$r [∂S>Vmb H{$ AmYma [a OrdZ H$r A›V: ]m¯ KQ>ZmAm{ß g_PZ{ H$r —nÓQ> ‡m· hm{Vr h° & Z{ H•$nVH$ma H{$ _Z-_mZg H$m{ nH$g Í$[ _{ß ‡^mndV nH$`m h° VWm 4. H•$nV Am°a H•$nVH$ma (MnaVZm`H$) H{$ A›Vg©Â]ßY H$r [aI H$aZm H•$•nV`m{ß _{ß _Zm{d°kmnZH$ ‡^md nH$g ‡H$ma Ï`∫$ hwAm h° ? A[{jmH•$V gab hm{ OmVm h°& 3. H•$nVH$ma (MnaV Zm`H$) H$m H$mÏ`H•$nV g{ "`m gß]ßY h° ? 5. H•$nV`m{ß H{$ gßX^©, H•$nV`m{ß _{ß nN>[r gßd{XZm, aMZm ‡nH´$`m H$m [`m©· 4. H•$nVH$ma (MnaV Zm`H$) H$m gm_mnOH$ g{ d°`n∫$H$ ÒVa [a gß]ßY _mÃm _{ß kmZ hm{ OmVm h° & Am°a aMZm H{$ ÒVa [a H°$gm ‡^md hwwwAm h° Am°a [mR>H$m{ß H$r ∑`m 6. MoaV Zm`H$ H{$ OrdZ g{ OwS>r AZ{H$ E{gr ^´mßoV`mß (Om{ bÂ]r AdoY ‡oVoH´$`m$ahr h° ? H{$ A›Vamb H{$ H$maU bJ^J odÌdgZr`Vm VH$ [hwßM OmVr h°) H$m 5. dmÒVodH$ OrdZ Am°a H•$oV`m|$ _| [aÂ[am H$m oZdm©h oH$VZm hwAm h°? oZamH$aU hm{Z{ _|$ ghm`Vm o_bVr h° & 6. Ï`n∫$Àd Am°a H•$nVÀd g{ An^bnjV hm{Z{ dmbm XÌm©Z ∑`m h° ? 7. MnaV Zm`H$ H{$ OrdZ H{$ dmÒVÏ` Am°a CgH$r H$Î[Zm erbVm H$m{ 7. g•nÓQ> Am°a H•$nVH$ma H$m VmXmÀÂ` nH$g gr_m VH$ hwAm h° VWm H•$nV _{ß Am±H$Z{ H$m Adga n_bVm h°& g•nÓQ> nH$Z-nH$Z Í$[m{ß _{ß C[nÒWV h{{° ? 8. MnaV Zm`H$ H$r gnH´$`Vm Am°a CgH{$ H•$nVÀd Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ g_mZ Í$[ g{ nZÓH$f© - OrdZ d•∫$m›Vr` Ambm{MZm H$r ‡ÒVwV C[`©w∫$ [”nV EH$ X{IZm gß^d hm{ [mVm h¢ & C[`m{Jr [”nV ng” hwB© h° BgnbE [nÌM_ g{ Mbr Bg AdYmaUm H$m{ dÒVwVï OrdZr Ambm{MH$ ¤mam Ambm{MZm H$_© H$aV{ hwE AZ{H$ —oÔ>`m| nh›Xr H{$ AZ{H$ aMZmH$mam{ß Z{ hmWm{ß-hmW nb`m h° & H$m ‹`mZ _| aIZm hm{Vm h° oOg{ oZÂZ Amb{I ¤mam ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 1. ZB© g_rjm - gß[mXH$ _h{›–r MVwd}Xr -gaÒdVr n‡nQß>J ‡{g, _m°O[wa nXÎbr gßÒH$aU 1980 2. nh›Xr gmnhÀ` ]rgdt eVm„Xr - ZßX Xwbma{ dmO[{`r- bm{H$ ^maVr ‡H$mÌmZ, Bbmhm]mX gßÒH$aU 1995 3. nh›Xr gmnhÀ`H$ H$m{f ^mJ-EH$ - S>m∞µ Yra{›– d_m© - kmZ _ßS>b nbn_Q{>S>, dmamUgr gßÒH$aU 1985 4. nhÒQ≠>r Am∞\$ BßnΩbÌm nbQ>a{Ma - _°H$ n_bZ -_°H$ n_bZ BßnS>`m nbn_Q{>S> BnS>`m ‡{g, _–mg gßÒH$aU 1965

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 183

[`m©daU OmJÍ$Vm _{ß ]mb gmohÀ` H$m `m{JXmZ

Am^m Mm°hmZ * ‡ÒVmdZm - [`m©daU ‡XwfU AmO EH$ odH$Q> g_Ò`m H{$ Í$[ _| h¢& Ob h°& ha{-â{ [hm∂S> Om{ _{a{ ]mXbm{ß H{$ Í$[ H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aH{$ dfm© H$amV{ W{, ‡XwfU, dm`w ‡XwfU, ‹doZ ‡XwfU, _•Xm ‡XwfU AmoX h_ma{ OrdZ H$m{ AmO _Í$ÒWb hm{ MwH{$ h°& O] _¢ ZßJ{ [hm∂S>m{ [a ]agVm hy∞ Vm{ YaVr H$m ‡^modV H$a ahß{ h¢ & BgH$m oZXmZ OmJÍ$H$Vm g{ gß^d h°& ]mb gmohÀ` ^`ßH$a H$Q>md hm{Vm h°& ]m∂T> H{$ Ob g{ Wb H$m odZme hm{Vm h°& Xw:I Vm{ Bg ]mbH$m{ß H$m _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmW oejm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm ]mV H$m h° oH$ _ZwÓ` o\$a ^r _wP{ Am°a ‡H•$oV H$m{ hr Xm{f X{Vm h°& ‡H•$oV H{$ h°& ]mb gmohÀ` ]mbH$m{ H$m{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ H$aZ{ _{ß AVwÎZr` gmW òX Am[ o_ÃVm aIV{ h¢ Am°a Bg{ gwaojV aIV{ h¢ Vm{ ‡H•$oV A[Z{ `m{JXmZ ahm h°& AmoYH$mße ]mb gmohÀ`H$ma Z{ Bg Am°a ‹`mZ oX`m Am°a A[ma ÒZ{h VWm IOmZ{ H$m{ Am[H$r g{dm _{ß A[©U H$a X{Jr&' 3 [`m©daU odf`H$ _Zm{aßOH$ H$odVm`ß{, ZmQ>H$ H$hmoZ`m{ß AmoX H$r aMZm ∂S>m∞. em{^m ZmW "bmb' H•$V "^maV Z`m ]Zm`{ßJ{' Zm_H$ H$odVm _{ß H$r Om{ oH$ ]mbH$m{ H$m{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV gM{V H$aVr h°& lr ‡gmX H{$ ¤mam _Zm{aßOH$ ∂T>J g{ ]Vm`m h° Bg YaVr [a H$ht YwAm± h° Edß H$ht H$U© ^{Xr aoMV Bg H$odVm _{ß ]Ém{ß H$m{ ogIm`m J`m h¢ oH$ [{∂S> bJmZm MmohE - AmdmO Edß Òd¿N> Ohm∞ H{$ obE g^r bmbmo`V h¢& Ob, ‹doZ, dm`w ‡Xwfm ha{ â{ `{ [{∂S> CJ{ Om{ H{$ H$maU OrdZ KQ> ahm h°& H$od ]Ém{ g{ AmJ´h H$a ahm h° oH$ AmAm{ß h_ g] _wPH$m{ H$m\$r ^mV{ h¢ o_b H$a Z`m ^maV ]ZmZ{ H$m gßH$Î[ H$a{ß& ]mJ-]JrM{ bJm`{ oOgg{ N>m`m [mV{ h¢ h_ erVb dm`w_S>b Òd¿N> hm{Jm, \$b oIb{J{ß, AmH$me g{ [mZr ]ag{Jm, Ob, ‹doZ BZH{$ \$b ^r ImV{ h°& g{ H$m{Zm H$m{Zm MhH$ CR{>Jm& [{∂S> h_ma{ gmWr hr h¢ H$ht YwAm∞ X_Km{Qy> X{Im{ BZH{$ o]Zm AYya{ h_ H$ht H$U©^{Xr AmdmO{ß& YaVr H$m{ em{^m X{V{ h¢ oZ_©b Ob ImoVa bmbmo`V BZg{ hm{V{ [ya{ h_&& 1 Vag ah{ gma{ XadmO{& Bgr ‡H$ma ‡oV ‡drU Ia{ Z{ A[Zr aMZm "[{∂S>' H$m{ ]∂S>r gabVm g{ XyofV Ob, ‹doZ-dm`w ‡XyofV ]Ém| H$m{ ]Vm`m h° oH$ [{∂S> H$Q{>J{ Vm{ ew’ hdm ‡m· Zht hm{ [m`{Jr& OrdZ _{ß odf Km{b ah{& [{∂S> Am_ Zr_ B_br H$m [{∂S> ha jU OrdZ KQ>Vm OmE [{∂S>! [{∂S> h° Bg{ Z H$mQ>m{ oga [a IVa{ S>m{b ah{& Bgg{ A[Z{ XwI H$m{ ]mQ>m{ AmAm{, o_b gßH$Î[ H$a{ß h_ `{ g] H$Q> Om`{ßJ{ß ^maV Z`m ]ZmE∞J{& V{ h_ hdm H$hm g{ [m`{J{ß gw_Z V^r _waPm`r ]oJ`m ew’ hdm Z [m`{ßJ{ _° o\$a g{ bhamE∞J{& V{ h_ H°$g{ Or [m`{ßJ{ Òd¿N> dm`w_S>b Ob-‹doZ g{ ]m{bm{-]m{bm{ h_ H°$g{ Or [m`{J{ß&& 2 MhH$ CR{> H$m{Zm - H$m{Zm& XwJm© XŒm Am{Pm H•$V "[mZr H$r AmÀ_ H$Wm' Zm_H$ H$hmZr _{ß ]¿Mm{ YaVr ÒdJ© ]Z{Jr o\$a g{ H$m{ ]Vm`m h° oH$ "Ob M{VZm' Ka _{ß hr gß^d h¢& AÂ]a ]ag{Jm gm{Zm&& 4 "O] _wP _{ß ]hwV AoYH$ amgmòZH$, Oharb{ VWm JßXJrdmb{ ]Ém{ H$m{ [ew-[jr g{ ode{f bJmd ahVm h¢& AoYH$mße ]mb [XmW© odgoO©V H$a oXE OmV{ h° Vm{ _¢ XyofV hm{ OmVm hyy±& _wP _{ß ‡mU dm`w H$odVmE ^r [ew-[jr [a AmYmnaV h°& _hmX{dr d_m© ¤mam aoMV ]mb (Am∞∑grOZ) H$r H$_r hm{ OmVr h¢& ]∂S{>-]∂S{> H$b-H$maImZm{ß Z{ odH$mg H$r H$od H$odVm ì]`m g{` —ÓQ>Ï` h¢& Am∞Yr _{ß ]hH$a _{am ‡XyfU g{ Om{ hmb oH$`m h¢, dh ]hwV AghZr` h¢& _¢ ]`m h_mar oMo∂S>`m amZr ! H$^r-H$^r Vm{ ^yb ^r OmVm hy∞ oH$ _{am H$m{B© ew’, gm\$ VWm oZ_©b Í$[ ^r h°& oVZH{$ bmH$a _hb ]ZmVr, _wP{ AmO BVZm Xw:I VWm gX_m [hw±Mm h° oH$ Hw$N> ÒdmWr© bm{Jm{ H$r Dß$Mr S>mbm{ [a bQ>H$mVr, dOh g{ _¢ [rZ{ H{$ `m{Ω` ^r Zht ah [mVm hy±& bmIm{ Za-Zmar VWm VWm ]É{ I{Vm{ß g{ o\$a XmZm bmVr, _{a{ XyofV Í$[ H{$ C[`m{J g{ _m{V H$m J´mg ]ZV{ h¢& O] Agßª` ‡moU VWm ZoX`m{ß g{ â bmVr [mZr ! dZÒ[oV-OJV≤ odo^fi ‡b`H$mar am{Jm{ H{$ oeH$ma ]ZV{ h¢, Vm{ _wP{ ]hwV VwPH$m{ Xya Z OmZ{ X{ßJ{, hr ˆX`mKmV hm{Vm h°& _ZwÓ` Z{ dZ-gß[Xm, ha{-â{ d•jm{ H$m{ H$mQ> oJam`m XmZm{ g{ AmßJZ â X{ßJ{, * em{YmWu, ]aH$VCÑm odÌdodYmb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 184

Am°a hm°O _{ß â X{ßJ{ h_ _rR>r hm{`, grMm{ß Mmh{ Jw∂S>-Kr g{ß&í Vy _{am _hÀd ∑`m OmZ{ ? _{a{ XyY Am°a _rR>m-_rR>m [mZr! 5 \$bm{ H{$ JwU Vm{ d°⁄ hr OmZV{ h¢& _{a{ [Œmm{ g{ hmWr A[Zm [{Q> âV{ h¢& [a Vy ∂S∞>m. lr ‡gmX H$r ìEH$ H$Wmí Zm_H$ H$odVm _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$m am{MH$Vm g{ Vm{ ]H$ar H{$ ^r H$m_ H$r Zhr&' 7 ]Vm`m h° oH$ [ew-[jr g{ ‡{_ H$aZm MmohE C›h{ß _maZm Zht MmohE& Bg_{ß Bg H$odVm _{ß N>m{Q{> ]É{ H$m _°Zm g{ ‡{_ —ÓQ>Ï` h{ ]Ém _°Zm H{$ H$h EH$ ZmZr ]mbH$m{ H$m{ EH$ H$hmZr gwZmVr h° oH$ EH$ amOm Wm CgH$r gw›Xa ahm h¢ oH$ _° V{a{ ahZ{ H{$ obE EH$ ]mJ bJmD∞$Jm& gr amZr Wr [hb{ amZr Ka H{$ H$m_ H$mO H$aVr Wr amZr oga [a JmJa aI Am ar _°Zm Am ! H$a aßJo]aßJr gm∂S>r [hZ H$a [mZr b{Z{ Hw$E± [a JB© JmJa âH$a aIr V^r VwP{ Z VoZH$ XwImD$Jm _¢ dhm∞ _m{a Am`m JmJa H$m [mZr bwS>H$m H$a A[Zr fl`mg ]wPm J`m ìamZr H{$ Vy am{`{ Vm{ am{D∞$Jm _¢ _Z _{ß dh ]g J`m amZr Z{ gm{Mm oH$ dh _m{a CgH{$ _hb _{ß hm{Vm Vm{ oH$VZm Vy Jm`{ Vm{ JmD∞$Jm _¢ A¿N>m hm{Vm H{$Am{-H{$Am{ JmZm JmVm _wPH$m{ A[Zm ZmM oXImVm& _hb _wPg{ _V K]am ! OmH$a CgZ{ amOm g{ ]m{bm _wP{ _m{a _∞Jdm Xm{ amOm Z{ Cg{ g_Pm`m b{oH$Z gw›Xa ]mJ bJmD∞$Jm _¢ dh Zm _mZr amOm Z{ _m{a H$m{ _ma H$a amZr H{$ [mg ^{Om& Bgg{ amZr H$m{ ]hwV Im{Vm EH$ ]ZmD∞$Jm _¢ XwI hwAm dh \w$Q> \w$Q> H$a am{B©& Bg H$hmZr g{ oejm o_bVr h° oH$ [ew-[jr Cg_{ß VyP{ o]R>mD∞$Jm _¢ H$m{ Ka _{ß H°$X Zhr H$aZm Mmoh`{ OßJbr [ew [jr OßJb _{ß hr A¿N{> bJV{ h°& _¢ Xy∞Jm [ham&& 8 [jr H$ht JrV JmV{ h¢ ]É{ AH$ga oVVbr [H$∂S>Z{ Xm{S>V{ h° Bg [h{br _{ß g_Pm`m J`m h° aßJ- ZmM ZmM _Z ]hbmV{ h¢ o]aßJr oVVbr C∂S>Vr hwB© hr A¿N>r bJVr h° Cg{ [H$∂S>Zm Zht MmohE& Vw_Z{ __© Zht `h OmZm aßJ-a∞Jrbr Zrbr-[rbr, Vw_Z{ gwZm Z BZH$m JmZm a{e_ O°g{ [m∞I{ß& Vw_ hm{ H{$db H´$wa oeH$mar \y$b-\y$b H$m{ X{Im H$aVt, BZH$r N>od Z X{IV{ fl`mar& BgH$r Z›hr Am∞I{{ß& amZr \y$Q>-\y$Q> H$a am{B© Ny>V{ hr \w$a© g{ C∂S> OmVr, amZr Jha{, XwI _{ß Im{B© o\$a `h [mg Z AmVr& amZr gwIr Z o\$a hm{ [mB© [a C∂S>Vr hr A¿N>r bJVr, am{H$a g] oOßXJr o]VmB© \y$b-\y$b [a OmVr&& 9 [jr gM_wM hm{V{ fl`ma{ ]Ém{ß H{$ o‡` Edß dnaÓQ> b{IH$ X{d{›– Hw$_ma H{$ ]mb C[›`mg ì[{S> C∂S>V{ Z^ _{ß [ßI [gma{ H$Q> ah{ h¢í Edß "oMo∂S>`m Am°a oM_Zr' _{ß ‡H•$oV Am°a Am°⁄m{JrH$aU H{$ ]rM BZg{ h_ g] fl`ma OVmE∞ ]∂T>V{ Ag›VwbZ Edß ‡XwfU AßV _{ß CgH$m Ï`dhmnaH$ g_mYmZ ‡ÒVwV BZH$m{ H$^r Z XwI [hw∞MmE∞ oH$`m h°& ZmZr H$hVt `hr H$hmZr ]mb gmohÀ` _{ß ]mb _Zm{odkmZ H$m{ —oÓQ> _{ß aI H$a am{MH$ VarH{$ g{ oH$VZr A¿N>r Wr dh amZr C[X{e oX`{ OmV{ h¢, Om{ ]mbH$m{ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aV{ h°& ]mb H$hmZr ]mb ZmZr O] `h H$Wm gwZmVt H$odVm, ]mb ZmQ>H$, ]mb C[›`mg AmoX ]mb gmohÀ` H$r odYmAm{ß _{ß Am∞∞I{ Am∞gy g{ â AmVt && 6 H$hr Z H$hr ]mbH$m{ H$m{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ ]ZmZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m hnaH•$ÓU V¢bJ H•$V Z{ "]∂S> XmXm oOßXm]mX: Zr_ ZmZr oOXm]mX' J`m h°& Zm_H$ am{MH$ ]mb ZmQ>H$ h¢& Bg_{ß ]Ém{ß H$m{ [{∂S> H$m _hÀd ]Vm`m J`m h°& "Zr_ - [a Vw_ ]y∂T{> bm{J, VmZ{ X{Zm hr [gßX H$aV{ hm{& _wP{ ImZ{ g{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$m{B© ZwH$gmZ Zht hm{Vm& _{am ha ^mJ: N>mb, [Œm{, \y$b, \$b g^r bm^H$mar 1. Am∞JZ H{$ \y$b - ∂S>m∞. lr ‡gmX [{O 12 h¢& Cgg{ H$r∂S{> _a OmV{ h¢ß, IyZ gm\$ hm{Vm h°& _{ar Xg [m∞M H$m{_b [oŒm`m{ß Om{ 2. ]mb gmohÀ` g_rjm 2011 gß[m amÓQ≠> ]›Yw [{O 11 am{O ImV{ h¢ C›h{ IyZ H$r H$_r ^r Zht gVmVr& A¿N>m Imgm bm{hm h° _{ar 3. gmohÀ` A_•V - oÃbm{H$r ZmW MVwd}Xr [{O 64 [oŒm`m{ß _{ß& 4. Mbm{ I{bZ{ Mm∞X [a - ∂S>m∞. em{^mZmW bmb [{O 32 ]aJX - V^r Vm{ Ny>ar-gr O]mZ MbVr h° V{ar& 5. Hw$Vw]Zw_m A∑QyÂ]a oXgÂ]a gß[m amO_ ZQ>amOZ o[Ñ° [{O 43 Zr_ - [a Vw_ Vm{ oH$gr H$m_ H{$ Zht hm{ ]∂S> XmXm& Z ImZ{ H{$, Z{ ObmZ{ H{$, 6. Am∞JZ H{$ \w$b - ∂S>m∞. lr ‡gmX [{O 32 Z Nw>ar H{$ ]{Q> ]ZmZ{ H{$& "Zm_ ]∂S{> Am°a Xe©Z N>m{Q{>' H$hmdV gwZr h¢, o]bHw$b 7. [`m©daU Am°a g›VwobV ^m{OZ - hnaH•$ÓU V{bßJm [{O 11-12 o\$Q> ]°R>Vr h¢ Vw_ [a, ]wT>D$& 8. _{am Ka - am_ dMZ ogßh AmZ›X [{O 27 ]aJX - (^∂S>H$ H$a) Aar Zr_, Vy ]∂T> M∂T> H$a _V ]m{b& N>m{Q{> _w∞h Am°a ]∂S>r 9. JrV ^r: [h{br ^r - ∂S>m∞. lr ‡gmX [{O 9 ]mV& gmam eara Vm{ H$∂S>dm h¢, o\$a Or^ _rR>r H°$g{ hm{Jr ? gM h°- "Zr_ Z Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 185

lr H•$ÓU gab Or ¤mam aoMV H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ`- EH$ E{oVhmogH$ J´ßW H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` Am›Xm{bZ H$m A‡oV_ Ò_maH$

S>m∞. a{Im H$m°eb * ‡ÒVmdZm - gZ≤ 1994 _{ß ‡H$moeV lrH•$ÓU gabOr H$m `h ‡]ßY H$mÏ` Zm`H$ hßJm_m (1821), ]ßJmb H$m Oob`mdmbm hÀ`m H$mS> (oZhÀW{ EH$ Ïò∫$ ¤mam obIm J`m odÌd H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m ‡]›Y H$mÏ` h° & _°ΩOrZ ]ßJmbr 700 g°oZH$m{ß H$m dY), dramßJZm amZr M{VÂ_m (1824), dhmdr- AmH$ma H$r Bg [wÒVH$ H$r [•ÓR> gßª`m 1052 h° & odf` gyMr Am°a ^yo_H$m od–m{h (1824-1831), JwOamV H$m od–m{h (1836), H$m{Îhm[wa od–m{h H{$ b^J 75 [•ÓR>m{ß H$m{ H$_ H$a oX`m OmE, Vm{ bJ^J 965 [•ÓR>m{ß [a (1824-1831) , JwOamV H$m od–m{h (1836) , H$m{Îhm[wa-od–m{h H$odVmAm{ß H{$ [X AßoH$V h¢ & H•$oV H$m Zm_ H´$mßoV JßJm h° & BgobE H•$oV _{ß (1844), gßWmb- od–m{h (1854-1858) O°g{ E{oVhmogH$ KQ>Zm- gJ© H{$ ÒWmZ [a KmQ> e„X ‡`w∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg H•$oV _{ß 880 [•ÓR>m{ß [a MH´$m{ß H$m{ Bg gJ© H{$ AßVJ©V aIH$a H$odda gabOr Z{ `h Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° BVZ{ hr odf`m{ß [a H$mÏ` gyo∫$`m± ‡H$moeV H$r JB© h° & odo^fi H$mbm{ß H{$ oH$ EH$ Am{a Ohmß AßJ´{Om{ß H$r gŒmm H$m X_Z-MH´$ A[Z{ A›`m`r V{dam{ß H$m{ H$ar] 250 H´$mßoVH$mna`m{ß H{$ oMÃ ^r Bg [wÒVH$ _{ß ‡H$moeV oH$`{ J`{ h¢ & b{H$a MbVm ahm h° dht ^maV H$r H´$mßoVY_r© _mZogH$Vm gXm g{ hr AßJ´{Or Bg _hmH$mÏ` H{$ ‡maß^ _{ß aMZmH$ma Z{ gab Ao^bmfm erf©H$ g{ gŒmm H$m odam{Y H$aVr ahr h° & obIr aMZm _{ß ^maV amÓQ≠> H{$ CÀWmZ, CÀH$f© d Jm°ad H$m g[Zm g±Om{`m h° H´$mßoV-JßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ V•Vr` gJ©- gßJ´m_ KmQ> H$m{ Mm°dmbrg VWm g^r X{edmog`m{ß H{$ [maÒ[naH$ fl`ma g{ ahZ{ H$r H$m_Zm H$r h° & erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© H{$ AßVJ©V gabOr Z{ gZ≤ 1857 Òd`ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡maß^ _{ß hr H$od Z{ Ò[ÓQ> H$a oX`m h° - B©. g{ b{H$a gZ≤ 1883 B©. VH$ H{$ H´$mßoVH$mar KQ>Zm MH´$ H$m dU©Z oH$`m h° Zht _hmH$od Am°a H$od hr bm{Jm{ß ¤mam H$hbmD±$ & oOgH{$ AßVJ©V gZ≤ 1857 B©. g{ b{H$a ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` H$mßJ´{g H$r ÒWm[Zm gab ehrXm{ß H$m MmaU Wm, H$hH$a `mX oH$`m OmD±$ gZ≤ 1985 B©. H{$ [yd© VH$ H{$ H´$mßoVH$mar KQ>Zm MH´$ H$m dU©Z H$odda H´$mßoV JßJm H´$_ _{ß H$odda lrH•$ÓU H$m Xgdmß _hmH$mÏ` h° Bg gabOr Z{ oH$`m h° & _hmH$mÏ` H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r ode{fVm `h h° oH$ `h AmH$ma _{ß odÌd H$m g]g{ H´$mßoVJßJm MVwW© gJ©- Bg gJ© _{ß H´$mßoVKmQ> H$m{ gŒmmB©g gJ© _{ß od^∫$ ]∂S>m ‡]ßYH$mÏ` h° & ^maV H$r H´$mßoV M{VZm H{$ BoVhmg Am°a H´$mßoVH$mna`m{ß H{$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© _{ß 1885 g{ 1911 B©.dt. VH$ H{$ E{oVhmogH$ OrdZ [a obIm J`m 1050 [•ÓR>m{ß H$m `h _hmH$mÏ` H´$mßoVH$mna`m{ß H$r H´$mßoVH$mar KQ>MH´$ H$m dU©Z oH$`m J`m h° & BgH{$ AßVJ©V e{fÍ$[ g{ Jm{[Zr` oMÃmdbr g{ go¡OV h° & H´$mßoV JßJm H{$ ^mJraW H$odda gab H$m H´$mßoV H´$mßoVgßJR>Z Mm[{H$a gßK Edß Xm_m{Xahna Mm[{H$a H$m ]obXmZ , X`mZ›X JßJm _hmH$mÏ` ^maVr` H´$mßoV M{VZm H$m EH$ ‡m_moUH$ Edß E{oVhmogH$ gaÒdVr Edß Òdm_r odd{H$mZ›X Edß bm{H$_m›` oVbH$ AmoX AmÀ_ XÒVmd{O h° & AR>mah gJm~ oO›h{ß H$od Z{ KmQ> Zm_ oX`m h°, _{ß od^moOV ]obXmoZ`m{ß H$r amÓQ≠> H$m{ g_o[©V OrdZJmWmAm{ß H$m CÑ{I h° & H´$mßoV JßJm _hmH$mÏ` _{ß kmV-AkmV ehrXm{ß H{$ ]obXmZ H$m Am{OÒdr Edß H´$mßoVJßJm H{$ [ßM_ gJ©-H´$mßoV ‡gma KmQ> H$m{ [MhŒma erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^∫$ ‡^mdembr dU©Z oH$`m J`m h° & _hmH$mÏ` H{$ ‡maß^ _{ß odMma o]›Xw H{$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© _{ß gZ≤ 1903 B©. g{ b{H$a gZ≤ 1913 B©. VH$ H{$ H´$mßoV AßVJ©V gabOr Z{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$r ‡_wI KQ>ZmAm{ß, A[Z{ AmXem~, OrdZ M{VZm gÂ[fi E{oVhmogH$ KQ>Zm MH´$ _{ß H´$mo›Vdram{ß H$r OrdZ-JmWmAm{ß _yÎ`m{ß, odMmam{ß AmoX [a ‡H$me S>mbm h° & Edß ]obXmZm{ß H$m{ Bg gJ© H$m dU© odf` ]Zm`m h° & H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H$m ‡W_ gJ© - ^maV _oh_m KmQ> ^maV H{$ H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ fÓR> gJ©- ‡W_ odÌd `w’ KmQ> H$m{ gŒmmdZ AVrV d°^d Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ Jna_m H$m oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h° & OZ-OrdZ, erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© H{$ AßVJ©V gZ≤ 1914 B©. g{ b{H$a OrdZ Xe©Z, ZroV Am°a amOZroV, JwÍ$-_oh_m, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Yam{ha gm{Z{ gZ≤ 1915 B©. Am°a CgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ VH$ H{$ H´$mßoVH$mar E{oVhmogH$ KQ>Zm MH´$ H$r oMo∂S>`m, o\$aßJr ‡d{e flbmgr H$r ^yo_H$m O°g{ AmR> erf©H$ _{ß od^∫$ h° & H$m{ dU© odf` ]Zm`m J`m h° & H´$mßoV-JßJm H{$ o¤Vr` gJ© od–m{h H$m{ V{ah erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^moOV H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ g·_ gJ©- ‡OmVßÃ gßK KmQ> H{$ AßVJ©V d`© oH$`m J`m h°& Bg gJ© _{ß gZ≤ 1764 g{ b{H$a gZ≤ 1855 B©. VH$ H{$ AßJ´{Om{ß odf` H$m{ A∆mB©g erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° VWm gZ≤ 1925 g{ gZ≤ H{$ odÍ$’ od–m{h H{$ KQ>Zm-H´$_ H$m{ a{ImßoH$V oH$`m J`m h° & ]ßJmb H$m 1927 B©. VH$ H{$ H´$mßoV M{VZm gÂ[fi H$mb IS> H$m Bg gJ© _{ß g_md{e ‡W_ g°oZH$ od–m{h(1764), OßJb _hmb H$m od–m{h (1767), oVbH$m oH$`m J`m h° & _mßPr H$m{ \$mßgr (1767), g›`mgr Edß \$H$ra-od–m{h (1763 B©. g{ H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ AÓR>_≤ gJ©- g_mOdmXr KmQ> B∑`mdZ erf©H$m{ß 1773 B©. VH$) amOm Z›X Hw$_ma H$m{ \$m±gr (5-8-1775) ]ßJmb H$m _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° VWm gZ≤ 1928 g{ 1931 B©. VH$ H{$ H´$mßoVH$mar o¤Vr` g°oZH$ od–m{h (1795), MwAm∂S> od–m{h (1795 g{ 1820) , KQ>Zm MH´$ H$m g_md{e Bg gJ© _{ß oH$`m J`m h° & ^JVogßh, gwIX{d Am°a

* [rEM.S>r. emIm,AH$mXo_H$ od^mJ, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 186 amOJwÍ$ H{$ ]obXmZ, ]obXmZm{ß H{$ _mZ XS> g{ _Z [a O_{ß hwE hm{ß, O°g{ H$od da lrH•$ÓU gab H{$ g_ÒV _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß ‡gßJmZwHy$b Edß erf©H$m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V ^maVr` H´$mßoV M{VZm H{$ gdm©oYH$ V{OÒdr Edß èÒdr [•ÓR>^yo_ H{$ Í$[_{ß ‡H•$oV H{$ ododY Í$[m{ß H$m gmßJm{[mßJ oMÃmßU hwAm h° & BZ H$mb-IS> H{$ KQ>Zm MH´$ H$m dU©Z H$od da gabOr Z{ Bg gJ© H{$ AßVJ©V _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß gß‹`m, ‡roV, gy`© ,M›– , oXZ amV ‡H$me AßYH$ma , ZXr , oH$`m h° & A_a ehrX M›– e{Ia AmOmX, ^JVogßh, gwIX{d, amOJwÍ$ H{$ dZ, [d©V, g_w–, ZJa, `w’ `mÃm oddmh _ßÃUm, [wÃm{À[oŒm AmoX OrdZ V{OÒdr Ïò∫$Àd, Am{OÒdr oM›VZ VWm ‡{áUmÒdÍ$[ ]obXmZm{ß H$m{ Bg Edß OJV H$m{ A›V: Am°a H$hmÁ ‡H•$oV H$m oMÃU odÒV•V Í$[ g{ hwAm h° & gJ© _{ß a{ImßoH$V oH$`m J`m h° & gabOr H{$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H{$ Zm_ ^r ‡m`: CZH{$ MnaV-Zm`H$m{ß H{$ Zm_ [a aI{ H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ Zd_≤ gJ©- MQ>Jmßd eÛmJma KmQ> H$m{ BH$Vrg J`{ h¢ & erf©H$m{ß _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© _{ß gZ≤ 1928 g{ 1934 B©. VH$ H{$ MyßoH$ H´$mßoV JßJm _hmH$mÏ` H$m Zm_ H$m{B© EH$ dra [wÍ$f Z hm{H$a H´$mßoVH$mar KQ>Zm MH´$ H$m g_md{e oH$`m J`m h° & BgH{$ AßVJ©V H$od da AZ{H$ H´$mßoV [ßWr ]obXmZr dra [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ ]Zm`m J`m h° & BgobE oH$gr gabOr Z{ gZ≤ 1928 g{ gZ≤ 1934 B©. VH$ H{$ Am›Xm{bZ _{ß _wª` ^yo_H$m EH$ MnaV-Zm`H$ H{$ Zm_ [a BgH$m Zm_H$aU Zht oH$`m J`m h° & dÒVwV oZ^mZ{ dmb{ H´$mßoVdram{ß H{$ ]obXmZm{ß , em°`©-JmWmAm{ß VWm AßJ´{O emgH$m{ß H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` ^maVr` H´$mßoVH$mnaVm H$m EH$ g_yMm BoVhmg h° AV: H{$ Vrd´Va hm{V{ X_Z MH´$ Bg gJ© H$r odf`dÒVw ]Zm`m h° & Cg{ H´$mßoV JßJm Zm_ oX`m J`m h° & A[Z{ ÒdX{e Jm°ad VWm ÒdmYrZVm H{$ H´$mßoV JßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ Ω`mahd{ß gJ©- H$mbm[mZr KmQ> H$m{ Zm° erf©H$m{ß obE H$r JB© H´$mßoV H$m{ gabOr JßJm H$r Vah [odÃ Am°a gVV≤ JoVerb _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© _{ß gZ≤ 1930 g{ 1943 B©. VH$ H{$ _mZV{ h¢ BgobE C›hm{ßZ{ Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$m Zm_H$aU H´$mßoVJßJm oH$`m h° H´$mßoVH$mna`m{ß H{$ ]obXmZm{ß H$m dU©Z oH$`m J`m h° & H$mb{ [mZr H$m{ CObm VWm BgH{$ gJm~ H$m{ KmQ> H$r gßkm Xr h° & Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$m Zm_H$aU [j , ^mZogßh H$r VmZ, [ß. [a_mZ›X H$r Aoæ [arjm, \$rÎS> _me©b H$WmdÒVw H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m J`m h° Om{ H$mÏ` emÛr` bjUm{ß H{$ gd©Wm b‘mam_ H$m BbmO, _hmdraogßh H$r H´$mßoV H$hmZr, _hmdraogßh , _m{hZ AZwHy$b h° & gmW hr d`© odf` H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVm h° & oH$em{a Am°a _m{ohV _°Ãm{ß H{$ AmÀ_ ]obXmZ, H$mb{[mZr _{ß gmdaH$a ]›Yw, ^mfm Edß e°br H$r —oÓQ> g{ gabOr H{$ gÂ[yU© _hmH$mÏ` H$r H$gm°Q>r erf©H$m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V H$mb{[mZr H$r gOm [mE H´$mßoVdram{ß H$r em°`© JmWmAm{ß [a Ia{ CVaV{ h¢ & MyßoH$ H$odda lrH•$ÓU gab ‡m‹`m[H$ ah{ h¢ ^mfm oejU Edß AmÀ_ ]obXmZm{ß H$m{ Bg gJ© H$r odf` dÒVw ]Zm`m J`m h° & CZH$r d•oV ahr h° &AV: CZH{$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß ^mfm Eßdß Ï`mH$am gß]ßYr H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ ]mahd{ß gJ©- OZ H´$mßoV KmQ> H$m{ Mm°Xh erf©H$m{ß ÃwoQ>`m{ß H$r Vm{ H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h° & CZH{$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H$r e°br _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg gJ© H{$ AßVJ©V ^maVr` ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ H{$ _wª`V: dU©ZmÀ_H$ hm{V{ hwE ^r Cg_{ß AmÀH$WmÀ_H$, ‚b°e]°H$ VWm ZmQ>H$r` gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© H$mbIS> gZ≤ 1942 g{ gZ≤ 1944 B. VH$ H{$ e°ob`m{ß H$m `Wm ÒWmZ ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h° & gabOr H{$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H$r H´$mo›VH$mar KQ>Zm-MH´$ H$m dU©Z H$odda gabOr Z{ oH$`m h° & H´$mßoV ^mfm ‡m°∂T>, ‡mßOb, [naÓH•$V VWm gmohoÀ`H$ h° oOg_{ß _whmdam{ß, bm{H$m{o∫$`m{ß emo›V ]hZm[m, \w$b{Zm ‡gmX lrdmÒVd H$m ]obXmZ, X{deU ogßh H$m Am°a AbßH$aUm{ß H$m Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ ‡`m{J hwAm h° & gabOr Z{ A[Z{ ]obXmZ, X{dr[X Mm°Yar H$m ]obXmZ, ]mbH$ Yw´d H$m ]obXmZ H$ZH$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß Am°a AbßH$aUm{ß H$m Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ ‡`m{J hwAm h° & gabOr bVm ]Í$Am Am°a _wHw$›X H$odVm H{$ ]obXmZ, \w$b{Ìdar H$m ]obXmZ, oVbH$ Z{ A[Z{ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß ododY _moÃH$, dmoU©H$, o^fi VwH$m›V VWm ÒdoZ_©V S{>H$mh H$m ]obXmZ, H$m°eÎ`m Hw$_ma H$m ]obXmZ, amO ZmamÙ o_lm H$m dra N>›Xm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m h° & gabOr Z{ A[Z{ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß _{ß [aÂ[am ]obXmZ, bmb [ŸH$Yaogßh H$m ]obXmZ, dra h{_y H$mbmZr H$m ]obXmZ, ‡`m{J, H$od g_` VWm AmYwoZH$ oM›VZ H{$ A[Z{ AoYH$ma H$m ^r â[ya O°g{ erf©H$m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V _mV•^yo_ H$r ]ob d{Xr [a oZN>mda hm{ OmZ{ dmb{ ‡`m{J oH$`m h° oOg{ CZH$r _m°obH$Vm ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h° & Bg ‡H$ma H´$mo›Vdram{ß H{$ ]obXmZm{ß H$m dU©Z Bg gJ© _{ß oH$`m J`m h° & Bgr ‡H$ma [ydm©’ Edß [ÌMmÀ` H$mÏ` emÛr` bjUm{ß H{$ AmYma [a ^r H$odda V{ahd{, Mm°Xhd{ Eßd [›–hd{ gJ© _{ß AZ{H$mZ{H$ KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m dU©Z oH$`mm lrH•$ÓU gab H{$ gÂ[yU© _hmH$mÏ` H$r H$gm°Q>r [a Ia{ CVaV{ h¢ & J`m h° & H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` H{$ gß[yU© dU©Z _{ß _hmH$od H{$ ‡^mdembr H´$mßoV JßJm H$mÏ` emÛr` bjUm{ß Am°a [aÂ[amAm{ß H$r brH$ g{ hQ>H$a Ïò∫$Àd H{$ Xe©Z hm{V{ h¢ CZH$r gwIX Edß XwIX `mÃmAm{ß Edß AZw^yoV`m{ß H{$ Edß A[Z{ hr ‡H$ma H$m _hmH$mÏ` h° oOg_{ß AZ{H$ H´$mßoVH$mar MnaV Zm`H$m{ß d•Vm›V ÒdV: hr h_ma{ gm_Z{ amÓQ≠>r` AmßXm{bZ H$r gß[ymy© VÒdra ‡ÒVwV H{$ Ïò∫$ Edß H•$oVÀd H$m b{Im Om{Im ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° & Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$aV{ h¢ & dmÒVd _{ß H´$mßoVJßJm _hmH$mÏ` _hmH$od gab ¤mam aoMV EH$ H$m{ gmohoÀ` _hmH$mÏ` H$r A[{jm ^maVr` H´$mßoVH$mar Am›Xm{bZ H$m E{gm E{oVhmogH$ J´ßW h° Om{ h_ma{ amÓQ≠>r` Am›Xm{bZ H$m goMÃ oMÃU , H$mÏ`_` BoVhmg H$hm OmVm h° & odo^fi H´$mßoVH$mna`m{ß H{$ OrdZ d•jm{ß H$m{ AßH$Z Edß gmohÀ` H{$ j{Ã _{ß A[Zm _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIVm h° & Am{O_`r ^mfm e°br _{ß ‡ÒVwV H$a KQ>ZmAm{ß Am°a [mÃm{ß H$m{ a{ImßoH$V oH$`m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- J`m h° & A[Z{ odembH$m` ÒdÍ$[ VWm H$mbO`r CXmZ gyo∫$_` gßX{em{ß Z{ 1. lr_Vr a_m MVwd}Xr , A_a ehrXm{ß H{$ `wJMmaU , gabOr Ao^ZßXZ Bg{ _hmH$mÏ` H$r gßkm ‡XmZ H$r JB© h° `Wm-, Ò_mnaH$m, 1991' JO©Zm Am°a gO©Zm Y_© hm{ `m°dZ H$m 2. lr_Vr ajm oggm{oX`m-"AM©Zm-_mM© 1991, dh ‹dßg Zht, gmYH$ ]ZH$a oZ_m©U H$a{, 3. Hw$. Jm{_Vr eZHw$eb, H´$mßoV-H$od lrH•$ÓU gab A[Z{ hmWm{ß H$m OmXy OJ H$m{ oXIbmE& 4. Y_}›– gab- "AM©Zmí _mM© 1991, daXmZ ]Z{ g]H$m{, g] H$m H$Î`mU H$a{ß & 5. lrH•$ÓU gab-"H´$mo›V-JßJmí df© 1994 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 187

lrH$mßV d_m© : EH$ H$_©R> gmohÀ`H$ma

S>m∞. gam{O O°Z *

‡ÒVmdZm - òX Z`r H$odVm H$r ]•hV≤Ã`r _{ßß _wo∫$]m{Y, Ak{` Am°a e_e{a H$r ]m°∂o’H$ OmJÍ$H$Vm Ïò∫$JV AmH´$m{e H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`mª`m H$aZ{ _{ß ]hmXwa H$r JUZm H$r Om gH$Vr h° Vm{ bKwÃ`r _{ß aKwdra ghm`, gd}Ìda g\$b og’ hwB© h°& oXZmaÂ^ _{ß AoYH$mße N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r H$odVmEß h¢& BZ_{ß X`mb g∑g{Zm Am°a lrH$mßV d_m© H$r& AßoV_ VrZ H$od`m{ß H$r Bg Ã`r H$m{ gßH{$V g{ H$hZ{ H$m bm{^ Òd`ß CZH{$ obE IVam [°Xm H$a X{Vm h°& `hr H$aU h_ ìoXZ_mZ Ã`rí ^r H$h gH$V{ h¢& 1 h° oH$ oXZmaÂ^ H$r H$B© H$odVmEß H$_ e„Xm{ß _{ß ¡`mXm Vm{ ∑`m A[Zr ]mV lrH$mßV d_m© ]hw_wIr ‡oV^m gÂ[fi Ïò∫$Àd H{$ YZr W{& C›hm{ßZ{ EH$ ^r Zht H$h [mVr h¢& o\$a ^r N>m{Q>r H$odVmAm{ß _{ß "H$m¢Y' _¢ hy± AmH$me H$od H{$ Í$[ _ß{ A[Z{ gmohÀ` H$_© H$m ‡maß^ oH$`m Wm& A[Z{ gmohÀ` OrdZ OmJVm h° ]mha oZdmgr oXZmaß^ d _‹`mÖ A¿N>r H$odVmE± h¢ Om{ A[Zr H{$ odH$mg H´$_ _{ß H$odVm H{$ gmW hr C›hm|Z{ A›` odYmAm{ß _{ß ^r aMZmE± H$r [yar gOJVm H{$ gmW _Z H$m{ ]mßYVr h° - h¢& `h ghr h° oH$ ^mdm{ß H$r gÂ[´{eUr`Vm H{$ obE H$odVm g{ AoYH$ eham{ _{ß N>Œmm{ß _{ß eo∫$embr _m‹`_ A›` H$m{B© odYm Zhr h°, [a›Vw aMZmH$ma H$m{ gm_moOH$ h b M b Am°a amOZ°oVH$ Xe©Z H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ obE J⁄ H$m ghmam b{Zm AmdÌ`H$ hwB© _o∑I`m± hm{ OmVm h° AV: _ybV: Am°a AmaÂ^V: H$od hm{Z{ H{$ ]m]OyX C›hmß{Z{ J⁄ ]°R> J`r odYmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Z{ oMßVZ H$m{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m& lrH$mßV d_m© H$od, _ßS am C[›`mgH$ma, H$hmZrH$ma, Ambm{MH$, gßÒ_aU-b{IH$, `mÃmd•Œm H{$ aMo`Vm A[Zr A[Zr Am°a AZwdmXH$ W{& EH$ [ÃH$ma Am°a gßdmXXmVm H{$ Í$[ _{ß CZH{$ ¤mam obI{ _{Om{ß [a& 2 J`{ na[m{Q>m©O AmO ^r _hÀd[yU© h¢& "_m`m X[©U _{ß 69 H$odVmEß gßJ•hrV h° AmH´$m{e, Ï`ßΩ`, jm{^, IrP AWdm AmO H$m [nad{f CgH$r ^`mdhVm, AOZod`V, CXmgrZVm, AmVßH$ H$ÈUm H$od H{$ _wª` gßd{XZmÀ_H$ Òda h¢ oH$›Vw "_m`m X[©U' H$m H$od Am°a A›`m` H$m{ oZ^©` Am°a ZßJ{ Í$[ _{ß Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU lrH$mßV d_m© AmH´$m{e H{$ ÒWmZ [a AodÌdmg Am°a Im{Ib{[Z H$m H$od ]Z J`m h°& Bg H$m gmohÀ` gX°d VrI{ oddmXm{ß H$m odf` ahm& d{ EH$ oddmXmÒ[X odMmaH$ gßH$bZ H$r H$odVmAm{ß H$r AmH´$m_H$ [ßo∑V`mß Am°a CZH$m ZmQ>H$r` oeÎ[ H{$ Í$[ _ß{ OmZ{ OmV{ ah{& `h lrH$mßV d_m© H{$ gmohÀ` H$r Ord›VV: Edß H$od H$m{ Z`r H$odVm H$m Ao›V_ g_W© H$od ]ZmVm h°& A[Z{ [nad{e H{$ ‡mUdÀVm H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm OmEJm oH$ ¡`m{ß-¡`m{ß CZH$m odam{Y ]∂T>Vm J`m, [yU© Ahgmg H$m{ H$od Z{ oZ_©_ Am°a Ò[ÓQ> e„Xm{ _{ß Ï`∫$ oH$`m h° AmH´$m_H$Vm À`mß{-À`mß{ d{ ‡oVoÓR>V hm{V{ JE& CZH$r H•$oV`m± [aÂ[amJV Edß ‡oVoÓR>V H$od H$m EH$ AmdÌ`H$ hoW`ma ]Z J`m h° - odYm Í$[m{ß H$m ^ßOZ H$aZ{ _{ß gX°d g\$b ahr hß¢& Hw$N> bm{J _yoV©`m± ]Zm H$a lrH$mßV d_m© H$m aMZm gßgma ]∂S>m odÒV•V h°& CZH{$ ¤mam aoMV H$mÏ` ]{M{J{ H´$mßoV H$r (AWdm fS>`ßÃ H$r) gßJ´h ^Q>H$m _{K (1957), oXZmaÂ^ (1967), _m`m X[©U (1967), Hw$N> Am°a bm{J gmam g_` H$g_{ß Im`{J{ß bm{H$VßÃ H$r& 3 ObgmKa (1973) Am°a _JK (1954) h¢& Pm∂S>r (1964), gßdmX ìObgmKa `H$r H$odVmEß CZH$r o[N>br H$odVmAm{ß H$m C[gßhma H$a oh›Xr (1969) Am°a Xyga{ H{$ [°a (1984) CZH{$ H$hmZr gßJ´h h¢& BZH{$ AoVna∫$ H$odVm H$m{ EH$ Z`m AßXmO Am°a Z`m Òda ‡XmZ H$aVr h¢& "_JY' H$mÏ` C›hmß{Z{ Xygar ]ma (C[›`mg, 1968) oOah (Ambm{MZm 1973), A[rbm{ß gßH$bZ H$r [hbr H$odVm ahÒ`_` ZmQ>H$ H{$ gyÃYma H$r Vah Yr_{-Yr_{ H$m aW (`mÃm gßÒ_aU 1975) \°$gb{ H$m oXZ (Am›–{dm{¡Z{g{ßÒH$r H$r Bg H$mÏ` gßgma g{ [aXm CgH$a AmO H{$ `WmW© g{ [naM` H$amVr h¢& H$odVmAm{ß H$m AZwdmX 1970) ‡gßJ (‡oVoZoY aMZmEß 1981), ]rgdt ObgmKa H$mÏ` gßH$bZ 2000 Í$[`{ H{$ AoIb ^maVr` Vwbgr [waÒH$ma eVm„Xr H{$ AßY{a{ _{ß (gmjmÀH$ma Am°a dmVm©bm[ 1982) AXa dmBO ES> g{ gÂ_moZV lrH$mßV d_m© oh›Xr H{$ erf©ÒW H$od H$WmH$ma Am°a b{IH$ H{$ AXa [m{EÂg (H$odVm 1972) E odßQ>a S>doZßJ (H$hmZr 1973) odQ>a Í$[ _{ß odª`mV h¢ & gZ≤ 1960-70 H{$ _‹` lrH$mßV d_m© Z{ oOZ H$odVmAm{ß ÒdrQ> oS>Om`Za (C[›`mg 1975) Am°a EWm{Q{>Q> Am∞\$ amOrd Jm±Yr (^maV H$m g•OZ oH$`m CZ_{ß oh›Xr H$odVm H$m{ [wZÍ$¡OrdZ o_bm h° "ObgmYa' H{$ [yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr ÒdJr©` amOrd Jm∞Yr H$r OrdZr) Zm_H$ oH$Vm]{ß obIt& H$r H$odVmE±ß CZH$r o[N>br H$odVmAm{ß H$m C[gßhma H$a oh›Xr H$odVm H$m{ lrH$mßßV d_m© ¤mam oboIV "^Q>H$m _{K' H$r H$odVmEß A[{jmH•$V VÈU EH$ Am°a AßXmO VWm EH$ Am°a AW© ‡XmZ H$aVr h¢& 4 H$od H$r H$odVmE± h¢& BZ_{ß `m°dZ gwb^ AmH´$m{e Am°a odjm{^ Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ H$hmZrH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß lrH$mßV d_m© H$r ‡ogo’ CZH{$ ¤mam obIr JB© oXImB© X{Vm h°& `h AmH´$m{e Ïò∫$JV ^r h° Am°a gm_moOH$ ^r oH$›Vw H$od ‡{_ H$hmoZ`m{ß H$m{ b{H$a h°& oH$›Vw `{ H$hmoZ`mß ‡MobV Am°a [aÂ[amJV AW©

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb` , ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 188

_ß{ ‡{_ H$hmoZ`mß Zht, ‡{_ H$r ‡oH´$`m H$r H$hmoZ`m± h¢& CZ AoZUr©V Ûr H{$ AZwgma "lrH$mßV d_m© H{$ _aUm{[am›V CZH{$ Xm{ H$odVm gJ´hm{ß H$m ‡H$meZ [wÍ$fm{ H$r H$hmoZ`m± Om{ ‡{_ H{$ ]m]OyX ^r AH{$b{ h° Am°a A[Zr V_m_ hwAm' "gahX [a' _{ß gßH$obV ‡m`: g^r H$odVmE± Òd`ß lrH$mßV d_m© Z{ H$m{oeem{ H{$ ]m]OyX ^r Om{ A[Z{ H$m{ [yar Vah X{ [mV{ h° Am°a Z Xyga{ H$m{ A[Z{ AmaoÂ^H$ oXZm{ß _ß{ odo^fi [Ã [oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV H$am`r Wt [yar Vah ÒdrH$ma [mV{ h¢& Pm∂S>r Zm_H$ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$r H$hmoZ`mß ‡^md oOZH$m gßH$bZ S>m∞. amO{›– o_l H{$ gh`m{J g{ oh›Xr H$r Ambm{MZm [oÃH$m Ao^Ïò∫$ Am°a Z`{ Am`m_m{ H$r Ao^Ï`ßOZm H{$ H$maU [R>Zr` hm{Z{ H{$ ì[yd©J´hí Z{ oH$`m h° Am°a CZH$r [adVr© A‡H$moeV H$odVmAm{ß H$m gßH$bZ gmW-gmW AmH$f©U ^r h¢ gßdmX _{ß gßH$obV H$hmoZ`m± ^r Ag\$b XmÂ[À` Edß ‡H$meZ CZH$r [ÀZr drUm d_m© Z{ oH$`m h°& (gmjmÀH$ma, OyZ 1994) OrdZ Am°a ^maVr` OrdZ H$r Xna–Vm, Jar]r VWm _mZd H$r odo^fi A[Z{ b{IZ H{$ obE lrH$mßV d_m© H$m{ AZ{H$ amÓQ≠>r` d A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _Z:oÒWoV`m{ß H$m oMÃU H$aZ{ dmbr h°& [waÒH$ma ‡m· hwE& _‹`‡X{e gmohÀ` [nafX≤ 1974 _{ß ObgmKa [a AoIb lrH$mßV d_m© ¤mam oboIV "Xygar ]ma' C[›`mg ÒdmV›Ã`m{VaH$mb ^maVr` Vwbgr [waÒH$ma, 1975 _{ß CÀVa ‡X{e gaH$ma H$m [waÒH$ma ‡XmZ _{ß XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$r odgßJoV H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ dmbm ‡oVoZoY C[›`mg oH$`m J`m& 1973 _{ß _‹` ‡X{e emgZ Z{ C›h{ß CZH{$ gmohoÀ`H$ `m{JXmZ h°& C[›`mg H$m Zm`H$ "EQ>r hram{` h° Om{ oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ßß EH$ Z`r H{$ obE gÂ_moZV oH$`m& 1984 _{ß "Hw$_maZ AmgZ Ò_•oV [waÒH$ma' _b`mb_ CX≤^mdZm h°& [mÃm{ß H$r o_VÏò`Vm, H$WmZH$ H$m A^md, KQ>ZmAm{ß H{$ H{$ ‡og¤ H$od (Hw$_maZ AmgZ) H$r Ò_•oV _{ß `h amÓQ≠>r` [waÒH$ma lrH$mßV _m‹`_ g{ gy˙_ _Zm{^mdm{ß H$m{ oMoÃV H$aZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ `h C[›`mg A[Z{ d_m© H$m{ oh›Xr H$odVm VWm amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H{$ j{Ã _{ß odoeÓQ> `m{JXmZ H{$ g_ gm_o`H$ C[›`mgmß{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIVm h°& obE oX`m J`m& 1784 _{ß "`yZmBQ{>S> Z{e›g `yW H$mCogb' H$m"gmohÀ` "oOah' lrH$mßV d_m© H{$ Ambm{MZmÀ_H$ oZ]ßYm{ß H$m EH$ _mÃ gßJ´h h°& [waÒH$ma', 1984 _{ß hr "]rgdr eVm„Xr H{$ AßY{a{ H{$ obE' _‹`‡X{e emgZ `yam{[ H{$ A›Vod©am{Ym{ß H$m [hbr ]ma lrH$mßV d_m© O°g{ ^maVr` b{IH$ H$m "AmMm`© Z›XXwbma{ dmO[{`r [waÒH$ma' 1985 _{ß "BßoXam o‡`Xoe©Zr BVZr ]marH$r Am°a VQ>ÒWVm H{$ gmW odÌb{fU H$a gH{$ h¢& lrH$mßV d_m© [waÒH$ma' ‡XmZ oH$E JE& 1981 _{ß lr_Vr BßoXam JmßYr Z{ C›hß{ CZH{$ ¤mam oboIV "\°$gb{ H$m oXZ' Í$gr H$od Am›–{dm{¡Z{g{ßÒH$r H$r gŒmmB©g H•$oVÀd H{$ obE _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H$m oeIa gÂ_mZ ‡XmZ oH$`m& H$odVmAm{ß H$m oh›Xr AZwdmX h° Om{ CZH{$ Agm_m›` kmZ Am°a CZH$r lrH$mßV d_m© Z{ A[Z{ [M[Z dfm} H{$ OrdZ _{ß ]hwV{a{ CVma MT>md X{I{& _m°obH$ ‡oV^m H$m [naMm`H$ h°& Bg H$odVm gßJ´h _{ß Am›–{dm{¡Z{g{ßÒH$r H$r Òd^md g{ AoV odZ_´ lrH$mßV d_m© gwÈoM[yU© ahZ-ghZ H{$ obE OmZ{ H$odVmAm{ß H$m Z H{$db gm_m›` AZwdmX hr oH$`m J`m h° ]oÎH$ Bg [wÒVH$ OmV{ W{& ]{hVarZ [hZmd{ A¿N>r &eam] BÂ[m{Q{>S> ogJa{Q> H$r AmXVm{ß Z{ C›h{ß H{$ A›V _{ß H$r J`r oQ>fl[oU`mß ^r Am›–{dm{¡Z{g{ßÒH$r H$r H$odVmAm{ß H$m{ ]mX H{$ dfm} _{ß O°g{ OH$∂S> gm ob`m Wm& lrH$mßV d_m© Z{ EH$ H$odVm _{ß obIm g_PZ{ _ß{ ghm`H$ og’ hwB© h¢& "\°$gb{ H$m oXZ' dmOZ{g{›gH$r H$r g]g{ Wm "A] _° Ka bm°Q> OmZm MmhVm hy±' C›ht H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß "b{oH$Z A] Ka bm°Q> AmH´$m_H$ H$odVmAm{ß _{ß g{ h°& A[Zr Bg H$odVm H{$ Ona`{ H$od Z{ ÒVmobZAm°a gH$Zm _woÌH$b/Zm_w_oH$Z h°&' oZòV H$r H´$ya odS>Â]Zm hr h° oH$ ›`y`mH©$ CgH{$ CŒmamoYH$ma H$r [arjm H$r h° Am›–{dm{OZ{g{ßH$r H$m H•$oVÀd H$mÏ` g{ _{ß _•À`w e°`m [a [∂S{> CZH{$ _Z _{ß O] H$^r Ka bm°Q>Z{ H$m odMma Am`m hm{Jm gß]ßY h°& A[Z{ H$mÏ` g•OZ H{$ ¤mam C›hm{ßZ{ BoVhmg odf`H$ AZ{H$ ‡ÌZm{ Vm{ Cg Agm‹` ]r_mar H{$ H$maU E{gm ^r bJm hm{Jm oH$ A] Ka bm°Q> gH$Zm H{$ CŒma oXE h¢& dmÒVd _{ß Am›–{ EH$ E{{g{ "‡oV' gßgma H{$ H$od h° Om{ EH$ Zm_w_oH$Z h°& d{ Ka bm°Q> Zht gH{$& \{$ßQ{>gr ^r h°& BgrobE dh AoYH$moYH$ `WmW© h° AoYH$moYH$ dmÒVd h° oh›Xr gmohÀ` H$m{ lrH$mßV d_m© O°g{ gmohÀ`H$ma g{ CÀH•$ÓQ> H•$oV`m{ß EH$ JbV XwoZ`m g{ oZH$bH$a Xygar JbV XwoZ`m _{ß Am [T>r _ZwÓ`Vm H$r H$r A[{jm Wr [a›Vw H¢$ga O°g{ Agm‹` am{J Z{ C›h|$Ag_` hr h_g{ N>rZ Xw:Iâr MrI h°& 5 ob`m& ZB© XwoZ`m oXZmßH$ 19 A∑Qy>]a 1956 _{ß H$od S>m∞. H{$XmaZmW ogßh BZH{$ AoVna∫$ H•$oV, gßd{X, oÃ¡`m, ‡H$Q>, lo_H$OZ O°gr bKw hdmb{ g{ ‡m· gyMZm H{$ AZwgma _•À`w g{ [yd© d{ ]Zmag H{$ OZ OrdZ [a [oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß Am°a oXZ_mZ, Y_©`wJ, ZB©XwoZ`m, gm·mohH$, oh›XwÒVmZ, AmYmnaV EH$ C[›`mg "JßJmYa H$r bme' H$r aMZm H$a ah{ W{& gß^d h° H$Î[Zm, drUm, _m‹`_ O°gr ‡oVoÓR>V [oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß CZH$r aMZmEß oZa›Va CZH$r A›` aMZmEß E{gr ^r hm{ oOZ [a d{ H$m_ H$a ah{ W{ Am°a CZH{$ ‡H$me ‡H$moeV hm{Vr aht& Hw$N> ‡_wI Z`{ H$od`m{ _{ß OJXre Jw·, XwÓ`ßVHw$_ma _{ß A[Z{ g{ [yd© hr d{ Mb ]g{& E{gr g^r aMZmAm{ß H$m ‡H$meZ gmohÀ` H{$ lrH$mßV d_m©, H{$XmaZmW ogßh, Hw$ßda ZmamÙ, H$r©oV Mm°Yar, AOrV Hw$_ma A‹`{VmAm{{ß H$m{ C[`m{Jr og’ hm{Jm& Am°a b˙_rH$mßV d_m© H{$ Zm_ CÑ{IZr` h° Hw$N> E{g{ ^r H$od h° Om{ K{a{ ]ZmH$a bS> ah{ h° Am°a Hw$N> E{g{ h° oOZH$r bS>mB© oZYm©naV b˙` [a AMyH$ ‡hma H$a gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ahr h°& E{g{ H$od`m{ _{ß XwÓ`ßV Hw$_ma Am°a lrH$mßV d_m© gdm©oYH$ gOJ Am°a 1. S>m∞. H$mßoV Hw$_ma O°Z Z`r H$odVm [•. 142 Ï`m[H$ bm{H$mZw^yoV g{ gÂ[fi h¢& 6 2. lrH$mßV d_m© oXZmaß^ [•. 33 gmohÀ` H{$ j{Ã _{ß lrH$mßV d_m© H$r H$od H$WmH$m Am°a Ambm{MH$ H{$ Í$[ 3. lrH$mßV d_m© _m`mX[©U [•. 105 _{ß EH$ odoeÓQ> [hMmZ ahr h°& d{ Z`r H$odVm H{$ gdm©oYH$ g_W© hÒVmjam{ß 4. erbm g›Yy ‡H$meZ g_mMma A∑Qy>]a 1976 AmdaU [•ÓR> _{ß g{ EH$ W{& oh›Xr d AßJ´{Or _{ß CZH$r bJ^J 20 [wÒVH{$ß ‡H$moeV hm{ 5. lrH$mßV d_m© "\°$gb{ H$m oXZ' ^yo_H$m g{ C—Y••V& MwH$r h¢& gw_Z d_m© H{$ b{I "em_ Zht `h _{a{ ‡ÌZm{ß H$r Am{a' g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar 6. S>m∞. oed _ßJb ogßh gw_Z Edß S>m∞. odO`]hmXwa ogßh [•. 43 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 189

XwÓ`›VHw$_ma H{$ JObm|$ _| gm_moOH$ ]m{Y

_Zgmam_ ]K{b * ‡ÒVmdZm - oh›Xr JOb _{ß XwÓ`›VHw$_ma À`mJr `wJ oZ_m©Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß h_ma{ AmO H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m H$maU g_mO h¢ dV©_mZ g_mO Ï`dÒWm gm_Z{ AmV{ h¢ XwÓ`›VHw$_maOr Z{ JOb{ß Amaß^ g{ hr obIr h¢ CZH$m JOb gßJ´h H{$ _m[XS> Hw$N> ]XbV{ hwE{ ZOa Am`{ h¢& d{ [VZ H$r Am{a Om ah{ h¢& dh BZ `¿gm`{ _{ Ky[N>í gmohÀ` OJV _{ H$m\$r MMr©V ahm h¢& JOb gßJ´h H{$ odf` Am[oŒm`m{ß H$m gm_Zm Zht H$aZm MmhV{ ]oÎH$ O°gm h¢, d°gm hr OrdZ OrZm A›`ßV grY{-grY{ VWm [naoMV Edß ^m{J{ hw`{ h¢& d{ bm{H$OrdZ g{ OwS{> hw`{, MmhV{ h¢& gm_moOH$ amOoZoVH$,AmoW©H$ odf_Vm ‡H•$oV AmoX g{ gß]ßoYV ah{ h¢& C›hm|Z{ "Z hm{ H$_rO Vm{ [mdm{f{ [{Q> T∞>H$ b{J{' [Zr JObm{ß _ß{ eham{ß _ß{ Am`m X{hmVr AmX_r Edß eham{ß _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$ H$r `{ bm{J oH$VZ{ _wZog] h¢ h¢ Bg g\$a H{$ obE& 04 _mZogH$Vm H$m{ OJh Xr h¢& BZ JObm{ß H{$ _yb Í$[ _{ß Am_ AmX_r H$r g_Ò`m gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm oH$g ‡H$ma hm{Vr h° BgH$r `WmW© dU©Z BZ [ßo∫$`m{ß CgH$m AoÒVÀd Am°a amOoZoVH$ hbMbm{ß H$m{ MbmZ{ dmb{ Z{VmJUm{ß H$m Xmo`Àd _{ß oH$`m h¢ dhr g_mO Om{ Xm{ amh{ Mm¢amh{ _| BH$∆m hm{H$a EH$ _{b{ H$m Í$[ YmaU AmoX odf`m{ß H$m{ ]Iy]r COmJa oH$`m h¢& H$aVm h¢ Vm{ dhm∞ H$m{B© [Q>ar `m [JXS>r Zhr hm{Vr h¢ ]g EH$ a{Q>rbm gam{da N>m{Q>m H$mÏ` H$r —oÓQ> g{ oh›Xr JOb Z{ gm_moOH$ gßKf© M{VZm Edß Am_ AmX_r h¢& Am°a dhm∞ g] OrV{ h¢ X{Im Om` Vm{ _{b{ _{ H$m{B© g‰` Z¢oVH$Vm H$r XwH$mZ Mb H{$ AmoÒVÀd AmoX AZ{H$ gßd{XZmAm{ß H$m{ Ao^Ïò∫$ ‡XmZ oH$ h¢& BVZm hr Zht Zht gH$Vr& b{oH$Z CgH$r ZH$b H$aZ{ dmb{ V_me]rZ XwH$mZ gOmH$a ]¢R{> h¢& OrdZ H$r OoQ>bVmAm{ß gm_moOH$ gßKfm}, AoÒVÀd H$r bS>mB© H$m{ Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ "H$ht [{ Yy[ H$r MmXa o]N>m H{$ ]°R> JE, AZw_oV oh›Xr JOb H$m{ ZdrZ Òda ‡XmZ oH$`m h¢ oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ ZdrZ H$ht [{ em_ oghamZ{ bJmH{$ ]°R> JE&' 05 OrdZ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ‡oV ÒWm[Zm hm{ gH$r h¢& oh›Xr JOb ^md Edß ^mfm H$r —oÓQ> Am_ AmX_r H{$ OrdZ _{ H$B© E{gr Ï`dÒWmE{ß hm{Vr h¢ Om{ C›h{ß XwI hr X{Vr g{ CX©y JOb H{$ gmÂ` aIVr h¢& oH$›Vw oh›Xr JOb H$r Am°a _yÎ`mHß$Z H{$ C‘{Ì` h¢& EH$ E{gm AßYH$ma oOg_{ß A^md H{$ AoVna∫$ Hw$N> A›` oZÓ[fi Zht hm{Vm& g{ Ambm{MZm H$r —oÓQ> Z OmZ{ H{$ H$maU A^r `h EH$ gd©Wm Z`m odf` h¢& "oX`m' e„X A^md J´ÒV OrdZ H{$ obE{ ∑`m V{b g{ ^rJr ]mVr Am_ AmX_r H{$ JObH$mam{ß Z{ A[Z{ _ß{ oh›Xr JOb H$m{ H$mÏ` Í$[ oX`m h¢ O°g{- gßKf©_` OrdZ H$r Ò[ÓQ>Vm X{Vr h¢& "XX© H$m BoVhmg h¢ oh›Xr JOb XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or Z{ Am_ AmX_r H{$ OrdZ H$r X`Zr`Vm H$m{ AmdmO Xr EH$ emÌdV fl`mg h¢ oh›Xr JOb h¢ AmO AmX_r Z{ _ßhJmB© H{$ H$maU A[Zm OrdZ`m[Z A¿N>r Vah g{ Zht oH$`m [´{_,_oXam,Í$[,gmH$r g{ gOm h¢ CZH{$ obE{ Yy[ hr EH$ ghmam h¢ MmXa h¢ CZH$r em_ H$r OmJV{ hwE{ ]¢R{> ]°R{> A] Zht aoZdmg h¢ oh›Xr JObz' oZH$b OmVr h¢& Yw[ EH$ ZdrZ OrdZ H{$ j{Ã H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h¢& - KZÌ`m_ am{ohVmI 01 EH$ oMZJmar H$ht g{ Ry>∞R> bmAm{ß Xm{ÒVm{ß gm_moOH$ ]m{Y - g_moOH$ ]m{Y H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ dmb{ oh›Xr H{$ gd©‡W_ Cg oX`{ _{ V{b g{ ^rJr hwB© ]mVr Vm{ h¢& 06 JObH$ma O`ÌmßH$a ‡gmX Or h¢& BgH{$ ]mX gy`©H$m›V oÃ[mR>r oZambm Am°a [nadV©Z hr gßgma H$m oZ`_ h¢ g_mO _{ ]hwV gr ]mV{ h¢ Om{ [wamZr [S> XwÓ`›VHw$_ma h¢& XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Z{ ¡`mXmVa gm_moOH$ ]m{Y H$m{ b{H$a hr JOb{ß MwH$r h¢& h_{ [wamZr ]mVm{ H$m{ hQ>mZm MmohE Am°a Z`r Z`r ]mVm{ H$m ÒdmJV H$aZm obIr h¢& gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm ^´ÓQ> hm{ MwH$r h¢& Mmam{ß Am{a ^´ÓQ>Mma \°$bm hwAm h¢& MmohE& Bgr ]Xbmd g{ h_mar CfioV hm{ gH$Vr h¢ A›`Wm Zht Bgr dmÒVod∫$m " _{a{ grZ{ _{ß Zht Vm{ V{a{ grZ{ _{ß Zht, H$m{ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or Z{ A[Zr JObm{ß H{$ _‹`_ g{ gm_moOH$ oÒWoV`m± H$m{ hm{ H$ht ^r AmJ b{oH$Z AmJ ObZr MmohE'& 02 C”moQ>V oH$`m h¢& XwÓ`›VOr H{$ AZwgma `h AmJ Am_ AmX_r H{$ gßKf© H$r h¢, Hw$R>m H$r h¢, oZÓH$f©: Bg ‡H$ma XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or Z{ A[Z{ JOb gßJ´h H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_mO CÀ[r∂S>Z H$r h¢& OrdZ _{ß A∑ga A[Z{ ‡oV ]rVr hwB© KQ>ZmAm{ß H$m ‹`mZ H$aZm _|$ [Z[ ah{ gm_moOH$ ]m{Y H$m{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h¢& AmO H$r g_mO Ï`dÒWm _{ß Mmh{ MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ Cgr g{ OrdZ _{ß AmJ{ ]T>Z{ H$r eo∫$ ‡m· hm{Vr h¢ `h dh AmJ Om{ amOoZoVH$ j{Ã hm{ `m g_mO H$m H$m`©j{Ã `hm∞ B©_mZ Zm_ H$r H$m{B© MrO Zhr h¢ß& gßKf© H{$ obE CH$gmVr h¢ `hr AmJ ôdÓ` H{$ AßY{a{ H$m{ ‡H$me_mZ H$aVr h¢& Mmam{ß Am°a gßKf© H$m `wJ h¢& Am{a Bg `wJ _{ bm{J gm_,Xm_,^{X H$m AZwgaU H$aV{ AmO h_mam g_mO oH$g ‡H$ma H$m OrdZ Or ahm h¢ BgH$m gm_moOH$ ZOa Am ah{ h¢& `Wm©W XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Z{ BZ [ßo∫$`m{ß _{ `WmW© H{$ gmW dU©Z oH$`m h¢ Am_ AmX_r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- A[Zm OrdZ OrV{ g_` `h Zht X{IVm H$r _{am H$V©Ï` ∑`m h¢& _{a{ hH$ ∑`m h¢& 1. oh›Xr JOb, CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg [•ÓR> - 160 `h dh X{IVm Zhr h¢ ]oÎH$ dh gm{MVm h¢ oH$ h_mam OrdZ Bg ‡H$ma H$m hr h¢ 2. gm`{ _|$ Yy[ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or [•ÓR> - 30 E{g{ gm{MZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$m OrdZ H$m g\$a oH$g ‡H$ma hm{Vm h¢ `h À`mJrOr Z{ 3. gm`{ _|$ Yy[ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or [•ÓR> - 15 Ï`∫$ oH$`m& 4. gm`{ _| Yy[ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or [•ÓR> - 13 "XwH$gXma Vm{ _{b{ _{ bwQ> JE `mam{ß , 5. gm`{ _ß{ Yy[ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or [•ÓR> - 23 V_me]rZ XwH$mZ{ bJmH{$ ]¢R> JE&' 03 6. gm`{ _ß{ Yy[ XwÓ`›VHw$_ma Or [•ÓR> - 24 * C/o S>m∞. Oàm_ gm{|bH$r, 25 gaÒdVr H$m∞bm{Zr, g{›‹mdm, oObm ]S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 190

VwbgrXmg H$m amOZroVH$ oM›VZ

S>m∞. _rZm ^mdgma *

‡ÒVmdZm - Jm{Òdm_rOr H$r gdm©oYH$ bm{H$o‡` H•$oV h°& OZ gmYmaU g{ h° Y_© g{ gwemogV amOm am_ H$r `w’ ZroV ^r Y_© [a AmYmnaV h°& Ohm± H$a b{H$a CÉ H$m{oQ> H{$ ‡H$mßS> [ßoS>V VH$ g^r BgH$m g_mZ È[ g{ agmÒdmXZ Y_© gÂ_V hr bJm`{ OmV{ h¢ Am°a am¡` H$r g_ÒV Am` ‡Om H{$ H$Î`mU H$a H$aV{ h¢& dÒVwV: dh ^maV H{$ H$m{oQ>-H$m{oQ> OZm{ß H$m Hß$R>hma h°& gmV H$mß∂S>m{ß _{ß H$m`m~ H{$ obE Ï`` H$r OmVr h¢& od^moOV `h J´ßW ‡YmZV: Xm{hm, Mm°[mB© _{ß oboIV h°, [a›Vw ]rM-]rM _{ß Vwbgr H{$ odemb ˆX` _{ß Ï`doÒWV _mZdVm H{$ CÀH$f© H$r _ßJbmem, gm{aR>m Nß>X AmoX H{$ H$maU _Zm{hmar ]Z J`m h°& `h kmZ H$m odemb ^ßS>ma bm{H$ H$Î`mU H$r CXmŒm ^mdZm Am°a AohVH$a VÀd H{$ C›_ybZ H$r ‡]b Am°a amOZroVH$ odMmam{ß H$m AZw[_ AmJma h°& EH$ _hmZ g_´mQ> H{$ OrdZ g{ H$m_Zm Z{ _mZg _{ß A[yd© JwÈÀd â oX`m h°& H$m{B© Ïò∫$ oOg —oÓQ>H$m{U gÂ]o›YV H$mÏ` _{ß amOZroV H$r ‡Mwa gm_J´r H$m hm{Zm Òdm^modH$ h°& H$m{ b{H$a Am°a Mmh{ oOVZr ]ma _mZg H$m CX`_Z H$a{ Cg{ dhmß oZÀ` ZdrZ `⁄o[ `h ô∫$ ‡YmZ aMZm h° o\$a ^r Bg_{ß amOZroVH$ odMma gd©k gyÃ gm°›X`© Edß Vœ`m{ß H$m C›_{fU hm{Vm oXI [∂S{>Jm& h_ oZ:gßH$m{M H$h gH$V{ È[ _{ß —ÓQ>Ï` h° Om{ H´$mßoV H{$ Ï`ßOZm H$m°eb H{$ [naMm`H$ h°& amOm h°& oH$ _mZg H{$db ô∫$ Xe©Z g_mO gwYma Edß H$mÏ` H$m hr J´ßW Zht h°& ^mZw‡Vm[, amOm XeaW, amOm OZH$, dmZaamO ]mbr, gwJ´rd, bßH$m H{$ amOZroV H{$ oZ_©b VÀd Bg_{ß â{ [∂S{> h¢& ‡YmZV: am_ ô∫$ _{ß oZ_æ H$a amOm amdU Am°a gdm}[ar amOm am_ H$m oMÃU Bg J´ßW _{ß hwAm h°& X{Z{ dmbm H$mÏ` ag g{ AflbmoXV H$a X{Z{ dmbm `h Ao¤Vr` J´ßW ‡mMrZ lram_ H{$db EH$ _hmZ≤ `m{’m hr Zht Hw$eb amOZroVk ^r W{& EZ. ^maVr` AWm©V≤ Y_© gÂ_V amOZroV H$m oXΩXe©Z H$amZ{ _{ß ^r [yU©È[{U Ama. Zdb{H$a Z{ obIm h° oH$ "O] _¢Z{ dmÎ_roH$ ¤mam doU©V am_ H{$ odf` g\$b hwAm h°& gmoÀdH$ amOg, Vm_g g^r ‡H$ma H$r amOZroV H{$ Bgg{ _{ß odMma oH$`m Vm{ _wP{ am_ ^maV H{$ g]g{ ]∂S{> amOZroVH$ Am°a e°Ï` emÛ Xe©Z hm{V{ h¢, [a›Vw Jm{Òdm_rOr H$r —oÓQ> _{ß amOm am_ H$r gmoÀdH$ H{$ ‡oV^membr kmVm OmZ [∂S{> oO›hm{ßZ{ AÀòYH$ AmemhrZ [naoÒWoV`m{ß (emÛgÂ_V) ZroV hr AmXe© ZroV h°& Bgr [a am¡` H$m CÀH$f© A‰`wX` _{ß H$m_ H$aH{$ Am`© OmoV H$m{ XmgVm H{$ oZÂZVa ÒVa g{ ÒdVßÃVm H$r Jm°ad[yU© AmYmnaV h°& D±$MmB© VH$ CR>m oX`m&' \$bV: amOZroV gd©Ã È[ _{ß oMoÃV hwB©& amOm, oedmZ›XZ ghm` Z{ obIm h° oH$ "_mZg H{$db H$odVm ag H{$ ‡{_ _{ß am¡` A_mÀ`, [wam{ohV, XyV, H$roV© AmoX g^r CÀH•$ÓQ>V_≤ Am°a gmW hr hr Zht [∂S>m OmVm, `h Y_© H$m EH$ AßJ Am°a Y_©emÛ H$r EH$ ‡YmZ Ï`mdhmnaH$ È[ J´ßW H$r ‡_wI ode{fVm h°& ôdÓ` —ÓQ>m Vwbgr Z{ am_ [wÒVH$ ]Z J`m h°& Y_©emÛ hr ∑`m{ß g_mO-ZroV, Ï`dhmaZroV, amOZroV am¡` H{$ È[ _{ß Om{ ^m∞dr ^maV H$m ÒdflZ X{Im dh AZßV H$mb g{ `hm± VH$ BÀ`moX g] ZroV`m{ß H$m emÛ H$hbmZ{ H$m `h J´ßW AoYH$mar h°&' H$r AmO ^r h_ma{ OrdZ H$m b˙` ]Zm hwAm h°& _mZg H{$ H$ob dU©Z _{ß S>m∞. am_Hw$_ma d_m© H$m H$WZ h° oH$ "VwbgrXmg Z{ amOZroV H{$ og’m›Vm{ß VÀH$mbrZ `dZ emgZ H$m gOrd oMÃ AßoH$V hwAm h° Am°a Cgr H$r ‡oVoH´$`m H$m oZÈ[U AoYH$Œma _mZg hr _{ß oH$`m h°& [hb Vm{ C›hm{ßZ{ g_H$mbrZ ÒdÈ[ am_ am¡` H$r H$Î[Zm H$m{ ]b o_bm& dh am_ am¡` Ohm± ^mB© H{$ ob`{ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m oMÃU H$a H$ob`wJ H{$ ‡^mdm g{ amOZroV H$r XwamdÒWm gßKf© am¡` Edß g_ÒV gÂ[Xm ghf© À`mJ X{Vm h° Am°a Òd`ß dZdmgr ]ZVm H$m È[ I∂S>m oH$`m h°& ]mX _{ß am_ am¡` dU©Z _{ß amOZroV H{$ AmXe© oH$ Am{a h° Ohm± EH$ Zmar H{$ gVrÀd H$r ajm VWm A›`m` Am°a AÀ`mMma H{$ X_Z h{Vw gßH{$V oX`m h°& _mZg _{ß AZ{H$ ÒWmZm{ß [a amOZroV H{$ og’m›Vm{ß H{$ Xe©Z AmVVmo``m{ß H$m{ `W{ÓQ> X∂S> oX`m OmVm h° Ohm± amOm g{ b{H$a ‡Om VH$ hm{V{ h¢&' g^r Y_© H$Œmm©Ï` H$m [mbZ H$aV{ h¢ Ohm± amOm ‡Om H$m g{dH$ hm{Vm h° Am°a ‡Om ^r amOoZÓR> hm{Vr h¢& E{gm am_ am¡` H{$db ÒdflZ AmXe© H$r dÒVw Zht gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- h°& oZÀ`‡oV H{$ OrdZ _{ß ‡{aUm Ûm{V h°& amOm Am°a ‡Om ‡_moUH$ o‡` h° 1. Zd{bH$a, EZ. Ama. : E Ï`y E‡m{M Qy> am_mÙ, [•.19 Am°a ‡Om H$m{ amOm& 2. ghm`, oedmZ›XZ : Jm{Òdm_r VwbgrXmg, [•.223 amOm H$m [naOZ Am°a JwÈOZ H{$ ‡oV hr Zht eÃw H{$ gmW ^r Ï`dhma 3. d_m©, S>m∞. am_Hw$_ma : ohßXr gmohÀ` H$m Ambm{MZmÀ_H$ BoVhmg, Xe©Zr` h°& eÃw g{ K•Um Zht K•Um CgH{$ H$_© g{ h°& Y_© hr Ohm± gdm}[na gŒmm [•.436

* od^mJm‹`j (oh›Xr) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, g|>Ydm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 191

S>m∞. aoÌ_ O°Z * em{Y gmamße ñ [`m©daU e„X ‡mH•$oVH$ [`m©daU H{$ AoVna∫$ OrdZ H{$ A›` AZ{H$ [jm{ß g{ ^r gß]’ h°& "[`m©daU' e„X H$m Ï`wÀ[oŒm[aH$ AW© ^r CgH{$ Ï`m[H$ AW© H$r ‡VroV H$amVm h°& "[na' H$m AW© h° "Mmam{ß Am{a' Am°a "Amdam' H$m _wª` AW© h° T±>H$Zm `m K{aZm AWm©V≤ h_ma{ Mmam{ß Am{a Om{ Hw$N> od⁄_mZ h° dh g] h_mam [`m©daU h°& g_J´V: h_mar ‡mH•$oVH$, gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$, Am°a amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m± h_mam [`m©daU h¢& [`m©daU CZ g^r oÒWoV`m{ß Am°a ‡^mdm{ß H$m _{b h°, Om{ Ord _mÃ H{$ OrdZ Am°a odH$mg H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& oOZ ÒWbm{ß [a [`m©daUr` [naoÒWoV`m± OrdZ H{$ AZwHy b hm{Vr h¢, dhm± OrdZ ÒdÒW Am°a odH$ogV hm{Vm h°& ‡oVHy$b [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß OrdZ H$m odH$mg ]moYV hm{Vm h°& BgobE _ZwÓ` oMaH$mb g{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV gM{V ahm h° Am°a CgZ{ [`m©daU H$m{ OrdZ H{$ AZwHy b ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE ode{f ‡`ÀZ oH$E h°& AOha hme_r H{$ e„Xm{ _{ß "‡H•$oV H$m [mbZm h° [`m©daU, oOg_{ß hna`mbr Í$[r oeew oH$bH$mna`m± _maVm h°& Hw$XaV H$r H$marJar g{ AmH$ma b{Vm h° `h [mbZm& Ob, dm`w Am°a ‡H$me g{ [m{fU [mVm h° hna`mbr Í$[r oeew& [mbZm Am°a oeew EH$ Xyga{ g{ Ow∂S{> hwE h°& [mbZm XaAgb oeew H$r Amam_Jmh ^r Am°a AmZßXÒWb ^r, H$gaV H$j ^r h° Am°a H´$r∂S>m H{$›– ^r [`m©daU Í$[r [mbZm O] _O]yV hm{Vm h°& V^r hna`mbr Í$[r oeew hf©XyV hm{Vm h°&' h_ A[Zr am{O_am© H$r oOßXJr _{ß H$B© N>m{Q>r N>m{Q>r ]mVm{ß H$m ‹`mZ aIH$a A[Z{ [`m©daU H$m{ gwaojV Am°a ]{hVa ]Zm gH$V{ h°& dÎS©> dmBS> \$S> (WWF) Am°a ]rAm{[r ^r Bg _woh_ _{ß Ow∂S> ah{ h¢& BZH$m ^r _mZZm h° oH$ odH$mg Am°a ‡JoV H{$ gmW gmW [`m©daU gßaojV H$aZm ^r h_mam Xmo`Àd h°& AmO A_{naH$m Am°a `yam{[ H{$ gmW odH$mgerb X{em| _{ß _rQ>, _Q>Z ]r\$ [m{H©$ Am°a oMH$Z H{$ ‡oV bm{Jm| H$m bJmd ]∂T>m h°& ^maV Am°a MrZ ^r Bg_{ß [rN{> Zht h°& AmO [yar XwoZ`m H{$ `wdmAm{ß _{ß OßH$ \y$S> H$m H´${O h°& ^maV ^r Bgg{ ANy>Vm Zht h°& d°kmoZH$m{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ OßH$ `m \$mÒQ> \y$S> ^b{ hr emH$mhmar hm{ß b{oH$Z A[Zr oZ_m©U ‡oH´$`m H{$ MbV{ H$B© Vah g{ dmVmdaU H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hw±Mm ah{ß h°& hm{Q>bm{ `m a{ÒQ>m{a{ßQ> _{ß ^m{OZ ]ZmZ{ H$r Om{ ‡oH´$`m A[ZmB© OmVr h°, dh ^r H$m\$r hX VH$ Ωbm{]b dmo_™J ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma h°& O] _mZdr` M{VZm ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ ‡oV gßd{XZerb hm{& CZH{$ CoMV Xm{hZ H{$ obE Edß gXw[`m{J H{$ obE gVH©$ hm{& oOgg{ [`m©daU H$r gwajm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm & ^m{OZ odVaU H$r g_Ò`m hb hm{Jr VWm Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r ]]m©Xr [a am{H$ bJ{Jt ^m{OZ Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r ]]m©Xr H$m grYm _Vb] h° ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m{ Ï`W© H$aZm h°& AmO [`m©daU gd©Ã ‡XyofV h°& _ZwÓ` H{$ oMßVZ H$r oXem BVZr ^m{JdmXr hm{ JB© h° oH$ CgZ{ AodMma [yd©H$ gmam dmVmdaU odfm∫$ ]Zm oX`m h°& ‡XyfU AmO ododY Í$[m{ß _{ß OrdZ H$m{ oZJb ahm h°& dZÒ[oV`m{ß H$r gwajm, Ordm{ß H$m [m{fU Am°a gßKr` AZwÓR>mZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ [`m©daU gßajU Am°a gßdY©Z H$m [yU© ‡`ÀZ ^maVr` gmohÀ` _{ß g_mohV h°& òX _ZwÓ` dZÒ[oV`m{ß, Ord OßVwAm{ß H{$ ‡oV [wZ: [y¡`^md odH$ogV H$a b{ Vm{ CgH{$ gßd{J Am°a CgH$r gßd{XZmE∞ o\$a ‡H•$oV g{ amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßY ÒWmo[V H$a gH$Vr h° Am°a V]dh Bg oXem _{ß `mZr [`m©daU gßajU H$r oXem _{ß gÉm ‡`ÀZ H$a gH$Vm h°& [`m©daU e„X ‡mH•$oVH$ [`m©daU H{$ AoVna∫$ OrdZ H{$ A›` AZ{H$ [jm{ß g{ ^r gß]’ h°& "[`m©daU' e„X H$m Ï`wÀ[oŒm[aH$ AW© ^r CgH{$ Ï`m[H$ AW© H$r ‡VroV H$amVm h°& "[na' H$m AW© h° `Mmam{ß Am{a' Am°a "Amdam' H$m _wª` AW© h° T±>H$Zm `m K{aZm AWm©V≤ h_ma{ Mmam{ß Am{a Om{ Hw$N> od⁄_mZ h° dh g] h_mam [`m©daU h°& g_J´V: h_mar ‡mH•$oVH$, gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$, Am°a amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m± h_mam [`m©daU h¢& [`m©daU CZ g^r oÒWoV`m{ß Am°a ‡^mdm{ß H$m _{b h°, Om{ Ord _mÃ H{$ OrdZ Am°a odH$mg H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& oOZ ÒWbm{ß [a [`m©daUr` [naoÒWoV`m± OrdZ H{$ AZwHw$b hm{Vr h¢, dhm± OrdZ ÒdÒW Am°a odH$ogV hm{Vm h°& ‡oVHy$b [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß OrdZ H$m odH$mg ]moYV hm{Vm h°& BgobE _ZwÓ` oMaH$mb g{ [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV gM{V ahm h° Am°a CgZ{ [`m©daU H$m{ OrdZ H{$ AZwHw$b ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE ode{f ‡`ÀZ oH$E h°& AOha hme_r H{$ e„Xm{ _{ß "‡H•$oV H$m [mbZm h° [`m©daU, oOg_{ß hna`mbr Í$[r oeew oH$bH$mna`m± _maVm h°& Hw$XaV H$r H$marJar g{ AmH$ma b{Vm h° `h [mbZm& Ob, dm`w Am°a ‡H$me g{ [m{fU [mVm h° hna`mbr Í$[r oeew& [mbZm Am°a oeew EH$ Xyga{ g{ Ow∂S{> hwE h°& [mbZm XaAgb oeew H$r Amam_Jmh ^r Am°a AmZßXÒWb ^r, H$gaV H$j ^r h° Am°a H´$r∂S>m H{$›– ^r [`m©daU Í$[r [mbZm O] _O]yV hm{Vm h°& V^r hna`mbr Í$[r oeew hf©XyV hm{Vm h°&' ‡ÒVmdZm ñ h_ A[Zr am{O_am© H$r oOßXJr _{ß H$B© N>m{Q>r N>m{Q>r ]mVm{ß H$m gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ ∑`m{Q>m{ ‡m{Q>m{H$m∞b H{$ VhV AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a hwB© H$B© gÂ_{bZm{ß ‹`mZ aIH$a A[Z{ [`m©daU H$m{ gwaojV Am°a ]{hVa ]Zm gH$V{ h°& dÎS©> H{$ [fi{ [bQ{>ßJ{ Vm{ dhm± Hw$N> o_b{Jm! g]H$r CßJob`m± EH$ Xyga{ H$r Va\$ CR>r dmBS> \$S> (WWF) Am°a ]rAm{[r ^r Bg _woh_ _{ß Ow∂S> ah{ h¢& BZH$m ^r o_b{Jt& BoVhmg H{$ [fim{ß _{ß OÍ$a BgH$m Odm] o_b OmEJm& BgH$m grYm _mZZm h° oH$ odH$mg Am°a ‡JoV H{$ gmW gmW [`m©daU gßaojV H$aZm ^r gm O]md h° A_{naH$m Am°a CgH$r ga[aÒVr _{ß odH$mg H$r AßYr Xm°∂S> _{ß h_mam Xmo`Àd h°& AmO A_{naH$m Am°a `yam{[ H{$ gmW odH$mgerb X{em| _{ß emo_b `yam{[r` X{e Am°a MrZ& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ _wVmo]H$ _mßg ImZ{ H{$ obE _rQ>, _Q>Z ]r\$ [m{H©$ Am°a oMH$Z H{$ ‡oV bm{Jm{ H$m bJmd ]∂T>m h°& ^maV [ewAm{ß H{$ [mbZ{ H{$ Xm°amZ Om{ V_m_ Vah H$r H•$of Am°a A›` ‡oH´$`mE± hm{Vr Am°a MrZ ^r Bg_{ß [rN{> Zht h°& Bg{ Ωbm{]b _mH}$oQß>J H$m Aga H$h{ß `m h¢ d{ Ωbm{]b dmo_™J H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma VrZ ]∂S>r dOhm{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h°& XwoZ`m ]XbVr OrdZe°br& Ωbm{]b dmo_©J _{ß ]∂S>m am{b AXm H$a ah{ß _m±g CÀ[mXZ â H{$ d°kmoZH$ _mßgmhma H$m{ AbodXm H$hH$a emH$mhma A[ZmZ{ H$r gbmh _{ß MrZ Z{ß g]H$m{ YH{$b oX`m h°& XwoZ`m _{ß _m±g H$r EH$ Mm°WmB© I[V MrZ _{ß X{ ah{ß h°& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$r hmob`m na[m{Q©> _{ß ^r H$hm J`m h° oH$ _m°g_ H{$ hm{Vr h°& MrZ H$r Bg ]∂T>Vr ^yI Z{ XwoZ`m â H$r I{Vr H{$ [{Q>Z© H$m{ ]XbH$a ]Xbmd H{$ ]XVa hmbmV g{ oZ[Q>Z{ _{ß emH$mhmar ^m{OZ Ah_ ^yo_H$m AXm aI oX`m h°& A] gdmb [°Xm hm{Vm h° oH$ YaVr H{$ Bg gÀ`mZme H{$ obE H$a gH$Vm h°&"d{OrQ{>na`Z ]Z{ß Am°a YaVr H$r hna`mbr bm°Q>mZ{ _{ß oOÂ_{Xma H$m°Z h°? AJa Ωbm{db dmo_™J H$m{ 193 X{em| H{$ AZw_m{XZ dmb{ _XX H$a{ß&' _Q>Z, ]r\$, oMH$Z H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ]Vm`m J`m oH$ EH$ ^¢g H$m{ * * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 192

ÒbmQ>a hmCg _{ß ^{OZ{ g{ [hb{ oOVZ{ _yÎ` H$m Mmam Cg{ oIbm`m OmVm h°& bJ{Jr& ^m{OZ Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r ]]m©Xr H$m grYm _Vb] h° ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß Cgg{ odH$mgerb X{em| _{ß Xg bm{J ImZm Im gH$V{ h¢& A[Zr [adnae H{$ H$m{ Ï`W© H$aZm h°& H•$of ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ dmbr g]g{ Xm°amZ _d{er hOmam{ß brQ>a [mZr [r OmVm h° `hr ]mV oMH$Z, _Q>Z Am°a ‡_wI _mZdr` JoVodoY h°& d°oÌdH$ ÒVa [a bJ^J 25 \$rgXr ^yo_ H$m [m{H©$ X{Z{ dmb{ [ewAm{ß [a bmJy hm{Vr h°& C[`m{J Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°, oOg_{ß 70 \$rgX _rR{> [mZr H$r H°$ob\$m{oZ©`m oÒWV bm{_m obßS>m `yZrdog©Q>r H{$ A‹``Z g{ `h ]mV I[V hm{Vr h°& EH$ Va\$ ]∂T>Vr ^yI Xygar Am{a ^m{OZ H$r ]]m©Xr& `h gm_moOH$ [Vm Mbr h° oH$ emH$mhmar ^m{OZ H$aZ{ dmb{ _mßgmhmar ^m{OZ H$aZ{ dmbm{ß ]wamB© H{$ Vm°a [a Câr ^m{OZ H$r ]]m©Xr [`m©daU H{$ obE ^r Jß^ra g_Ò`m g{ ¡`mXm bß]m OrdZ OrV{ h¢& emH$mhma H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$m a∫$ Mm[ Am°a h°& O] H$ht AZmO H$r EH$ XmZm ^r ]]m©X hm{Vm h° Vm{ [`m©daU [a Jhar Mm{Q> H$m{b{ÒQ>≠m∞b oZ`ßÃU _{ß ahVm h°& ode{fÍ$[ g{ [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ BgH$m AoYH$ \$m`Xm [S>Vr h°& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> [`m©daU H$m`©H´$_ Z{ BgH{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZ{ H{$ obE o_bVm h°& emH$mhma H$r C[`m{oJVm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß CÑ{I o_bVm h° “A odÌdÏ`m[r Ao^`mZ N{>∂S> aIm h°, oOgH{$ AßVJ©V ^m{OZ ]]m©Xr H{$ XyaJm_r vegetarian diet maybe the key to living a longer and healthier ‡^mdm{ß Am°a [naUm_m{ß H$m{ß ]Vm`m Om ahm h°& O] ^r H$ht Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r life, with men reaping the most benefits, according to new ]]m©Xr oXImB© X{ Vm{ gm{M{ß oH$ Bgg{ oH$VZ{ ^yIm{ß H$m{ ^m{OZ C[b„Y H$am`m research. Vegetarian diets have been associated with Om gH$Vm h°& Am°a `h ^r oH$ [mZr gohV oH$VZ{ ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m reductions in risk for several chronic diseases, including hypertension, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Mellitus odZme hm{ ahm h°& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ [`m©daU H$m`©H´$_ Z{ gßX{e oX`m h° oH$ "Hw$N> and is chemic heart disease (IHD), according to the study.” ^r ImZ{ g{ [hb{ gm{Mm{ Am°a [`m©daU H{$ gßajU _{ß `m{JXmZ H$am{&' (Hindustan times 05 Jun 13) AmO [yar XwoZ`m H{$ `wdmAm{ß _{ß OßH$ \y$S> "gm{M{ß ImE±, ]MmE± "Think Eat - Save H$m H´${O h°& ^maV ^r Bgg{ ANy>Vm Zht h°& d°kmoZH$m{ß H$m _mZZm h° oH$ OßH$ `m A[Zm \w$S>o‡ßQ> KQ>mE±&' Reduse foodprint" \$mÒQ> \y$S> ^b{ hr emH$mhmar hm{ß b{oH$Z A[Zr oZ_m©U ‡oH´$`m H{$ MbV{ H$B© odÌdIm⁄ gßJR>Z H$m AZw_mZ h° oH$ XwoZ`m â _{ß CÀ[moXV hm{Z{ dmb{ Vah g{ dmVmdaU H$m{ ZwH$gmZ [hw±Mm ah{ h¢>& hm{Q>bm{ `m a{ÒQ>m{a{ßQ> _{ß ^m{OZ ]ZmZ{ Afi H$m EH$ oVhmB© h_ gß^mb Zht [mV{ `m ]]m©X hm{ OmVm h°& "XwoZ`m H{$ gmV H$r Om{ ‡oH´$`m A[ZmB© OmVr h°, dh ^r H$m\$r hX VH$ Ωbm{]b dmo_™J ]∂T>mZ{ bm{Jm{ _{ß g{ß EH$ H$m{ ha am{O ^yI{ gm{Zm [∂S>Vm h°& Am°a 5 gmb g{ N>m{Q{> bJ^J 20 H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma h°& hm{Q>b d a{ÒQ>m{a{ßQ> _{ß ImZm ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE AmYwoZH$ _erZm{ß hOma ]É{ ha am{O ^yI{ß H{$ H$maU X_ Vm{∂S> X{V{ h°&' òX Bg [a AßHw$e Zht H$m BÒV{_mb oH$`m OmVm h°& Om{ Ωbm{]b dmo_™J ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE CŒmaXm`r h°& bJm`m J`m Vm{ 2050 _{ß YaVr H$r Zm° Aa] Am]mXr H$m{ ^m{OZ Am°a [m{fU AmOH$b ^m{OZ Am°a Im⁄ gm_J´r H$m{ CgH{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß I[Z{ dmb{ _wh°`m H$amZm Zm_w_oH$Z hm{Jm& AmO [`m©daU gd©Ã ‡XyofV h°& _ZwÓ` H{$ Hw$b [mZr H{$ ZOnaE g{ X{Im Om ahm h°& Bg{ dMw©Ab dmQ>a "Am^mgr Ob oMßVZ H$r oXem BVZr ^m{JdmXr hm{ JB© h° oH$ CgZ{ AodMma [yd©H$ gmam I[V' H$hm OmVm h°& _gbZ EH$ oH$bm{ J{hy± H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß 1400 brQ>a, dmVmdaU odfm∫$ ]Zm oX`m h°& ‡XyfU AmO ododY Í$[m{ß _{ß OrdZ H$m{ Mmdb _{ß 2850 brQ>a, Amby _{ß 1000 brQ>a Am°a g{] _{ß 700 brQ>a [mZr oZJb ahm h°& ‡H•$oV Í$[r _wJr© g{ oZÀ` EH$ AßS>m [mZ{ H$m Y°`© Cg_{ß Zht h°, dh H$r I[V hm{Vr h°& X{Im J`m h° oH$ _mßgmhmar Im⁄ gm_J´r [mZr H$r ¡`mXm CgH$m [{Q> MraH$a EH$ gmW gma AßS{> ImZ{ H$m{ AmVwa h°& I[V H$aVr h°: O°g{ EH$ oH$bm{J´m_ ]H$ar H{$ _mßg Am°a oMH$Z H{$ CÀ[mXZ ]m[y Z{ H$hm Wm - "`h [•œdr, hdm, ^yo_ Am°a Ob h_ma{ ]m[XmXmAm{ß H$r [a H´$_e: 4000 Am°a 4600 brQ>a [mZr IM© hm{Vm h°& emH$mhma [a Om{a odamgV Zht h°& `{ h_mar AmZ{ dmbr ZÒbm{ß H{$ H$O© h°, oOg{ h_{ß AXm H$aZm h°& X{Z{ H$m em`X EH$ H$maU `h ^r h°& BgobE h_ A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ O] ‡H•$oV H$r odamgV gm¢[{ß Vm{ Cgr Í$[ _{ß gm¢[{ß Im⁄ Edß H•$of gßJR>Z E\$.E.Am{. H{$ Am±H$S{> ]VmV{ h° oH$ XwoZ`m _{ß ha O°g{ h_ma{ [waIm{ß Z{ß h_ma{ hdmb{ oH$`m Wm& Bg XwoZ`m _{ß BßgmZ H$r OÍ$aVm{ß H$m gmb bJ^J 1.3 odob`Z Q>Z ^m{OZ H$r oH$gr Z oH$gr H$maU g{ ]]m©Xr Vm{ [yam BßVOm_ h° b{oH$Z CgH$r bmbM [yar H$aZ{ H$m H$m{B© ‡]ßY Zht h°& hm{Vr h°& `h _mÃm _mZd C[`m{J H{$ obE V°`ma oH$E JE Hw$b ^m{OZ H$r dZÒ[oV`m{ß H$r gwajm, Ordm{ß H$m [m{fU Am°a gßKr` AZwÓR>mZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ bJ^J EH$ oVhmB© h°& AH{$b{ A_{naH$m _{ß ha gmb bJ^J 30 ‡oVeV [`m©daU gßajU Am°a gßdY©Z H$m [yU© ‡`ÀZ ^maVr` gmohÀ` _{ß g_mohV h°& ^m{OZ Hy$∂S{>XmZ H{$ hdmb{ H$a oX`m OmVm h°& A[Z{ X{e H$r ]mV H$a{ß Vm{ Hw$b òX _ZwÓ` dZÒ[oV`m{ß, Ord OßVwAm{ß H{$ ‡oV [wZ: [y¡`^md odH$ogV H$a b{ Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ H$m bJ^J 40 \$rgXr ohÒgm AZ{H$ H$maUm{ß g{ Ï`W© Mbm Vm{ CgH{$ gßd{J Am°a CgH$r gßd{XZmE∞ o\$a ‡H•$oV g{ amJmÀ_H$ gß]ßY ÒWmo[V OmVm h°& Bg ]]m©Xr H$r H$r_V 50 g{ 55 hOma H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ ]VmB© OmVr h°& H$a gH$Vr h° Am°a V]dh Bg oXem _{ß `mZr [`m©daU gßajU H$r oXem _{ß oddmh Am°a gm_moOH$ CÀgdm{ß H{$ Xm°amZ V°`ma oH$E JE ^m{OZ H$m bJ^J gÉm ‡`ÀZ H$a gH$Vm h°& "YaVr H$h{ [wH$ma H{$' H$r H$Í$U MrI g{ _mZd 20 \$rgX ^mJ Hy$∂S{> _{ß \{$ßH$ oX`m OmVm h°& (S>m∞. OJXr[ g∑g{Zm, amÓQ≠>r` _Z Ò[ßoXV hm{ OmE V^r dh OmJ{Jm& `h [`m©daU gßa˙aU og\©$ EH$ oXZ H$m ghmam, ZB© oXÑr, 05 OyZ 13) Ao^`mZ Zht h°, `h ‡oV oXZ oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ N>m{Q{> N>m{Q{> ‡`mgm{ß H$m OrdZ â h_ O] EH$ H$[ H$m∞\$r [r ah{ hm{V{ h° Vm{ EH$ Vah g{ 140 brQ>a [mZr MbZ{ dmbm MH´$ h°& H$r I[V ^r H$aV{ h° Am°a EH$ brQ>a XyY H{$ [rN{> 1000 brQ>a "dMw©Ab gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- dmQ>a' _m°OyX hm{Vm h°& A] Oam gm{oME oH$ AJa h_ BZ Im⁄ gm_oJ´`m{ß H$r 1. oh›Xr ^mfm Am°a gßd{XZm: gß[mXH$ S>m∞. AdY{e ew∑b, _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W Wm{ß∂S>r _mÃm H$r ^r ]]m©Xr H$aV{ h° Vm{ [mZr H$r oH$VZr ]∂S>r _mÃm Ï`W© Mbr AH$mX_r ^m{[mb o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU 2013 OmVr h°& Xygar Am{a ^m{OZ Am°a Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r ]]m©Xr [a IM© hwB© 2. [`m©daU M{VZm - gß[mXH$ ‡m{. YZßO` d_m© _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2004 D$Om©,‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß Am°a CZ H$am{∂S>m{ oH$gmZm{ß H$r ^mdZmAm{ß H$m A[_mZ 3. [`m©daU A‹``Z - S>m∞. Eg.E_. g∑g{Zm H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ ^m{[mb h°& Hw$N> X{em| Z{ Bg [a am{H$ bJmZ{ H{$ obE H$mZyZ ]ZmE h° b{oH$Z B›h{ß bmJy 4. amÓQ≠>r` ghmam, ZB© oXÑr H$aZm H$oR>Z gmo]V hm{ ahm h°& `h V] gß^d h°& O] _mZdr` M{VZm 5. oh›XwÒVmZ Q>mBÂg, ZB© oXÑr (AßJ´{Or) ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H{$ ‡oV gßd{XZerb hm{& CZH{$ CoMV Xm{hZ H{$ obE Edß 6. oh›XwÒVmZ ,ZB© oXÑr gXw[`m{J H{$ obE gVH©$ hm{& oOgg{ [`m©daU H$r gwajm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_b{Jm 7. Zd^maV Q>mBÂg,ZB© oXÑr & ^m{OZ odVaU H$r g_Ò`m hb hm{Jr VWm Im⁄ gm_J´r H$r ]]m©Xr [a am{H$ 8. [nadma amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m ode{f [naoeÓQ>, 5 OyZ 13 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 193

S>m∞. ]mbH•$ÓU ‡Om[oV * em{Y gmamße ñ ^d^yV{ï ZmQ>H$mZm_≤ A‹ìZg_`{ ZmQ>ÁemÛÒ` A‹``Zß AmdÌ`H$_{d BoV$& ^maVr` gßÒH•$V ZmQ≤>` [aÂ[am ‡MrZmo[ g_•X≤Ymfl`ÒVroV odkm odXp›V$& ^d^yV{ J´›W gÂ[Xm, [mpS>À`ßMmÃoZÍ$o[V_≤$& [mpS>Àò[ [•WH$-[•WH$ erf©H$mYmaU{-C[oZfXmZm_≤ kmZ_≤, Xe©ZÒ` [mpS>V_≤, Y_©emÛÒ` [mpS>V_≤, [XkÀd_≤, dm∑`Àd_≤, ‡_mUÀdßMm{[›`ÒV_≤$& ^d^yoVZm [X{-[X{ Y_©emÛ_≤, C[oZfXahÒ`_≤, d{X d°oXH$kmZ ahÒ`__©ÒWm[Z_≤, A›`{fm_o[, odf`mUm_≤ gy∑V`m{ ^d^yV{ïZm©Q≤>`gmohÀ`{ od⁄_mZmï$& ^d^yV{ï gmohÀ`{ VÒ` [mpS>À`‡_mUß gyM`›À`ï gy∑V`ï [X{-[X{ odbgp›V$& Agm° VmpÀdH$ï odd{MZß H$bmH$maï$& ododY emÛmUm_{H$Ã g_›d`ï VÒ` ZmQ>H{$fw —Ì`V{ VX›`Ã ZmÒVroV d∑Vwß e∑`V Ed$& e„X Hwß$Or ñ CŒmaam_MnaV_≤, ZmQ≤>èmÛÒ`, [moS>À`_≤, od⁄mï, CX≤JrW, g_mßg_Yw[H©$, Y_©emÒÃÒ`, ‡ÒVmdZm - gßÒH•$VZmQ≤>` [aÂ[am`mß _hmH$d{ï ^d^yV{ï ÒWmZ_›`V_ß VÒ`gmaÒdV‡dmhm{ odam_ ‡dmohVm{⁄mo[ dV©V{$& JhZ{fw emÛ{Ódo[ od⁄V{$& ^yd^yoVï gßÒH•$VZmQ≤>`gmohV`ÒÒm¡OdÎ`_mZß ZjÃo_oV$& oZaVÀdmX≤ ^d^yoVZm©gr¿Nw>fH$X`ï$& d{Xm‰`mgO∂S>Àd{Zoh Ao[Vw VÒ`mÀ_m `mdp›VÍ$[H$moUOJVrhm{ [b‰`›V{ VÃ ^md{fw oV>oV$& A`ß _hmH$odï agog’m{ _hmH$odï `⁄o[ VÒ` ZmQ>H{$fw ^dVm{^d^yV{a_•VYmamdof©b{IgÂ^yV_wŒmaam_MnaV›Vw a_Ur`V`m, gagVmjwUm VWmo[ VÒ`d°XΩ‹`ß [mpS>À`[nad{oÔ>V_≤ ^doV, ^mdwH$Vm H$Í$Uag[na[mH{$Z M gagh≤X`°od©X≤doX^ï ^•e_{dmX≤YV_≤ ^modVÂ^doV$& d{XmZm_≤, C[oZfXm_≤, oZÍ$∑VÒ`, d{Xm›VÒ`, H$oV[`°ambm{MH°$ÒVw H$d`ï H$mobXmgm⁄mï ^d^yoV_©hmH$odnaÀ`w∑Àdm Ï`mH$aUÒ`, `m{JÒ`, gmßª`Ò`, VßÃOmVH$`m{ï, Y_©emÛÒ`, ›`m`Ò`, H$mobXmgo[ ^d^yV{ï l{>d_ßJrH•$V_≤$& H$mobXmgÒ` _wImXo[ H{$Zmo[ _r_mßgm`mï, amOZrV{ï, H$m_gyÃÒ`, ZmQ≤>èmÛ M [mpS>À` ^d^yoVo‡`{U H$odZm ^d^yV{_©hÀdo_ÀWß ‡ÒVwV_ - [na[yVm›`wXmhaUmoZ [X{ [X{ odbgp›V H$oV[`m›`wXmhaUmoZ ZmQ>H{$ ^d^yoVdm© d`ß dm d`_{d dm$& ‡{jUr`moZ - CŒma{ am_MnaV{ ^d^yoVod©oeÓ`V{ $&& d°oXH$ [mpS>À`_≤ - CŒmaam_MnaVÒ` o¤Vr`gJ©Ò` ¤mXebm{H{$ ZmÒÀ`Ãg›X{hb{em{o[ `XwŒmaamMnaVß oh ^d^yV{Í$ÀH•$Ô>V_ß Í$[Hß$ d°amObm{H$Ò` dU©Zß od⁄V{$& EVpÒ_fimQ≤>`J´›WaÀZ{ ^d^yV{ï ZmQ≤>`‡oV^m`mÌMa_oZXe©Zß od⁄V{ ¤`_o[o‡`ßZï VXZw^y`Vm^wJ´Ò` V[gï [na[mH$ï - ‡mfl`V{$& AÃIÎdÒ` ZmQ≤>`H$bm Òdr`ßMa_‡H$meß odoH$a›Vr `ÃmZ›XmÌM _m{XmÌM `Ã [w`mÌM gÂ[Xï$& —ΩJm{Mar^doV$& `⁄o[ ‡H•$V{J©^raÀdmV≤ ghOmV‡moV^kmZÀdmX ^d^yV{ï d°amOmZm_V{bm{H$mÒV°Ogmï g›Vw V{ oedmï $&& _mbVr_mYd-_hmdraMnaVm{Œmam_MnaVmo^Y©`{fw oÃÓdmo[ Í$[H{$fw ew^g_mMma ldU{Z ‡gfim{ ^JdmZ≤ - CJ´Ò` V[gï \$b_Zw^d{oV ^d‡‡UVm, ZmQ≤>`XW©ZH$bm, ‡H•$oVoMÃU[Qw>Vm, dr˙`V{ [aß CŒmaam_MnaV{ eÂ]yHß$ ‡À`mh$& d°amOmï V°Ogmï bm{H$mÒVw‰`ß oZYm©naVmï gp›V$& `ÃmZ›Xm Vw VÒ` ‡^mdm{oVVam_{d [naÒ\w$aoV$& gßÒH•$VgmohÀ`Ò` H•$V{Vm{ ^d^yoVï AmÀ_gmjmV≤ H•$VmoZ gwImoZ, _m{Xmï, oXÏ`gwImoZ, [w`mï [a_m{Œm_mï Jm°ad^yVm{pÒV$& VÒ`‡oV^m`mï H$_Zr`ß bmÒ`›Vw Ò[•hm`m dÒVw$& gÂ[Xï gp›V$& odÌdmï _ßJbH$maH$mÒV{ bm{H$mï [a_V[gï \$bH$Àd{Z Àd`m ^d^yoV©d{X{fw oZÓUmVï Xe©Z{fwXjï _r_mßgm`mß [Qw>ï VÒ`[mpS>À`_mJY_≤, gwoMa_Zw^y`›Vm_≤ $& odamOï-]´m˜U B_{ d°amOï$& ]´˜gÂ]›Yr bm{H$ï, A]mY_o[$& bm{H$mï ^wdZmoZ$& V{Om{_`mï gwoMa_Zw ^y`›Vm_≤$& F$Ωd{XÒ` Zd_-_S>b{ `X≤d{Xm‹ìZß VWm{[oZfXmß gmßª`Ò` `m{JÒ` M$& `Ãm-Z›XmÌM _m{XÌM _wXmï ‡_wX AmgV{$& BÀ`mZwgma_Zwg•À` d°oXH$- kmZßVÀH$WZ{Z qH$ Zoh VVï H$pÌMX≤JwUm{ ZmQ>H{$$&& d°XΩYVm`mï ‡_mUß ‡ÒVm°oV$& A›`Émo[ ^–mh≤`{fm dmoM b˙_roZ©f∑Œmm VÒ`mo^Í$[Í$[H{$fw ^d^yV{d°oXkmZJnaÂUï gyMZmZmQ>H{$fw BoV F$Ωd{Xm{∫$_›ÃÒ` ^–°fmß b˙_roZ©ohVm oYdmoM BÀ`Ò` ^•e_Zw^y`V{ & CŒmam_MnaVÒ` MVwW© AßH{$ Z _mßgm{ _Yw[H$m} ^doV Í$[m›VaU_mÃ_≤ $& BoVgyMòV$& ∑doMX≤Ï`mH$aUÒ`, ∑doMX≤Xe©ZÒ`, ∑doMX≤d{XmZm_≤, _hmdraMnaV{ - ∑doMX≤Y_©emÛÒ` ^d^yV{^m©aVr ahÒ`_wX≤KmQ≤>òV$& ]´õ¤fm{h≤`{f odhp›Vgdm© ^d^yoVÏ`m©H$aU-›`m`-_r_mßgmZm_[yd©ï [pS>VVm{pÒV$& ZmWd©UÒVrd´ Bdmo^Mma lrH$R>[Xbmß¿N>Zm{ ^d^yoV©Zm_$& [Xdm∑`‡_mUkm{ - ^d^yoV©Zm_moX V^mM - o]^óXdmWd©Um{ oZJ_ï BÀ`Ò_mXÒ` AWd©d{X d°XwÓ`ß CÎb{I{Z [mpS>À`Ò`°d [naM`ï ‡mfl`V{$& od¤VmVwVÒ` gßgy¿`V{$& AÌd_{K `kÒ`, ¤mXedmof©H$gÃÒ`, g_mßg_Yw[H©$Ò` M [°V•H$sgÂ[oXd^moV$& g_ÒV{fwÌemÛ{fw ^d^yV{a‡oVhVJoVï$& ‡gßJmï VÒ` d{XkÀdß ‹dZ`p›V$& Hw$ÃoMX≤^d^yV{dm©∑` aMZmo[ dmUrAZwMard VÒ`mZwgaUß H$am{oV, VXZwgaoV, V_ZwgaoV$&

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ gßÒH•$V, emgH$r` Eg.Or.Eg.[r.Or. _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 194 d°oXH$e°Î`mÌN>m`{d ‡oV^moV$& CXmhaUW©_≤ AjaßV{¡`m{oVï ‡H$meVm_≤$& M°V›`mÀ_mH$¡`m{oV‡H$meH$ï, [ydg©[am{À[oŒm odZmeH´$_hrZï, gZmVZï, g Àdmß [wZmVw X{dï [am{aOm` Ef V[oV & Xro·_mZ≤ ]´˜ Edß ‡UÂ`ï$& AÃ odewX≤Yß Xme©oZHß$ d{Xm›Vod⁄mp›dVß X{dÒÀdmß godVm oYZm{Vw g_a{ Jm{ÃÒ` `ÒV{[oV oM›VZß ^d^yoVZm ‡ÒVwV_≤$& Òdmß _°ÃmdÍ$Um{ o^Z›XVw JwÍ$`©ÒV{ - JwÍ$Um_o[$& [›WmZm{X{d`mZmï BÀ`Ã X{d`mZ C[oZfXmß d`©qdf`ï$& `mkdÎ∑`{Z E{›–md°ÓUd_moæ _mÍ$V_Wm{ gm°[U© _m{Om{ÒVwV{ OZH$Ò` ]´˜[mamÙÀd_≤ ]•hXma`H$Ò` ‡gßJ_ZwgaoV$& X{`mX{` M am_b˙_U YZw¡`m©Km{f_›Ãm{ O`_≤ $&& Ef dï Ìbmø` gÂ]›Yr OZH$mZmß Hw$bm{X≤^dï$& _hmZ E{dÌ`© embr ^JdmZmoXdamhï, VdmohVÒ`°d [am^dß H©$Vwß `mkdÎ∑`m{ _woZ`©Ò_° ]´˜[mamÙß OJm°$&& H$Î[Vm_≤$& gwgoÇmVm{ ^dVw ZVw ohVÒ` [am^dm` EV{Z [a_ohVÒ` bdÒ` ]´˜[amÙß d{Xm{[oZfXß$& `mkdÎ∑`ï ew∑bÒwd}XÒ` ‡YmZm{F$ofï$& [am^dm{ ôdVw_{d Zmh©oV BoV Ï`¡`V{- OZH$Ò`JwÍ$ï$& ]•hXma`H{$ C[oZpÓX EV`m{ÌMMm©`mï ‡mfl`›V{$& OZH$m{h ∑doMŒmw - AoOVß [wÓ`_yO©pÒd H$Hw$ÀÒ`Ò`{d V{ _hï$& l{`g{ emÌdVm{ d°X{hï Hy$Mm©Xw[mdg[©fiwdmM Z_ÒV{ÒVw `mkdÎ∑`mZw _m emYroV$& AmT>`ï X{dm{ damhï [naH$Î[Vm_≤$&& X{dï gy`©ï `ÒVd dßeÒ`moX[wÍ$fï gßJ´m_ ^y_m° gfiYrVd{Xï C∫$m{[oZÓÀH$ BVm{ od_w¿`_mZï π$Jo_Óòg BoV Zmhß g_dVrU©Ò` V{ ‡rUo`Vm ^dVw$& d°oXH$ e„Xmdbr Vw AZm`mg{Z°d VX≤^Jd›d{X `Ã Jo_Ó`m_rÀ`W© d°V{hß VX≤djmo_ `Ã Jo_Óòg$& VÒ`dm∑`{fw gaoV$& ]´˜[mamÙß g_ÒV]´˜ßod⁄m`mï ahÒ`_≤$& AZ{Z^d^yV{Í$[oZfX≤od⁄m`mï `Wm OZH$Ò` EVpÒ_Z≤ H$WZ{ - A›YVmo_Ûm h≤`gy`m© Zm_ V{ bm{H$mï [mpS>À`ß ‡H$moeVß ^doV$& ‡{À` V{‰`ï ‡oVodYr`›V{ ` AmÀ_KmoVZ BÀ`{d_•f`m{ _›`›V{$& EV°ï Xe©ZemÛ{ [mpS>À`_≤ - ^d^yV{ï Í$[H{$fw ÒWmZ{-ÒWmZ{, [X{-[X{, ‡_mU°^d©^yV{d}X{fw [mpS>À`ß ogX≤‹òV$& Xme©oZH$-e„XmZmß [mna^mofH$mZmßM ‡`m{J]mh˛Î`ß VÒ` Xe©Z{fw [mpS>Î`ß C[oZfXmß[mpS>À`_≤ - CŒmaam_MnaVÒ` o¤Vr`{H{$ V•Vr`{ M Ìbm{H{$ ‡_mUòV$& CŒmaam_MnaVÒ` V•Vr`{ H{$ d{Xm›VÒ` oddV©dmXÒ` H$mÏ`mÀ_Hß$ CX≤JrWodXm{dgp›V BÀ`w∑Àdm ^d^yoVï N>m›Xm{Ω`m{[oZfXï Ò_aUß H$maòV Ï`mª`mZo_d^moV - - EH$m{ agï H$Í$UEd oZo_Œm^{XmX≤ o^fiï [•WH$ [•WoJdml`V{ oddVm©Z$& AmpÒ_fiJÒÀ`‡_wImï ‡X{e{ ^y`mßg CX≤JrW odXm{ dgp›V$& AmdV©dwX≤dwXVaßJ_`mp›dH$mam ZÂ^m{`Wm gobb_{d oh VÀg_ÒV_≤$&& V{‰`m{oYJ›Vwß oZJ_m›Vod⁄mßdmÎ_roH$ [mÌdm©oXh [`©Q>mo_$&& ApÒ_Z≤ Ìbm{H{$ H$Í$UagÒ`°d ‡mYm›`ß oZÍ$[`Vm ^d^yoVZm oddVm©Z≤ AmÃ{`rdMZ_≤ AmpÒ_Z ‡X{e{ AJÒÀ`‡_wImï ^y`mßgï CX≤JrWodXï dgp›V$& BoV[X{Z Xe©ZemÛr`ß kmZ_o[ ÒWmo[V_≤ $& AÃ oddV© e„Xï odH$ma{W} V{‰`ï oZJ_m›V od⁄m`mï AoYJ_ZÒ` gyMZmÃ Xr`V{$& H$mß [wZaÃY^dVr_≤ ‡`w∫$ï BoV Q>rH$mH$maï$& [a›Vw od_e}Z Vw Xme©oZH$^md EdmH$f©UH•$oXoV$& [naM` ‡m·{amYma^yVï oeÔ>mMmaï$& CX≤JrWodXï - CßX≤JrWß odXp›V Amd•Œm© ]wX]wXmVaßJ_`mZ EH$_{dOb_≤, AmdV©ï AÂ^gmß^´_ï, ]wX]wXmï BoVOmZp›V BoV CßX≤JrWodXï odX≤YmVm{ï oπ$]›VÀdmV≤ CßX≤JrW e„X ObÒ\$m{Q>mï VaßJÌM{oV ZmZmÍ$[ß YŒm{$& [a›Vw VmpÀdH$—Ô≤>`m^{X Ed{oV AÃ AW©ï Am|H$maï ‡Udï$& A`_m|H$maï ]´˜Uï ‡VrH$^yVï `Ò` oddV© ]wX ]wX≤VaßJ`m{ï ‡Jm{J{U ÒdÒ` odXΩYVm`mï [naM`m{ ^d^yoVZm gVVÒV‹`mZY_©Ò` \$bß, ]´˜ÀdÒ`m{[bp„Yï$& A`ß oZoIbï gßgmaï ‡XŒm BoV gy¿òV$& Am|H$ma_`ï BoV_Àdm, BoVH•$Àdm dm gmYH$ï [a_VÀdß ‡mflZw`mV≤ A[a›M - oZJ_m›Vmod⁄{oV [X{Z ^d^yoVÍ$[oZfX≤od⁄m`mï kmZÒ` [naM`ï od⁄mH$Î[{Z _Í$Vm _{⁄mZmß ^y`gm_o[$& ‡`¿N>oV$& oZJ_e„XÒ` AW©ï d{oX BoV$& d{XmÒVw _›Ã ]´m˜U`m{ï gmaÒdVß ]´˜Urd oddVm©Zmß π$mo[ [odb`ï H•$Vï$&& gßH$bZ^yVmï$& ]´m˜UmZm_p›V_ßÍ$[_{d Ama`H$Àd{Z km`V{ YwZmo[ `Wm gd}o[ oddVm©ï ]´õU odbrZm ^dp›V$& VW°dm_r _{Km Ao[ Ama`{H$fy[oZfXmß ahÒ`ß oZJwT>_≤$& C[oZfÀgw ]´˜gÂ]p›YkmZÒ`_ybß odbrZm BoV ^mdï$& od⁄mH$Î[{Z kmZVwÎ`{Z V_{d odoXÀdmoV_•À`w_{oV gwaojV_pÒV$& C[oZfÀgw pÒWVm od⁄m d{Xm›V od⁄m, oZJ_m›Vod⁄{oV Zm›`ï [›Wm od⁄V{`Zm` BoV _JdVm© lwoVkm©Z_›Vam ]´˜mÀ_H$mZw^yoVZ£d ZmÂZm ogX≤Ym, ‡ogX≤Ym M$& AZ{Z ^d^yV{Í$[oZfX≤od⁄m`mï [mpS>À`ß gÂ‰dVrÀ`mh$& C[oZfXmß kmZÒ` ‡_mUo_X_≤ `Wm gd©_[rX o_œ`m^yVß ‡Xoe©V_≤$&& ]mÎ_rH{$]´©˜e„XkmZ‡H$me‡gßJ{ C[oZfXmß ]´õd⁄m`m Edß OJX≤ ]´˜`{d odbrZß ^doV$& ]´õU Ed oddV©ï OJXpÒV$& odb`{ M oZX}em{pÒV $&- VX≤ ]´˜`{d odbr`V{$& VW°d o_œ`mÀ_H$m _{Km od⁄mg—e{Z odbrZmï BoV$& ¤`_o[ o‡`ß Zï VXwZ^y`Vm_wJ´Ò` V[gï [na[mH$ï $& AÃmo[ oddV©e„Xï emÛr`{ AW} Edß ‡`w∫$mï$& AoVoWg{dm, AZw>mZÒ` `ÃmZ›XmÌM _m{XmÌM _m{XmÌM `Ã [w`mÌM gÂ[Xï $& oZÀ`Vm Y_©emÛr`m{ odf`ï - d°amOmZm_V{bm{H$mÒV°Ogmï g›Vw V{ oedmï $&& oH$›ÀdZw>mZoZÀ`Àdß ÒdmV›`_[H$f©oV$& Ìbm{H{$pÒ_Z≤ V°oŒmar`m{[oZfXï AmZ›Xm{ ]´õV ÏÒmZmV≤ BÀ`Ò` gßH$Q>m h`mohVmærZmß ‡À`dm`°J©•hÒWVm$&& gmjmÀ‡^mdm{pÒV$& Z H{$dbß e„XmW} Ao[Vwß ^mdmW}o[ ‡^mdm{—Ì`V{$& g›‹`md›XZmoæhm{ÃmoXH$_©odYmZß Y_©emÛr`_≤ & dUm©l_Ï`dÒWm`m AmZ›Xmï AmÀ_mZw^dO›`mï hfm©ï _m{XmÌM oXÏòdf`mZw^dO›`mï hfm©ï dU©Z_o[ Y_©emÛr`m{{ odf` ï- BÀ`W}$& _hmdraMnaVÒ` ‡W_{ Ìbm{H{$ - [wÃgßH´$m›Vbl_rH°$`©X≤ d•X≤Y{˙dmHw$o^Y•V_≤$& AWÒdÒWm` X{dm` oZÀ`m` hV[mfl_Z{$& Y•VßdmÎ`{ VXm`}U [w`_mX`H$d´V_≤ $&& À`∫$H´$_od^mJm` M°V›` ¡`m{oVf{ Z_ï$&& EVmoZ VmoZ oJnaoZP©naUrVQ>{fw d°ImZgm olVÍ$oU VZm{dZmoZ$& AÃmo[ Ibw Am°[oZfX≤]´˜Um{ oZX}eï Ed$& ÒdpÒ_fidpÒWVï, `{ÓdmoVW{`[a_mò_Zm{ Ô›V{Zrdma_woÔ>[MZm J•ohU{ J•hmoU $&& CÀ[oŒmodZmeaohVï, Oam_•À`m{ï XwïImV≤[m[mV≤ M od_w∫$ï, AoVoWgÀH$ma[amÙVm{XmhaUo_X_ $& `_oZ`_[mbZ[amÙÒVm[gm Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 195

J•hÒWY_m©dbpÂ]Zm{ OZm oZdgp›V$& `_{fw-Aqhgm gÀ`_ÒÀ`{` ]´˜M`m© 2. gwH$od g_rjVm Am.C[m.[•.323 [naJ´hmï `_m BoV Ò_•oVï$& Ymo_©H$H•$À`{fw [À¥`mï gh^moJVm, 3. CŒmaam_MnaV_≤ - 2/12 H$›`m[jÒ`H•$V{ da[jÒ` [yOZr`Vmo[ Y_©emÛmòdf`ï - 4. _hmdraMnaV_≤ - 1/62 H$›`m`mï oH$b[yO`p›V o[Vam{ Om_mVwam·ß OZß$& 5. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 5/27 gÂ]›Y{ od[arV_{d VX≤^yXmamYZß V{ _o`$&& 6. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 2/3 Àdß H$mb{Z VWmod⁄m{fl`[hVï gÂ]›YdrO M VV≤ $& 7. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 2/12 Km{a{pÒ_›__ Ordbm{H$ZaH{$ [m[Ò` oYΩOrodV_≤ $&& 8. _hmdraMnaV_ - 1/1 amk° ÌM ‡OmZwaßOZ_o[ - Om_mV•`k{Z d`ß oZÍ$X≤YmaÒVdß ]mb Edmog 9. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 4/9 Zdß M am¡`_≤ $& 10. d•hXma`H$m{[oZfX - 4/2/1 `w∫$ï ‡OmZm_ZwaßOZ{Ò`mVÒ_m⁄em `À[a_ß YZß dï$&& 11. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 3/47 AÃY_m©fi ‡_moXVÏò_À`mX{ï lwV{ï oZX}eï `wX≤Yj{Ã{o[ [XmoVZm gh Z 12. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 6/6 `wX≤Yo_À`mMmaï$& ZaoWZï [mXMma _o^`wßOp›V$& AmoX ‡gßJ{fw 13. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 5/[•.370 ^d^yV{Y_©emÛr`ß [mpS>À`ß MH$mÒV{$& 14. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 1/8 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr : 15. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 1/22.25 1. _hmH$od ^d^yoV S>m∞. am` - ^yo_H$m`m_wXY•V_≤ 16. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 4/17 17. CŒmaam_MnaV_ - 1/11

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 196 ZroVÌmVH$ H$mÏ` [aÂ[am`m: odd{MZ_≤

S>m∞.]mb H•$ÓU ‡Om[oV *

em{Y gmamße ñ gÒH•$V ^mfm _{ß eVH$ H$mÏ` [aß[am ‡MobV h°& o\$a ^r [aß[amAm{ß g{ odaoMV J´ßWm{ß _{ß [aÒ[a gmÂ` Zht h°& `hmß H$mÏ` aMZm H$m C‘{Ì` [moS>À` ‡Xe©Z Zht h°& Ao[Vw X{e ^∫$Ò` gab^mfm`m ^d{V BoV AoÒV& AmMm`© ^V•©hna H{$ e„Xm{ß H$m M`Z ^r gm_m›` hr h°& Bg ‡H$ma ZroVeVH$ H$mÏ` _{ß X°oZH$ OrdZ H{$ C[`m{Jr VÀdm{ß H$m _mJ©Xe©H$ Edß VÀdm{ß H$m odd{MZ oH$`m J`m h°& ^V•©hna Z{ _mZd OrdZ H$m{ [a_ b˙` gÀ`ß oed_≤ gw›Xa_≤ H$m g_md{e oH$`m h°& ZroV eVH$ ZroV odf`H$ og’m›Vm{ß H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°& `h eVH$ gab gag aMZm h°& e„X Hwß$Or - ^V•©hna, _mZdr`, ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV, bm{H$o‡`Vm, _mZd OrdZ, ZroVeVH$, _mZd g_mO, Z°oVH$Vm, od⁄m, g¡OZVm, _yI©Vm, Am^yfU, XwO©ZVm AmoX&

‡ÒVmdZm ñ ^V•©hna ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ OJ_JmV{ ∂Z∂jÃ W{& _mZdr` M ZmoÒV V{ _ZwÓ`m: [ew: g—em: go›V& ‡H•$oV H$m{ `WmdV≤ ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ hwE _ZwÓ` OrdZ H$m AmXe© ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ _{ß `{fmß Z od⁄m Z V[m{ Z XmZß CZH{$ lß•Jma, ZroV, d°amΩ` eVH$ oMaH$mb VH$ g_mO H$m{ ‡{aUm X{V{ ah{J{ß, kmZß Z erbß Z JwUm{ Z Y_©:& BgobE g_yMm gßgma CZH$m F$Ur h°& ^V•©hna H$m Zm_ gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _{ß V{ _•À`wbm{H{$ ^wod ^ma^yVm& ]hwV ‡og’ h°, BgobE BZH{$ ¤mam aoMV VrZm{ß eVH$ bm{H$o‡` h¢ßß& ^V•©hna _ZwÓ` Í$[{U _•JmÌMao›V&&3 H{$ eVH$m{ß{ß H$r bm{H$o‡`Vm oH$gr j{Ã ode{f VH$ gro_V Zht ahr h°& [a›Vw od⁄m YZß gd}fw YZ{fw CŒm_ß AoÒV& `Ò` YZÒ` haUß H$Vw© Z e∑`V{& gma{ ^maV _{ß BZH$r bm{H$o‡`Vm oZod©dmX h°& ^V•©hna H{$ eVH$ Ohmß ^maVr` `Ò` YZÒ` H$Î[mßV{fw Ao[ oZYZß Z ^doV& `{fmß g_r[{ EVm—eß YZß AoÒV OZ_mZg _{ß A[Zm ÒWmZ ]ZmZ{ _{ß g\$b hwE h¢ dht BZH$r ª`moV odX{em{ß V°gh H$: Ò[Y©V{& _{ß ^r hwB© h°& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H{$ agH$m{ß H{$ obE Ohmß VrZm{ß eVH$ AmH$f©U H{$ hVw©òV Z Jm{Maß oH$_oV eß [wÓUmoV `Àgd©Xm H{$›– h¢ dhtß ^maVr` bm{H$ H$WmAm{ß _{ß ^r ^V•©hna H$m ‡_wI ÒWmZ h°& gm_m›` @flòW©‰`: ‡oV[m⁄_mZ_oZeß ‡mflZm{oV d•o’ [am_≤& OZ gmYmaU H{$ AZwgma ^V•©hna amOm W{& bm{J C›h{ß amOm ^V•©hna H{$ Zm_ g{ H$Î[m›V{Àdo[ Z ‡`moV oZYZß oZ⁄mª`_›VY©Z_≤ OmZV{ h¢& _mbdm ‡X{e H$r [aÂ[am _ß{ C›h{ß _hmamO odH´$_moXÀ` H{$ ]S{>. `{fmß Vm›‡oV _mZw_w¡PZ Z•[m: H$ÒV°: gh Ò[’©V{&&4 ^mB© H{$ Í$[ _{ß `mX oH$`m OmVm ahm h°& ^V•©hna H{$ gw^mofVm{ß H{$ bm{H$o‡`Vm JwUr Edß od¤mZ bm{J Vm{ gd©Ã AmXa H{$ [mÃ hm{V{ h¢& BZH{$ [mg E{gm _{ß oZohV _mZdVm H$r ]hw_wIr AmH$mßjmAm{ß H$m ge∫$ ‡oVo]Â]Z od⁄m Í$[r YZ hm{Vm h°, Om{ ]mßQ>Z{ g{ ^r H$_ Zht hm{Vm h° Ao[Vw Am°a ^r C[X{e[aH$ e°br _{ß gßÒH•$V _{ß obIr H$odVmEß h¢, oOZ_{ß OrdZ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ]∂T>Vm OmVm h°& AV: E{g{ bm{Jm{ H$m{ gÂ_mZ H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{Im OmZm MmohE& g_J´Vm ‡oVo]Â]V h°& [yd© H$od`m{ß Z{ A[Zr aMZmAm{ß _{ß oOZ ododY _mZdr` E{g{ JwUr Am°a od¤ÀOZ Vm{ amOm g{ ^r AoYH$ l{ÓR> hm{V{ h¢& AmH$mßjmAm{ß H$m ‡mgßoJH$ Í$[ _{ß H$ht H$ht C[X{e X{Z{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r d{ g^r _ZwÓ`mUmß l•ßJma: EH$`m od⁄`m Ed ^doV& ^yfUmoZ Ibw jr`›V{ OrdZ _yÎ` BZ gw^mofVm{ß _{ß gy˙_Vm g{ g_mohV hm{ J`{ h¢& dmJ≤ ^yfUß gVVß ^yfUß AoÒV& AWm©V≤ ^maVr` OrdZ _{ß Ohmß ]mbH$ oejm l•ßJma, ZroV, d°amΩ` eVH$ _{ß ^V•©hna Z{ _mZd OrdZ H$m{ [a_ b˙` J´hU H$aVm h° Am°a OrdZ H{$ [W [a AJ´ga hm{Z{ H$m _mJ© oH$g ‡H$ma ∂Q{>T>m- gÀ`ß oed_≤ gw›Xa_≤ H$m g_md{e oH$`m h°& O°g{ oÃbm{H$r [mdZr JßJm oh_mb` _{∂T>m h° Cg{ od⁄m Am°a ]wo’ ¤mam H°$g{ gwJ_ ]Zm`m OmVm h°& `h grIVm h° g{ oZH$ba Am`m©dV© H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m{ [ÑodV H$a Agr_ gmJa _{ß odbrZ kmZ H$r _hŒmm ]VmVm hwAm `h õm{H$ h_{ß ]mˆ` Am^yfUm{ß H$r PyR>r M_H$ hm{ OmVr h° Cgr ‡H$ma `h eVH$ Ã` Z°oVH$Vm H{$ gw›Xa odMmam{ß g{ _mZd H$m ]m{Y H$amVm h°- dJ© H$m{ MnaÃ oZ_m©U H$a dra JoV H$m{ ‡XmZ H$aVr h°&1 ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ H{$`yamoU Z ^yfò›V [wÍ$fß hmam Z M›–m{Çdbm oZMm{∂S> [wÍ$fmW© MVwÓQ>` H$m{ ‡oV[moXV H$aZ{ H$r B¿N>m g{ ^V•©hna Z{ VrZm{ß Z ÒZmZß Z odb{[Zß Z Hw$gw_ß ZmbßH•$Vm _y’©Om:& eVH$m{ß H$r aMZm H$r Wr& oOgg{ ZroVeVH$- Y_© Am°a AW© H$m{, lß•Jma dm`{H$m g_bßS>≤H$am{oV [wÍ$fß `m gßÒH•$Vm Ym`©V{ eVH$- H$m_ H$m{ Am°a d°amΩ` eVH$- _m{j H$m{ C”moQ>V H$a gH{$& jr`›V{ Ibw ^yfUmoZ VVß dmΩ^yfUß ^yfU_≤ &&5 ZroVeVH$ _{ß H$od Z{ OrdZ H{$ Jy∂T> ahÒ` Edß ‡À`j gÀ` H$m{ _whmda{Xma od⁄m Zm_ ZaÒ` Í$[_oYHß$ ‡ß¿N>fi Jw·ß YZß e°br _{ß oMoÃV oH$`m h°& g_mO H{$ obE CXmÀV MnaÃ H$m AmXe© ‡À`{H$ od⁄m ^m{JH$mar è: gwIH$mar od⁄m JwÍ$Umß JwÍ$:& õm{H$ _{ß o[am{`m h°& Bgg{ VÀH$mbrZ g_mO _{ß Ï`m· AZ°oVH$Vm H$m ^r od⁄m ]ßYwOZm{ odX{eJ_Z{ od⁄m [am X{dVm AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bgr H$maU d{ _mZdr` JwUm{ß H{$ H{$ ‡oV AmJ´h od⁄m amOgw [y¡`›V{ Z oh YZß od⁄m odhrZ: [ew:&&6 ‡H$me H$aV{ h¢& oOZH$m AZwerZb _mZd g_mO H{$ obE H$Î`mUH$mar h°& od⁄m hr dh dÒVw h° Om{ _ZwÓ` H$m l{ÓR>Í$[ Am°a Jw· YZ h°& od⁄m hr ^V•©hna H$m ZroV[aH$ kmZ ]{Om{∂S> h°, BZH$r ZroV`m{ß [a MbH$a _ZwÓ` A[Zm ^m{J, è, Am°a gwI H$r X∂mÃr h°& od⁄m, JwÍ$Am{ß H$r JwÍ$ h° [a X{e _{ß od⁄m hr OrdZ Y›` ]Zm gH$Vm h°& ZroV hr _mZd OrdZ H$r AmYmaoebm hm{Vr h¢&2 ]›YwÍ$[ h°& od⁄m hr [a_ X{Vm h¢& od⁄m hr amOm ¤mam [yOm OmVm h°, AWm©V≤ ZroVeVH$ _{ß AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ ZroV gÂ]›Yr og¤m›Vm{ßß H$m ‡oV[mXZ oOgH{$ [mg od⁄mÍ$[r YZ Zht h° Cg{ [ew H{$ g_mZ g_PZm MmohE& oH$`m J`m h°& oOZ_{ß od⁄m-draVm-g¡OZVm-_yI©Vm-gmhg-_°Ãr- o‡`m›`mÊ`m d•oŒm_©obZ_g^{@fl`ggwH$aß BÀ`moX og’m›V odd{oMV h°& `{fmß _ZwÓ`mZmß g_r[{ od⁄m V[ß, XmZerb_≤, g›Vm{ Zm‰`œ`m©:gwˆXo[ Z `m¿`: H•$eYZ:& *emgH$r` Eg.Or.Eg.[r.Or._hmod⁄mb`,JßO]mgm°Xm, oObm odoXem (_.[´.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 197

od[⁄wÉ° ÒW{`ß [X_ZwodY{`ß M _hVmß $ bmB©bmO ]r_mar h°& _yI©Vm H$r emÛm{ß _{ß H$m{B© ^r Am°foY Zht h°& gVmß H{$Zm{o‘ÓQß> odf_ogYmamd´Vo_X_≤&&7 e∑`m{ dmao`Vwß Ob{Z hwV^wH$≤ N>Ã{U gy`m©V[m{ `{ gÇmZm: go›V V{ g_mgw dmH$[Qw>Vmß YmaòV& V{fmß `fog Ao^Í$oM ZmJ{›–m oZoeVmßHw$e{Z g_Xm{ XS{>Z Jm{JX©^m°& ^doV& emÛmUmß A‹``Z` Ï`gZß ^doV& g¡OZm: Z_´Àd{Z Cfi_Œmm: Ï`moY^}fO gßJ´h{U oddY°_©›Ã ‡`m{J°od©fß go›V& V{fm AmMma `w∫$ß ^doV& j_mÍ$[r AÛß V{fmß g_r[{ ^doV& EVm—eµµm: gd©Ò`m°fY_oÒV emÛodohVß _yI©Ò` ZmÒÀ`m°fY_≤&&16 gÇmZm: [yOZr`m: go›V& H$R>m{a AogYmam d´Vr _ZwÓ`m{ß _{ß hr ›`mò‡`Vm `{fmß g_r[{ Z od⁄m Z V[:, Z XmZß, V{ _•À`©bm°H{$ ^wod^ma^yVm: go›V& hm{Vr h°& `{ od[oŒmH$mb _{ß ^r oZH•$ÓQ> H$_© Zht H$aV{ h¢& EV{ _ZwÓ`Í$[{U _•Jm: Mao›V& Z^´Àd{Zm{fi_V: [aJwUH$WZ°: Òdm›JwUm›ª`m[`›V: `{fmß Z od⁄m Z V[m{ Z XmZß ÒdWm©›gÂ[mX`›Vm{odVV[•WwVama‰^ `ÀZm: [amW}& kmZß Z erbß Z JwUm{ Z Y_©:& jm›À`°dmj{`Í$jmja_wIa_wIm›XwO©Zm›Xyf`›V: V{ _•À`©bm{{H{$ ^wod ^ma^yVm: g›V:gmÌM`©M`m© OJoV ]hw_Vm: H$Ò`Zm‰`M©Zr`m:&&8 _ZwÓ`Í$[{U _•JmÌMao›V&& Ao[ M- dmßN>m g¡OZ gßJ_{ [aJwU{ ‡roVJw©am° Z_´Vm Yra[wÍ$fmUmß odd{MZß V{fmß bjUß d ododY{fw õm{H{$fw doU©Vß AoÒV& od⁄m`mß Ï`gZß Òd`m{ofV aoVbm}H$m[dmXm‰X≤^`_≤& V{ Yra[wÍ$fm go›V V{ oZ›XmÒVwoV g_`{ g_mZ_{d Ï`dhao›V& òX ô∫$: eyoboZ eo∫$ amÀ_X_Z{ gßgJ© _wo∫$: Ib{ YZ‡mo·{: ^doV YZÒ` A^md: ^doV V{fmß [Xß Z odMobV ^doV AWm©V≤ EV{ `{fw ]go›V oZ_©bJwUmÒV{‰`m{ Za{‰`m{ Z_:&&9 Yra [wÍ$fm{ß H$r oZ›Xm `m ‡eßgm g{ H$m{B© ‡`m{OZ Zhr{ß hm{Vm h° d{ ha [naoÒWoV g¡OZm{ß H$m Òd^md hm{Vm h° g^r g{ ‡{_, g_^md, _°Ãr, gXmMaU _{ß gÀ`_mJ© g{ odMobV Zht hm{V{ h¢- AmoX Am°a XwO©Zm{ß H$m À`mJ `{ g¡OZm{ß H{$ Òd^mdJV JwU hm{V{ h¢& oXZH$a: oZ›X›Vw ZroVoZ[wUm òX dm ÒVwd›Vw [X_mH$aß odH$Mr H$am{oV ObYa: Z A‰`W©V: Ao[ Obß XXmoV g›V: Òd`ß b˙_r: g_modeVw J¿N>Vw `m `W{ÓQ>_≤& [aohV{fw H•$Vm: `m{Jm: ^do›V& A⁄°d dm _aU_ÒVw `wJm›Va{ dm [ŸmH$aß oXZH$am{ odH$M H$am{oV ›`mÊ`mÀ[W: ‡odMbo›V [Xß Z Yram:&&17 M›–m{ odH$mgòV H°$adMH´$dmb_≤& O°gm oH$ ZroV eVH$ H{$ õm{H$ _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ Yra Jß^ra [wÍ$f Zm‰`moW©Vm{ ObYam{@o[ Obß XXmoV A^rÓQ> H$r ‡mo· hwE o]Zm oH$gr H$m`© H$m{ AYyam Zht N>m{∂S>V{ h¢& Yra [wÍ$fmUmß g›V: Òd`ß [naohV{fw H•$V`mo^`m{Jm:&&10 VwbZm X{d°: gh H•$Vm AoÒV& g_w– _ßWZ g_`{ X{dVm: `mdV≤ [`©›Vß A_•Vß Z g¡OZ [wÍ$fm{ß _{ß [am{[H$mnaVm Hy$Q>-Hy$Q>H$a âr hm{Vr h°& C›h{ß oH$gr ‡m·d›V: VmdV [`©›Vß V{ ‡`ÀZerbm: AmgZ≤& g{ ‡{aUm [mZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht hm{Vr h° Om{ Òd^md g{ hr [aohV _{ß bJ{ aÀZ°_©hmh°©ÒVwVwfZ© X{dm, Z ^{oOa{ ^r_ode{f ^roV_≤& ahZ{ dmb{ hm{V{ h¢& gwYmß o]Zm Z ‡``wwod©am_, Z oZoÌMVmWm©o¤a_o›V Yram:&&18 EV{ gÀ[wÍ$fm: [amW©KQ>H$m: ÒdmWm©›[naÀ`¡` `{ gßÒH•$V AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ AmMm`m~ ^V•©hna H{$ ZroV eVH$ gm_m›`mÒVw [amW©_w⁄_^•V: ÒdmWm©odam{Y{Z `{& H$mÏ` _{ß ‡MobV ZroV H$m{ hr _mZd OrdZ H$r AmYma oebm H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> V{@_r_mZfamjg: [aohVß ÒdmWm©` od‹Zo›V `{ H$aVr h¢& ÒmßÒH•$V ^mfm _{ß AZ{H$ [aß[amE{ß ‡MobV hm{Z{ H$maU H$od Z{ ZroV `{ oZ‹Zo›V oZaW©Hß$ [aohVß V{ H{$ Z OmZr_h{&&11 eVH$ _{ß _w∫$H$ H$mÏ` H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m h°& ^V•©hna H{$ gw^mofVm{ß _{ß OrdZ `Wm ZroVeVH{$ g¡OZmZmß dU©Zß AoÒV VW°d XwO©ZmZmß _yIm©Umß d _yÎ`m{ß H$r g_J´Vm ‡oVo]Â]V h°& [yd©dVr© AmMm`m~ Z{ A[Zr aMZmAm{ß _{ß oOZ dU©Zß Ao[ AoÒV& _yIm©Umß XwO©ZmZmß M dU©Zß Edß ‡H$ma{U AoÒV& OrdZ _{ß XwO©Z ododY _mZdr` AmH$mßjmAm{ß H$m ‡mgßoJH$ Í$[ _{ß H$ht H$ht C[X{e X{Z{ H$r H$m [naÀ`mJ ∑`m{ß AmdÌ`H$ h°& ZroVeVH$ H$m `h õm{H$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVm h°- M{ÓQ>m H$r d{ g^r OrdZ _yÎ` BZ gw^mofVm{ß _{ß gy˙_Vm g{ g_mohV hm{ J`{ h¢&

XwO©Z: [nahV©Ï`m{ od⁄`m@S>≤.H•$Vm{@o[ gZ≤& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _oUZm: ôfV: g[©: oH$_gm° Z ^`ßH$a:&&12 1. H$mobXmg gßÒH•$V AH$mX_r em{Y [oÃH$m 2007 [•ÓR> 94 `{ Akm: go›V V{fm AamYZß gabß oH$›Vw `{ kmZbdXwod©XΩYm: go›V 2. H$mobXmg gßÒH•$V AH$mX_r em{Y [oÃH$m 2007 [•ÓR> 121 VmZ≤ ]´h`mo[ aßOo`Vwß Z e∑Zm{oV& 3. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 13 Ak gwI_mam‹`: gwIVa_mam‹`V{ ode{fk:& 4. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 16 kmZbdod©XΩYß ]´¯mo[ Vß Zaß aßOòV&&13 5. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 18 AoÒ_Z ZroV eVH{$ _yI©OZÒ` oMŒmß Z AmamY`V{ BoV dU©Zß AoÒV& 6. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 19 7. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 30 _yI© Vm{ _y∂T> hm{Vm h° Am°a Cgg{ gXmMma odd{H$ H$r Amem aIZm oMamJ Vb{ AßY{a{ 8. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 70 aIZ{ dmbr ]mV h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ odd{H$r Ïò∫$ hr A¿N{> ]wa{ H$r [hMmZ H$a gH$Vm h°& 9. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 59 b^V{ ogH$Vmgw V°b_o[ `ÀZV: [rS>`Z≤ 10. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 75 o[]{¿M _•JV•oÓUH$mgw gobbß o[[mgmoX©V:& 11. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 57 π$moMXo[ [`ß©Q>N>eodfmU_mgmX`{V≤ 12. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 52 Z Vw ‡oVoZodÓQ> _yI©OZ oMŒmm_mamY`{V≤&&14 13. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 3 `{ _yIm©: go›V V{fmß [oS>V{fw _m°Zß od^yfUß AoÒV BoV doU©Vß 14. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 6 A⁄m{oboIVß õm{H{$ AoÒV 15. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 4 Òdm`Œm_{H$mß_JwUß odYmÃm, odoZo_©V_≤ N>mXZ_kVm`m: 16. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 12 ode{fV: gd©od¤mß g_mO{, od^yfUß _m°Z[oS>VmZm_≤&&15 17. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 83 emÛm{ß _{ß AZ{H$m{ß am{Jm{ß H$r Am°foY`mß doU©V h¢, b{oH$Z _yI©Vm EH 18. ZroV eVH$ õm{H$ gßª`m 88 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 198

am_m`UmZw‡moUVß gßÒH•$VZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤

[ß.l{`g≤ lrYaemoÛH$m{amﬁ{ *

‡ÒVmdZm - gwodoXV_{d bm°oH$H$gßÒH•$VgmohÀ`{ _hof©dmÎ_rH{$: BXo_ÀWß am_mÙß Z H{$db_≤ E{oVhmogHß$ _hmH$mÏ`_≤ Ao[Vw AmoXH$odÀd_≤, Vo¤aoMVÒ` am_mÙÒ` M AmoXH$mÏ`Àd_≤& _hmH$mÏò_Xß AmXe©OrdZÒ` ‡{aH$_o[ dV©V{& AV Ed [adoV©o^: H$odda°: gH$bH$Î_fZmeZß bm{H$m{[X{eOZZß ag-^mdg_o›dV_≤ am_mÙmZw‡moUVß ‡Mwaß ZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`ß ‡UrV_≤, `{Z AmXe©g_mOÒ` AbâmagßdobdV_≤ AmXe©MnaVm{[{Vß [a_mZ›X‡Xƒm≤M odbgoVVam_≤& oZ_m©UmW™ õmKZr`: ‡`ÀZm{ odohV:& VWm M gßÒH•$VgmohÀ`Ò` lrao[ dÒVwVm{ am_mÙß Z H{$dbß gßÒH•$VgmohÀ`Ò` Ao[ Vw g_J´Ò` g_{oYVm & odÌdgmohÀ`Ò` _wHw$Q>_oUÀd{Z od^moV& AÃmoXH$odZm ^wdZÃ`[mdZr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gd©OZJ´mohUr gˆX`ˆX`hmnaUr aÂ`m am_mÙr H$Wm oZ]’m& 1. ]•h’_©[wamU_≤ ñ ‡W_IS> ñ 30.47.51 AmaMZmH$mbmX{d _hmH$mÏò_Xß gd}fmß H$mÏ`mZm_≤ C[OrÏ`Àd{Z 2. aKwdße_≤ ñ 15.33 ‡oVoÓR>V_≤& `Wm{∫ß$ ]•h’_©[wamU{ - 3. ‹d›`mbm{H$ï 1.5 [R> am_mÙß Ï`mg H$mÏ`]rOß gZmVZ_≤ & 4. am_mÙMÂ[yï 1.8 `Ã am_MnaVß Ò`mV≤ VXhß VÃ eo∫$_mZ≤&&1 5. am_mÙ_≤ ñ CŒmaH$mS> ñ 98.18 Ed_{d _hmH$od: H$mobXmgm{@o[ am_mÙß H$od‡W_[’oVÍ$[{U 6. gßÒH•$VgmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg ñ AmMm`© ]bX{d C[m‹`m`, [•. 491, ÒdrMH$ma - emaXm oZH{$VZ, (dmamUmgr Xe_ gßÒH$aU) , 2001 ÒdH•$oVß Jm[`m_mg H$od‡W_[’oV_≤&&2 7. VÕm°d ñ [•. 491 Ed_{d YdoZ‡ÒWm[ZmMm`©: AmZ›XdY©Zm{@o[ _hof©dmÎ_roH$_{d 8. VÕm°d ñ [•. 544 AmoXH$odÍ$[{U ÒVm°oV - 9. VÕm°d ñ [•. 544 H$mÏ`Ò`mÀ_m g EdmW©ÒVWm MmoXH$d{: [wam & 10. gßÒH•$VgmohÀ` H$m Ao^Zd BoVhmg ñ S>m∞. amYmdÎb^ oÕm[mR>r, [•. H´$m°ƒm≤M¤›¤od`m{Jm{ÀW: em{H$: õm{H$Àd_mJV:&&3 443, odÌdod⁄mb` ‡H$meZ, dmamUgr (MVwW© gßÒH$aU), 2013 Ed_{d ^m{OamO{Zmo[ _hof©dmÎ_roH$: ì_Yw_`ôUVrZmßì_Yw_`ôUVrZmßì_Yw_`ôUVrZmß 11. VÕm°d ñ [•. 411 ñ 443 _mJ©Xoe©Àd{Zí gmXaß gßÒVwV: - 12. gßÒH•$VgmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg ñ dmMÒ[oV J°am{bm, [•. 691ñ93, _Ymw_`ôUVrZmß _mJ©Xeu _hof©:&4 Mm°IÂ]m od⁄m^dZ, dmamUgr, (‡W_ gßÒH$aU), 2009 _hmH$mÏò_Xß [adoV©Zmß H$drZmß ‡{aUmÒWmZÍ$[{U odamOV{& Òd`ß 13. VÕm°d ñ [•. 694ñ95 ‡mM{VgdmÎ_rH{$_©V_oÒV, `X≤ am_MnaV_≤ AZmolÀ` Z H$mÏ`mZmß 14. VÕm°d ñ [•. 691 èm{^mOZÀdß ‡og‹òV - 15. gßÒH•$VgmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg ñ S>m∞. C_meßH$a e_m© F$of [•. 1345, Z ¯›`m{@h©oV H$mÏ`mZmß èm{^mJ≤ amKdm—V{&5 Mm°IÂ]m ^maVr AH$mX_r, dmamUgr, 2012 gßÒH•$VgmohÀ`{ ‡m`: gd©°ao[ H$odda°: am_mÙmV≤ ‡{aUm_dmfl` 16. gßÒH•$Vdm∂∂S._` H$m ]•h≤X BoVhmg ñ gß. ‡m{. ^m{bmeßH$a Ï`mg, _hZr`H$mÏòdYmmZmß odaMZß H•$V_≤& AVm{ am_mÙmZw‡moUVß gwod[wbß V•VrÌS> ñ Amf©H$mÏ`, [•. 293ñ99 CŒma‡X{e gßÒH•$V gßÒWmZ, gßÒH•$VZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_o[ _hmH$odo^: ‡UrV_≤, VÉ gé{[{U{h oZÍ$fl`V{& bIZC, (‡W_ gßÒH$aU), 2000 am_mÙmolVß ‡oVoZoYZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤ (X{I|) 17. History of Clasical Sanskrit literature, am_mÙmolVß _hŒmd[yU™ odbw·ß ZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤16 (X{I|) M.Krishnamachariar, P. 694-95, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi, 1970

* em{YmWu, gßÒH•$V A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 199

am_mÙmolVß ‡oVoZoYZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤ H´$. ZmQ>Á_≤ _hmH$od: AâgL>≤ª`m odoeÓQ>oddaU_≤ 1 ‡oV_mZmQ>H$_≤ ^mg: 7 AÃ am_Ò` dZdmgmXma‰` amdUdY[`©›Vß H$Wm doU©Vm&6 2 Ao^f{H$ZmQ>H$_≤ ^mg: 6 AÕm oH$oÓH$›Ym H$mS>mXma‰` `w’H$mSß> `mdX≤ am_H$Wm oZ]’m&7 3 _hmdraMnaV_≤ ^d^yoV: 7 ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ ]mbH$mS>mXma‰` `w’H$mS>[`©›Vß H$Wm oH$oƒm≤MV≤ [nadV©Z°: gh oZ]’m&8 4 CŒmaam_MnaV_≤ ^d^yoV: 7 ZmQ>H{$@Ã am_Ò` OrdZÒ`m{Œmma^mJ: CÀH•$ÓQ>arÀ`m doU©V:& am_mÙdXÃmo[ H$ÈUag Edmãr&9 5 AmÌM`©MyS>m_oU: eo∫$^–: 7 AÃ am_Ò` XS>H$ma`mJ_ZmXma‰` grVm`m: doÖodewo’[`©›Vß H$Wm doU©Vm& ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ` H{$ab‡m›V{ H$WH$obe°Î`mß _ƒm≤MZÒ`m{ÀH•$ÓQ>[aÂ[am dV©V{ &10 6 AZK©amKd_≤ _wamna: 7 ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ gÂ[yU©am_H$Wm doU©Vm& ZmQ>H{$ gÀò[ odew’ß H$mÏ`_{d{X_≤ &11 7 ]mbam_mÙ_≤ amOe{Ia: 10 _hmZmQ>H$o_Xß ZmQ>Ám[{j`m H$mÏ`_{d& AÃ grVmÒd`ßdamXma‰` gmH{$V‡À`mJ_Z[`©›Vß H$WmZH$_≤ C[doU©V_≤&12 8 ‡gfiamKd_≤ O`X{d: 7 ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ grVmÒd`ßdaVm{@`m{‹`m‡À`mJ_Zß `mdX≤ am_H$Wm od›`ÒVm& —Ì`H$mÏ`m[{j`m lÏ`H$mÏ`gm°›X`©g_o›dV_{d ZmQ>H$o_X_≤&13 9 hZw_fimQ>H$_≤ (_hmZmQ>H$_≤) am_^∫$: 14 _hmZmQ>H$o_Xß Xm_m{Xao_l{U _YwgyXZo_l{U M ‡MmnaV_≤& AÃ am_Ò` lrhZw_mZ≤ _hof©odÌdmo_ÃÒ` Aml_mJ_ZmXma‰` V›_hm‡`mU[`©›Vß H$WmZHß$ ‡ÒVwV_≤& g_J´ß ZmQ>Hß$ bm{H$aã_ƒm≤MÒ` H$WmJm`Ze°Î`m brbmZmQ>Áe°Î`m M oZ]’_oÒV& AmbâmnaH$J´›W{fw ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ` ]hyoZ [⁄moZ g_w’•VmoZ go›V&14 10 Hw$›X_mbm oXL>≤ZmJ: 6 ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ am_mÙÒ` CŒmaH$mS>Ò` grVmdZdmg‡gãm{ doU©V:& /YraZmJ: ZmQ>H$r`—ÓQ>`m ZmQ>H$o_X_≤ CÀH•$ÓQ>_oÒV&15

am_mÙmolVß _hŒd[yU™ odbw·ß ZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤16 H´$. ZmQ>Á_≤ _hmH$od: AâgL>≤ª`m odoeÓQ>oddaU_≤ 1 CXmŒmamKd_≤ _m`wamO: 6 ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`m{Ñ{I: YoZH$-Hw$›VH$-^m{OamO-gmJaZo›X- am_M›–- odÌdZmW°od©ohV:& AÃ H$WmZH{$ N>b`w∫$: dmobdY: [naÀ`∫$:& 2 am_m‰`wX`_≤ èm{d_m© 6 ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`m{Ñ{I AmZ›XdY©Z-^m{OamO- emaXmVZ`-am_M›–°: H•$V:& 3 Ao^ZdamKd_≤ jraÒdm_r - ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`m{’aUß am_M›–-JwUM›–H•$V{ ZmQ>ÁX[©U{@dmfl`V{& 4 H•$À`mamdU_≤ - - Ao^ZdJw·[mXmMm`©-^m{OamO-am_M›–- JwUM›–-oeã^y[mb- odÌdZmW°Zm©Q>H$Ò`mÒ` g_wÑ{I: H•$V:& 5 N>obVam__≤ - - YoZH$-Hw$›VH$-^m{OamO-am_M›–-JwUM›–-odÌdZmWm: ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ` CÑ{Iß H•$Vd›V:& AÒ`m{XmhaU{Z grVmdZdmggÂ]’ß ZmQ>H$o_Xß km`V{& 6 _m`m[wÓ[H$_≤ - - Ao^Zd^maŒ`mß ZmQ>ÁX[©U{ M ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`m{’aUß ‡mfl`V{& 7 ÒdflZXemZZ_≤ ^r_Q>: - ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`m{Ñ{I: H{$dbß gmohÀ`X[©U{@dmfl`V{& (^r_X{d:) 8 OmZH$ramKd_≤ - - ZmQ>H$Ò`m{Ñ{I: H{$dbß gmohÀ`X[©U{@dmfl`V{& 9 H$ZH$OmZH$r j{_{›–: - H$odH$R>mâU{@Ò`m{Ñ{I: ‡mfl`V{& 10 aKwodbmg_≤ am_M›–: 8 ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ` ZmQ>ÁX[©U{ CÑ{I: ‡mfl`V{& AÃ dZdmgmXma‰` amdUdY[`©›Vß H$Wm doU©Vm& 11 amKdm‰`wX`_≤ am_M›–: - ZmQ>H$Ò`mÒ`mo[ ZmQ>ÁX[©U{ CÑ{Im{@dmfl`V{& 12 _marMdƒm≤MH$_≤ - 5 emaXmVZ`H•$V{ ^md‡H$meZ{ gmJaZo›XH•$V{ ZmQ>H$bjU-aÀZH$m{e{ MmÒ`m{Ñ{I: ‡mfl`V{& 13 am_mZ›X_≤ - - lrJoXVmª`_≤ C[Í$[H$o_Xß ^md‡H$meZ{ CoÑoIV_≤& 14 eo∫$am_mZwO_≤ - - CÀg•oÓQ>H$mâZm_Hß$ Í$[H$o_Xß ^md‡H$meZ{ C’•V_≤& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 200

15 dmobdY_≤ - - ‡{äUH$_≤ C[Í$[H$o_Xß ^md-‡H$meZ{, ZmQ>H$bjUaÀZH$m{e{ gmohÀ`X[©U{ Mm{’•V_≤ & 16 XyVmãX_≤ gw^Q>: 1 N>m`mZmQ>H$o_X_≤& Í$[H{$@oÒ_Z≤ amdUgXog AãXXm°À`ß doU©V_≤& 17 _°oWbrH$Î`mU_≤ hoÒV_Ñ: - ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ H$odZm grVm-am_`m{: AmXe©MnaÃodÈ’ß dU©Zß H•$V_≤& 18 C›_ŒmamKd_≤ ^mÒH$aH$od: - ‡{jUH$o_X_≤& 19 C›_ŒmamKd_≤ odÍ$[mj: - ‡{jUH$o_X_≤& 20 am_m‰`wX`_≤ : Ï`mgam_X{d - N>m`mZmQ>H$o_X_≤& 21 AmZ›XamKd_≤ `kZmamÙ- - ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ grVmÒd`ßdaVm{ am_am¡`mo^f{H$[`©›Vß H$Wm doU©Vm& XrojV: (amOMyS>m_oU:) 22 AX≤^wVX[©U_≤ _hmX{d: - am_H$WmolVZmQ>H{$fw H{$db_oÒ_fimQ>H{$@oãagÀd{Z AX≤^wVag: ‡`w∫$m{ —Ì`V{& 23 OmZH$r[naÙ_≤ am_^–XrojV: - AÃ gÂ[yU©am_H$Wm amdUdYm{[am›V{ doU©Vm& grVm-am_oddmhm{@Ã odÌdmo_Ãml_{ doU©Vm{ dV©V BoV ode{f:& 24 Aoâm_amKd_≤ odÌd{Ìda[mS{>`: - - 25 am_am¡`mo^f{H$_≤ draamKd: 7 ZmQ>H{$@oÒ_Z≤ am_H$Wm l{ÓR>arÀ`m doU©Vm&

am_mÙgÂ]’_≤ A‡H$moeVß ZmQ>ÁgmohÀ`_≤17 H´$. ZmQ>Á_≤ _hmH$od: 1 aKwdraMnaV_≤ MH´$dVu d{Xm›Vgyar 2 grVmamKd_≤ am_[moUdmX: 3 Hw$ebdodO`_≤ d{âQ>H•$ÓU: 4 am_mÙZmQ>H$_≤ gm{_{ÌdaX{d: 5 _woXVamKd_≤ ebH•$ÓU: 6 grVmZ›X_≤ VmVmMm`©: 7 Aoâm__oU: gw›Xao_l: 8 aKwdraMnaV_≤ gwHw$_ma: 9 Amƒm≤OZ{òdO`_≤ ^mÓ`H$a: 10 OZH$OmZ›XZ_≤ Z•ogßh: 11 ‡m°T>moâm__≤ d{âQ>ZmW: 12 CŒmaMnaV_≤ am_H•$ÓU:

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 201

_hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV gßÒH•$V odXΩY _hmH$mÏ`

[ß.l{`g≤ lrYaemoÛH$m{amﬁ{ *

‡ÒVmdZm - _hof© H•$ÓU¤°[m`Z d{XÏ`mg odaoMV _hm^maVí ^maVr` _{ß [naJoUV gd©‡W_ _hmH$mÏ` h°, oOg{ gßÒH•$V _hmH$mÏ` H$r EH$ ZdrZ gßÒH•$oV gZmVZ d°oXH$ Y_© Edß gmohÀ` H$m gd©Òd^yV _hmZ≤ J´›W h°& Ymam H$m ‡dV©Z H$m l{` ‡m· h°& Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$r H$WmdÒVw H$m J´hU _hm^maV A[Z{ ]•hV≤-H$b{da H{$ H$maU odÌdgmohÀ` H{$ d•hŒm_ _hmH$mÏ` _hmH$od ^maod Z{ _hm^maV H{$ dZ[d© H{$ A‹`m` 27 g{ 40 [`©›V H{$ Jm°admÒ[X [X [a ^r ‡oVoÓR>V h°& Òd`ß _hm_woZ d{XÏ`mg H$m H$WZ doU©V H$Wm‡gßJ g{ hr oH$`m h°& _hmH$od ^maod Z{ _hm^maV H{$ Bg ‡gßJ h°- H$m{ A[Zr Am{OÒdr H$Î[ZmAm{ß g{ [naÓH•$V H$aH{$ 18 gJm~ _{ß _hmH$mÏ` _hŒdmX≤ ^madŒdmÉ _hm^maV_w¿`V{ &1 Í$[ _{ß l{ÓR> aroV g{ oZ]’ oH$`m& draag‡YmZ VWm 1030 [⁄m{ß _{ß oZ]’ _hm^maV EH$ E{gm Amf©H$mÏ` h°, oOgZ{ gßÒH•$V-gmohÀ` H$r gwXrK© Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$r H$WmdÒVw _ybV: B›– VWm oed H$m{ ‡gfi H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ [aÂ[am H$m{ ‡{aUm ‡XmZ H$r VWm gßÒH•$V H$od`m{ß H$m{ oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ß Am°a odª`mÛ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ AOw©Z ¤mam odohV V[Ò`m Edß ‡^modV ^r oH$`m& Òd`ß _hof© d{XÏ`mg Z{ ^r g_ÒV H$odOZm{ß H{$ ob`{ oH$amVmd{fYmar oed H{$ gmW CgH{$ `w’ VWm ‡gfi oed g{ [mew[VmÛ Bg{ C[OrÏ` H$hm h°- ‡mo· g{ gÂ]’ h°& AV: Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$m "oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤" `h Zm_ gmW©H$ gd}fmß H$od_wª`mZm_w[OrÏ`m{ ôdÓòV& h°& `h _hmH$mÏ` A[Z{ "AW©Jm°ad' H{$ H$maU ‡og’ h°& `h `WmW© Í$[ _{ß [O©›` Bd ^yVmZm_j`m{ ^maV–w_: &&2 _hm^maVm{∫$ [wÈfmW© OmJ•oV H{$ g›X{e H$m{ g_mO _{ß gßH´$m›V H$aZ{ _{ß gßÒH•$V-gmohÀ` _{ß _hmH$mÏ` gmohÀ` H$m AZw[_ ÒWmZ h°& _hmH$mÏ` [yU©Í$[{U g\$b ‡VrV hm{Vm h°&7 H{$ g›X^© _{ß H$mÏèmÛ H{$ ^m_h, XS>r, È–Q> VWm odÌdZmW AmoX 2. oeew[mbdY_≤ - _hmH$od ^maod H$m hr AZwH$aU H$aV{ hwE _hmH$od AmMm`m~ Z{ A[Z{ odMmam{ß H$m ‡oV[mXZ oH$`m h°&3 Bgr ‡H$ma AmYwoZH$ _mK (700 B©.) Z{ ^r A[Z{ _hmH$mÏ` "oeew[mbdY_≤' H$r H$WmdÒVw H$m ^maVr` gmohÀ` g_rjH$m{ß Z{ ^r CX≤^d H$r —oÓQ> g{ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H$m dJr©H$aU J´hU _hm^maV g{ hr oH$`m& _hmH$od _mK Z{ _hm^maV H{$ g^m[d© _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& VXZwgma CX≤^d H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡]›Y H$mÏ` H{$ Xm{ ‡^{X oH$`{ A‹`m` 36 g{ 45 VH$ doU©V `woYoÓR>a H{$ amOgy"mJ _{ß ^JdmZ≤ lrH•$ÓU Om gH$V{ h¢- 1. Amf© _hm‡]›YH$mÏ`, 2. odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` H$r AJ´g[`m© H$m odam{Y H$aZ{ [a M{oXamO oeew[mb H{$ dY H$r KQ>Zm H$m{ am_mÙ Am°a _hm^maV Amf© dra`wJrZ odH$gZerb _hm‡]›Y H$mÏ` AmYma ]ZmH$a 20 gJm©À_H$ _hmH$mÏ` H$m ‡U`Z oH$`m& _hmH$od _mK Z{ h¢& `{ Xm{Zm{ß ‡mMrZ gßÒH•$oV H{$ ⁄m{VH$ hm{Z{ g{ CX≤^d _{ß ‡W_ h¢& am_mÙ Am°a A[Zr ‡moV^‡^m g{ _ybH$WmZH$ H$m{ AVrd Ambm°oH$V oH$`m, oOg_{ß _hm^maV H{$ [adVr© H$mobXmgmoX H{$ _hmH$mÏ` CŒmaH$mbrZ gm_›V`wJrZ [X{-[X{ CZH{$ [moS>À` ‡H$f© H{$ Xe©Z h_{ß hm{V{ h¢& ‡mMrZ [oS>Vm{ß Z{ _mK gßÒH•$oV H{$ ⁄m{VH$ hm{Z{ g{ odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` h¢&4 _{ß C[_m H$r ÈoMa `m{OZm, AW©JmÂ^r`© VWm [XbmobÀ` BZ JwmÃ` H$m{ odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` Bg gßkm H$m ‡`m{J _amR>r H{$ g_rjH$ S>m∞. ‡m· H$aH{$ BgH$r ‡eßgm _{ß H$hm h°- "_mK{ go›V Ã`m{ JwUm:&' H{$edZmamÙ dmQ>d{ Z{ gßßÒH•$V _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H{$ A[Z{ odõ{fU _{ß gd©‡W_ oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤ H$r A[{jm _mK H{$ gJ© ]∂S{> h¢ VWm [⁄ ^r VXoYH$ 1650 oH$`m h°& odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` H$m Ame` Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE d{ H$hV{ h¢- "odXΩY h¢& _ybV: `h draag[aH$ _hmH$mÏ` h° VWmo[ Bg_{ß odÒVma[yd©H$ ˚m•ßJma- _hmH$mÏ`' g{ Ame` h° CŒmaH$mbrZ gßÒH•$oV H$r ]XbVr hwB© Ymam _{ß VWm dU©Z CÀH•$ÓQ> aroV g{ oZ]’ h°& `h _hmH$mÏ` oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤ _hmH$mÏ` o^fi [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß [yd©H$mbrZ H$mÏ`m{ß H$m AmYma ode{f Ao^‡m` g{ H$m AZwdV©H$ h°& odf` gß`m{OZ dU©Z AmoX H{$ g_mZ hr _hmH$mÏ` H$m b{H$a [moS>À` VWm MmVw`© Am°a od¤Œmm g{ gOm`m J`m H$bm_oS>V V›Ã]’ AmaÂ^ "lr' e„X g{ VWm gJm©›V [⁄ _{ß ^r "lrí e„X H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m _hmH$mÏ`&'5 odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` Amf© _hmH$mÏ`m{ß g{ ‡^modV h°& ‡H•$V _{ß J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma _hmH$od _mK Z{ ^r _hm^maVH$ma H{$ XwÓQ>m{ß H{$ X_Z H$r _hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV H{$ gßÒH•$V _hmH$mÏ` H{$ odXΩY H$mÏ`-gmohÀ` AoZdm`©Vm H{$ g›X{e H$m{ A[Zr H•$oV H{$ ¤mam OZ-gm_m›` _{ß H$m gßoj· odd{MZ `hm± ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om ahm h°& g\$bVm[yd©H$ gÂ‡{ofV oH$`m&7 3. ^maV_ßOar - _hmH$od j{_{›– (1000-75 B©.) ¤mam odaoMV 1. oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤ - _hm^maV [a AmolV gßÒH•$V H$r odXΩY "^maV_ßOar'Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` ^r _hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV h°& `h _hm^maV _hmH$mÏ`[aÂ[am _{ß _hmH$od ^maod (550-620 B©.) H•$V H$m gßoj· Í$[m›Va h°& Bg _hmH$mÏ` _{ß _hm^maV H$r hnadßeoIb[d©gohV "oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤' _hmH$mÏ` g_w[b„Y gd©‡W_ aMZm h°& `h _hmH$od gÂ[yU© H$Wm 19 [dm~ VWm 1092 [⁄m{ß _{ß C[oZ]’ h°& `h _hm^maV g{ ^maod H$r EH$_mÃ C[b„Y H•$oV h°& `h gßÒH•$V _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H$r "]•hÀÃ`r' ‡^modV [m°amoUH$ e°br _{ß oZ]’ CÀH•$ÓQ> odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` h°, oOgH{$

* em{YmWu gßÒH•$V A‹``Z embm odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 202

¤mam _hmH$od j{_{›– Z{ gmohÀ`-OJV≤ _{ß _hVr ‡oVÓR>m ‡m· H$r VWm 11. gˆX`mZ›X_≤ - _hmH$od H•$ÓUmZ›X (1300 B©.) Z{ ^r _hm^maV Bgr H•$oV H{$ H$maU C›h{ß "Ï`mgXmgí H$r C[moY g{ _oS>V oH$`m J`m& 8 H{$ Zbm{[mª`mZ [a AmolV "gˆX`mZ›X_≤' Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` H$r aMZm 4. Z°fYr`MnaV_≤ - _hmH$od lrhf© (1150-1200 B©.) ¤mam odaoMV H$r& C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ Bg gˆXmZ›X _hmH$mÏ` _{ß Zb-X_`›Vr H$r gÂ[yU© "Z°fYr`MnaV_≤' Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` ^r _hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV h°& Bg H$Wm H$m dU©Z 15 gJm~ _{ß oH$`m h°& 15 odXΩY _hmH$mÏ` H$r JUZm ^maod Edß _mK H$r H•$oV`m{ß H{$ gmW gßÒH•$V 12. Zbm‰`wX`_≤ - _hmH$od dm_Z ^≈>]mU (1400 B©.) Z{ ^r _hm^maV _hmH$mÏ`m{ß H$r "]•hÀÃ`r' _{ß hm{Vr h°& _hmH$od lrhf© Z{ _hm^maVm›VJ©V H{$ Zbm{[mª`mZ H$m{ AmYma ]ZmH$a "Zbm‰`wX`_≤' Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` H$m "Zbm{[mª`mZ' _{ß doU©V A‹`m` 52-79 [`©›V ZbMnaÃ H$m{ AmYma ‡U`Z oH$`m& Bg _hmH$mÏ` _{ß 8 gJm~ _{ß Zb-MnaÃ H$m dU©Z oH$`m J`m ]Zm`m& Bg_{ß _ybH$WmZH$ H{$ EH$X{e H$m J´hU H$aH{$ amOm Zb VWm h°&16 X_`›Vr H$r ‡U`H$Wm H$m oZ]›YZ 22 gJm~ VWm 2830 [⁄m{ß _{ß CÀH•$ÓQ> _hm^maV g{ AZw‡moUV AZ{H$ _hmH$mÏ`m{ß Edß ‡H$rU© H$mÏ`m{ß H$m aroV g{ oH$`m J`m h°& _hmH$mÏ` H$m AßJrag ˚m•ßJma h°& H$Î[Zm H$r M_ÀH•$oV, CÑ{I ^r ‡m· hm{Vm h°, oOg_{ß AkmVH$odH$V•©H$ "H$Î`mUZ°fY_≤'(7 gJ©) a_Ur`Vm VWm [XbmobÀ` _{ß `h _hmH$mÏ` A[Z{ [yd©dVr© l{ÓR> H•$oV`m{ß VWm d›XmÈ^≈> (19dt eVr) H•$V "CŒmaZ°fY_≤' (10 gJ©) VÈU^maV_≤, oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤ VWm oeew[mbdYZ_≤ g{ ^r CÀH•$ÓQ> _mZm OmVm h°& AV: Zagfl[_o›ÃH•$V-Ao^Zd^maV_≤, h{_M›–mMm`©H•$V- [mS>dodO`_≤ VWm gßÒH•$V-_Zrof`m{ß _{ß `h Am^mmH$ h°- "CoXV{ Z°fY{ H$mÏ`{ π$ _mK: π$ oMÃ^mZwH•$V-âVm{⁄m{V_≤17b˙_rXŒmH•$V-[mS>dMnaÃ_≤, M ^maod:&' (Z°fY H$mÏ` H{$ CoXV hm{ OmZ{ [a H$hm± _mK Am°a H$hm ^maod ?) lrÌdaod⁄mbßH$maH•$V-odH´$_^maV_≤, oedgy`© (1450 B©.) H•$V- _hmH$od lrhf© Z{ Z°fYr`MnaV_≤ H{$ ¤mam _hm^maVm{∫$ _mZdr` [mS>dm‰`wX`_≤ (8gJ©), dmoXM›–gynaH•$V-[mS>d[wamU_≤, Hw$Í$j{Ã_≤ OrdZ H{$ [mVm{À[mV, gÉnaÃVm, H$Œm©Ï`[amÙVm VWm XmÂ[À`-oZÓR>m (18 gJ©), [yd©^maV_≤ (21 gJ©) ‡_wI h¢& Í$[ AmXem~ H$m{ g_mO _{ß g\$bVm[yd©H$ gßH´$m›V oH$`m&9 5. `woYoÓR>aodO`_≤ - _hmH$od dmgwX{d (900 B©.) Z{ ^r _hm^maV H$r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gÂ[yU© H$Wm H$m{ AmYma ]ZmH$a "`woYoÓR>aodO`_≤' Zm_H$ `_H$ H$mÏ` 1. _hm^maV_≤ - AmoX[d©, 2.274 obIm& Bg _hmH$mÏ` _{ß 8 gJ© VWm 716 [⁄ h¢&10 gÂ[yU© H$mÏ` "Am`m©JroV' 2. dhr, 1.108 _{ß oZ]’ h°& _hm^maV `w’ _{ß H$m°adm{ß [a odO` ‡mo· H{$ C[am›V `woYoÓR>a 3. gmohÀ`X[©U: - 6/315-25 H$m am¡`mam{hU Edß ‡Om[na[mbZ [`©›V H$WmZH$ Bg_{ß doU©V h°& Bgr 4. gßÒH•$V _hmH$mÏ` H$r [aÂ[am - S>m∞. H{$edamd _wgbJm±dH$a, [•. 90, ‡H$ma "_hm^maV' H{$ "Zbm{[mª`mZ' H{$ AmYma [a oboIV "Zbm{X`_≤' Mm°.gß.gr.Am. dmamUgr, 1969, B©. Zm_H$ `_H$ H$mÏ` ^r gÂ^dV: B›ht H$r aMZm h°& Bg H$mÏ` _{ß 4 gJ©, 5. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$m Ao^Zd BoVhmg - S>m∞. amYmdÑ^ oÃ[mR>r, [•. 290 õm{H$ h¢ VWm Am`m©JrV N>›X H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& 102, od.od.‡. dmamUgr, 2013 B©. 6. H$rMH$dY_≤ - H$odda ZroVd_m© (9-10dt eVr od.) ¤mam ‡UrV 6. oH$amVmOw©Zr`_≤ - ^maod, oZU©`gmJa _w–Umb`, _wÂ]B©, 1942 B©. "H$rMH$dY_≤' Zm_H$ oMÃH$mÏ` H$m AmYma ^r _hm^maV hr h°& 7. oeew[mbdY_≤ - _mK, Ï`m. S>m∞. H{$edamd _wgbJm±dH$a, Mm°.gß.^. 7. `_H$^maV_≤ - "`_H$^maV_≤' _hmH$mÏ` H{$ ‡U{Vm _mYdmMm`© dmamUgr, gß. 2063 (1198-1278 B©.) AmZ›XVrW© h¢& C›hm{ßZ{ ^r _hm^maV H$r H$Wm H$m{ 8. ^maV_ßOar - j{_{›–, oZ.gm._w. _wÂ]B©, 1898 B©. AmYma ]ZmH$a Am⁄›V `_H$mbßH$mag_o›dV "`_H$^maV' Zm_H$ CÀH•$ÓQ> 9. Z°fYr`MnaV_≤ - lr hf©, Ï`m. ZmamÙam_ AmMm`©, Mm°.od.^., `_H$ H$mÏ` H$r aMZm H$r h°& 11 dmamUgr, 2004 8. [mS>dMnaV_≤ - _hmH$odM›–‡^gyna (1250 B©.) Z{ ^r _hm^maV 10. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$m ]•hX≤ BoVhmg, H$mÏÌS>, gß. S>m∞. amYmdÑ^ H$Wm g{ ‡{naV hm{H$a 18 gJm~ _{ß "[mS>dMnaV_≤' Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` H$r aMZm oÃ[mR>r, [•. 240, C.‡. gßÒH•$V gßÒWmZ, bIZD$, 1997 B©. H$r& 12 11. dhr, [•. 241 9. ZaZmamÙmZ›X_≤ - _hmH$od dÒVw[mb (1219-39 B©.) Z{ ^r 12. dhr, Amf©H$mÏÌS>- gß. ‡m{. ^m{bmeßH$a Ï`mg, [•. 681, _hm^maV H{$ gw^–mhaU ‡gßJ H$m{ b{H$a "ZaZmamÙmZ›X_≤' Zm_H$ C.‡.gß.gß., bIZD$, 2000 B©. _hmH$mÏ` H$m ‡U`Z oH$`m& Bg_{ß 16 gJ© VW 740 [⁄ h¢& 13 Bg _hmH$mÏ` 13. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg - dmMÒ[oV J°am{bm, [•. 743, Mm°.od.^. _{ß Za Edß ZmamÙ H{$ AdVma AOw©Z VWm H•$ÓU H$r o_ÃVm H$m oMÃU H$aV{ dmamUgr, 2009 B©. hwE AO©wZ ¤mam gw^–mhaU H$m ‡gßJ doU©V h°& OrdZmZw^d g{ g_o›dV 14. gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` H$m ]•hX≤ BoVhmg - H$mÏÌS> - gß. S>m∞. amYmdÑ^ gyo∫$`m{ß H$m ‡mMw`© Bg _hmH$mÏ` H$m AX≤^wV d°oeÓQ>Á h°& oÃ[mR>r, [•. 178, C.‡.gß.gß. bIZD$, 1997 B©. 10. ]mb^maV_≤ - O°Z H$od A_aM›– (1260 B©.) ¤mam aoMV 15. dhr, [•. 179 "]mb^maV_≤' Zm_H$ _hmH$mÏ` ^r _hm^maV [a AmY•V CÀH•$ÓQ> aMZm h°& 16. dhr, [•. 325 Bg _hmH$mÏ` _{ß H$WmZH$ _hm^maV H{$ [dm~ H{$ AZwgma hr h°& Bg _hmH$mÏ` 17. History of classical Sanskrit Literature, M. _{ß 44 gJ© h¢ VWm 6940 [⁄ h¢ VWm Bg_{ß gZmVZ [aÂ[am gÂ_V H$Wm H$m Krishnamachariar, P. 302, Motilal Banarasidas, hr H$od Z{ AZwJ_Z oH$`m h°& 14 Delhi, 1970 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 203 gßV Zm_X{d - EH$ l{ÓR> g_mO gßKQ>H$

S>m∞. e°bOm gm]b{ * ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVdf© hr gßVmßMr ^y_r Amh{. ododY ‡mßVmVÎ`m gßVmßZr g_mO Xe©Z - `mXd `wJmV gm_m›` g_mOmM{ OrdZ ‡mYm›`mZ{ VÀH$mbrZ g_mOmMr JaO bjmV K{D$Z ^∫$r`m{JmMr _mßS>Ur H{$br. Y_©‡YmZ hm{V{. [U [wam{ohVmß¿`m dM©Òdm_wi{ À`mV H$_©H$mßS> AmoU Am[m[Î`m ^mf{V AY`moÀ_H$ ^∫$r[a aMZm obohÎ`m. g_mOmVÎ`m gd© odoYoZf{Y `mßM{ ÒVm{_ \$ma _mOb{b{ hm{V{. dUm©l_m¿`m YmaU{_wi{ KQ>H$mßZm EH$m gyÃmV ]mßYm`mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$bm. CÉdoU©`mßMr g‘r g_mOmV oZ_m©U Pmbr hm{Vr. Ymo_©H$ gßÒH$ma V{M _amR>r _wbImV kmZ{Ìda, Zm_X{d, VwH$mam_, EH$ZmW AmoX gßVmßZr H$am`M{. kmZmM{ A‹``Z-A‹`m[Z H$a`mMrhr o_amgXmar À`mß¿`mH$S{>M ^mJdV Y_m©¤ma{ ^∫$r‡gma H{$bm. [ßT>a[yaM{ Am⁄ X°dV lr od«bmMr Agm`Mr, kmZJ´ßWhr gd©gm_m›` OZmßZm Z H$iUmaÁm X{ddmUrV ÂhUO{ OZ_mZgmV ‡oVÓR>m[Zm H{$br. gßV Zm_X{dmßZr g_mOgßdY©H$ ZrVrMm gßÒH•$VmV AgV, AßÀÒmßZm kmZJ´hUmMm dm _ßoXa-Xe©ZmMm AoYH$ma bm{H$‡gma H{$bm. Y_m©Mm AW© Ò[ÓQ> H$Í$Z Y_© gd©gm_m›`mßgmR>r Amh{, h{ Zg{. hiwhiy ÈT>tZmM Y_m©M{ _mhmÀÂ` ‡m· hm{V J{b{. g_mOmVrb AkmZ Ò[ÓQ> H{$b{. ^maVâ ^´_U H{$b{. CŒmma{V [ßOm][`™V OmD$Z dmaH$ar [ßWm¿`m AmoU AßYl’m dmT>br.4 g_mOohVm¿`m VÀdkmZmMm ‡gma H{$bm. AoVe` ‡oVHy$b [naoÒWVrV gßV Zm_X{dmß¿`m oR>H$mUr Agm_m›` Y°`© hm{V{. À`mßZr H{$di gm_moOH$ AmoU AgohÓUy Aem BÒbm_r amOdQ>rV À`mßZr hr ^∫$r_` JmWm V{dV g_V{Mm CÉma H{$bm Zmhr, Va g_Vm ‡À`j AmMaUmV AmUyZ XmIodbr. R{>dbr. gßV Zm_X{dmßM{ OrdZ ÂhUO{ ‡À`jmV CVab{bm H$_©`m{JM Amh{. À`m H$mir g_mOmda H$_©H$mßS>mßMm [JS>m hm{Vm. AßYl’m â[ya hm{À`m. À`mßMr ^∫$r S>m{ig hm{Vr. Vr H{$di ÒdV: gmR>r ZÏhVr Va Adø`m H$_©R> Y_©Z{V{ d´Vd°H$Î`mß]‘b AmJ´h YarV. À`m_‹`{ E{ohH$ —ÓQ>r Agm`Mr. OZbm{H$mßgmR>r hm{Vrî&1 Aem Y_©_mV™S>mßMm AZw^d Zm_X{dmßZr K{Vb{bm hm{Vm. _hmamÓQ≠>r` gßVl{ÓR>mßZr Or CÇdb [aß[am [wT{> MmbdyZ _hmamÓQ≠>mV od[arV Ymo_©H$ dmVmdaUmda _mV H$arV gßV Zm_X{d Am[bm gmßÒH•$oVH$ [wZÈÀWmZ KS>odb{ À`m dmaH$ar gß‡Xm`mMm CJ_ ìî^∫$m_mOr Zm_d{XmMm AWm©V gwb^gm{fl`m Zm_gmYZ{Mm odMma _mßS>VmV. ‡oVHy$b AJ´JUrí AgUmaÁm [wßS>obH$ _hm_wZr[mgyZ Pmb{bm AmT>iVm{. kmZ{Ìda- amOH$r`, gm_moOH$ A›Ymo_©H$ dmVmdaUmV _amR>r AmoU A›` ‡X{er` Zm_X{d, ^mZwXmg-EH$ZmW, VwH$mam_-oZim{]m AmoU À`mß¿`m g_H$mbrZ bm{H$OrdZmbm Zd{ diU bmd`mM{ H$m`©, ¡`m H$mhr Wm{a gßVmßZr H{$b{ AZ{H$ gßVmßZr Or gmohÀòZo_©Vr H{$br, oVMr ‡_wI ‡{aUm `m gß‡Xm`m¿`m À`mßM{ AJÚr gßV Zm_X{d Amh{V. odMmagaUrV Amh{. `m gß‡Xm`mßM{ Am⁄[rR> O{ [ßT>a[ya `{W{ Xadfr© oZ`_mZ{, ^∫$rMr odMmaYmam gd©‡W_ XojU ^maVmVyZ AZ{H$ AmMm`© AmoU ìAmfmT>r H$moV©H$r [ßT>arMrí dmar H$aUmam Vm{ dmaH$ar, `mdÍ$Z dmaH$ar ^∫$ hnaH$Wm Jm` H$mßH$Sy>Z CŒmma{V J{br Ag{ ÂhQ>b{ OmV{. Aem gmßÒH•$oVH$ gß‡Xm` h{ Zmd [S>b{. "^mJdVY_' Agmhr À`mMm CÑ{I H{$bm OmVm{.2 ‡^mdmMm EH$ _hÀdmMm Xwdm Am[Î`mbm Zm_X{dmß_‹`{ oXgyZ `{Vm{. A¤°VmM{ hm ô∫$dmXr gß‡Xm` AgyZhr À`mV H{$dbm¤°V_VmMm AmJ´h Amh{. kmZ AmoU [a]´˜mMr gJwU Í$[mV AmamYZm Agm g_›dèrb Vm{ hnahamM{ E{∑` ‡oV[mXZ H$aVm{ AmoU d{XmßZm ‡_mU _mZVm{. "`wJ{ ^mJdVY_r©` [aÂ[a{Mm g_W© AmoU g_•’ dmagm K{D$Z Zm_X{d _hmamÓQ≠>mV A«mdrg odQ{>dar C^m' AgUmam [mßSw>aßJ h{ `m gß‡Xm`mM{ Am⁄ X°dV. AmoU _hmamÓQ≠>m]mh{a dmdab{ `m AWm©Z{ V{ d°ÓUdmßM{ Hw$b[wÈf R>aVmV. "am_H•$Ómhmar' hm fS>mjar _ßÃ, JrVm-^mJdV, kmZ{Ìdar-A_•VmZw^d, CŒmma ^maVr` gßV [aß[a{M{ ‡_wª` H$dr gßV H$]raXmg, XmXyX`mb, ZmW^mJdV, Zm_X{d AmoU VwH$m{]m `mß¿`m JmWm, EH$ZmW, kmZ{Ìda, _byH$Xmg, [bQy>Xmg BÀ`moX gßV Zm_X{dmßMm AmXa[yd©H$ CÑ{I H$aVmV. oZim{]m `mßM{ A^ßJ h{ À`mßM{ _m›`da J´ßW. hna[mR>mM{ A^ßJ Va dmaH$aÁmßZm JwÍ$ ZmZH$X{d AmoU À`mß¿`m oeÓ`[aß[a{Z{ Va gßV Zm_X{dmß¿`m odf`t¿`m _wIm{“VM AgVmV. ì[ßT>arMm dmg Mß–^mJ{ ÒZmZ AmoUH$ Xe©Z odR>m{]mM{` ‡rVr_wi{ Am[Î`m [yd©[aÂ[a{VM À`mßZm gm_mdyZ K{Vb{ Amh{.5 hrM À`mßMr AmMmagßohVm [ßT>ar h{ À`mßM{ _mh{a Amh{. "H$rV©Zm¿`m gwI{ gwIr H$_©R>[Um, d´Vd°H$Î`{, gß›`mg B. Jm{ÓQ>tMm À`mJ `m [ßWmZ{ hm{Vm{ X{d' Aer ‡À`{H$ dmaH$aÁmMr _Zm{_Z l’m Amh{. gd© gßVl{ÓR>mß¿`m oeH$odbm. "_ZmMm _ma Z H$naVm& AmoU Bßo–`mß Xw:I Z X{Vm' hr B©Ìda A^ßJdmmrV `m _yb^yV VŒmdmM{ ‡oVo]ß] C_Q>b{b{ oXg{b. AmH$oiVm `{Vm{, Ag{ gmßoJVb{. "Z bJ{ gm`mg Omd{ dZmßVam& gwI{ß `{Vm{ "XmamgwVJ•h‡mU' ^JdßVmgr A[©U H$amd{ AmoU EH$m odR>m{]mM{ Zm_ JmV Kam ZmamÙ' h{ ÒdV:¿`m CXmhaUmZ{ [Q>dyZ X{D$Z, ghO gwb^ gm{fl`m ahmd{, Aer À`mßMr AZ›`gmYmaU oZÓR>m Amh{ [U dmaH$aÁmßMr hr ^∫$r Aem ô∫$_mJm©Mt oeH$dU oXbr. "^∫$rMm S>mßJm{amî o[Q>bm' H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡d•Œmmr[a Amh{. odohVH$_m©Vrb gH$m_V{Mm, H$_©R>[UmMm V{ oZf{Y H$aVmV. OmVr¿`m _ZwÓ`mg Am[br Am‹`moÀ_H$ CfiVr gmYVm `{V{, Agm odÌdmg d°oXH$ [aß[am oZÓ‡^ Pmb{br, H$_©R>[UmM{ ]ßS> dmT>b{b{, ZroV_yÎ`mßM{ oXbm, "`{W{ Hw$bOmoV dU©î A‡_mU _mZyZ'AßVar oZ_©i dmM{Mm agmi& AY:[VZ Pmb{b{ Aem [naoÒWVrVrb _hmamÓQ≠>mV `m [ßWmZ{ H{$b{b{ H$m`© À`m¿`m Jim _mi Agm{ Zgm{î Aem Hw$Umhr Ï`∫$rg gm_mdyZ K{`mgmR>r gmßÒH•$oVH$—ÓQ>Ám \$ma _m{bmM{ Amh{.3 _ZmMr odembVm og’ H{$br. Ûrey–mXt¿`m Y_©^mdZ{bm

* AoVoW od¤mZ (_amR>r gmohÀ`) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` Edß odoY _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 204

A‹`mÀ_odMmamMr Om{S> X{`mgmR>r, CÉVa gm_moOH$ OrdZmMr AmH$mßjm ^mJdVY_m©Mr hr [VmH$m AmoU Zm_^∫$rMm _ßÃ À`mßZr [ßT>ar[mgyZ À`mß¿`m _ZmV oZ_m©U H$a`mgmR>r À`mßZr "kmZmMr [Ïh{î CKS>br. `wJmZw`wJ{ [ßOm][`™V Z{D$Z [m{hm{Modbm. gßÒH•$V J´ßWmßMm A‰`mg V{ H$Í$ eH$b{ ]ßX Agb{br CÉ kmZmMr H$dmS{> gdm™Zm Iwbr H{$br AmoU Zgb{ Var "Zm_mM{ ‡]ßY' [mR> H$amd`mg odgab{ ZmhrV. "Zm_ h{oM H$_©& gd©gm_m›`mß[`™V h{ kmZ [m{hm{Mmd{ ÂhUyZ _amR>rVyZ OmUrd[yd©H$ J´ßWaMZm Zm_ h{oM ]´˜' À`mßZr _mZb{. À`mßZm BVa AdK{ Im{Q{> dmQ>b{ AmoU hnaZm_ H{$br. [Xm{[Xr Am[bm ^mfmo^_mZ ‡JQ> H{$bm. `mgm{]VM gm_moOH$ V{dT{>M Jm{_Q{> dmQ>b{. ‡À`{H$ B©Ìdam[{jmhr Zm_X{dmßZm B©Ìda‡rVr AoYH$ ZrVrMr oeH$dU X{U{, h{ À`mßM{ AJÀ`mM{ H$V©Ï` hm{V{. MwH$b{Î`mßZm \$oOV o‡` hm{Vr. À`mß¿`m H$od_ZmM{ h{ d°oeÓQ>Á ÂhQ>b{ [mohO{. `m H$aU{, [mImßS>mM{ IßS>Z H$aU{, hmM Y_© Aer S>m{ig —ÓQ>r gßVmZr oXbr. B©Ìda‡rVr[m{Q>rM _amR>rVrb [ohÎ`m ^md-H$odV{Mm O›_ Pmbm.9 X`m, j_m, emßVr, Aohßgm `m g_mOOrdZmg AmdÌ`H$ AgUmaÁm _yÎ`mßM{ Zm_X{dmß_wi{ _amR>r H$odV{bm A^ßJmßMm bm^ Pmbm. h{ A^ßJ Ò_aU KS>odb{. ‡À`{H$ ^yVmbm ^JdßV _moZb{. XwnaVmßM{ oVo_a OmD$Z "Om{ gm_m›`mß¿`m ^mf{VyZ Jmo`b{ J{b{. gßÒH•$VmMm Ò[e© Zgb{Î`mZmßhr V{ ghO O{ dmßN>rb Vm{ V{ bmhm{' Ag{ _mZdVmdmXmda AoYoÓR>V [gm`XmZ _moJVb{. H$ib{. Am[Î`m odMmamß¿`m ‡gmamgmR>r H$rV©Z hm gdm©V MmßJbm _mJ© "gJwUMnaÃ{ [a_[odÃ{' gmXa dU©Z H$Í$Z ^∫$mßM{ d gßVmßM{ AmXe© À`mßZr Mm{Imibm. "ZmMy H$rV©ZmM{ aßJr& kmZXr[ bmdy OJr' hr À`mßMr bm{H$_mZgmg_m{a C^{ H{$b{.6 _hŒmdmH$mßjm H$rV©Zm¤ma{ gmH$ma hm{D$ eH$br. Zm_X{d `m H$rV©Z[aß[a{M{ gd©gßJ´mhH$Vm, S>m{ig AmoU gl’ ^∫$r, gm_moOH$ ZrVrMr Am⁄ ‡dV©H$ R>aVmV. Zm_X{dH$mbrZ g_mOmV dU©Ï`dÒW{M{ [mbZ oeH$dU `mßVyZ `m gß‡Xm`mZ{ g_mOmbm Zdr OrdZoZÓR>m oXbr. H$R>m{a[U{ hm{B©. Aem AdÒW{V Zm_X{dmßZr g_mOmVrb `m OmoV-^{Xmbm gßVgmohÀ`m¿`m MaUmMaUmVyZ `m OrdZoZÓR{>M{ Xe©Z KS>V{. Mß–^mJ{¿`m dmidßQ>m[waVr _yR>_mVr oXbr AmoU "X{d ^mdmMm ^wH{$bm& `moV gßVgmohÀ`mMr hr \$ma _m{R>r \$blwVr Amh{. "‡oV[Xt ‡oV[mXmd{ [a]´˜' H$i{Zmhr À`mbm' Ag{ Ò[ÓQ> gmßoJVb{. ^mJdVY_m©M{ h{ _hŒmdmM{ VŒmd hmM À`mß¿`m H$odÀdmMm Iam Y_© hm{Vm. OZmßV OZmX©Z em{YyZ `m od«bm¿`m hm{V{.10 JmT>Ám dramßZr ^∫$rMm S>mßJm{am o[Q>bm. À`mM{ [S>gmX À`mß¿`m gmohÀ`mVyZ Zm_`mM{ Xe©Z - _mimda¿`m CKS>Ám XJS>mßZm [mßKÍ$U Kmbmdß, C_Q>b{b{ Amh{V. Aer g_W©, gß[fi, CXmŒmm AmoU Ï`m[H$ OrdZoZÓR>m hr ^mH$arMm VwH$S>m [iodUm›`m Hw$Õ`m_mJ{ Vw[mMr dmUr K{D$Z Ymdmdß, `m gß‡Xm`mMr _yb^yV e∫$r AgyZ gßVgmohÀ`mMr AmoX‡{aUm Amh{.7 X{dmOrbm Am[Î`m hmVr ‡gmX O{dmd`mg bmdmdm; Aem AZ{H$ bm{H$H$Wm gßV Zm_X{d h{ 700 dfm©[ydr© H{$b{Î`m amÓQ≠>r` EH$mÀ_V{M{ [ohb{ C“mV{ gßV Zm_X{dmß¿`m CÀH$Q> ^∫$-^mdZ{Mm AZ≤ CÀH$Q> AmZßXrd•ŒmmrMm _oh_m Amh{V. AmO¿`m H$mimV gßVmß¿`m `m H$m_oJarH$S{> ZÏ`m —ÓQ>rZ{ ]Km`bm gmßJ`mgmR>r aMÎ`m J{Î`m AgÎ`m [mohO{V. [U C[b„Ym Zm_X{d hd{. gßVdmL>≤_` hm _mUgmVb{ gÀd, ÒdÀd AmoU gOJÀd OmJ•V R{>dUmam H$mÏ`mVhr À`mß¿`m od«b aßJmV aßJ AgUmaÁm ^mdod^m{a oÒWVrMm ‡^mdr _m{R>m AmYmma Amh{. amOH$r`, gmßÒH•$oVH$, gm_moOH$ AmoU AmoW©H$ ‡Àì OmJm{OmJr Am[Î`mbm AmÎ`moedm` amhmV Zmhr. j{ÃmVbr AZmJm{ßXr Wmß]dm`Mr Ag{b Va oVWß MmßJbr _mUgß Om`bm "_r[UmgohV AmZßXr ]wS>mb{& Z oZK{ H$mhr H{$Î`m oMŒmm _mP{&&' hdrV. AmoU _mUyg[U O[V H$m_ H$aUmar MmßJbr _mUgß KS>dm`Mr ÂhUUma{ Zm_X{d "X{h Omdm{ AWdm amhm{& [mßSw>aßJr —T> ^mdm{&& AgVrb Va gßVdmL>≤_`mbm [`m©` Zmhr. h{ dmL>≤_` AmO¿`m So-Called Aem l’{Z{ OJ`mVrb CÀH$Q> Ame` [am{[arZ{ ‡H$Q> H$arV hm{V' hm`\$m` O_m›`mVÎ`m g_OwVt‡_mU{ _wirM outdated Zmhr Va V{ "VrW© od«b& j{Ã od«V& X{d od«V& X{d[yOm od«b& _mVm AmO¿`m dV©_mZmVhr most relevant Amh{. g_mO YmaU{gmR>r od«b& o[Vm od«b& ]ßYw od«b& Jm{Ã od«b& JwÍ$ od«b& AÀ`mdÌ`H$ Amh{. gßVgmohÀ` h{ MmßJbr _mUgß KS>dUmaß od⁄m[rR> Amh{. JwÍ$X{dVm od«b& oZYmZ od«b& oZaßVa od«b&' À`mbm [`m©`M Zmhr.8 Ag{ gXmgd©Ã od«b AZw^dUma{ Zm_X{d À`m _yoV©^ßOZm¿`m Zm_`m H$naVg{ odÒVma - OZgm_m›`mßZm kmZ{Ìda Am[Î`m _yi¿`mM H$mimVhr AmÀ_odÌdmg[yd©H$ gmßJV hm{V{, "Zm_m ÂhU{ _O od«b gm[S>bm& Abm°oH$H$ d V{OÒdr Ïò∫$_Œmdm_wi{ Agm_m›` dmQ>V hm{V{. Va gmßgmnaH$ ÂhUyoZ H$oiH$mim [mS> Zmhr&&' Xw:I{ AmoU Ï`dhmam¿`m oMßVm `mßZm ^∫$r¿`m S>m{hmV ]wS>dyZ Agm_m›`Àd EH$m A^ßJmV Va _m{R>Ám ]hmarZ{ Zm_X{d, Am[Î`m X{hm¿`m Zm_X{dmßZr o_iodb{ hmV{ Zm_X{dmß¿`m Ïò∫$_ŒmdmMm odH$mg X{ÏhmaÁmVM [mßSw>aßJmMr [yOm _mßS>VmV. gm_m›`mH$Sy>Z Agm_m›`mH$S{> OmUmam Agm Amh{. OZgm_m›`mßZm Zm_X{dmßMr H$mÏàMZm AmÀ_oZÓR> Amh{. À`m_wi{ [a_{Ìdam¿`m kmZ{Ìdamß]‘b AmXa dmQ>Vm{ Va Zm_X{dmß]‘b oOÏhmim dmQ>Vm{! `m ‡m·rgmR>r À`mßZr H{$b{Î`m ‡`ÀZmßMm MT>Vm-dmT>Vm Amb{I À`mß¿`m H$mimVrb oZo–ÒV, gßÃÒV AmoU ]{M°Z Pmb{Î`m g_mOmbm Zm_X{dmßZr A^ßJmßVyZ C_Q>bm Amh{. "Hw$Qw>ß]-H$m]mS>r gXm H$mZH$m{ßS>m' Aer À`mßMr oXbmgm oXbm. "hnaham ^{X Zmhr& H$Í$ Z`{ dmX' Ag{ gmßJyZ À`mßZr e°d- Amaß^rMr AdÒWm hm{Vr. Ka Mmbod`mgmR>r H$m]mS>H$ÓQ> H$aUmam EH$ d°ÓUddmXmda [S>Xm Q>mH$bm AmoU "AmÂhm gm[S>b{ d_©& H$Í$ "^mJdV gm_m›` J•hÒW ÂhUyZ V{ OJV hm{V{. À`m oÒWVrMm À`mßZm C]J Ambm, Ym_©' Ag{ Am[Î`m H$m`m©M{ ÒdÍ$[ Ò[ÓQ> H{$b{. Mß–^mJ{Vrar odRy>¿`m ‡[ßMmVyZ V{ ]mh{a [S>b{, AmoU od«bî ^∫$r¿`m _mJm©bm bmJb{. "H$`m- hnaZm_mMm P{ßS>m am{odbm& ^∫$r hr ÒdVßÃ OrdZoZÓR>m _mZbr. gm_m›`mß¿`m ^mH$arM{ ImU{ß/JmR>t am_Zm_ ZmU{ß' Agm CÑ{I À`mßZr H{$bm Amh{. oIemV AßV:H$aUmbm Ò[e© H$arb Aem gw]m{Y AmoU gag ^mf{V À`mßZr ^mJdV [°gm ZgÎ`m_wi{ gmY{gwY{ Afi ImD$Z À`mßZm oXdg H$mT>md{ bmJV hm{V{. gß‡Xm`m¿`m VŒmdmßMm ‡gma H{$bm. ^mJdV gß‡Xm`mVrb Zm_X{dmßM{ H$m`© [U Ï`dhmamVÎ`m gß[Œmmr[{jmhr AoYH$ _m{bmM{ Agb{b{ am_Zm_Í$[r Va kmZ{Ìdamß[{jmhr _m{R{> d _m{bmM{ Amh{. [aY_©gohÓUwVm AmoU ZmU{ À`mßZr K≈ YÍ$Z R{>db{ hm{V{. À`m_wi{M "[a]´¯ hm{D$oZ R{>bm{ß' Ag{ gd©g_md{eH$Vm `m_wi{ Va À`mMm odÒVma d bm{H$o‡`Vm Iy[M dmT>br. g_mYmZ À`mßZr o_idb{. [a_{ÌdamMm em{Y K{Vm K{Vm Zm_X{d ÒdV:M Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 205

]´¯ÒdÍ$[ hm{D$Z J{b{. hm Abm°oH$H$ em{Y K{`mgmR>r Zm_X{dmßZr Or gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gmYmZm H{$br, oV¿`mVyZ À`mß¿`m [a_mW© OrdZmMr JmWm CbJS>V OmV{. 1. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© ‡[ßMmVÎ`m bm°oH$H$ OrdZm[{jm À`mßM{ [ma_moW©H$ OrdZ CÉ d CXmŒmm 2001, ^maVr` gßV od^mJ gßV Zm_X{d& Amh{.12 2. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, oZÓH$f© - Am[Î`m A^ßJmß¿`m AmoU H$V•©Àdm¿`m¤ma{ Zm_X{dmßZr H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.68. g_mOmbm _mZdVm, ^yVX`m, emßVr, gdm™^yVr ‡{_^md, gßV_mhmÀÂ`mVyZ 3. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, AmXe© Ï`∫$r AmoU ^∫$ `mßMr _yÎ`{ oeH$odbr. oZamJgVm, H$m{_bVm, H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.69. _ZmM{ Am°Xm`© Amom odembVm hm Zm_X{dmßMm ÒWm`r^md hm{Vm. Zm_gßH$rV©Z 4. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© AmoU od«b‡{_ h{ À`mßM{ Ia{ _mJ© hm{V{. À`m_wi{ CÉ-ZrM OmVrVrb ^∫$ 2001, ^maVr` gßV, [•.H´$ß. 10 EH$Ã Amb{. À`mV oÛ`mßhr AmÎ`m. g_mOm¿`m AR>am[JS> OmVrVrb gßV 5. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© EH$Ã Amb{ AmoU À`mßZr A^ßJaMZm H{$br. H$mhr _wgb_mZ _amR>r 2001, ^maVr` gßV, [•.H´$ß. 11 gßVH$dtZrhr Am[Î`m A^ßJaMZ{Mm ‡dmh `mV AmUyZ gm{S>bm d 6. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, Mß–^mJ{¿`m Vrar Am‹`moÀ_H$ bm{H$emhr CX`mbm Ambr. H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.69. _amR>rVrb [ohb{ ^mdH$dr, AmÀ_MnaÃH$ma, Amª`mZH$dr, 7. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, ^mJdVY_m©M{ [ohb{ gßKQ>H$ AmoU ‡MmaH$, H$rV©Z[aß[a{M{ ‡dV©H$, Am[Î`m H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.70. oeÓ`mMr g_mYr ]mßYUma{ JwÍ$ Aem AZ{H$ —ÓQ>tZr Zm_X{dmßM{ Ïò∫$_Œmd 8. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© gß[fi Amh{. g_mO_ZÒH$ Aem Zm_X{dmßZr _hmamÓQ≠>m¿`m gmßÒH•$oVH$ 2001, ^maVr` gßV od^mJ gßV Zm_X{d& OrdZmbm AmH$ma oXbm. Zm_X{dmß¿`m gßX^m©V h{. od. BZm_Xma ÂhUVmV, 9. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, "Zm_X{d h{ Wm{a ^∫$ hm{V' Vg{M V{ Hw$eb gßKQ>H$hr hm{V{. dmaH$ar H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.75. gß‡Xm`m¿`m gßKQ>Z{M{ H$m`© À`mßZr kmZ{Ìdamß¿`m h`mVrV Va H{$b{M, [U 10. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, kmZ{ÌdamßZr g_mYr K{VÎ`mZßVahr [fimg df~ _hmamÓQ≠>mV AmoU H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.76. _hmamÓQ≠>m]mh{a Zm_X{dmßZr od«b‡{_mZ{ ^mÍ$Z OmoVoZa[{j Aem 11. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© A‹`mÀ_odMmamßMr _whyV©_{T> am{odbr. Zm_gßH$rV©ZmMr Zdr [aß[am gwÍ$ H{$br 2001, ^maVr` gßV, [•.H´$ß. 11 AmoU dmaH$ar gß‡Xm` hm AoVe` ‡^mdembr ]Zodbm. gßVmßMr 12. X{drXmg [m{Q{>, _w∫$ AmZßXYZ ›`y EO o‡oQß>J ‡{g ‡^mX{dr _wÂ]B© A^ßJdmUr hr CÀH•$ÓQ> ^mdH$odVm Amh{ `mMr [ohbr ‡MrVr Zm_X{dmß¿`m 2001, ^maVr` gßV, [•.H´$ß. 15 A^ßJdmUrVyZ `{V{.13 13. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.76.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 206

S>m∞. e°bOm gm]b{ *

‡ÒVmdZm - gßV _mobH{$V g_modÓQ> hm{Uma{, [aßVw ÒdVßÃ Agm gß‡Xm` gß‡Xm` Ïò∫$oZÓR> Amh{, Ag{ [mßJmaH$a ÂhUVmV, V{M Ia{ g_Wm™Mr oZ_m©U H$aUma{ am_Xmg Òdm_r h{ gm{imÏ`m eVH$mVrb AmJi{ H$od hm{V. odMmagaUr À`mß¿`m J´ßWmßV [Xm{[Xr ‡À`mg `{V{.2 "gßV' d "g_W©' Aer À`mß¿`m Ïò∫$_ÀdmMr Xm{Z Í$[{ Am[Umßg À`mß¿`m Xmg]m{Y d _ZmM{ õm{H$ - _mUgmZ{ H$g{ OJmd{, OrdZmV H$m` H$amd{, H$mÏ`mV ode{fÀdmZ{ AmT>iVmV ]XbVm H$mb d ^m{dVmbMr [naoÒWVr H$m` H$Í$ Z`{, Am[bm Ïò∫$_Œmd odH$mg H$gm H$amdm `mM{ `Wm`m{Ω` bjmV K{Í$Z g_mOmbm À`mßZr ‡[ßM odkmZ gmßoJVb{ ""g_W} g_W© H$amd{& _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmam J´ßW ÂhUO{ g_Wm™Mm ìXmg]m{Yí Amh{. VarM g_W© ÂhUdmd{''1 _mZdr OrdZmer oZJoS>V Agb{bm EH$hr odf` À`mßZr Am[Î`m À`m À`mß¿`m C∫$rV g_mOmbm odÌdmg X{Ï`mM{ gm_œ`© Amh{. obImUmVyZ gm{S>bm Zmhr. À`mV À`mßZr OrdZm¿`m gd©M AßJmßZm Ò[e© am_XmgmßMm O›_ Omß]{g B.g.1608 _‹`{ Pmbm. À`mßM{ _yiM{ Zmd ZmamÙ. H{$bm Amh{ ÂhUyZM Vm{ _mZdr Am`wÓòdf`H$ VŒmdkmZmMm CŒmm_ J´ßW d`m¿`m ZdÏ`m dfr© (lmdU ew’ AÓQ>_r) ZmamÙmbm lram_Xe©Z d hm{`. odZm{]mOr À`m J´ßWmbm ìÏ`dhma kmZH$m{eí Ag{ ÂhUV Ïò∫$_Œmd AZwJ´h Pmbm. V{amÏ`m dfr© ìgmdYmZí hm e„X E{Hy$Z bæ_ßS>[mVyZ [bm`Z odH$mgmMr gd© VŒmd{ `m J´ßWmV gm[S>VmV. Vg{M g_Wm™M{ _ZmM{ õm{H$hr AmoU ZmogH$Odi Q>mH$irg [waÌMaU. B.g.1620 V{ 1632 hr ]mam Ïò∫$_Œmd odH$mgmMr oeH$dU X{Uma{ Amh{V. g_Wm™Zr _Zm¿`m df~ À`mßZr am_O[mV H$mT>br. hr ]mam df~ VrW©`mÃ{V IM© H{$br. `m `mÃ{V õm{H$mß_‹`{ _ZmMr Xw]©bVm d g_W©Vm H$Ì`mV Amh{? Xw]i{[U H$g{ À`mßZm bm{H$oÒWVrM{ g_J´ Xe©Z KS>b{. Kmbdmd{, gm_œ`© H$maUr H$g{ bmdmd{ `mM{ oddaU À`mV Amh{. _Zm¿`m g_W© gß‡Xm` - gVamÏ`m eVH$mVrb (oedam¡`m[ydr©Mm) _hmamÓQ≠> õm{H$mßMr oeH$dU _mUgm¿`m Ï`∫$r_ÀdmMr OS>U-KS>U H$a`mg "AÒ_mZtgwbVmZr' ¿`m H$MmQ>ÁmV [yU©V: gm[S>bm hm{Vm. `m H$mimVrb C[`w∫$ R>abr Amh{.3 amOH$r`, Ymo_©H$, gm_moOH$ [naoÒWVr Xw:gh hm{Vr. Aem [naoÒWVrV gwZrb oMßMm{bH$amßZr od⁄mœ`m©M{ am_Xmg `m [wÒVH$mV _ZmM{õm{H$ d°oXH$ dUm©l_Y_m©M{ [wZÍ$¡OrdZ am_m{[mgZ{¿`m ]imda H$aUmam gß‡Xm` AV:H$aUmM{ „`wQ>r[mb©a Amh{ Ag{ ÂhQ>b{ Amh{ ‡.H´$ß. 51 g_Wm™M{ dmS>:_` am_XmgmßZr gwÍ$ H{$bm. `mbmM am_Xmgr gß‡Xm`, g_W©gß‡Xm` oHß$dm dmMyZ EH$ Jm{ÓQ> Am[U gdm©¿`m _Zmda oZoÌMV T>gbr Ag{b H$r, ]ohaßJ Xmggß‡Xm` Ag{ ÂhUVmV. "am_{ am_Xmgr C[X{oeb{' Agm ‡À`j lram_mZ{ gwYma`m[{jm _mUgmM{ AßVaßJ gwYmab{ [mohO{. g‹`m aÒÀ`mda Am[Umg C[X{e H{$Î`mM{ g_W© gmßJVmVM. lram_ h{ JwÍ$ AmoU hZw_ßV OmJm{OmJr „`yQ>r[mb©aM{ ]m{S©> [mhmd`mg o_iVmV. g_Wm™M{ _ZmM{ õm{H$ (ìhZw_ßV Am_Mr Hw$idÑrí) h{ À`mßM{ ‡m{ÀgmhH$ hm{V. ìgm˜ AmÂhmßgr hZw_ßV& h{ AßV:H$aUmM{ „`yQ>r[mb©a Amh{. Kambm aßJ ⁄md`mMm AgÎ`mg AmYr Amam‹` X°dV lraKwZmWí Ag{ g_W© gmßJVmV. dmÒVodH$ [mhVm, g_Wm™Mm OwZm aßJ KmgyZ H$mT>mdm bmJVm{. À`mZßVa À`mda Mw›`mMm hmV o\$admdm gß‡Xm` hm dmaH$ar gß‡Xm`m-[mgyZ \$magm o^fi Zmhr. [U lram_ AmoU bmJVm{ AmoU _J À`mda Am[Î`mbm Ogm hdm Vgm aßJ X{Vm `{Vm{. À`m _mÈVr `mß¿`m C[mgZ{bm À`mßZr Zdm AW© oXbm. bm{H$mßVrb Amig, ‡_mU{ ÒdV:_‹`{ ]Xb KS>dm`Mm PmÎ`mg Am[Î`mM _Zmbm C[X{e e°oWÎ`, ZmH$V}[Um PmSy>Z H$V©•ÀdmMr oXem À`mßZm XmIodbr; H$Í$Z OyZ{ dmB©Q> gßÒH$ma KmgyZ Zmhrg{ H$amd{ bmJVrb. À`mZßVa B©Ìdar ‡`ÀZdmXmMm [waÒH$ma H{$bm; AmoU H$mbgm[{j ^yo_H{$VyZ "‡[ßModkmZ' ‡mW©Z{Mm MwZm À`mda o\$admdm bmJ{b AmoU e{dQ>r ‡`ÀZdmXmZ{ hdm Vm{ gmßoJVb{, hr am_Xmgr oeÓ`mMr bjU{ hm{V. ìAmYr V{ H$amd{ H$_©& H$_©_mJ} aßJ X{Vm `{B©b. C[mgZm& C[mgH$mß gm[S{> kmZ& kmZ{ß _m{joM [mdU{` h{ `m gß‡Xm`m¿`m _wßer ‡{_MßX ÂhUVmV, ìXygam{ßH$m{ C[X{e X{Zm oH$VZr AmgmZ ]mV AmMmaY_m©M{ gma ÂhUVm `{B©b. Y_©, C[mgZm, H$_©, kmZ, Ï`dhma, h°&í AmO gma{OU XwgaÁmbm C[X{e H$aVmV. [U ÒdV:_‹`{ Hw$Umhr A‹`mÀ_, amOH$maU d am_^∫$r `mßMm bm{H$m¤mam-gmR>r ‡gma H$aU{, h{ gwYmaUm H$naV Zmhr. amOH$r` [wT>mar Agm{ AWdm H$rV©ZH$ma, ‡dMZH$ma g_mWm™M{ d À`mß¿`m gß‡Xm`mM{ ‡_wI H$m`©. lram_mMr C[mgZm hm `m Agm{-Om{ Vm{ XwgaÁmbm oeH$drV amhVm{. Jm{ßXdb{H$a _hmamO ÂhUVmV, gß‡Xm`mMm ‡_wI AmYma Amh{. g_Wm™¿`m ‡`ÀZdmXmbm [a_mWm™M{ ìOJ gwYma`m¿`m ZmXmV VwÂhr ÒdV: o]KS>Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ø`m.í AoYÓR>mZ Amh{. `m gß‡Xm`mV AZ{H$ oeÓ` Agb{, Var g_Wm™¿`m —ÓQ>rVyZ AßV:H$aUmmV ¤{f, _Àga Agy`m, H´$m{Ym, AhßH$ma, ÒdmW©, ‡og’rMr hmd, [wT{> H$m`© MmbodUmam Hw$Ur oeÓ` À`mßZm bm^bm Zmhr. À`m —ÓQ>rZ{ hm [°emMm bm{^ Ag{ odH$ma AgVrb Va _mUyg oH$Vrhr g_mOg{d{Mm H$mßJmdm

*AoVoW od¤mZ (_amR>r gmohÀ`) emgH$r` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` Edß odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 207

H$arV amohbm Var g_mO ]XbUma Zmhr. ÂhUyZ g_W© ÒdV:¿`m _Zmbm _Zm¿`mõm{H$mßMm odÒV•VAW© - ‡À`{H$mbm oZaßVa gwI [mohO{ AgV{, gmßJVmV. ìî_Zm g¡OZm ^∫$r [ßW{Mr Omd{`í hr oeH$dU _Zmbm X{VmV.4 [U OJmV gd© gwIr Agm H$m{Ur Zmhr, [yd© gßoMVmZwgma gdm™Zm Am[m[Î`m lr _ZmM{ õm{H$ - dmQ>ÁmM{ gwI-Xw:I ^m{Jmd{ bmJVmV, X{h ]wo’¿`m [m{Q>mV gwI-Xw:I em{H$- JUmYre Om{ B©e gdm™ JwUmßMm & oMßVm ¯modf`mß¿`m H$Î[Zm CX≤^dVmV, ÂhUyZ odd{H$mZ{ X{hmM{ __Àd _wimaß^ Amaß^ Vm{ oZJw©UmMm&& gm{S>md{ d odX{hr[UmZ{ _wwo∫$gwI ^m{Jmd{, hr _•À`w bm{H$Mr arVr ‹`mZmV Z_yß emaXm _yi MÀdma dmMm& AmUyZ d°amΩ`mMr Om{S> odd{H$mbm ⁄mdr, O›_ _•À`w gdm©¿`mM _mJ{ bmJb{ J_yß [ßW AmZßV `m amKdmMm&&5 Amh{V, H$m{Um]’b em{H$ H$Í$ Z`{, H$gbrhr oMßVm H$Í$ Z`{, O{Ïhm O{ ‡m· AW© - _ZmM{ õm{H$mß_Yrb hm [ohbm õm{H$ _ßJbmMaU ÒdÍ$[ Amh{. hm{B©b V{ g_mYmZmZ{ ^m{JyZ gmamd{ d O›_-_aUm¿`m `mVZmßVyZ JUmßMm AmYre d JwUmßMm B©e, _wimaß^ ÂhUO{ oZJw©UmMm Amaß^ Agm gwQ>`mgmR>r am_mbm Ômd{ d oZ^©` Ïhmd{.11 JU{e d Mmar dmMmßM{ _yi Aer emaXm h`m C^`dßVmZm dßXZ H$Í$Z amKdmMm gJwU^∫$r Z{ am_mbm H$g{ Ômd{ h{ gmßJVmV. am_mM{ [X oZ^©` ÂhUO{ AZßVmMm [ßW AmMaU H$aVm `mdm. Amh{, H$m{XßS>[mUr am_mbm H$m_hr o^Vm{, ^∫$ajUmW© am_mM{ ]´rX AgyZ _Zm g¡OZm ô∫$[ßW{oM Omd{ H$mbgŒmm{bm Z Ow_mZVm À`mZ{ gmar A`m{‹`m d°Hw$ßR>mg Z{br, À`m g_Wm©¿`m Var lrhar [modO{Vm{ Òd^md{ß& g{dH$mH$S{> dH´$—ÓQ>rZ{ [mhUmam odÌdmV H$m{Ur Zmhr, amdUm¿`m ]ßXrVyZ OZt oZßK V{ gd© gm{Sy>oZ ⁄md{ß À`mZ{ X{dmßZm gm{S>odb{, AohÎ`moeim C’nabr, odo^fU-hZw_ßVmßZm OZr dß⁄ V{ gd© ^md{ß H$amd{&&6 oMaßOrdr [X oXb{, ^∫$mß¿`m `m{J-j{_ dmh`mMr À`mMr ‡oVkm Amh{, AW© - h{ _Zm! BVa H$m{UÀ`mhr _mJm©¿`m ZmXr Z bmJVm Vy ô∫$ _mJm©Z{M ^mdmgagm Vm{ ^∫$mßZm gßH$Q>r VmaVm{ : Zw[{jr H$Xm am_Xmgmo^_mZr ÂhUyZ Om ÂhUO{ AZm`mg lr hnaÒdÍ$[m¿`m _w∏$m_mda OmD$Z [m{Merb. EH$m Vy [a_g_W© d ^∫$dÀgb am_mbm eaU Om.12 Jm{ÓQ>r H$S{> bj R{>d g¡OZmßZr O{ d¡`© R>aodb{ Amh{ oVH$S{> diy ZH$m{g _Zm am_mM{ EH{$H$ MnaÃ [mhm, W∏$ hm{CZ Omerb. d{X emÛ [wamU{ AmoU O{ dß⁄ ‡eÒV MmßJb{ ÂhQ>b{ Amh{ V{ gd© _Zm{^mdmZ{ H$arV Om. ¡`mbm _mZVmV À`mbm Am[b{ MmßMÎ` X{D$Z À`m¿`m [Xr oZÌMi hm{, ‡^mV{ _Zr am_ oMßVrV Omdm& gd©gwImJa Aem À`m XrZmZm^m¿`m ÒdÍ$[r a_yZ amhm, am_mdmMyZ Jm{ÓQ>r [wN{> d°Iar am_ AmYmr dXmdm&& ]m{by ZH$m{g, E{Hy$ ZH$m{g, am_ Zmhr V{W{ OmD$ ZH$m{g, EH$ jU Ï`W© gXmMma hm Wm{a gm{Sy>ß Z`{ Vm{& am_mdmMyZ Ï`W© XdSy> ZH$m{g. OZt Vm{oM Vm{ _mZdr Y›` hm{Vm{&&7 am_mbm ÔVmV V{ À`m gdm}Œm_mM{ Xmg Ã°bm{∑`mV H$g{ Y›` hm{VmV AW©- ‡^mVH$mbr (oZÀ`H$_m©oX Amam{[yZ) lram_mM{ ‹`mZ H$amd{. _ZmV V{ [hm. À`mßMr amhUr oH$Vr gm{¡Odi, À`mßMr gwImdÒWm oH$Vr a_Ur` AmYr am_mM{ Í$[ AmUmd{, À`mM{ oMßVZ H$amd{ AmoU _J dmUr Z{ À`mM{ À`mMr oZ^©`Vm H{$dT>r! am_^∫$ _Zr d bm{MZr (AmV-]mh{a) am_mbmM ÔZ H$amd{. gXmMmambm H$YrM Z gm{S>rb Vm{M ˜m bm{H$r Y›` hm{B©b. [mhVmV, À`mM{ kmZ AJmY d ^∫$r gm°¡di AgV{, V{ gJwUmMm ‡{_VßVy _ZmdmgZm XwÓQ> H$m_m Z`{ a{ H$Yr Vm{S>rV ZmhtV X{dH$m`m©V H$m`m-dmMm-_ZmZ{ oPOVmV, AIßS> _Zm gd©Wm [m[]w’r ZH$m{a{& am_Zm_ Km{f H$aVmV, ÒdY_m©Z{ MmbVmV, ]m{b`mgmaI{ dmJVmV, kmZ _Zm gd©Wm ZroV gm{Sß>y ZH$m{ hm{ Òd¿N> AgyZ gJwUmbm ÔVmV, oZ:gße` d oZod©H$ma AgVmV, _Zm AßVar gmaodMma amhm{&&8 ÒdmWm©oXH$mßMm odQ>mi À`mß¿`m _Zmbm hm{V Zmhr. _Ywa dmUr Z{ ]m{bVmV, AW©- h{ _Zm! XwÓQ> dmgZm oHß$dm [m[]w’r _wirM YÍ$ ZH$m{g. ÒdY_} H$_} EH$mßVmV AmÀ_ oMßVZ H$naVmV, ZmZm _Vmß¿`m d H$Î[Zmß¿`m Om˘`mV Z d ZrVr ¯mZmß gm{Sy>ß ZH$m{g. AßVamV Om{ gma^yV [a_mÀ_m Amh{ À`mMmM gm[S>Vm V{ Am[br oZÓR>m oÒWa R{>dVmV, am_ô∫$ gwIm oedm` À`mßZm odMma H$arV Om. H$gbrM B¿N>m ZgV{ V{ X`merb AmgVmV. h{ gdm}Œmm_m¿`m XmgmßM{ JwU X{h{ À`moJVm H$roV© _mJ{ß Camdr& Am[Î`m AßJr Agmd{V. h{ JwU am_m¿`m C[mgZ{Z{ o_iVmV AgVmV ÂhUyZ _Zm g¡OZm h{oM oH´$`m Yamdr&& _Zm& Vy am_mbm Ô d À`mM{ oMßVZ H$naV Om. _Zm MßXZmM{ [ar Àdmß oPOmd{ß& oZÓH$f© - EH$drgg_mgr d Xmg]m{Y `mßVrb odMma gm_m›` OZV{gmR>r [ar AßVar g¡OZm Ztddmd{ß &&9 gm{fl`m ^mf{V [U ÃwoQ>V[U{ _Zm¿`m õm{H$mßVyZ am_XmgmßZr gmßoJVb{ AW© - _Zm! O›_â Aer goÀH´$`m H$amdr, MmßJbr H$m_{ H$amdr ¡`mZ{ Amh{V. o^jm _mJV AgVmZm am_Xmgr oeÓ`mZ{ ‡À`{H$ Kamg_m{a C^{ amhyZ X{hÀ`mJmZßVa bm{H$ Am[br H$rVr©M JmV amhVrb. ÒdV: H$m`m-dmMm- EH$ õm{H$ Âhmmdm d [wT{> Omd{ ÂhUO{ ‡À`{H$ KamV EH{$H$ odMma oXÎ`mM{ _ZmZ{ [aH$m`m©W© MßXZmgmaI{ oPOmd{ AmoU AßVar gßVm{f R{>dmd{. H$m`© hm{B©b, `m h{VyZ{ _Zm¿`m õm{H$mßM{ b{IZ Pmb{. g_mO_Zmg ]m{Y Ag{ g_Wm©oM`m g{dH$m dH´$ [mh{& À`mM{ ÒdÍ$[ Amh{. `m õm{H$mßMr aMZm ^wOßJ‡`mV d•ŒmmmV AgyZ À`mßMr Agm gd© ^y_ßS>br H$m{U Amh{? gßª`m 205 Amh{. À`mßM{ aMZmÒWi AmoU H$mi oZÌMV[U{ gmßJVm `{U{ O`mMr brbm doU©Vr bm{H$ oV›hr& H$R>rU Amh{. ì_Zm g¡OZm ô∫$[ßW{oM Omd{` Agm ô∫$_mJm©Mm C[X{e Zw[{jr H$Xm am_ Xmgmo^_mZr &&10 `m õm{H$mßVyZ À`mßZr gmßgmnaH$mßZm H{$bm Amh{ d [wT{> am_^∫$r gwModbr AW© - _mPm hm am_ [a_g_W© Amh{. am_m¿`m g{dH$m H$S{> dmH$S>Ám ZOa{Z{ Amh{. AmR>Ï`m õm{H$mV lram_MnaÃ Amb{ Amh{. gßH$Q>H$mimV ì_Zm l{ÓR> [mhrb Agm oÃ^wdZmßV H$m{U Amh{? am_mMr brbm Ã°bm{∑`mVb{ X{d, _mZd, YmnaÓQ> Ordr Yamd{`, Ag{ V{ gmßJVmV. ì_Zm MßXZmM{ [na Àdmß oPOmd{` XmZd (gmoŒmdH$, amOg d Vm_g Vr›ht ‡H•$oVM{) JmD$Z amohb{ Amh{V. Aer bm{H$g{d{Mr oeH$dU X{D$Z ì_amd{ [na H$roV©Í$[{ Camd{` Aer AmXe© Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 208

OrdZmMr H$Î[Zm V{ _mßS>VmV. `m ìOJr gd© gwIr Agm H$m{Urí ZgÎ`mZ{, AgV{ [U _ZwÓ`mbm O{ _Z oXb{ Amh{ V{ gmaÁm odÌdmbm JdgUr Kmb`m _Zm! Vy lram_mM{ Zmd K{. Vma`mg Vm{ g_W© Amh{. ìg_Wm©oM`m g{dH$m dH´$ BVH{$ g_W© Amh{. _Z, ]wo’, odd{H$, odMmaeo∫$, kmZ h{ _ZwÓ`mV AoYH$ [mh{& Agm gd© ^y_ßS>ir H$m{U Amh{?í Agm Yra V{ X{VmV. oH´$`{drU Amh{. gwI-Xw:Imbm H$maU _Z. _Z h{ Am{T>mi JwÍ$ Amh{, À`mbm Jm{S> ]m{byZ dmMmiVm Ï`W© Amh{. `m gmaª`m Ò[ÓQ>m{∫$rVyZ À`mßZr H$V©Ï`mMr AmR>dU ›`md{ oVH$S{> V{ OmV{ hm _ZmMm \$ma CŒmm_ JwU Amh{. À`m¿`m JwUmZwam{YmZ{M oXbr Amh{. gdm©Zm ghO g_O{b, Í$M{b, [M{b Agm C[X{e AÀ`ßV gm{ﬂ`m À`mbm diodb{ [mohO{. e„XmßV _Zm¿`m õm{H$mßVyZ am_XmgmßZr H{$bm Amh{.13 Aem ‡H$ma{ am_XmgmßZr _Zm¿`m õm{H$mß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ _mUgmbm bhmZ[Um[mgyZM _amR>r _mUyg [ohb{ Ymo_©H$ Ï`mdhmnaH$ —ÓQ>`m H$gß Agmdß, H$gß dmJmßd AmoU H$g dmJy Z`{ Ï`doÒWV [U{ß gmßoJVb{ O{ oeH$V{ V{ _ZmM{ õm{H$. ¡`mMm AW© _m¬`m —ÓQ>`m _Zm[mgyZ oZKUma{ Amh{. gmY`mgwY`m _mUgmßZm h{ g_Oy eH{$bß Aer ^mfm AmoU CXmhaU{ß _ZmßV [m{hMUma{ g_W© am_XmgmßM{ _ZmM{ õm{H$ _mUgmbm C[X{e H$a`m¿`m À`mßZr oXbr Amh{V. õm{H$ oboh`m¿`m hOmam{ß dfm©ZßVa hr V{ ‡mgßoJH$ h{VyZ obohb{ J{b{ Amh{. À`mßMr ^mfm ghO, Òdm^modH$, gab AmoU Amh{V. AmO hr _wbmßM{, od⁄mWr™ M{ MnaÃ KS>od`m H$naVmß AmB© AmYr gd©gmYmaU _mUgmbm g_Oy eH{$b Aer Amh{. _ZmM{ õm{H$ _wbmßZm oeH$dV{ À`m_wi{V{ _m{R{> PmÎ`mda EH$Xm Var AZroV am_XmgmßZr _Zm¿`m õm{H$m_‹`{ _Zmbm oZd{XZ H{$b{ Amh{ H$r Vy Z{ dmJVmZm À`mßZm h{ õm{H$ oMßVZ H$a`mg ^mJr [mS>VmV AmoU À`mß¿`m g¡OZmß¿`m [WmZr Om, oZXßZr` Amh{ V{ gm{Sy>Z X{, AZroV Z{ dmJy ZH$m{ hmVyZ Ag{H$mhrhr dmB©Q> KSy>Z`{ Agm _mJ© ‡eÒV H$aVmV. AodMma _ZmV AmUy ZH$m{, ZroVdßV O{ Amh{V{ YÍ$Z R{>dß amIyZ R{>d. am_mbm am{O oZ`_mZ{ß Z_Z H$a ÂhUO{ oMŒmm EH$ hm{B©b, _Zmbm emßV R{>dyZ ]m{b gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _mZdr X{h K{Vbm Va À`mbm gmW©H$ H$a, OrdZ Y›` H$a, odH$ma Xw:I 1. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, oZ_m©U H$aV AgVmV _Àga, ¤{f, Jd© H$Í$ ZH$m{. O{ß O{ß l{ÓR> YmaU H$a`m H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.139. gmaI{ Amh{, gXmMma Amh{ V{ J´hU H$a. ghZerbVm R{>d, Z_´Vm R{>d. 2. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, Z_´V{ßZ{, ‡{_iV{ßZ{ ]m{b. Q>m{MyZ ]m{by ZH$m{. Am[Î`m ]m{b`mZ{ g_m{a¿`mM{ H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.141. _Z XwIdy ZH$m{ : bm{H$mZm AmZßX X{. H$m_{ Aer H$amdr H$r Am[Î`m J{Î`m 3. g_W©am_Xmg Òdm_r, O›_m{Àgd MVw:eVm„Xr ode{fmßH$, odd{H$ ZßVa bm{H$mßgmR>r Vr H$roV© Í$[mZ{ CaVrb, Z{h_r [a_mW©, bm{H$mM{ ohVM Ï`mg[rR> ‡H$moeV [wU{, [•.H´$ß. 50. H$amd{. _ZmßV ÒdmW© ]miJy ZH$m{, H$maU ÒdmW© ]wo’ Agbr H$r dmB©Q>, 4. gwZrb oMßMm{bH$a, od⁄mœ`m©M{ lram_Xmg _m{a`m ‡H$meZ [wU{, AZroV, AZmMma AmoU [m[ KS>Vm{. [•.H´$ß.51. lr g_W©H•$V ì_ZmM{ õm{H$í _hmamÓQ≠>mV MmßJb{ _mhrV Amh{. Am[Î`m 5. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 111. _Zmer ]m{bm`bm d _Zmer ]m{bVmZm _Zm{dmMmVrV Aem ìamKdmMm [ßWí 6. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 111. em{Ymmd`mbm ¯m õm{H$mßZr bm{H$mßZm oeH$odb{ Amh{. h{ 205 _ZmM{ õm{H$ 7. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 112. o]Z_m{b _m{À`mM{ XmZ{U{ Amh{V. g_Wm™¿`m ‡VroVM{ h{ ]m{b AoVe` gmY{, 8. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 113. gm{[{ d ‡mgmoXH$ Amh{V. ÂhUm`bm Jm{S>, [mR> H$amd`mbm gm{[{, 9. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 112. E{H$md`mbm _Ywa _Zmbm gwI-emßoVXm`H$ Ag{ h{ õm{H$ bm{H$o‡` Pmb{. 10. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 114. ¡`m‡_mm{ gy`©o]ß] oXgV{ bhmZ [U ‡H$memZ{ oÃ^wdZ Ï`m[yZ Q>mH$V{; 11. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 112- À`m‡_mU{ _ZmM{ õm{H$ AmH$mamZ{ N>m{Q{> [U lwoV-Ò_•oV-[wamUmßM{ gma À`mV 116. ‡JQ> PmÎ`mZ{ V{ AmÀ_kmZ H$a`mg [yU© g_W© Amh{. 12. Jß.]m.gaXma, am_Xmg Xe©Z _mS>Z© ]wH$S{>[m{ ‡H$meZ [wU{ [•. 116- ˆ`m õm{H$mß_Y{ ìAmYr H{$b{ _J gmßoJVb{` Aem ÒdmZw^mdmMm aßJ 117. ^abm Amh{. _Zm¿`m BVa ‡m`mß[{jm _ZwÓ`mbm l{ÓR>Àd Amb{ Amh{. _mZd 13. b.am.Zogam]mX, ‡mMrZ _amR>r dmS>:_`mMm BoVhmg-\$S>H{$ ‡H$meZ, ÂhUO{ _Z Agb{bm. _ZZ H$aUmam ‡mUr Vm{ _ZwÓ`. BVa ‡m`mßg hr _Z H$m{Îhm[ya [•.H´$ß.145.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 209

Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU AoYoZ`_

odd{H$ ZmJa *

em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV em{Y _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV hm{Z{ dmbr Ka{by ohßgm H$m{ am{H$Z{ Edß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gßajU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ ]Zm`{ J`{ H$mZyZ "Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 Edß oZ`_ 2006' H$r odoYH$ Edß ›`mo`H$ odd{MZm ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& Bg A‹``Z _{ß Zr_M oOb{ _{ß JV dfm} _{ß Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV ‡m· ‡H$aUm{ß H$r oÒWoV ^r OmZZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& Amem h° `h em{Y [Ã Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m{ OZ gmYmaU VH$ [hw±MmZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{Jm&

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡mMrZ ^maVr` Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm Z{ "Yam' H$m{ OrdZmYma _mZm C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h°, Om{ am¡` _ohbm Am`m{J ^m{[mb, [wobg AYrjH$ Am°a [wÍ$f H$m{ Y_© & Bgr "Yam' H$m{ _mVm H{$ Í$[ _{ß gÂ_mZ oX`m d odÌdYmÃr H$m`m©b`, oObm Zr_M Edß _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ oObm Zr_M g{ H{$ Zm_ g{ BgH$r ÒVwoV H$r& ‡m· oH$`{ J`{ h°& BZ g_ßH$m{ H$m odÌb{fU Bg A‹``Z _{ß oH$`m J`m h°& gm_moOH$Vm H{$ gßX^© _{ß Zmar H$r [nadma _{ß A[Zr odoeÓQ> oÒWoV, odõ{fUmÀ_H$ odd{MZ - ∑`m h° Ka{by ohßgm ? gÂ_mZ d ‡oVÓR>m Wr & _Zw H{$ Ò_•oVH$mb VH$ Zmar "X°dr' ÒdÍ$[m _mZr Ka{by ohßgm H$m{ Bg AoYoZ`_ _{ß Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ [na^mofV oH$`m J`m h°& OmVr Wr Am°a _m›`Vm Wr oH$ "`Ã Zm`©ÒVw [y¡`›V{ VÃ a_›V{ X{dVm:& H$mb BgH$r Ymam 3 H{$ AZwgma [nadma _{ß oH$gr ^r _ohbm H{$ gmW CgH{$ [oV H{$ Hw$MH´$ Z{ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m{ [wÍ$f ‡YmZ ]Zm oX`m Am°a V^r g{ AWdm A›` [naOZm{ß ¤mam oH$`m OmZ{ dmbm ‡À`{H$ E{gm H$m`© "Ka{by ohßgm' Zmar H{$ gÂ_mZ H$m [VZ hm{Z{ bJm Am°a Zmar H$m{ [oV H$r gÂ[oŒm _mZH$a _mZm Om`{Jm oOgg{ _ohbm H$m [nadma _{ß OrZm Xyâ hm{ Om`{ß& gm_moOH$ odYmZ H{$ AW© H$m{ AZW© _{ß ]XbH$a Hw$‡Wm`{ß Mbr Am°a AmXe© AWdm ^maVr` Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm Zmar H{$ gßX^© _{ß X{h VH$ og_Q> H$a ah J`r & oOgg{ Cg{ emarnaH$ `m _mZogH$ [r∂S>m hm{ gmW hr Bg_{ß ha Vah H$r dV©_mZ _{ß ^maV _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV Ka{by ohßgm J´m_rU Edß ehar ‡Vm∂S>Zm d H´$waVm ^r goÂ_obV H$r JB© h°& AV: oZÂZoboIV ‡H$ma H{$ Xm{Zm{ß j{Ãm{ß _{ß Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ od⁄_mZ h°& hmbmßoH$ _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z am{H$Z{ H{$ H•$À`m{ß H$m{ Ka{by ohßgm _mZm Om`{Jm& ob`{ H$B© H$mZyZ ]Z{ b{oH$Z _ohbmAm{ß H{$ gmW hm{Z{ dmbr Ka{by ohßgm H{$ 1. emarnaH$ ohßgm - O°g{ _ma[rQ> H$aZm, Y∏$m X{Zm `m A›` aroV g{ _m_b{ Í$H{$ Zht `m CZg{ ]M oZH$bZ{ H{$ amÒV{ Vbme oH$`{ J`{& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK emarnaH$ [r∂S>m `m joV [hw±MmZm AmoX& H$r EH$ H$_{Q>r Z{ 1989 _{ß `h AZwfßgm H$r oH$ g_ÒV X{em|H$m{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV 2. b¢oJH$ ohßgm - O°g{ ]bmV≤ _°WwZ, AÌbrb VÒdram{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ H{$ obE ohßgm H$m{ am{H$Z{ H$m H$m`© H$aZm MmohE& Img Vm°a g{ O] dh ohßgm [nadma H{$ _O]wa H$aZm AmoX& ^rVa KoQ>V hm{ ahr hm{& BZ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß Ka{by ohßgm g{ [ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ 3. _m°oIH$ Am°a ^mdZmÀ_H$ ohßgm - O°g{ A[_mZ, Jmbr Jbm°M, [wÍ$f gßajU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Am°a g_mO _{ß Ka{by ohßgm am{H$Z{ H{$ obE gßgX Z{ Ka{by gßVmZ Zm hm{Z{ H{$ obE Xm{fr H$ama X{Zm, Xh{O Zm bmZ{ H{$ obE ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 2005 [mnaV oH$`m& A[_moZV H$aZm, A[Zr [gßX H{$ Ïò∫$ g{ oddmh H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Zm, C∫$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V ‡XŒm eo∫$`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE H{$›–r` AmÀ_ hÀ`m H$r Y_H$r X{Zm& gaH$ma Z{ Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU oZ`_ 2006 ]ZmE& 4. AmoW©H$ ohßgm - O°g{ AZwajU H{$ obE YZ C[b„Y Zm H$amZm & A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z oZÂZoboIV C‘{Ì`m| H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß ImZm H$[∂S{> XdmB©`m± BÀ`moX C[b„Y Z H$amZm& d{VZ, [mnalo_H$ aIH$a oH$`m J`m h°& H$m{ b{ b{Zm AmoX& l Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$m gab Edß o]›Xydma odd{MZ H$aZm Bg H$mZyZ H$r ode{fVmE{ß - BZ H$mZyZ H{$ VhV Ka{by ohßgm H{$ obE Xm{fr VmoH$ Am_OZ H$m{ Bg H$mZyZ H{$ ‡_wI ‡mdYmZm{ß g{ AdJV H$am`m Ïò∫$ H$m{ VÀgß]ßYr odoY _{ß Zm H{$db gOm gß]ßYr ‡mdYmZ h° ]oÎH$ Om gH{$ß& [ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ oMoH$ÀgH$r` gwodYm, Aml` H$r gwodYm Am°a ]Ém{ß l Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H{$ oH´$`mßd`Z h{Vw _.‡. _{ß H$r J`r H$m`©dmhr H{$ ]ma{ _{ß gßajU H{$ ^r ‡mdYmZ h°& H$m A‹``Z & C∫$ AoYoZ`_ _{ß `h ^r Ï`dÒWm h° oH$ Ohm± [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ l Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡_wI ›`mo`H$ oZU©`m{ß H$m odd{MZ& [wZÒWm©o[V hm{ gH$Vm h° dhm± gbmh _edam `m A›` ‡H$ma H{$ g_Pm{V{ l Zr_M oOb{ _{ß Ka{by ohßgm H{$ XO© ‡H$aUm{ß H$r oÒWoV kmV H$aZm& H$am`{ Om`{ß& g]g{ _hÀd[yU© ‡mdYmZ Ka{by ohßgm H$r ôdÓ` _{ß am{H$Wm_ g_ßH$m{ H$m gßH$bZ - `h A‹``Z gÂ[yU© _‹`‡X{e Edß Zr_M oOb{ H{$ H$m h¢ [ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE ›`m`mb` EH$ gßajUmÀ_H$ AmX{e ^r ode{f gßX^© _{ß oH$`m J`m h°& ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ H$m Omar H$a gH$Vm h°& ›`m`mb` `h AmX{e ^r X{ gH$Vm h° oH$ dh Ka{by ohßgm * *em{YmWu$ _.‡. ^m{O _w∫$ odÌdod⁄mb` ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 210

Zm H$a{ß Am°a òX Ka{by ohßgm H$r KQ>Zm hm{ MwH$r h° Vm{ CgH{$ obE [ro∂S>V òX _ohbm H{$ odÍ$’ Ka{by ohßgm H$r OmVr h°, Vm{ dh oZÂZoboIV _{ß g{ [jH$ma H$m{ AmoW©H$ ‡oVH$a ^r X{Z{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& H$m{B© ^r AmX{e ‡m· H$a gH$Vr h°& BZ H$mZyZ H{$ AZwgma _ohbm H{$ gmW hwB© Ka{by ohßgm H{$ gm˙` H{$ 1. A[Z{ H$m{ `m A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H{$ odÍ$’ Ka{by ohßgm H{$ oH$gr H$m`© H$m{ H$aZ{ ‡_mU ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zhr h° & _ohbm ¤mam ‡ÒVwV gm˙`m{ß g{ am{H$Z{ H{$ ob`{ß: Edß ]`mZm{ß H$m{ hr odÌdgZr` _mZm Om`{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ AXmbV H$m _mZZm h° 2. A[Z{ Ûr YZ, Am^yfU AmoX H$m H$„Om X{Z{ H{$ obE, oH$ AßXa hwB© ohßgm H{$ gm˙` o_bZm _woÌH$b h°, [ro∂S>V _ohbm H{$ ]`mZ H{$ 3. emßoV [yU© oZdmg _{ß ]mYm Z S>mbZ{ H{$ obE, AmYma [a hr _oOÒQ≠>{Q> AmX{e X{ gH$Vm h° oH$ ohßgm am{H$r Omd{ Am°a _ohbm 4. oOg Ka _{ß dh ah ahr h° CgH{$ Ï`` Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$m{ gßajU ‡XmZ oH$`m Omd{ß& 5. gwajm A[{jmAm{ß H{$ obE, òX _oOÒQ{>≠Q> H$m{ [ro∂S>V Ïò∫$ `m Xm{fr g{ Amd{XZ ‡m· hm{Z{ [a `h 6. oZdmg `m H$m`© ÒWb g{ Xya H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE g_mYmZ hm{ OmVm h° oH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß gwYma hwAm h° Vm{ [yd© AmX{e _{ß 7. oddmh H{$ gß]ßY _ß{ß ]mV{ H$aZ{ `m oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$ g{ oddmh H$aZ{ H{$ [nadV©Z, gßem{YZ `m oZaÒV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& obE _O]wa H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE ‡W_ dJ© ›`mo`H$ _oOÒQ{>≠Q> `m _hmZJa _oOÒQ{>≠Q> Bg AoYoZ`_ H$r 8. A[Z{ `m A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H{$ âU-[m{fU, ‡oVH$a AmoX H{$ obE& Ymam 18 g{ 23 VH$ H{$ AYrZ gßajU Edß ghm`Vm h{Vw oZÂZoboIV Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 Edß oZ`_ 2006 H$m oH´$`m›d`Z - AmX{e [mnaV H$a gH$Vm h° - _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odÍ$’ emarnaH$, `m°oZH$, _mZogH$ `m ^mdZmÀ_H$ ohßgm `m 1. Ymam 18 H{$ AßVJ©V gßajU AmX{e o\$a O]aXÒVr `m _Z_mZ{ VarH{$ g{ ÒdVßÃVm H$m hZZ Z hm{, BZ g]H{$ 2. Ymam 19 H{$ AßVJ©V oZdmg AmX{e gßajU Edß ghm`Vm H{$ ob`{ VWm Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 Edß oZ`_ 3. Ymam 20 H{$ AßVJ©V _m°o–H$ AZwVm{f 2006 H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ob`{ _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma Z{ ""Cfm oH$aU `m{OZm'' 4. Ymam 21 H{$ AßVJ©V Aoâjm AmX{e ‡maß^ H$r h°& 5. Ymam 22 H{$ AßVJ©V ‡oVH$a AmX{e Bg `m{OZm H$m bm^ Ka{by ohßgm g{ [ro∂S>V _ohbmE± Am°a ]É{ b{ gH$V{ 6. Ymam 23 H{$ AßVJ©V A›Vna_ Edß EH$ [jr` AmX{e h°, BgH{$ AßVJ©V h{Î[ S{>ÒH$, e{ÎQ>a hm{Âg AmoX H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r J`r h°& òX _oOÒQ{>≠Q> H$m{ [ro∂S>V Ïò∫$ `m Xm{fr g{ Amd{XZ hm{Z{ [a `h H°$g{ H$m_ H$a{Jr `m{OZm - g_mYmZ hm{ OmVm h° oH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß gwYma hwAm h° Vm{ [yd© AmX{e _{ß h{Î[ S{>ÒH$ - oObm ÒVa [a emgH$r` AWdm AemgH$r` Í$[ g{ 24 KßQ{> [nadV©Z gßem{YZ `m oZaÒV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Ka{by ohßgm H{$ ‡H$aU H{$ Mmbw ahZ{ dmbm EH$ h{Î[ S{>ÒH$ ÒWmo[V oH$`m Om`{Jm& BgH{$ Xya^mf ZÂ]a gmW A›` H$mZyZ H{$ AßVJ©V H$m`©dmhr ^r EH$ gmW Mb gH$Vr h°& [a H$m{B© ^r _ohbm \$m{Z H$a gH$Vr h° E{gr oÒWoV _{ß _ohbm H$m{ VÀH$mb [ro∂S>V _ohbm KQ>Zm ÒWb `m dV©_mZ _{ß Ohm± oZdmgaV hm{, H{$g XO© gßajU AoYH$mar H{$ g_j ghm`Vm H{$ ob`{ [hw±Mm`m Om gH{$Jm& H$am gH$Vr h°& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ AßVJ©V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Om{ g]g{ ]∂S>m AoYH$ma e{ÎQ>a hm{Âg - _ohbmAm{ß Am°a ]Ém{ß H{$ ob`{ g_ÒV oObm{ß _{ß e{ÎQ>a hm{Âg o_bm h°, dh `h h° oH$ dh oOg naeV{Xma H{$ gmW ah ahr h°, oddmX hm{Z{ [a ÒWmo[V oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& BZ e{ÎQ>a hm{Âg H{$ ¤mam, AÒWmB© Aml`, H$mZyZr Cg _ohbm H$m{ dhm± g{ hQ>m`m Zht Om gH$Vm & ghm`Vm, oMoH$Àgm ghm`Vm, [wobg ghm`Vm, 24 KßQ{> h{Î[ bmBZ AmoW©H$ Bg H$mZyZ H$r EH$ ode{fVm `h ^r h° oH$ A] _m_bm XO© H$aZ{ H{$ ghm`Vm, [wZdm©g O°gr g{dmE{ß Xr Om`{Jr& BZ g{dmAm{ß H{$ ‡^mdr Edß obE [ro∂S>V H$m{ [wobg H{$ AmolV Zht ahZm [∂S{>Jm Am°a gßajU AoYH$mar gwMmÍ$ ‡]ßYZ h{Vw _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ, J•h ([wobg) od^mJ, hr [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$r ha Vah H$r ghm`Vm H$a{ßJ{& odoY od^mJ Edß A›` gß]ßoYV od^mJ CŒmaXm`r hm{ßJ{& C∫$ AoYoZ`_ _{ß [ro∂S>V Ïò∫$ Am°a Ka{by naÌV{Xma H$m{ ^r [na^mofV gßajU AoYH$mar - Ka{by ohßgm am{H$Wm_ H{$ ob`{ _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg oH$`m J`m h°& [ro∂S>V Ïò∫$ H{$ AßVJ©V d{ g^r _ohbmE± AmVr h° Om{ oH$gr [na`m{OZm AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ gßajU AoYH$mar ]Zm`m J`m h°& J•h _{ß naÌV{Xmar H{$ gß]ßYm{ß H{$ H$maU ah ahr h° Am°a oOZH{$ odÍ$’ oH$gr Vah Zr_M oOb{ _ß{ Ka{by ohßgm g{ gß]ßoYV XO© ‡H$aUmß{ H$r oÒWoV - H$r H$m{B© ohßgm Cg Ka _{ß H$m{B© hm{& Ka{by naÌV{Xmar g{ Ame` h° oH$ H$m{B© Ïò∫$ (A) _.‡. am¡` _ohbm Am`m{J ^m{[mb _{ß XO© ‡H$aU - Am[gr naÌV{Xmar H{$ H$maU oH$gr _H$mZ _{ß gmW ah ahm hm{ß `m EH$ _mVm- df© XO© ‡H$aU o[Vm H$r gßVmZ hm{ `m CZH{$ ]rM oddmh hwAm hm{ `m C›h{ Jm{X ob`m J`m hm{ A‡°b 2011 g{ _mM© 2012 VH$ 05 `m d{ gß`w∫$ [nadma H{$ gXÒ` H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZdmg H$a ah{ hm{& A‡°b 2012 g{ _mM© 2013 VH$ 01 am¡` emgZ Ka{by ohßgm g{ [ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE " Aml` J•h' A‡°b 2012 g{ _mM© 2013 VH$ 01 oZYm©naV H$a{Jm Ohm± [ro∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gwajm d A›` gwodYmE± C[b„Y Ûm{V ñ H$m`m©b` _.‡. am¡` _ohbm Am`m{J ^m{[mb hm{Jr& C∫$ AoYoZ`_ _{ß g_mOg{dr gßÒWmAm{ß Edß J°a emgH$r` gßÒWmAm{ß (]) [wobg _{ß XO© ‡H$aUm| H$r gßª`m - H$r g{dmE± ^r br Om gH$Vr h°& AV: Ka{by ohßgm H$m oeH$ma _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ df© XO© ‡H$aU `h AoYoZ`_ gßajU Am°a ghm`Vm H$m AoYH$ma X{Vm h°& 2011 10 C[Mma - AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V EH$ `m AoYH$ AZwVm{fm{ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ 2012 16 h{Vw Ymam 12 H{$ AßVJ©V Amd{XZ [Ã Òd`ß ÏòWV Ïò∫$ ¤mam AWdm 2013 37 CgH$r Am°a g{ oH$gr A›` Ïò∫$ ¤mam `m gßajU AoYH$mar ¤mam _oOÒQ{>≠Q> Ûm{V ñ H$m`m©b` [wobg AYrjH$ oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) H{$ g_j ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 211

(g) _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ oObm Zr_M _| XO© ‡H$aUm| H$r _mZZr` gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ hmb hr _{ß B›–m ga_m ]Zm_ dr.H{$.dr. oÒWoV - ga_m 7 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß AoYoZYm©naV oH$`m h° oH$ g_ÒV obd-BZ nab{eZoe[ df© XO© ‡H$aU "oddmh H$r ‡H•$oV _{ß gß]ßY' Zhr hm{V{ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `h oddmh H$r AßVoZ©ohV 2006 g{ _mM© 2014 232 `m AmdÌ`H$ ‡H•$oV Zht aIVm h° Am°a E{g{ gß]ßY Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 2(M) H{$ AßVJ©V "Ka{by ZmV{Xmar' H$r [na^mfm H{$ ^rVa Zht Am`{Jm& Ûm{V : _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) 1. (2007) 3 Eg.gr.gr. 169 _.‡. am¡` _ohbm Am`m{J ^m{[mb, Zr_M [wobg Edß _ohbm Edß ]mb 2. AmB©.Eb.Ama. (2008) E_.[r. 963 odH$mg od^mJ Zr_M H{$ g_j C[am{∫$mZwgma XO© ‡H$aUm{ß H$r oÒWoV g{ 3. (2007) (4) E_.[r.EM.Q>r. 62 Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Zr_M oOb{ _{ß Ka{by ohßgm H$r KQ>ZmE{ß hm{ ahr h°& AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg 4. E_.[r.Eb.O{. 2010 (2) 127 ]mV H$r ^r h° oH$ Ka{by ohßgm H{$ ‡H$aUm{ß _{ß [wobg [am_e© H{$›– Edß gßajU 5. _.‡. odH$br Zm{Q>≤g 2010 (&&) 6 AoYH$mar goH´$` ^yo_H$m H$m oZd©hZ H$a{ Vm{ [nadma H$m{ o]IaZ{ g{ ]Mm`m 6. _.‡. odH$br Zm{Q>≤g 2011 (&&) gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> [•ÓR> 102 Om gH$Vm h°& 7. b{Q{>ÒQ> gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> Qw>S{> 2014 (&) [•ÓR> 53 ›`mo`H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U - Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ odo^fi ›`mo`H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U - Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ odo^fi oZÓH$f© - Bg ‡H$ma Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V Ka{by ohßgm g{ [ro∂S>V ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam oZd©MZ oH$`m J`m h¢ - ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam oZd©MZ oH$`m J`m h¢ - _mZZr` _ohbmAm{ H{$ gßajU h{Vw Ï`m[H$ ‡mdYmZ oH$E JE h° Am°a [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ Eg.Ama.]Ãm ]Zm_ VÍ$Um ]Ãm 1 aOmH$ ImZ gdm}¿` ›`m`mb` Z{ Eg.Ama.]Ãm ]Zm_ VÍ$Um ]Ãm Edß aOmH$ ImZ _ohbm`{ß gßajU AoYH$mar H$r ghm`Vm b{ gH$Vr h° VWm Ka{by ohßgm H{$ H$maU ]Zm_ eh]mO ImZ 2 ]Zm_ eh]mO ImZ H{$ oZU©`m{ß _{ß H$hm h° oH$ d°H$oÎ[H$ Amdmg H$r _mßJ hwB© emarnaH$ Edß _mZogH$ joV H{$ obE ‡oVH$a ^r ‡m· H$a gH$Vr h°& [ÀZr H{$db [oV H{$ odÍ$’ H$a gH$Vr h°& gmP{Xmar H$r J•hÒWr H$m ^dZ Ka{by ohßgm H{$ ‡H$aUm{ß _{ß [ro∂S>V _ohbm H$m{ gm˙` H$r [woÓQ> _{ß A›` (oOg_{ß Ka{by ohßgm hwB© hm{) g{ VmÀ[`© E{g{ ^dZ g{ hm{Jm Om{ [ro∂S>V _ohbm g]yV X{Zm ^r AoZdm`© Zht h°& òX _ohbm H$r Òd`ß H$r gm˙` odÌdgZr` H{$ [oV H$m hm{ `m gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r gß[oV hm{ VWm oOg_{ß [oV gXÒ` hm{& h° Vm{ Cg gm˙` [a ›`m`mb` âm{gm H$a gH$Vm h°& AO`H$mßV ]Zm_ Bgr ‡H$ma _mZZr` _0‡0 CÉ ›`m`mb` Z{ AO`H$mßV ]Zm_ Bg ‡H$ma Bg H$mZyZ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ode{f AoYH$ma oXE JE h°& lr_Vr AbH$m e_m© 3 lr_Vr AbH$m e_m© H{$ oZU©` _{ß oZYm©naV oH$`m h° oH$ Ka{by ohßgm [a›Vw _ohbmAm{ß H$m ^r CŒmaXmo`Àd h° oH$ CZH{$ ¤mam BZ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m AoYoZ`_ _{ß [nadmX H{$db [wÍ$f H{$ odÍ$’ hm{ gH$Vm h°& XwÍ$[`m{J Zm hm{ Am°a oZXm}f Ïò∫$ H$m{ CÀ[ro∂S>V Zm oH$`m Om`{& AV: Vh_rZm Hw$a{er ]Zm_ emoO`m Hw$a°er 4 Vh_rZm Hw$a{er ]Zm_ emoO`m Hw$a°er H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß [oV H$r oZoÌMV hr Bg H$mZyZ H{$ Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma-‡gma d ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z g{ _ohbm naÌV{Xma H{$ odÍ$’ [ÀZr ¤mam Amd{XZ Xmà oH$`m J`m oH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV CÀ[r∂S>Z H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß H$_r Am`{Jr& AoYoZ`_ H{$ AYrZ Amd{XZ H{$db d`ÒH$ [wÍ$f H{$ odÍ$’ Xmà oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& [oV H{$ naÌV{Xma H{$ odÍ$’ [nadma _{ß _ohbm gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- emo_b Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& 1. Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 2005 Edß oZ`_ 2006 am_bmb ]Zm_ lr_oV a{Im 5 am_bmb ]Zm_ lr_oV a{Im H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m oH$ 2. "ZB©XwoZ`m' (_mbdm-B›Xm°a, Zr_M) oXZmßH$ 22 _B© 2010 AoYoZ`_ ‡d•Œm hm{Z{ AWm©V 26.10.2006 g{ [yd© H$mnaV ohßgm H{$ ob`{ 3. _.‡. hmBH$m{Q©> Qw>S{> [nadmX ImnaO oH$`{ OmZ{ `m{Ω` h°& 4. _.‡. odH$br Zm{Q>≤g dV©_mZ ›`mo`H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U - dV©_mZ ›`mo`H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U - Ka{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU 5. _.‡. bm∞ OZ©b AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$r Ymam 2 (W) Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AYrZ A[amY _{ß 6. gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> H{$g{g [wwÍ$f ^mJrXma AWdm [oV H{$ _ohbm ZmV{Xma [nadmX g{ A[doO©V Zht h° 7. BßoS>`Z bm∞ na[m{Q©>a O°gm oH$ OÒQ>rg AbWm∞_g H$]ra Edß gmàrH$ Om{g\$ (_mZZr` gdm}¿` 8. _Zw Ò_•oV AmoX gß‹`m _Zm{O dmZI{∂S{> odÍ$’ _Zm{O ^r_amd dmZI{∂S{> ›`m`mb`) Z{ gß‹`m _Zm{O dmZI{∂S{> odÍ$’ _Zm{O ^r_amd dmZI{∂S{> 9. b{Q{>ÒQ> gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> Qw>S{> Edß A›` 6 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß oZYm©naV oH$`m h°&

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 212

brZm AJ´dmb * ‡ÒVmdZm - [•œdr, Ob, dm`w, Aoæ VWm AmH$me BZ [m±M VÀdm{ß g{ 3. _•Xm ‡XwfU-H•$of H{$ obE H$rQ>Zmer d Ia[VdmaZmer XdmAm{ß H$m o_bH$a, [`m©daU ]ZVm h°& oOg_{ß ObMa, WbMa, Z^Ma d Ord-O›VwAm{ß ‡`m{J, [m°Ym{ß VWm _•Xr` Ordm{ß H$m{ hmoZ [hwßMmVm h°& amgmòZH$ AdoeÓQ>m{ß H{$ gmW ZXr, [hm∂S>, OßJb d g_w– emo_b h°&1 H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ _•Xm H$r odfm∑Œmm ]∂T>Vr h°, Om{ _ZwÓ`m{ß [a od[arV ‡^md g]g{ [hb{ arQ>a Z{ df© 1868 _ß{ Ecology e„X H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m&2 S>mbVr h°& BgH{$ 20 df© ]mX-1886 _{ß,-AZ©ÒQ> h{H$O Z{ Ecology e„X H$m C[`m{J 4. ‹doZ ‡XwfU-OÍ$aV g{ ¡`mXm em{a(80 S{>gr]b g{ AoYH$) _mZd oH$`m& _{ß AÒdÒWVm d ]°M{Zr CÀ[fi H$aVm h°& em{a 130-140 S{>gr]b hm{ Vm{ oH$gr ^r [hm∂S>, dZ, _Í$ÒWb,Vmbm] AmoX _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ O°d g_wXm` [r∂S>m Am°a XX© X{Z{ bJVm h°& [a BZ ÒWmZm{ß H{$ ^m°oVH$ dmVmdaU H$m ]hwV ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& [`m©daU H{$ 5. a{oS>`m{Y_r© ‡XwfU-Zmo^H$r` odÒ\$m{Q>,E∑g oH$aUm{ß H{$ H$maU Q>Áy_a AO°odH$ KQ>H$ O°g{-‡H$me, Ob, Vm[-IoZO H$m ‡^md Vm{ O°d g_wh d H°$ßga am{J H$m{ O›_ X{V{ h¢&5 [a [∂S>Vm hr h°, [aßVw O°d g_wXm` ^r AO°odH$ KQ>H$m{ß H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& 6. B© d{ÒQ>- H{$›– Z{ am¡` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ H$b{∑eZ g{ßQ>a Im{bZ{ h{Vw oZX}e `hr Zht, O°d g_wXm` H{$ OrdYmna`m{ß H{$ ]rM AßVoH©$`mEßß oZaßVa hm{Vr oXE W{& _.‡. H$r S{>S>bmB©Z OwbmB©-2012 _{ß IÀ_& [a g{ßQ>a Vm{ Xya Hß$ßQ{>Za ahVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma aMZm Am°a H$m`© H$r —oÓQ> g{, O°d g_wXm` Edß dmVmdam, VH$ Zht [hwßM{& B© d{ÒQ> g{ ^yOb ‡XwfU IVaZmH$ ÒVa VH$ ]∂T>Vm h°& `h Z EH$ VßÃ H$r ^mßoV H$m`© H$aV{ h¢& Bg{ hr [mnaoÒWoVH$ VßÃ H$hm OmVm h°& Vm{ o_≈r _{ß o_bVm h° Am°a Z hr [mZr _{ß JbVm h°&6 [mnaoÒWoVH$ VßÃ Xm{ _mZ{ J`{ h¢- ‡XwfU H{$ odÍ$’ [mnaV AoYoZ`_ - 1. ‡mH•$oVH$ VßÃ- 1. d›` Ord (gßajU) AoYoZ`_-1972- X{e H$r (A.) ÒWbr`- (dZ, MmamJmh, _Í$ÒWb) [mnaoÒWoVH$r` Am°a [`m©daUr` gwajm gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{, d›` (]) Obr`- (1) Òd¿N> Ob (‡dmohV ZXr, PaZm Am°a gnaVm) ‡moU`m{ß [oj`m{ß Am°a [mX[m{ß H{$ gßajU h{Vw BZg{ß gß]ßoYV `m ‡mgßoJH$ `m (2) oÒWa Ob (Prb `m Vmbm]) AmZwfmßoJH$ odf`m{ß H{$ C[]ßYZ h{Vw `h AoYoZò_V oH$`m J`m h°&Bg (3) g_w– (gmJa, _hmgmJa) AoYoZ`_ _{ß [ew, ÒVZYmar [ew, a{ßJZ{ dmb{ [ew, ObMa ‡mUr _ÀÒ`, 2.H•$•oÃ_ VßÃ- _mZd oZo_©V(H•$of ^yo_, Zha, ]mßY) [mnaoÒWoVH$ KQ>H$m{ß A›` H$maQ{>S>≤g VWm [•ÓR> dßeaohV Ord AmV{ h¢& oO›h{ [H$∂S>Zm, oeH$ma, H$m A‹``Z, Xm{ Í$[m{ß _{ß h_ma{ gm_Z{ ahVm h°- \w$gbmZm, Omb _{ß \ß$gmZm,hmßH$Zm, Mmam X{H$a bbMmZm, eara H{$ oH$gr 1. Òd[m{fr` Om{ A[Zm ^m{OZ Òd`ß ]ZmV{ h¢& O°g{ g^r ha{ [m°Y{& ^mJ H$m{ b{ OmZm, joVJ´ÒV H$aZm, d›` ‡moU`m{ß H{$ AS>m{ß H$m{ ZwH$gmZ 2. [a[m{fr- Om{ ^m{OZ H{$ obE Xyga{ Ordm{ß [a oZ^©a ahV{ h¢& [hwßMmZm, Km{ßgbm{ß H$m{ N{>∂S>Zm, ‡oV]ßoYV h°& dm`w Ob, `m ^yo_ H{$ ^m°oVH$,amgmòZH$ `m O°odH$ JwUm{ß _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{, E{g{ 2. Ob ‡XwfU (oZdmaU VWm oZ`ßÃU)AoYoZ`_-1975 [mZr AZMmh{ [nadV©Z, Om{ _ZwÓ`m{{ßß H{$ gmW A›` OrdYmna`m{ß H$r OrdZ H$m{ ‡XwofV hm{Z{ g{ ]MmZ{ oZ`ßÃU, Ob H$r ÒdmÒœ`‡XVm ]Zm`{ aIZ{, Cg{ [naoÒWoV`m{ß, Am∂°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oH´$`mAm{ß Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ C[bo„Y`m{ß H{$ obE [ydm©dÒWm _{ßß bmZ{ VWm [ydm}∫$ ‡`m{OZm{ß H$m{ H$m`m©o›dV H$aZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ hmoZH$maH$ hm{, ‡XwfU H$r [na^mfm _{ß AmV{ h¢&3 oOgH{$ _wª` 6 ‡H$ma h°- Ob ‡XwfU oZdmaU VWm oZ`ßÃU ]m{S>m} H$r ÒWm[Zm,eo∫$`mß Am°a H•$À` H{$ 1. dm`y ‡XwfU- ^m°oVH$,amgmòZH$ d O°odH$ JwUm{ß H$m E{gm gmW, E{g{ ]m{S>m} H$m{ ‡XŒm Edß g_ZwX{oeV H$aZ{ h{Vw AoYoZò_V oH$`m AdmßN>Zr` [nadV©Z, oOgg{ h_mar ‡mH•$oVH$ gß[Xm ZÓQ> hm{& eham{ß _{ß 60 J`m h¢& ‡oVeV dm`y ‡XwfU- H$ma, Q≠>{∑Q>a, Q≠>H$,ÒHy$Q>a AmoX Am∞Q>m{_m{]mB©b BßoOZm{ß 3. dm`w ‡XwfU(oZdmaU VWm oZ`ßÃU)AoYoZ`_-1981 R>m{g, H{$ H$maU \°$bVm h°& Vab `m J°gr` [XmW© H{$, oOg_{ß em{a emo_b h°, dm`w_S>b _{ß od⁄_mZ hm{Z{ 2. Ob ‡XwfU- [mZr _{ß Ka{bw A[_mO©H$m{ß, \$mÒ\{$Q>, ZmB©Q≠>{Q> A_m{oZ`m g{, Om{ _mZd OrdZ `m Xyga{ß Ordm{ß, [m°Ym{ß, gß[oŒm AWdm [`m©daU H{$ obE H{$ `m°oJH$ VWm EoÎH$b, ]¢OrZ gÎ\$m{Z{Q> g{, ZoX`mß, Vmbm] d Prb{ß hmoZH$a hm{ gH$V{ h¢, dm`y ‡XwfU _mZm Om`{Jm& Bg_{ß{ YwßAm,J°g, odoXÓQ> ‡XwofV hm{V{ h¢, ∑`m{ßoH$ BZ_{ß Am∞∑grOZ H$r H$_r hm{ OmVr h°& XwoZ`m H{$ dÒVw H{$ ¡dbZ `m C[`m{J H{$ obE, ‡`m{J _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ dm`w ‡XwfU ^`mZH$ Am∂°∂⁄m{oJH$ ÃmgXr H$m{ 28 gmb hm{ J`{ h¢& [a `yoZ`Z H$m]m©B©S> goÂ_obV h¢& ^m{[mb H{$ Amg[mg H$m [mZr A] ^r Oharbm h°& gw‡r_ H$m{Q©> _{ß BßoS>`Z 4. ‹doZ ‡XwfU(odoZ`_Z Am°a oZ`ßÃU) oZ`_ -2000 odo^fi BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> Am∞\$ Q{>∑Zm∞bm∞Or H$r na[m{Q©> g{ `h ]mV gm_Z{ AmB© h°&4 Úm{Vm{ß g{ bJ{ ÒWmZm{ß _{ß, [nad{er ‹doZ ÒVam{ß H$r d•o’ [a A›` ]mVm{ß H{$

* em{YmWu, ]aH$VCÑm odÌdodYmb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 213 gmW-gmW, Am∂°∂⁄m{oJH$ H$m`©H$bm[, gofi_m©U H$m`©,[Q>mI{, OZa{Q>a g{Q>, 7. Hw$S>ZHw$b_ [a_mUw D$Om© gß`ßÃ _{ß gwajm H{$ AoZdm`© C[m` bm∞CS>Ò[rH$a g{Q>,bm{H$ gß]m{YZ ‡Umbr, gßJrV,`mVr` hmZ© H$r `mßoÃH$ Z oH$E JE Vm{ Cg{ am{H$m Om gH$Vm h°&13 CÉV_ ›`m`mb` H{$ ›`m`_woV©, `wo∫$`m{ß H$m, _mZd ÒdmÒœ` [a, hmoZH$mH$a ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° Am°a ÒdmÒœ` H{$.Eg.amYmH•$ÓU Am°a Xr[H$ o_lm H$r IS>[rR> Z{ 27 ogVÂ]a 2012 H$m{ [a ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& Bgr H{$ gß]ßY _{ß, [nadßer` dm`w π$mobQ>r _mZH$m{ß H{$, H$hm oH$-îîgß`ßÃ H{$ Amg[mg ahZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$r gwajm H{$ ‡oV h_{ß gdm©oYH$ AZwajU H{$ C‘{Ì` g{, oZ`_m{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h°& oMßVm h°&î _mZd OrdZ H{$ obE, [`m©daU H$m ‡XwfU g{ _w∫$ ahZm,AmdÌ`H$ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` gßÒWm S>mam Z{ - 2030 VH$, 10 H$am{∂S> bm{Jm{ß H$r _m°V H$r h°& AZw¿N{>X-21 _{ß "‡mU H{$ AoYH$ma' H{$ AßVJ©V, ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ M{VmdZr Xr h°& CgZ{ [`m©daU gßVwbZ [a, 20 X{em{ß H{$ H$hZ{ g{, gd} [mZr, hdm d ‹doZ ‡XwfU g{ ]MmZ{ h{Vw, AZw¿N{>X-32 H{$ AYrZ, H$am`m Wm, oOg_{ß 184 X{em{ß H$m{, emo_b oH$`m J`m& 2010 g{ 2030 H{$ bm{H$ohVdmX Xmà H$aZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ, oH$`m J`m h°&Bgg{ gßß]ßoYV ]rM, AgßVwbZ [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ ]m]V,na[m{Q©> _{ß ]Vm`m J`m oH$- _hÀd[yU© oZU©`- Bgg{ ha df©, odÌd _{ß 50 bmI bm{Jm{ß H$r _m°V hm{Vr h°&hmbV Z gwYa{, Vm{ 1. Í$ab obQ>rJ{eZ ES> EßQ>mB©oQ>b_{ßQ> H{$›–, X{hamXyZ ]Zm_ `h gßª`m-2030 VH$, ha df© 60 bmI [a [hwßM OmEJr& CŒma‡X{e am¡`7 H{$ dmX _{ß, erf© AXmbV Z{, [ÀWa IwXmB© g{ dmVmdaU o]J∂S>V{ [`m©daU g{, d°oÌdH$ Or.S>r.[r. H$m{, ha gmb H$ar] 84.21 ‡XwofV hm{ ahm Wm Am°a oZdmog`m{ß H$m{ hmoZ [hwßM ahr Wr& ›`m`mb` Z{ OmßM bmI H$am{∂S> H$m KmQ>m hm{ ahm h°&na[m{Q©> _{ß 5 X{em{ß H$m{, g]g{ AoYH$ ‡XwfU h{Vw go_oV ]ZmH$a, na[m{Q©> ‡m· hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX, IwXmB© H$m H$m_ am{H$ oX`m& \°$bmZ{ dmbm _mZm J`m14- 2. E_.gr._{hVm ]Zm_ ^maV8 H{$ dmX _{ß, oXÑr H{$ Amdmgr` j{Ã _{ß X{e ‡XwfU o_ob`Z Q>Z EH$ df© _{ oÒWoV ‡oVeV _{ß oÒWV, lram_ \y$S> ES> \$oQ©>bmB©Oa Hß$[Zr H$r B©H$mB© H$m{, Am{ob`Z Zm_H$ ]∂T>m KQ>m IVaZmH$ J°g H$m, CÀ[mXZ H$aZ{ g{ am{H$ oX`m& ∑`m{ßoH$ Hß$[Zr Z{, gwajm MrZ 7711 +13.3 - C[m`m{ß H$r AZX{Ir H$r Wr& A_{naH$m 5425 - -7.0 3. E_.gr._{hVm ]Zm_ ^maV gßK9 H{$ _m_b{ß _{ß, H$mZ[wa H{$ oZH$Q> ^maV 1602 +8.7 - OmO_C _{ß oÒWV, M_©em{YZ embmAm{ß H$m{, VÀH$mb ]ßX H$aZ{ H$m AmX{e Í$g 1572 - -7.4 oX`m& ∑`m{ßoH$ M_∂S{> g{ oZH$bZ{ß dmb{, A[oeÓQ> Ob g{ JßJm H$m [mZr, Om[mZ 1098 - -9.7 ‡XwofV hm{ ahm Wm& ^maVr` gßgX Z{ _mZd OrdZ H$m{, ‡XwfU g{ _wo∫$ oXbmZ{ h{Vw H$B© 4. E_.gr _{hVm ]Zm_ ^maV gßK10 H{$ dmX _{ß oXÑr eha H$m{ S>rOb AoYoZ`_ [mnaV oH$E& gßgX Z{ Bg ‡H$ma `h gwoZoÌMV oH$`m oH$- [°Q≠>m{b MobV dmhZm{ß g{, ‡XwfU _w∫$ H$aZ{ h{Vw, H{$›–r` _m{Q>a`mZ gaH$ma{ B›h{ß bmJy H$a{ß d ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` H$r gwajm hm{, b{oH$Z gaH$mam{ß AoYoZ`_-1989 H$m [mbZ, gªVr g{ H$aZ{, ogZ{_mKam{ß _{ Xm{ ÒbmB©S> Z{ B›h{ß Jß^raVm g{ bmJy Zht oH$`m& Bgg{ O°d g_wXm` H{$ OrdZ,ÒdmÒœ` ‡XwfU ]m]V≤ oXImZ{, \$adar-1992 g{ N>m{Q>r o\$Î_{ß ]ZmZ{, a{oS>`m d d Ord OßVwAm{ß H{$ gmW, ‡mH•$oVH$ gß[XmAm{ß H$r ^r, ajm Zht H$r Om gH$r XyaXe©Z [a, ‡À`{H$ 5-7 o_oZQ> ]mX H$m`©H´$_ MbmZ{, ÒHy$b,H$m∞b{Om{ß d h°& odÌdod∂⁄mb`m{ß _{ß, ‡XwfU H$m{ AoZdm`© odf` ]ZmZ{ d [∂T>mB© H$amZ{ H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- oZX}e oXE& 1. gm_m›` A‹``Z gßÒH$aU - 2012 ‡m{O{∑Q> ES>rQ>a - [yU}›Xy Hw$_ma 5. BZar ‹doZ ‡XwfU11 H{$ _m_b{ _{ß, erf© AXmbV Z{, `h oZU©` oX`m 2. odoYH$ Edß g_gm_mo`H$ oZ]ßY gßÒH$U - 2012 b{IH$ - _wH{$e oH$- ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{, ‹doZ ‡XwfU aohV dmVmdaU _{ß, OrdZ o]VmZ{ H$m ZmW, oh_mßew e_m© AoYH$ma h°& ‡H$aU _{ß-13 df© H$r ]mobH$m H{$ gmW, ]bmÀH$ma hwAm& 3. gm_m›` A‹``Z gßÒH$aU - 2013 ‡m{O{∑Q> ES>rQ>a - [yU}›Xy Hw$_ma oH$›Vw [∂S>m{g _{ß Ymo_©H$ g_mam{h [a, Om{a g{ ]OZ{ dmb{, bmCS>Ò[rH$a H$r 4. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, CÇm°Z - 26.09.2013 AmdmO g{, CgH{$ oMÑmZ{ H$m{ oH$gr Z{ Zht gwZm& ]mobH$m ]bmÀH$ma H{$ 5. gm_m›` A‹``Z gßÒH$aU - 2013 ‡m{O{∑Q> ES>rQ>a - [yU}›Xy Hw$_ma ]mX, AmJ bJmH$a _a JB©& 6. [oÕmH$m - ^m{[mb 13.09.2012 6. B›Q{>b{∑MwAb \$m{a_-oVÍ$[oV ]Zm_ AmßY´‡X{e am¡`12 H{$ 7. 1985 - 2 Eg.gr.gr. - 431 ‡H$aU _{ß, oVÍ$[oV H{$ Xm{ E{oVhmogH$ Vmbm]m{ß H$r ^yo_ H$m{, gaH$ma Z{ ^dZ 8. 1986 - 2 Eg.gr.gr. - 176 oZ_m©U h{Vw, X{Z{ H$m AmX{e oX`m Wm& CÉ ›`m`mb` Z{, Ob Úm{Vm{ß d 9. 1988 - 2 3 _. oZ. [. - 229 [`m©daU gßajU H$r VwbZm _{ß, AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m{ _hÀd X{V{ hwE, gaH$ma 10. 1951 - 2 ?g.gr.gr. - 137 H{$ [j _{ß \°$gbm oX`m& b{oH$Z C¿¿V_ ›`m`mb` Z{, Amdmg H{$ AoYH$ma 11. E.AmB©.Ama. 2005 Eg.gr. 3036 H$m{, [`m©daU H{$ gßajU g{ AoYH$ Z _mZH$a, Vmbm] H$m{ [wZOr©odV H$aZ{ 12. E.AmB©.Ama. 2006 Eg.gr. 10350 d ^dZ oZ_m©U am{H$Z{ H$m AmX{e oX`m& 13. X°oZH$ OmJaU ^m{[mb, 28.09.2012 14. COm© oZ`ÕmU gyMZm - df© 2008 - 09 gß`w∫$ amÔ>≠ gßK Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 214

odd{H$ ZmJa *

em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r X{h Ï`m[ma Edß Am[amoYH$ gßob·Vm H$r ‡d•oV H{$ [rN{> _m°OyX H$maUm{ß VWm Bg g_wXm` H{$ ob`{ oH$`{ J`{ gaH$mar ‡`mgm{ß H$m odd{MZ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg A‹``Z _{ß Zr_M oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r oÒWoV kmV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - _‹`‡X{e_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV H{$ Í$[ _{ß XO© "]m±N>∂S>m' g_wXm` _‹`‡X{eAm°a amOÒWmZ H{$ gr_mdVr© ^mJm{ß _{ß ]gr h°& Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oV _wª` Í$[ g{ Zr_M, _ßXgm°a, aVbm_, C¡O°Z, B›Xm°a Am°a emOm[wa oOb{ _{ß hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Bgr OmoV H{$ [wÍ$f ‡m`: Mm{ar, S>H°$Vr AmoX A[amYm{ß _{ß ob· \°$bm h°& X{h Ï`m[ma _{ß gßbæ ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ S{>a{ Zr_M, _ßXgm°a Am°a ahV{ h°& ]m±N>∂S>m OmoV H$r _ohbmE{ß X{h Ï`m[ma g{ Ow∂S>r ahr h°& aVbm_ oOb{ H$r Omdam Vhgrb _{ß \°$b{ h°& A›` oOb{ H{$ ]mßN>∂S>m A[Z{ H$m{ ZQ>ZmJa em{Y gßÒWmZ grVm_D$ H{$ oZX{eH$ S>m±∑Q>a _Zm{ha amUmdV Bg YßY{ g{ AbJ ]VmV{ h° Am°a d{ A[Zr [hMmZ ^r oN>[mV{ h°& ]VmV{ h° oH$ "]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ ]ma{ _{ß H$m{B© oboIV E{oVhmogH$ Vœ` Vm{ Zr_M oOb{ _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m OmoV H{$ bm{J _wª`V: Zr_M-_hy hmBd{, Zr_M- Zht h° b{oH$Z _wJb H$mb _{{ß ^r g{Zm H{$ gmW-gmW S{>a{ Mbm H$aV{ W{ Om{ ogßJm{br am{∂S>, Zr_M-_Zmgm am{∂S> AmoX H{$ Amg-[mg ]g{ hwE o_b Om`{ßJ{& g°oZH$m{ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H$amV{ W{ - `{ oH$gr OmoV ode{f H{$ MwoßH$ `{ bm{J g∂S>H$ H{$ oH$Zma{ ]g{ h° Bgob`{ BZ [a Am[amoYH$ JoVodoY`m{ß Zht hm{V{ W{& Bgr Vah AßJ´{Om{ß Z{ A[Zr N>mdoZ`m{ß H{$ oZH$Q> Bg g_wXm` H{$ _{ß gßob· ahZ{ H{$ Amam{[ bJV{ ah{ h¢ b{oH$Z òX h_ BZH{$ H$m`©H$bm[m{ß Am°a bm{ßJm{ H$m{ Aml` oX`m VmoH$ CZH{$ g°oZH$m{ß H$r dmgZm [yoV© hm{Vr ah{& Bgr Am_XZr H{$ gmYZm{ß d CZH{$ ¤mam oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ Ï`dgm`m{ß [a JhamB© g{ Vah `{ Zr_M Am J`{& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ ]mX ^r ]m±N>∂S>m OmoV A[Z{ X{h Ï`m[ma oMßVZ H$a{ß Vm{ E{gm Ò[ÓQ> [nabojV hm{Vm h° oH$ `h OmoV Aoê· h° Am°a H$r Ï`dÒWm H$m{ "Ï`dÒWm'_mZH$a Bg{ [aÂ[am g{ Om{∂S>Z{ bJr& Bg g_wXm` H{$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m [J [J [a hZZ hm{ ahm h°& [hb{ `h H$hm OmVm Wm oH$ [nadma H$r ]∂S>r ]{Q>r [aÂ[amZwgma X{h JV dfm} _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ `{ S{>a{ (]oÒV`m±) _mZd VÒH$ar H$m A»m Ï`m[ma A[ZmVr h° O]oH$ A›` b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m oddmh H$a oX`m OmVm Wm ^r ]ZV{ Om ah{ h°& [hb{ g_wXm` H$r _ohbmE{ß hr X{h Ï`m[ma H$aVr Wr{ß oH$›Vw H$mbm›Va _{ß Bg [aÂ[am H$m H$∂T>mB© g{ [mbZ Zht oH$`m J`m& [a›Vw A] N>m{Q>r C_´ H$r b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ A[haU H$a `m IarXH$a X{h Ï`m[ma _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß - ∑`m H$m{B© gm_m›` ]wo’ dmbm Ïò∫$, H$adm`{ OmZ{ H{$ ‡H$aU ^r gm_Z{ Am`{ h°& odo^fi Ûm{ßVm{ g{ `h ^r [Vm gm_m›` [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß XbXb _{ß Òd{¿N>m g{ Hy$XZ{ H$m{ V°`ma hm{ Om`{Jm& MbVm h° oH$ "[aÂ[am' Vm{ Bg g_wXm` H$r `h ahr h° oH$ [nadma _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>r BgH$m CŒma hm{Jm Zht & b∂S>H$r H$m{ Bg H$m`© H{$ ob`{ AmaojV aIm OmVm h° Am°a ]mX _{ß N>m{Q>r ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r X{h Ï`m[ma Edß Am[amoYH$ ‡d•oV H{$ _yb _{ß Jar]r, b∂S>oH$`m{ H$m{ odoYdV oddmh H$aH{$ ggwamb ^{Om OmVm h°, b{oH$Z JwOma{ AZ[R>>Vm, Hw$gßJoV VWm g_mO H{$ VWmH$oWV g‰` g_mO H$m ob`{ O] H$m{B© gmYZ Zht o_bm Vm{ Zm]mobH$ b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ ^r Bg YßY{ _{ß Agh`m{JmÀ_H$ d Xm{ham ad°`m ^r h°& _wª` ]mV `h h° oH$ `{ bm{J ^r Pm{ßH$ oX`m OmZ{ bJm& B›gmZ h° Am°a B›gmZr AoYH$ma AWm©V _mZd AoYH$ma MmhV{ h°& A‹``Z H$m CXX{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z oZÂZoboIV CXX{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ g_mO H{$ gdm©oYH$ H$_Om{a d Aoê· V]H{$ H$m{ O] VH$ gÂ[fi _{ß aIH$a oH$`m J`m h°& g_mO H{$ bm{J A[Zr odH•$V —oÓQ> g{ ]mha AmH$a Zht X{I{ßJ{ V] VH$ `h l ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ Zr_M VWm [mg H{$ A›` oObm{ _{ß ]gmhQ> H$r g_wXm` Bg AßYH$ma [yU© OrdZ OrZ{ H$m{ odde h°& oOZH{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß oÒWoV VWm H$maUm{ß H$m{ kmV H$aZm& H$r ajm H$r OmZ{ H$r gªV OÍ$aV h°& Zr_M oOb{ H{$ _mZd AoYH$ma Am`m{J l Bg g_wXm` H$r Am[amoYH$ gßob·Vm H$r oÒWoV kmV H$aZm& o_Ã lr ^mZy Xd{ H$hV{ h° oH$ `m{OZmE{ß ]ZmZ{ g{ `m [H$S>H$a O{b _{ß YH{$bZ{ l Bg g_wXm` H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ ob`{ oH$`{ J`{ emgH$r` ‡`mgm{ß H$r oÒWoV g{ H$m_ Zht ]Z{Jm& ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m{ b{H$a Am`m{J ^r kmV H$aZm& oMßoVV h°& B›h{ß Òd{¿N>m g{ [∂T>mB© Edß am{OJma H{$ A›` gmYZ A[ZmZ{ h{Vw g_ßH$m{ H$m gßH$bZ - `h A‹``Z Zr_M oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß oH$`m ‡{naV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& J`m h°& ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß o¤oV`H$ g_ßH$m{ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& `{ ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ ob`{ oH$`{ J`{ emgH$r` ‡`mg - ‡emgZ ¤mam g_ßH$ [wobg AYrjH$ H$m`m©b` oObm Zr_M Edß g_mMma [Ã "ZB© XwoZ`m' ]m±N>∂S>m Am°a CZH$r Vah hr X{h Ï`m[ma H$aZ{ dmbr ‡X{e A›` OmoV H$r g{ ‡m· oH$`{ J`{ h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ d{Ì`md•oV g{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ g_`-g_` [a H$B© `m{OZmE{ß ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$m BoVhmg - ^maV _{ß H$oV[` OmoV`m± X{h Ï`m[ma g{ ‡maß^ H$r JB©& Zr_M oOb{ Edß A›` gr_mdVr© oObm{ _{ß ^r H$B© ‡emgoZH$ Ow∂S>r hwB© ahr h¢& BZ OmoV`m{ß _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m OmoV ^r ‡_wI ahr h°& ]m±N>∂S>m OmoV Edß [wobg AoYH$mar`m{ß Z{ Bg oXem _{ß gamhZr` ‡`mg oH$`{ b{oH$Z `{ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡m`: odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß g{ [Vm MbVm h° oH$ `{ OmoV bÂ]{ g_` g{ emgH$r` `m{OZmE{ß AoYH$ g\$b Zht hm{ gH$r& * em{YmWu$, _. ‡. ^m{O (_w∫$) odÌdod⁄mb`, ‡mMm`© kmZ_ßoXa (odoY) _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 215

‡_wI emgH$r` ‡`mg - _ohbmAm{ß H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ ob`{ emgZ Z{ H$B© g_wXm` ]m±N>∂S>m `m{OZmE{ß bmJy H$r BZ_{ß ‡_wI h¢- H$m_ _ybV: X{h Ï`m[ma Edß A›` H$m`© 1. 1992-93 _{ß Aod^moOV _ßXgm°a oOb{ H{$ H$b{∑Q>a lr _Zm{O Zr_M oOb{ _{ß Jmßd bJ^J 24 lrdmÒVd Z{ \°$o_br flbmoZßJ E{gm{ogE{eZ Am∞\$ BoS>`m H{$ _m‹`_ X{h Ï`m[ma bJ^J 20 _{ß g{ ]m±N>∂S>m ]hwb Jmßd ZrbHß$R>[wam (oObm Zr_M) H$m{ _m∞S>b H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob· bJ^J 2500 emo_b H$a, [nadmam{ß H$m{ OÍ$ar gßgmYZ Am°a ‡oejU X{Z{ H$r _ohbmE{ß bJ^J 1000 Ï`dÒWm H$r Wr& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ogbmB™ _erZ Am°a Ka oXE JE& `wdoV`m± bJ^J 1500 2. df© 2001 _{ß H$b{∑Q>a ‡^mV [mamea Edß VÀH$mbrZ [wobg AYrjH$ Zm]mobH$ `wdoV`m± 30 g{ 40 \$rgXr gm{Zmbr o_lm Z{ oZ_©b Ao^`mZ Mbm`m& Bg Ao^`mZ H{$ VhV X{h Ûm{V - ZB©XwoZ`m g_mMma [Ã oXZmßH$ 21.07.2013 Ï`m[ma _{ß ob· _ohbmAm{ß Am°a `wdoV`m{ß H$m{ gwYma H{$ ob`{ H$ÒVwa]m gwPmd - J´m_ B›Xm°a ^{Om J`m& 1. ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$m{ oeojV H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 3. 2009 _{ß VÀH$mbrZ H$b{∑Q>a S>m∞. gßO` Jm{`b Z{ _ohbm Edß ]mb 2. Bg g_wXm` H{$ bm{Jm{ H$m{ am{OJma _ybH$ Q{>≠oZßJ Xr OmZm MmohE& odH$mg od^mJ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ `m{OZm ]ZmB©& Bg_{ß 8dt Am°a 10dt 3. ES>≤g O°gr KmVH$ ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ÒdmÒœ` od^mJ ¤mam ]m±N>∂S>m VH$ [∂T>r obIr `wdoV`m{ß H$r gaH$mar g{dm g{ Om{∂S>m OmZm V` oH$`m ]oÒV`m{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ Mbm`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& J`m& H$B© `wdoV`m{ß H$m{ Zog™J ‡oejU H$admH$a Zog™J g{dm _{ß ^r 4. _mZd VÒH$ar am{H{$ OmZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg bJm`m J`m& h{Vw [wobg od^mJ H$m{ ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r _ohbmAm{ß Am°a ]oÉ`m{ß H{$ 4. df© 1992 _{ß d°Ì`md•oV C›_ybZ Am°a d°Ì`md•oV g_wXm` g{ Ow∂S{> S>r.EZ.E. Q{>ÒQ> H$admZ{ MmohE& [nadmam{ß H{$ H$Î`mU, [wZdm©g d CÀWmZ h{Vw _.‡. gaH$ma Z{ Om]mob 5. am¡` ÒVa [a Edß ]m±N>∂S>m ]hwb oObm{ _{ß EH$ AoYH$ma gÂ[fi gß`w∫$ `m{OZm H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m& BZH{$ AoVna∫$ ^r H$B© emgH$r` gm_moOH$ H$m`©Xb H$m JR>Z oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{& oOg_{ß [wobg, ÒdmÒœ`, _ohbm H$Î`mU H$r `m{OZmE{ß bmJy H$r J`r b{oH$Z BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m H$m{B© Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ H{$ AoYH$marJU Edß OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ bm^ oXImB© Zhr X{Vm h°& goÂ_obV oH$`m Omd{ß& _mZd VÒH$ar H$m A»m ]ZVr ]m±ßN>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r ]oÒV`m± -df© 6. [wobg od^mJ ¤mam ^r ode{f Xb H$m JR>Z H$a AZ°oVH$ X{h Ï`m[ma 2010-11 _{ß _ßXgm°a H{$ VÀH$mbrZ [wobg AYrjH$ Or.H{$. [mR>H$ Z{ AoYoZ`_ Edß ^maVr` XS> gßohVm H{$ AßVJ©V H$R>m{a H$m`©dmhr H$aZ{ Zr_M _ßXgm°a oOb{ H{$ ]m±N>∂S>m S{>am{ g{ bJ^J 57 ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ _w∫$ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& H$am`m Wm& BgH$r [∂S>Vmb _{ß _mZd VÒH$ar H$r ]mV gm_Z{ Am`r Wr& oZÓH$f© - AoYH$mße A[amYm{ß H$r O∂S> od[fiVm h°& g_mO H{$ gdm©oYH$ ¡`mXmVa _m_bm{ß _{ß ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m{ N>m{Q>r C_´ _{ß hr IarX H$a bm`m J`m Wm& H$_Om{a d Aoê· V]H{$ H$m{ O] VH$ gÂ[fi g_mO H{$ bm{J A[Zr od–y[ df© 2010 g{ 2012 VH$ C›_w∫$ H$amB© JB© ]mobH$mE± 62 —oÓQ> g{ ]mha AmH$a g_mO H$r _wª` Ymam _{ß Zht Om{S{>ßJ{ V] VH$ ]m±N>∂S>m Ûm{V - ZB©XwoZ`m g_mMma [Ã oXZmßH$ 21.07.2013 g_wXm` _O]yar _{ß Aoê· OrdZ OrZ{ H$m{ _O]ya hm{Vm ah{Jm& ]{eH$ df© 2013 _{ß _mZd XwÏ`m©[ma H{$ VhV [ßOr]’ ‡H$aUm{ß H$r oÒWoV H$mZyZ BZH{$ ob`{ Hw$N> H$a gH$Vm h° b{oH$Z H$mZyZ H$m oH´$`m›d`Z H$aZ{ WmZm Hw$b [ßOr]’ Hw$b Amam{[r Hw$b C›_w∫$ H$amB© JB© dmb{ ^r Vm{ Bgr g_mO H{$ bm{J h° oOZH$r —oÓQ> _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H{$ ‡oV ‡H$aU ]mobH$mE{ß oMßVm H$ht g{ H$ht VH$ oXImB© Zht X{Vr &Am°a `h g_mO AßYH$ma [yU© Hw$H$S>∂{Ìda 01 02 01 OrdZ OrZ{ H$m{ _O]ya h°& X{h Ï`m[ma _{ß ob· _ohbmAm{ß H$r _XX H$r ]mV OraZ 01 01 01 Vm{ hm{Vr h° b{oH$Z _XX H$r OÍ$aV C›h{ß AoYH$ h°, Om{ X{h Ï`m[ma g{ Xya h° OmdX 01 02 01 Am°a Jar]r g{ OyP ahr h°& AZ°oVH$ X{h Ï`m[ma oZam{YH$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ hm{V{ 03 05 03 hwE ^r AoYH$ ‡^mdr H$m`©dmhr Z hm{Zm EH$ oMßVm H$m odf` h°& BZH{$ Ûm{V - [wobg AYrjH$ H$m`m©b`, Zr_M _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r ajm H$r OmZ{ H$r ^r gªV OÍ$aV h°& Bg ‡H$ma [wobg od^mJ g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ]m±N>∂S>m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- g_wXm` H{$ bm{J _mZd VÒH$ar VWm ]oÉ`m{ß H{$ A[haU H$m{ ^r AßOm_ X{ ah{ h°& 1. ZB©XwoZ`m g_mMma [Ã oXZmßH$ 21.07.2013 Zr_M oOb{ _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m g_wXm` H$r oÒWoV - Zr_M oOb{ _{ß ]m±N>∂S>m 2. [wobg AYrjH$ H$m`m©b`, Zr_M g_wXm` H$r oÒWoV oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vr h°& 3. Personal survey. 4. www.naidunia.jagran.com 5. www.bmrnewstrack.blogpost.in 6. www.khulasach.blogpost.in 7. maheshsharmaujn.blogpost.in Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 216

"gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005' H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß g_Ò`m - odoYH$ Edß ›`mo`H$ odd{MZ

odd{H$ ZmJa * em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV em{Y gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß OZgm_m›` H{$ g_j CÀ[ﬁ hm{Z{ dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m odd{MZ H$aVm h° gmW hr Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡_wI ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m odoYH$ Edß ›`mo`H$ odd{MZ ^r oH$`m J`m h°& Amem h° `h em{Y-[Ã gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{Jm VmoH$ CZH$m oZamH$aU hm{ gH{$&

‡ÒVmdZm - ÒdVßÃVm h_mam O›_og’ AoYH$ma h° Am°a BgH$m Ïò∫$ g{ l gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß CÀ[fi AQy>Q> gß]ßY h°& Bgr ÒdVßÃVm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ h_ma{ gßodYmZ oZ_m©VmAm{ß Z{ Ï`dhmnaH$ H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m odd{MZ& gßodYmZ H{$ ^mJ-3 _{ß _m°obH$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ È[ _{ß ÒWmo[V oH$`m h°& `{ l gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡_wI ZdrZ ›`mo`H$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma ^maV _{ß "_mZd Jna_m H{$ gmW OrdZ' H$r ‡À`m^yoV X{V{ oZU©`m{ß H$m odd{MZ& h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ BZH{$ CÑßßKZ hm{Z{ [a Z H{$db CÉ ›`m`mb`m{ß ]oÎH$ CÉV_ odõ{fUmÀ_H$ odd{MZ (‡_wI ‡mdYmZ Edß oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß Ï`dhmnaH$ ›`m`mb`m{ß H$r eaU _{ß ^r [hw±Mm Om gH$Vm h°& H$oR>ZmB©`m±) - `h ghO _mZdr` Òd^md h° oH$ ha Ïò∫$ ¤mam Om{ H$m`© ^maV H{$ gßodYmZ _{ß ‡XŒmm ÒdVÃßVm H{$ odo^fi AoYH$mam{ß _{ß "dmH$≤ Am°a CoMV È[ g{ Zht oH$`m J`m hm{ Cg{ dh Nw>[mZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h° Am°a Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVm' H$m AoYH$ma VWm "‡mU Am°a X°ohH$ ÒdVßÃVm' Cgg{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar X{Z{ g{ ]MZm MmhVm h¢, Am°a E{gm hr Ï`dhma bm{H$ H$m AoYH$ma _hÀd[yU© h°& ‡moYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam Am_ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ gmW oH$`m OmVm ahm h°, gyMZm H$m [ÓmVßÃ H$m{ ^r `WmW© _{ß MnaVmW© H$aZm V^r gß^d h° O] BgH$r Ztd AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ Bg [a ^r AßHw$e bJVm h°& EH$ gwgyoMV, [j[mVaohV Edß OmJÈH$ g_mO [a AmYmnaV hm{& ÒdVßÃVm b{oH$Z `h Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ A›` AoYoZ`_m{ß H$r ^mßoV Bg H{$ B›ht _m°obH$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ odÒV•V d Am_ ZmJnaH$m{ß VH$ gwJ_Vm g{ AoYoZ`_ H$m{ [mnaV H$a X{Z{ _mÃ g{ [maXer©, ^´ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ ‡emgZ VßÃ [hw±MmZ{ H{$ ob`{ gßgX Z{ 15 OyZ 2005 H$m{ "îgyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{ Om`{Jr ]oÎH$ _hÀd[yU© `h h° oH$ Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m 2005"î AoYoZò_V oH$`m h°& oH´$`m›d`Z oH$g ‡H$ma hm{ ahm h°& C∫$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ [mnaV oH$`{ OmZ{ H{$ [yd© hr _mZZr` gdm}É dmÒVodH$Vm H{$ YamVb [a X{I{ß Vm{ ‡oVoXZ o‡ßQ> _roS>`m, Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ ›`m`mb` H{$ ¤mam [r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ogodb ob]Q>r©O odÈ’ ^maV _roS>`m VWm Bg gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m ‡`m{J H$a MwH{$ bm{Jm{{ g{ MMm© H{$ gßK 1 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma (Right to Information) AWm©V≤ AmYma [a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gß]ßoYV bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mar `m Vm{ "OmZZ{ H$m AoYH$ma' H$m{ dmH$≤ Am°a Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVÃßVm H{$ AßVJ©V Mmhr JB© OmZH$mar AmgmZr g{ C[b„Y Zht H$admV{ h° `m 30 oXdg H$r _m°obH$ AoYH$ma _mZm J`m h°& AoYH$V_ oZYm©naV AdoY [yU© hm{Z{ [a OmZH$mar C[b„Y H$admV{ h°, `hm± Bgr ‡H$ma _mZZr` gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ Bea Am∞`b ob. odÈ’ VH$ oH$ Hw$N> H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ AVßJ©V Amd{XZ [Ã X{Z{ h{ÎW CÀH$f© go_oV 2 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß `h oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h° oH$ AZw¿N{>X [a oZbßo]V H$aZ{ H$r M{VmdZr VH$ X{ Xr OmVr h¢& 21 Edß OmZZ{ H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ ]rM Jham gß]ßY h°, ode{f È[ g{ V], O] `⁄o[ Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m{ oH´$`mo›dV oH$`{ OmZ{ H{$ ob`{ AZ{H$ ‡mdYmZ gaH$ma H{$ Jm{[Zr` odoZÌM`m{ß g{ _mZd ÒdmÒœ`, OrdZ Edß AmOrodH$m oH$`{ J`{ ‡VrV hm{V{ h°, O°g{- Bg AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 6 (2) H{$ AZwgma ‡^modV hm{Vr h°& gyMZm H{$ Amd{XZ [Ã _{ß gyMZm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m H$maU ]VmZm AmdÌ`H$ Zht AV: C[am{∫$ oZU©`m{ß H{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß Edß " gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ hm{Jm& 2005' [mnaV hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ bm{H$ ‡moYH$mna`m{ß H{$ oZ`ÃßU _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr Ymam 7 H{$ AZwgma AZwam{Y `m Amd{XZ ‡mo· H$r 30 oXdg H$r bm{H$ohV g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar VH$ ^maV H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$r [hw±M AdoY _{ß gyMZm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ `m odohV (Ymam 8 d 9) ‡mdYmZm{ß _| g{ oH$gr gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ Am°a EH$ [maXer© ‡emgZ X{Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h° Om{ EH$ H$maU g{ hr AZwam{Y AÒdrH$ma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°, `hm± VH$ oH$ Bgr ^maV _{ß bm{H$ H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm d ^´ÓQ>mMma am{H$Z{ H$r oXem Ymam _{ß `h ^r ‡mdYmZ h° oH$ òX Amd{oXV OmZH$mar oH$gr Ïò∫$ H{$ _{ß EH$ _rb H$m [ÀWa gmo]V hm{Jm& OrdZ `m ÒdVßÃVm g{ gß]ßoYV h° Vm{ E{g{ AZwam{Y H{$ 48 KßQ{> H{$ ^rVa A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z oZÂZoboIV C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß C[b„Y H$am`r Om`{Jr& Bgr ‡H$ma Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ A‹`m` 3 d 4 _{ß aIH$a oH$`m J`m h° - H´$_e: H{$›–r` d am¡` gyMZm Am`m{J H{$ JR>Z oH$`m J`m h° VWm A‹`m` l gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z gß]ßYr ‡_wI 5 (Ymam 18) _{ß gyMZm Am`m{Jm{ß H$m{ eo∫$`m± ‡XŒm H$r JB© h°& Bg_{ `h ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m odd{MZ& ‡mdYmZ ^r _hÀd[yU© h° oH$ `{ Am`m{J oH$gr bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mar ¤mam

* ‡mMm`©, kmZ _ßoXa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.), em{YmWu, _‹`‡X{e ^m{O _w∫$ odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 217

Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V gyMZm H{$ ob`{ ‡m· Amd{XZm{ß H$m{ b{Z{ g{ odoY H{$ AßVJ©V oJa‚Vma Ïò∫$ H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` odoY`m{ß _{ß oJa‚Vma BßH$ma H$aZ{ [a `m gyMZm Zht X{Z{ [a, A[yU© `m ^´m_H$ gyMZm X{Z{ [a 250 Ïò∫$ H$m{ oJa‚Vmar H{$ H$maU ]Vm`{ OmZ{ Mmoh`{& È. g{ 25000 È. VH$ H$r emoÒV bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mar [a Amam{o[V H$a gßO` ogßh R>mHw$a ]Zm_ N>ŒmmrgJ∂T> am¡` Edß A›` 4 H{$ ‡H$aU gH$V{ h°& _{ß `h oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h° N>ŒmmrgJ∂T> gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma (\$rg Edß AV: Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r oXem _{ß Bg AoYoZ`_ _{ß ewÎH$) 2005 H$m oZ`_ 4 CZ Ïò∫$`m{ß h{Vw o^fi Ï`dhma C[]ßoYV H$aVm ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ J`{ h° b{oH$Z dmÒVodH$Vm `h h° oH$ bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mna`m{ß h° Om{ Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ Zht h°& E{gm dJr©H$aU `wo∫$`w∫$ h°& ¤mam Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m AWm©›d`Z dmÒVodH$ È[ _{ß Zht oH$`{ OmZ{ g{ `yoZ`Z Am∞\$ BoS>`m ]Zm_ AoZVm ogßh 5 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß _mZZr` Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AßVJ©V OZ gm_m›` H$m{ gyMZm ‡m· H$amZ{ gß]ßYr oXÑr CÉ ›`m`mb` Z{ oZYm©naV oH$`m h° oH$ oH$gr [mg[m{Q©>Ymar H$r AoYoZ`_ H$r _yb ^mdZm [a od[arV ‡^md [∂S> ahm h°& O›_oVoW Edß oZdmg H$m [Vm Ïò∫$JV OmZH$mar hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU gyMZm H{$ Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß ‡_wI g_Ò`m `h ^r h° oH$ AoYH$ma H$r [naoY _{ß Zht AmVr h°& Am_ ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ BgH$r Ï`m[H$ OmZH$mar H$m A^md h¢, gmW hr odo^fi oZÓH$f© - AV: oZÓH$f© È[ _{ß `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ gyMZm H$m bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ CÉ AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m `h ^r ^` hm{Vm AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H{$ g\$b d ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß ‡_wI g_Ò`m BgH{$ h° oH$ gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ AßVJ©V Ny>Q> ‡m· OmZH$mar CZH{$ ¤mam Z X{ Xr Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma-‡gma Z oH$`{ OmZ{, BgH{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ AZwÈ[ AWm©›d`Z Z OmE& oH$`{ OmZ{ VWm Hw$N> bm{H$ gyMZm ‡moYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam Bg{ Jß^raVm g{ Z ob`{ Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m{ CgH$r _yb ^mdZm H{$ AZwÈ[ bmJy H$amZ{ H{$ ob`{ OmZ{ H$r h° gmW hr gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H$m XwÈ[`m{J Ïò∫$JV AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ OZgm_m›` H{$ _‹` Bg "gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma' H$m Ï`m[H$ ¤{f H{$ H$maU ^r hm{ ahm h¢, Bg{ ^r am{H{$ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h¢& Ïò∫$JV ‡Mma-‡gma H$aZ{ h{Vw "M{VZm oeoda' Am`m{oOV oH$`{ Om`{ Edß ‡Mma H{$ OmZH$mar H$m{ `⁄o[ AoYoZ`_ H$r [naoY H{$ ]mha aIm J`m h° b{oH$Z Bg dV©_mZ _{ß C[b„Y ZdrZ gßgmYZm{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Omd{ VmoH$ Bg AoYoZ`_ _{ß "Ïò∫$JV OmZH$mar' H$m{ odÒV•V Tß>J g{ [na^mofV Am°a AoYH$ma g{ OZgm_m›` AdJV hm{H$a CZ_{ß OmJÈH$Vm Am gH{$ & Ò[ÓQ> oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ob`{ ohVJ´mhr`m{ß H{$ gmW VWmo[ Amem h° oH$ ›`m`[mobH$m `m H{$›–r` Edß am¡` gyMZm Am`m{J gmW CZ g^r ‡moYH$mna`m{ß, gßÒWmAm{ß oOZ [a AoYoZ`_ H{$ [mbZ _{ßß H{$ H$R>m{a oZU©`m{ß ¤mam Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z hm{Jm Am°a gyMZm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ d AoYoZ`_ H$m{ bmJy H$amZ{ H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd h°, H$m{ Bg ^maV _{ß EH$ [maXer© ^´ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ bm{H$VßÃ H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{Jr& AV: `h AoYoZ`_ g{ gß]ßoYV odoYH$ Ï`dhmnaH$ ‡oH´$`mÀ_H$ ‡oejU C[b„Y H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ "gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_î 2005 Òd¿N> bm{H$VßÃ H$am`m OmE oOgH{$ ob`{ MòZV odoYd{ŒmmmAm{ß, ‡m‹`m[H$m{ß d H$r oXem _{ß EH$ gamhZr` ‡`mg VWm _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h¢& ›`m`YreJUm{ß H$r ghm`Vm br Om gH$Vr h°& BgH{$ ob`{ bJ^J g^r gßX^© :- am¡`m{ß _{ß gßMmobV hm{ ah{ h° ›`mo`H$ AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ ‡oejU gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß 1. E.AmB©.Ama. 2004 gw.H$m{. 1442 ^r ‡oejU gÃ/H$m`©embmEß Am`m{oOV oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h°, oOZ_{ß OmJÈH$ 2. E.AmB©.Ama. 2004 gw.H$m{. 1834 ZmJnaH$, J°a emgH$r` Òd`ßg{dr gßÒWmAm{ß Edß g_ÒV od^mJm{ß H{$ 3. E.AmB©.Ama. 2012 gw.H$m{. 3370 ‡moYH$mna`m{ß A›` H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ gß`w∫$ È[ g{ ‡oejU oX`m OmZm CoMV 4. 2014 (I) _.‡. oZU©` gma 84 hm{Jm& 5. E.AmB©.Ama. 2014 oXÑr 23 Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß EH$ ‡_wI H$oR>ZmB© `h ^r h° oH$ bm{H$ gyMZm AoYH$mar ¤mam oZYm©naV AdoY _{ß gyMZm Z X{Z{, Mmhr J`r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- gyMZm Z X{Z{ AmoX [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß A[rbr` AoYH$ma Cgr od^mJ H{$ 1. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma - odÓUw amOJo∂T>`m Edß AaodßX H{$Oardmb, dnaÓR> AoYH$mar H$m{ oX`{ J`{ h°& AV: ‡W_ A[rbr` AoYH$mar ¤mam amOH$_b ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr A[Z{ AYrZÒW AoYH$mar H{$ odÈ’ Jß^ra H$m`©dmhr oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AoYH$ 2. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma _mJ©Xoe©H$m - ]bdßVogßh Edß gßO` MamQ{>- gß^mdZm Zht hm{Vr h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma gyMZm C[b„Y H$adm`{ OmZ{ H$m 30 MamQ{> [o„boeßJ hmD$g, BßXm°a oXdg H$m g_` ]hwV AoYH$ h° Om{ H$_ oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 3. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 - AOrV Hw$_ma d_m©, BoS>`m oH´$`m›d`Z H$r oXem _{ß ‡_wI ZdrZ ›`mo`H$ oZU©` - gw^mf [o„boeßJ H$Â[Zr, BßXmß°a [m{[Q>bmb Xd{ ]Zm_ ^maV gßK 3 H{$ ‡H$aU _{ß _mZZr` gdm}É ›`m`mb` 4. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 - S>m∞. A^` ogßh `mXd, Z{ oZYm©naV oH$`m h° oH$ gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ AßVJ©V oZdmaH$ oZam{Y g{›Q≠>b bm∞ [o„bH{$eZ , Bbmhm]mX

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 218 A Study of an Effectiveness of CLT Method of College Students' English Language Teaching

Jaimini K. Surani *

Introduction - Language has the Special Power on human Table – 1.1 from the birth. The Child’s parents and family members Two Groups, Random Samples only Pre-Test Post- continuously try to teach words and languages for making Test Technique. him eligible person in society and for this, parents and gardians use sugar coated words. Group Pre-Test Pre-Test Independent Post-Test Humans journey of life flourishes by the grace of his Variable speech. If the flame of word does not light in the world, the Experimental ER T1E X T2E Triloka would be drawn in the darkness. Man is a social Group animal and to hold on his existence in the society he has to Control Group CR T1C T2C communicate his thoughts with others. The language is the most fundamental medium to communicate. He wants to share his own ideas and thoughts with others. Language is Statistical Technique an, essential medium to express one’s thoughts. When the ‘t’ test (‘t’ value) language was not in existence, the man was using an exact signs to express his views. Gradually it developed. Slowly, Tools the humans started expressing his own views to others by 1. Linguistic Competence Test the medium of language. Thus, language developed more 2. Task Based Linguistic Competence Programme of CLT and more and used as a communicative in daily routine life. Now a days, English language learning is increasing more Analysis Of Experimental And Control Groups’ Linguistic and more very much. English language learning is provided Competence - The main object of the research is to examine thorough various methods. the effectiveness of task based learning. After the pre-test Research Problem- A Study of an Effectiveness of CLT the researcher make the students done the Teaching Method of College Students’ English Language Teaching. Learning by TBL (Task Based Learning) programme. Objectives - Table – 1.2 (see in next page) 1. To instruct the CLT based Linguistic Competence The observed value of ‘t’ is found to be 0.62 which is Programme for Teaching English Language. less than the table value of ‘t’ 2.04. The difference is non- 2. To examine an effectiveness of CLT based Linguistic significant. Hence, the Null Hypothesis “There is no Competence Programme in English Language Learning. significant difference between the mean score of Linguistic 3. To recommend making English Language Learning an Competence of Pre-Test of Experimental Group and Control effective. Group” was accepted. Null Hypothesis - It can be said from the ‘t’ value, that there is no significant

HO1 There is no significant difference between the mean difference between the mean score of linguistic competence score of Linguistic Competence of Pre-Test of Experimental of control group and experimental group. The mean value Group and Control Group. shows that the control group and experimental group were

HO2 There is no significant difference between the mean kept equal linguistic competence. score of Post Test of control Group and Experimental Group. Sample And Sampeling Teahniques - In the present Table – 1.3 (see in bottom) investigation, objective based technique was adopted to draw The observed value of ‘t’ is found to be 9.21 which is the sample. 60 college students were taken as a sample. more than the table value of ‘t’ 2.75. The difference is Research Mehod - In Present research, experimental significant at 0.01 levlel. Hence, the Null Hypothesis “ There method has been used as a research method. This research is no significant difference between the mean score of Post has been done through the following technique. Test of control Group and Experimental Group” was rejected.

*** ** Research Scholar, Master Of Education College,Vidhyanagari, Himatnagar (Gujarat) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 219

It can be said from the ‘t’ value that there is significant 3. The basic facilities should be provided in the schools. difference between the mean score of linguistic competence 4. The communicative method should be admit to remove of control group and experimental groups’ post test. May be the generation gap between teachers-students, its reason is that, experimental groups was treatment by students-parents. CLT method etc. Research Findings - References - 1. There is no significant difference found in the pre-test marks of experimental and control groups’ English 1. Paliwal A.K. (1996), “Communicative Language Language Linguistic Competence. Teaching”, Jaipur : Surbhi Prakashan. 2. According to the second null hypothesis of the research, 2 Littlewood, W. (1981), “Communicative Lang. Teaching the significant difference has been found in the mean – An Introduction”, Cambridge” Cambridge Uni. Press. score of experimental group and control groups’ Post- 3 Mukhalal Joseph (2006), “Linguistic for the Teacher”, Test. It means according to the main objective of the Delhi : Arora Offset Press. research, the experimental group has been given the 4 Nunan, David (1993), “Designing Tasks for tryout of TBL and control group learnt independently. It Communicative Classroom”, Cambridge : Cambridge means, we can find the effectiveness of TBL. Uni. Press. Recommendations - 5 Paliwal, A.K. (1996), “Com.Lang.Teaching”, Jaipur : 1. Workshop should be arranged at different level for Surbhi Prakasan. language teaching. 6 William Littlewood (2004), “The Task Based Approach : 2. The Gujarat Government should try to apply TBL in Some Questions & Suggestions”, Oxford : Oxford schools and colleges. University Press.

Table – 1.2 Significance of Difference between mean score of Linguistic Competence with Groups

Group Number N Mean M Stand.Devia:SD M.D. SED ‘t’Value Exp.Group 30 17.96 4.00 0.33 0.53 0.62 NS Cont.Group 30 17.63 4.00

* 0.05 Significant Level ‘t’ table value – 2.04 ** 0.01 Significant Level ‘t’ table value – 2.75 NS Non-Significant

Table – 1.3 Significance of Difference between the mean score of Post Test of Groups

Group Number N Mean M Stand.Devia:SD M.D. SED ‘t’Value Exp.GroupPre-test 30 29.13 13.56 9.63 1.04 9.21 ** Cont.GroupPost-test 30 19.05 19.2

* 0.05 Significant Level ‘t’ table value – 2.04 ** 0.01 Significant Level ‘t’ table value – 2.75 NS Non-Significant Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 220

Emotionally Intelligent Teachers "Need Of An Hour"

* ** Dr. M.P. Gupta * Mrs. Rashmi Dadhich **

Introduction - MICHAEL GOVE says “There are instead of “You” when making a statement. For example, academically bright people who cannot teach for toffee and instead of saying, “You are not working hard enough to other people who may not have been the most gifted at understand this concept,” say, “I am confused about university [but] who have the emotional intelligence and spark what is making this concept difficult to understand. Let’s to really engage a classroom.” try together to understand what is not making sense.” Whether your title is professor, instructor, lecturer, Avoiding putting the students on the defensive may help adjunct or other, your responsibility to your students is to open their minds to learning. teach. Your students look to you for the wisdomyou have 3. Be honest and own up to your mistakes. If a student gained from your research, your educational background or asks you a question and you do not know the answer, your practical experience and your overall intelligence. honesty can be the best policy. Tell the student that However, being an effective instructor does not solely depend you will do some research and get back to them on your intellectual quotient (IQ); it also depends on how regarding the correct answer. Also, if you make a well you can use your emotional intelligence (EI). From my mistake, apologize and correct yourself and then move experience teaching in higher education, I have observed forward. By setting a good example of honesty in the that not every student learns through the same methods, is classroom, you will hopefully be encouraging honesty motivated in the same manner, or acts in the same way in a from your students. Remember to not only walk the classroom (live or online). So, it seems apparent that walk but also talk the talk! recognizing differences in teaching and learning styles, as 4. Validate students. We as humans like to feel valued well as being able to connect with your students, is important rather than dismissed. So, make an effort to understand to produce a beneficial outcome. what your students may be feeling and relay this to The term emotional intelligence gained popularity in 1990 them while also helping them resolve their own issues. when Salovey and Mayer explained their thoughts on the If a student says that they are so tired of doing hours of subject. Although there are many components to being tedious homework every night, you could say, “I know emotionally intelligent, here are a few ideas of how to use you are feeling tired because the problems assigned emotional intelligence in the classroom. do take a lot of energy to solve and I appreciate the 1. Create an environment of respect. If you want your hard work you are putting into the class. “ students to respect you and your classroom rules, you Becoming an emotionally intelligent teacher is a journey must respect each of them. As Ralph Waldo Emerson and process, not an arrival state or end result. Emotionally stated, “Men are respectable only as they respect. Do intelligent teachers are active in their orientation to not get frustrated if some students are not learning the students, work, and life. They are resilient in response to material as quickly as you expect. A major part of negative stress and less likely to overwhelm themselves with emotional intelligence is showing empathy. Try to put pessimism and strong, negative emotions. An emotionally yourself in your student’s shoes and remember what it intelligent teacher learns and applies emotional intelligence was like when you were learning a new concept and skills to improve: how it made you feel. Teachers who intentionally develop emotional skills and 2. Manage your emotions while taking responsibility. There model emotionally intelligent behavior on a daily basis will be situations that frustrate you, but not only should experience more success and satisfaction in their you obviously learn to hold back visible anger, you professional career and life. Emotionally intelligent teachers should also take responsibility for your emotions without are more resilient and proactive in responding to stressors placing blame on your students. Focus on using “I” and less likely to react to stress. A current interest in

** *** Retd. Principal, Prashanti T.T. College, Kota (Raj.) INDIA ** ** *** *** Research Scholar, Career Point University, Kota, (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 221 education is the growing awareness that the development of References- social and emotional skills in children is critical for the foundation of academic knowledge in the classroom. The 1. Charles Darwin, “On the Origin of Species by Means of early childhood educator is in a position to be a powerful Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races nurturer of the social emotional development in young in the Struggle for Life,” 1859. children. It is important, therefore, to challenge early 2. Farooq, A. (2003), Effect of Emotional Intelligence on childhood teachers, particularly veteran teachers, to take a Academic Performance. Institute of Clinical Psychology/ closer look at their own social and emotional skills and to University of Karachi. systematically reassess these skills through an emotionally 3. Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional intelligent “lens”. The field of emotional intelligence is a new intelligence, New York: Bantam. and exciting area of academic research that 4. Mayer, J.D. & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional looks at emotional abilities intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (eds.): Emotional Teachers who model emotional intelligence development and emotional intelligence: Implications are characterized by: for educators (pp. 3-31). 1. intentional reflective (not reactive) behavior, 5. New York: Basic Books. Samuel O. Salami (2007) 2. more flexible (not resistant to change), Emotional Intelligence and self efficacy to work attitudes 3. assertive communication (not aggressive or passive), among Secondary School teachers in south western 4. more optimistic and hopeful (not pessimistic and Nigeria. Essays in Education, vol. 20. negative), 6. Singaravelu S. (2007) Emotional Intelligence of student 5. and relies on skills and positive habits (notreactive teachers (pre-service) at primary level in Puducherry habits). region. M.Ed. Dissertation. “As a general rule, the smarter an individual is in terms 7. Todd L. Drew (2006) the relationship between emotional of IQ and EQ, the more opportunity , for that person to intelligence and student teacher performance. Ph. D. be a great teacher ''

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 222

]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z

Xr[H$ [ßMm{br* em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© amOÒWmZ am¡` H{$ ^rbdm∂S>m oOb{ H{$ oObm _wª`mb` [a gÂ[fi oH$`m J`m h°& em{Y H$m _wª` C‘{Ì` ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a, ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹ìZ H$aZm ahm h°& ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ 100 ]mbH$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m& AmßH$∂S{>ß EH$oÃV H$aZ{ h{Vw g_m`m{OZ H{$ obE S>m∞. E.H{$.[r. og›hm Edß S>m∞. Ama.[r. ogßh H$r g_m`m{OZ _m[Zr Edß S>m∞. ZobZr amd H$m ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y [arjU H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m& AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ odõ{fU h{Vw _‹`_mZ, _mZH$ odMbZ, Q>r-Q{>ÒQ> Edß ghgÂ]›Y Zm_H$ gmßoª`H$r H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m& em{Y H{$ oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ _{ß kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& odf` gßH{$V - ]mbH$ H$r ‡W_ [mR>embm CgH$m [nadma h° Edß ‡W_ 5. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ oejH$ CgH{$ _mVm-o[Vm& ]mbH$ H{$ _mZogH$ odH$mg [a Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ ‡^md H$m{ kmV H$aZm& Ï`dhma H$m goH´$` ‡^md hm{Vm h°& (Ozeinar 2006) H{$ AZwgma, [naH$Î[Zm - AZwgßoYÀgw ¤mam ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z H{$ ob`{ oZÂZmoHß$V Ao^^mdH$ ]mbH$ H{$ obE ‡mWo_H$ gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$aV{ h¢ [naH$Î[ZmAm{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m h° - Edß ]mbH$ H{$ odH$mg H$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mV{ h¢& 1. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gß]ßY ]mbH$m{ H{$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ ]mbH$ A[Z{ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ gmW _mZogH$ Edß ^mdZmÀ_H$ Í$[ _{ß Ow∂S>m gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ ‡^modV Zht H$aV{ h°& ahVm h°& òX ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y _O]yV Edß gH$mamÀ_H$ h° Vm{ 2. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gß]ßY ]mbH$m{ H{$ gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ [yd© AZw^d `h ]VmV{ h¢ oH$ ]mbH$ _{ß AmÀ_odÌdmg, g_m`m{OZ Edß A[Z{ ‡^modV Zht H$aV{ h°& b˙` oZYm©naV H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm _{ß d•o’ hm{Vr h°& (Jewell and Stark 3. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gß]ßY ]mbH$m{ H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ gmW©H$ 2003)& Í$[ g{ ‡^modV Zht H$aV{ h°& [yd© _{ß oH$`{ J`{ em{Ym{ß g{ Bg ]mV H{$ _O]yV ‡_mU o_bV{ h¢ oH$ oOZ 4. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a H$m{B© ]Ém{ H{$ Ao^^mdH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ AoYH$ CXma ‡H•$oV H{$ hm{V{ h¢ß& gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht h°& CZH{$ ]É{ ^mdr OrdZ H$r odo^fi [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß AoYH$ g\$bVm[yd©H$ [mna^mofH$ e„Xmdbr ñ A[Zm g_m`m{OZ H$a b{V{ h¢& dht Xygar Am{a VmZmemh ‡H•$oV H{$ 1. g_m`m{OZ - ]m{naßJ b°J\°$ÎS> VWm d{bS> H{$ AZwgma, "g_`m{OZ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ ]É{ß Z H{$db A[Z{ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ gmW ]oÎH$ g_mO _{ß dh ‡oH´$`m h° oOgH{$ ¤mam ‡mUr A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß VWm ^r Hw$g_m`m{OZ g{ JógV ahV{ h¢& AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ dmbr [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ H$r ‡d•oŒm Z H{$db CZH{$ Amg-[mg H{$ Ïò∫$`m{ß gßVwbZ aIVm h°&' H$m{ ]oÎH$ CZH{$ Òd`ß H$r e°joUH$ C[bo„Y H$m{ ^r ‡^modV H$aVr h° Edß 2. Ao^^mdH$ - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß Ao^^mdH$ H{$ g›X^© _{ß _mVm Am°a CZH$m{ ôdÓ` _{ß o_bZ{ dmbr g\$bVm Am°a Ag\$bVm H$m ^r oZYm©aU o[Vm H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°& H$aVr h°& AV: ]mbH$ H{$ gÂ[yU© odH$mg _{ß g_m`m{OZ EH$ _hÀd[yU© KQ>H$ Ma - H$r ^yo_H$m AXm H$aVm h°& EH$ ]É{ H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß CgH{$ d 1. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y (ÒdV›Ã- Ma) Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ _‹` gÂ]›Y A[Zm _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ aIV{ h¢& (Amato, 2. g_m`m{OZ (AmolV Ma) P.R. 1994)& em{Y g_Ò`m H$m [nagr_Z - AZwgßoYÀgw ¤mam ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m [nagr_Z C[am{∫$ odd{MZ H{$ AZwgma ]mbH$ H{$ gdm©ßJrU odH$mg _{ß g_m`m{OZ oZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ oH$`m J`m h° - H$m _hÀd Edß g_m`m{OZ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aZ{ _{ß Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m H{$ 1. Bg bKw em{Y H{$ AmßH$∂S{> EH$Ã H$aZ{ h{Vw ^rbdm∂S>m oOb{ H{$ Mma od⁄mb`m{ß g›X^© _{ß hr ‡ÒVwV em{Y gÂ[fi oH$`m J`m h°& H$m{ MwZm J`m h°& em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV em{Y ‡]›Y H$r g\$bVm h{Vw oZÂZmßoH$V C‘{Ì`m{ß H´$. od⁄mb` H$m Zm_ ]mbH$m{ß H$r H$m{ oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h° - gß. gßª`m 1. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y H$m{ kmV H$aZm& 1. amOH$r` _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`, gw^mfZJa, ^rbdm∂S>m 25 2. ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gd{ßJmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ H$m [Vm bJmZm& 2. amOH$r` _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`, amO{›– _mJ©, ^rbdm∂S>m 25 3. ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m [Vm bJmZm& 3. dY©_mZ _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`, ^rbdm∂S>m 25 4. ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ H$m [Vm bJmZm& 4. _h{e oejm gXZ , ^rbdm∂S>m 25 ** ***nagM© ÒH$m∞ba, [r.Or. oS>[mQ©>_{›Q> Am∞\$ ÒQ>{{{S>rO BZ E¡```wH{$eZ,wH{$eZ,wH{$eZ, [{ogo\$H$[{ogo\$H$[{ogo\$H$ EH{$S>_rEH{$S>_rEH{$S>_r Am∞\$Am∞\$Am∞\$ hmhmhm``à E¡```wH{$eZwH{$eZwH{$eZ ES>ES>ES> nagM©nagM©nagM© ```woZdog©Q>r,woZdog©Q>r,woZdog©Q>r, CXCXCX```[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 223

Mma _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß g{ ‡oV od⁄mb` 25 ]mbH$m{ß H$m M`Z ÒVa j{Ã _{ß o[Vm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ `m—o¿N>H$ odoY g{ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma 25 ( 4 = 100 ]mbH$m{ß [a `h _‹`_mZ H´$_e : 6.22 d 5.44 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zm{ g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß em{Y oH$`m J`m h°& H{$ obE Q>r _mZ 3.51 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 1. Bg bKw em{Y h{Vw _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ H$jm 10 H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ g{ AoYH$ [m`m J`m& AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß MòZV oH$`m J`m h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ 2. Bg bKw em{Y _{ß 100 ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`m h°& g_m`m{OZ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& em{Y odoY - ‡ÒVwV AZwgßYmZ H$m`© h{Vw AZwgßoYÀgw ¤mam gd}jU odoY 2. gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ -VmobH$m-2 _{ß gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& j{Ã _{ß o[Vm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ _‹`_mZ em{Y C[H$aU - em{YH$Œmmm© ¤mam A[Z{ em{YH$m`© h{Vw S>m∞. ZobZr amd H$m H´$_e : 8.20 d 5.25 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H{$ obE Q>r "]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y [arjU', VWm g_m`m{OZ h{Vw S>m∞. E. H{$. [r. _mZ 4.83 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 g{ AoYH$ og›hm Edß S>m∞. Ama. [r. ogßh H$r g_m`m{OZ _m[Zr H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m [m`m J`m & AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Bgg{ J`m h°& Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ ›`mXe© - em{YmWr© ¤mam A[Z{ bKw em{Y h{Vw `m—o¿N>H$ ‡oVM`Z ›`mXe© g_m`m{OZ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& odoY H$r ghm`Vm g{ ^rbdm∂S>m oOb{ H{$ _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV 3. e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ - VmobH$m-2 _{ß gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa Xgdt H$jm H{$ Hw$b 100 ]mbH$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& j{Ã _{ß o[Vm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ _‹`_mZ gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$r - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß em{YH$Œmmm© ¤mam oZÂZoboIV H´$_e : 4.49 d 6.86 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zmß{ g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H{$ obE Q>r gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`m{J H$a [naUm_ ‡m· oH$`{ J`{ h¢ - _mZ 3.12 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 g{ AoYH$ 1. _‹`_mZ [m`m J`m & AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Bgg{ 2. ‡_m[ odMbZ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ 3. "Q>r' - AZw[mV [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& 4. ghgß]ßY VmobH$m - 3 Ï`mª`m Edß odõ{fU - VmobH$m -1 (X{I{ VmobH$m) ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$ H{$ g_m`m{OZ [a [∂S>Z{ Ï`mª`m Edß odõ{fU - dmb{ ‡^md H$m ghgß]ßY JwUmßH$ H{$ AmYma [a odõ{fU 1. gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ - VmobH$m-1 _{ß gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ g_yh Ma gh gß]ßY .01/.05 [a ÒVa j{Ã _{ß _mVm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ _‹`_mZ JwUmßH$ gmW©H$Vm H´$_e : 5.43 d 4.64 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H{$ obE Q>r H$m _mZ _mZ 3.57 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 g{ AoYH$ ]mbH$ ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ 0.998 0.01 gmW©H$ [m`m J`m & AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Bgg{ N=100 gßß]ßY (X Ma) ghgß]ßYß [m`m Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ J`m& g_m`m{OZ [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& g_m`m{OZ 2. gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ -VmobH$m-1 _{ß gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa (Y Ma) j{Ã _{ß _mVm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ _‹`_mZ ÒdV›ÃVm H{$ Aße (df=98) [a H´$_e : 8 d 6 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H{$ obE Q>r _mZ 0.05 ÒVa [a _mZ - 0.760 3.33 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 g{ AoYH$ [m`m 0.01 ÒVa [a _mZ - 0.973 J`m & AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> C[am{∫$ gmaUr g{ oZÂZ [naUm_ [nabojV hm{V{ h° - ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ hm{Vm h° oH$ _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ gß]ßY VWm g_m`m{OZ Xm{Zm{ß Mam{ [a _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ ›`mXe© ]mbH$m{ß [a gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& (N=100) H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H{$ _‹` ghgÂ]›Y JwUmßH$ _mZ R= 0.998 ‡m· 3. e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ - VmobH$m-1 _{ß gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa hwAm& Om{ oH$ oZÂZmßoH$V gmaUr g{ `h _mZ CÉ YZmÀ_H$ h°& j{Ã _{ß _mVm H$m ]mbH$ H{$ gmW A¿N{> gÂ]›Y d ]wa{ gÂ]›Y H{$ _‹`_mZ ghgß]ßY JwUmßH$ H´$_e : 6 d 4 ‡m· hwE h° VWm Xm{Zmß{ g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß H{$ obE Q>r _mZ + 1 d ñ 1 [yU© ghgß]ßY 4.34 ‡m· hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr _mZ 2.62 g{ AoYH$ [m`m + 0.81 d ñ 0.81 g{ + 0.90 dñ 0.90 AoV CÉ ghgß]ßY J`m & AV: Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ _‹`_mZm{ß _{ß ^r gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> + 0.61 d ñ 0.61 g{ + 0.80 d ñ 0.80 CÉ ghgß]ßY hm{Vm h° oH$ _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ [a + 0.41 dñ 0.41 g{ + 0.60 dñ 0.60 gmYmaU ghgß]ßY gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& + 0.21 dñ 0.21 g{ + 0.40 d ñ 0.40 oZÂZ ghgß]ßY VmobH$m -2 (X{I{ VmobH$m) 00 g{ + 0.20 d ñ 0.20 ZJ` ghgß]ßY Ï`mª`m Edß odõ{fU - `h _mZ .01 ÒVa H{$ gmaUr_mZ 0.973 g{ AoYH$ [m`m J`m h° AWm©V≤ 1. gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ - VmobH$m-2 _{ß gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ Xm{Zm{ß Mam{ß H{$ _‹` CÉ ghgß]ßY hm{H$a gmW©H$ gß]ßY [m`m J`m h°& Bgg{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 224

H$hm Om gH$Vm h° O] EH$ Ma H{$ _mZ _{ß d•o’ hm{Vr h° Vm{ Xygam Ma Cgr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- oXem _{ß ]T>Vm h°& Bgg{ `h oZÓH$f© oZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ]mbH$- 1. Amato, P.R. (1994). Life – Span Adjustment of Children to Ao^^mdH$ gßß]ßY A¿N{> hm{Z{ [a CZH{$ ]mbH$m{ß H$r g_m`m{OZ j_Vm ^r their Parents’ Divorce. The Future of Children. 4, 143 – 164. 2. Breebacher John. S. (1969) Modern Philosophies of CÉ ÒVa H$r hm{Jr& education New york-Mcgraw HillBook Company. 3. Jewell J.D., Stark K.D. (2003). Comparing the family em{Y A‹``Z g{ ‡m· ‡_wI oZÓH$f©- environments of adolescents with conduct disorder or 1. _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ [a depression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12 : 77 – 89. 4. Am{∂S>, b˙_r bmb H{$., " oejm H$r Xme©oZH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ ', amOÒWmZ J´ßW gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& AH$mX_r, O`[wa (amOÒWmZ)& 2. _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ [a 5. Ozcinar Z (2006) ' The Instructional Communicative gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& Qualification of Parents with Students : Cypriot Journal of 3. _mVm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ [a Educational Sciences ' 1 : 24 – 30. 6. [mS{>, S>m∞. am_e∑b " ^maVr` oejm Xe©Z H$r Í$[a{Im ', odZm{X [wÒVH$ gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& _o›Xa, AmJam& 4. o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ [a 7. am`, [magZmW (2011), " AZwgßYmZ [naM` ' b˙_rZmam`U AJ´dmb, gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& AmJam& 5. o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ [a 8. amd, S>m∞. ZobZr, " ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gÂ]›Y [arjU '& 9. og›hm, S>m∞. ]r.H{$. "e°ojH$ Edß CXr`_mZ ^maVr` g_mO', [Ÿm gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& [o„bH{$eZ, O`[wa& 6. o[Vm H{$ A¿N{> d ]wa{ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ [a 10. Sinha, A.K.P. and Singh, R.P. (1971). Adjustment Inventory gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& for School Students.Agra : National Psychological 7. ]mbH$-Ao^^mdH$ gß]ßY ]mbH$m{ H{$ g_m`m{OZ H$m{ gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ Corporation. 11. lrdmÒVd, Eg.EZ. (2008), " ^maVr` oejm _Zm{odkmZ ', bIZD$, ‡^modV H$aV{ h¢& ^maVr` oejm em{Y [oÃH$m&

VmobH$m -1 _mVm H{$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa [a ‡^md H$m odõ{fU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. j{Ã g_yh gß]ßY gßª`m _‹`_mZ ‡_m[ odMbZ Q>r-_yÎ` gmW©H$Vm ÒVa 0.05/0.01 [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 32 5.43 4.19 3.57 gmW©H$ A›Va h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 10 4.64 3.16 gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 32 8 2.29 3.33 gmW©H$ A›Va h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 10 6 1.26 e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 32 6 3.65 4.34 gmW©H$ A›Va ß h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 10 4 0.94 df = 40 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße 40 h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ "Q>r' H$m VmobH$m _mZ - 0.05 odÌdmg ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ _mZ - 1.98 0.01 odÌdmg ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ _mZ - 2.62 VmobH$m - 2 o[Vm H{$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m ]mbH$m{ß H{$ g_m`m{OZ ÒVa [a ‡^md H$m odõ{fU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. j{Ã g_yh gß]ßY gßª`m _‹`_mZ ‡_m[ odMbZ Q>r-_yÎ` gmW©H$Vm ÒVa 0.05/0.01 [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 33 6.22 4.09 3.51 gmW©H$ A›Va h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 11 5.44 2.99 gm_moOH$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 33 8.20 2.46 4.83 gmW©H$ A›Va h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 11 5.25 1.20 e°ojH$ g_m`m{OZ (A) A¿N{> gß]ßY 33 4.49 1.82 3.12 gmW©H$ A›Va ß h°& (]) ]wa{ gß]ßY 11 6.86 3.06 df = 42 ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Aße 42 h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ "Q>r' H$m VmobH$m _mZ - 0.05 odÌdmg ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ _mZ - 1.98 0.01 odÌdmg ÒVa [a gmW©H$Vm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ _mZ - 2.62 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 225

S>m∞. ]r.gr. emh * ‡ÒVmdZm - od⁄mmoW©`m{ß H{$ AoYJ_ Edß CZH{$ Ï`dhma _{ß dmßN>Zr` [nadV©Z h¢& CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H$r oejm oH$gr ^r od⁄mWr© H{$ obE CgH$r AmJm_r H{$ obE Ï`doÒWV oejm H$r [a_ AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& oejm H$m ‡H$me oejm H{$ obE _hÀd[yU© h° BgobE oejm H{$ Bg ÒVa [a od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r emarnaH$, _mZogH$, ]m°o’H$ Edß Am‹`moÀ_H$ eo∫$`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y VWm CZH$m g_m`m{OZ AmoX odH$mg _{ß D$Om© H$m H$m`© H$aVm h°& ‡og’ oejmemÛr a{_mQ> Z{ oejm- H$m A‹``Z, em{Y H$m odf` h°& [yd© _{ß oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Z, dV©_mZ em{Y H$m{ AO©Z H$m{ odH$mg H$m Zm_ oX`m Om{ ]mbH$m{ß H$r{ e°edÒWm g{ b{H$a ZB© oXem X{Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW dV©_mZ A‹``Z H$m{ odÒVma X{Z{ H$m H$m`© ‡m°∂T>mdÒWm VH$ JoVerb ahVm h°& _Zm{odkmZr ÒQ{>bZ{ hm∞b H{$ AZwgma H$aVm h°& ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß ]Ém{ß H$r e°ojH$ oÒWoV AWdm e°ojH$ ‡Xe©Z H°$gm hm{, oejm AO©Z _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$r oH$em{amdÒWm _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h°& Bg [a g^r Ao^^mdH$JUm{ß H$m ‹`mZ ^r H{$o›–V ahVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma emarnaH$ Edß _mZogH$ odH$mg H{$ obE e°edÒWm VWm oH$em{amdÒWm ]Ém{ß H$r A¿N>r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y h{Vw CZH{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß ‡d{e g{ b{H$a CZH{$ _hÀd[yU© h° ∑`m{ßoH$ B›ht AdÒWmAm{ß _{ß CÉVa Edß l{ÓR>Va _mZd ^mfm-_m‹`_, A‹``Z gm_J´r, A‹``Z H$r AmXVm{ß Edß A‹``Z H{$ ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ Xe©Z hm{V{ h¢& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß `wdm _Z A[Zr H$Î[Zm VWm dmVmdaU [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm h°& oM›VZ H$m{ hr ghr _mZVm h° Am°a A[Zr ÈoM`m{ß g{ H$m_ H$aZm MmhVm h°& H$mb{ (2011) Z{ _m‹ò_H$ Edß CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒHy$bm{ß H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß B›ht ÈoM`m{ß H{$ AZwgma Om{ H$m`© H$aVm h° CgH$r [wZamd•oŒmm O] ]ma-]ma H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$a [m`m oH$ _m‹ò_H$ Edß CÉ _m‹ò_H$ hm{Z{ bJVr h° Vm{ dh AmXV H{$ Í$[ _{ß [nadoV©V hm{Z{ bJVr h°& oejm J´hU ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va h° VWm B›ht ÒVam{ß H$aZm ^r H$m`© H$m EH$ ÒdÍ$[ h° Am°a ]mbH$ O] ÈoM[yU© oejm J´hU H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß VWm CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© H$aVm h°, Vm{ `h oH´$`m Cg_{ß A‹``Z H$r AmXV H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_m›` YZmÀ_H$ gh-gß]ßY h°& A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ od⁄moW©`m{ß ÒWmo[V hm{ OmVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m AW© h°, A‹``Z oH´$`m H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß _{ß o^fiVm hm{ gH$Vr h° oH$›Vw AmXV{ß CZH$r e°ojH$ H$m{ B¿N>m[yd©H$ ]ma-]ma Xm{hamZm Am°a Bg ‡H$ma `h oH´$`m Hw$N> g_` C[bo„Y H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& EH$ hr ‡H$ma H{$ [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß AbJ-AbJ [ÌMmV≤ ÒdMmobV hm{Z{ bJVr h° oOg{ A‹``Z AmXV H$hV{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma ]Ém{ß H$r AbJ-AbJ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y ‡m· hm{Z{ [a ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ A‹``Z H$r AmXV EH$ AoO©V Ï`dhma h°& grIZ{ H$r AmXVm{ß Edß A‹``Z gm_J´r [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& ‡oH´$`m _{ß BgH$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°& EH$ ]mbH$ H$r A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXV{ß A‹``Z H$r AmXVm{ß d [mR>Á gm_J´r H{$ A¿N{> AZw‡`m{J Edß od⁄mb` VWm CgH{$ AoYJ_ H$m{ ‡{naV H$a{Jr O]oH$ ]war A‹``Z AmXV{ß CgH{$ AoYJ_ Ka H{$ dmVmdaU g{ ]Ém{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y ‡^modV hm{Vr h°& E{b{∑g _{ß ]mYm [hwßMm`{ßJr& ]mbH$ H$r AmXVm{ß [a ]mbH$ H$r ÈoM`m{ß, Ao^‡{aUm, (2009) Z{ AbJm±d `w∫$ [nadmam{ß H{$, CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV Ao^d•oŒm`m{ß, Ïò∫$Àd Edß AmH$mßjm ÒVa AmoX H$m ‡^md hm{Vm h°& BgH{$ ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H$m A‹``Z H$a Ò[ÓQ> AoVna∫$ H$jm oejU Edß oejU gm_J´r ^r ]mbH$m{ß H$r A‹``Z H$r oH$`m oH$ gm_m›` [nadmam{ß H{$ ]Ém{ß H$r A[{jm, AbJm±d `w∫$ [nadmam{ß H{$ AmXVm{ß H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXV{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y _{ß ›`yZVm h°& C∫$ ]mbH$m{ß H$r e°ojH$ CfioV Edß OrdZ H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r g\$bVm _{ß ÒHy$br A‹``Z ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ obE oejm H$r Ah_ ^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°& BgrobE ]Ém{ß H$r ÒHy$br oejm h{Vw A¿N{> CZH$r obßJr` oÒWoV Edß j{Ãr`Vm H{$ gmW-gmW CZH{$ [mnadmnaH$ g{ A¿N{> ÒHy$b _{ß ‡d{e [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm h°& ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``Z dmVmdaU H$m{ ^r ‡^mdembr _mZVm h°& ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z H$r AmXV{ß Edß ^mfm _m‹`_ [a ^r ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m OmVm h°& ‡m`: AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y [a CZH{$ [mnadmnaH$ AZwemgZ H$m ^r ‡^md hm{Vm h°& ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß XmoIb{ H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr OmVr h°& ]Ém{ß H$m{ AßJ´{{Or _m‹`_ H{$ _{Oad¢∑g (1982) ¤mam ]Ém{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y Edß Ka H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß XmoIb{ H$r `h ‡d•oŒm [hb{ Vm{ eham{ß _{ß hr Wr oH$›Vw AmO J´m_rU dmVmdaU g{ gß]ßoYV H$B© H$maH$m{ß [a A‹``Z oH$`m J`m Am°a [m`m oH$ j{Ãm{ß H{$ ]É{ ^r AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß XmoIb{ b{ ah{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma ]Ém{ß [a _mVm-o[Vm H$m H$_ X]md Edß ]Ém{ß H{$ gmW CZH$m ghmZw^yoV ]Ém{ß H$m{ oejm X{Z{ H$m H$m`© AßJ´{Or d oh›Xr, Xm{Zm{ß ‡H$ma H{$ _m‹`_ dmb{ [yd©H$ CÀgmhdY©Z, ]Ém{ß H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma hm{Vm h°& ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß hm{Vm h°& A‹``Z H$m _m‹`_ Om{ ^r ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXV{ß oMofi`mZ, a{bodZ Edß `{ßJa (1984) Z{ AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ 12-16 df© H{$ CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y, CZH{$ obE H´$_e: e°ojH$ AZwemgZ VWm e°ojH$ N>mÃm{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y`m{ß [a CZH{$ gßkmZmÀ_H$ Edß J°a-gßkmZmÀ_H$ odH$mg H$m ‡oVÍ$[ h°& H$maH$m{ß H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Am°a [m`m oH$ CÉ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ e°ojH$ odH$mg [ya{ odÌd H{$ obE EH$ ]hg H$m _w‘m h°& BgobE obE gßkmZmÀ_H$ H$maH$m{ß H$r A[{jm J°a gßkmZmÀ_H$ H$maH$ ¡`mXm ‡^mdr odH$ogV amÓQ≠> Òd`ß H$r e°ojH$ oÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ ‡_wIVm g{ odH$ogV H$a ah{ hm{V{ h¢& AWm©V od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ _yÎ`, Ïò∫$Àd VWm CgH{$ dmVmdaU AmoX * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (]r.ES>. od^mJ) amOH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Jm{[{Ìda (CŒmamIS>) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 226 e°ojH$ odH$mg _{ß ghm`H$ hm{V{ h¢& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z H$r AmXVm{ß H{$ em{Y ‡mÍ$[ - H$B© gmd`dr VÀd h¢& BZ_{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r g_PZ{ H$r j_Vm, A‰`mg ¤mam oZX©eZ - ‡ÒVwV em{Y, OZ[X B›Xm°a (_0‡0)H{$ J´m_ oVÑm°a IwX© H{$ grIZ{ _{ß odÌdmg Edß ^mfmJV gÂ‡{fU _hÀd[yU© h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ CfiV C¿M _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ g{ A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß e°ojH$ [naUm_ H{$ obE C[am{∫$ gmd`dr VÀd [yd© Í$[ g{ V^r ‡^mdr hm{V{ [a H{$o›–V h°& J´m_ oVÑm°a IwX© H$m{ em{Y j{Ã H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m J`m h° VWm h¢ O] od⁄mWr©JU A‹``Z Edß oM›VZ H{$ AZwemgZ _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ g_mohV `hmß H{$ CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ em{Y H$r aI{ß& A‹``Z Edß oM›VZ H{$ AZwemgZ _{ß g_mohV ]mbH$ gX°d AoYJ_ OZgßª`m H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m J`m h°& B›Xm°a eha g{ ZOXrH$ oÒWV Bg Jmßd H$r ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ [ma H$a ‡JoV H{$ [W [a AJ´ga ahV{ h¢& H{$ C¿M _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß [∂T>Z{ dmb{ A‹``Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß Ohmß Ïò∫$ H$r `hmß H{$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ em{Y h{Vw ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m J`m h°& A‹``ZaV j{Ã AmH$mßjmEß, AmdÌ`H$VmEß Edß C[bo„Y`mß Yw´drH•$V hm{ ahr h¢ dht J´m_rU Edß _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H$r 12dt H$jm H$m M`Z gm°‘{Ì` oZX©eZ odoY Edß ehar [nad{e _{ß A›Va H$aZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm Mbm Om ahm h°& ^maV H$r (Purposive Sampling Method) ¤mam oH$`m J`m h°& em{Y H$r OZgßª`m ˆX`ÒWbr B›Xm°a (_.‡.) eha g{ Ow∂S>m J´m_ oVÑm°a IwX© H{$ CÉ _m‹ò_H$ g{ oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ g{ A‹``ZaV, 50-50 od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m M`Z ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV ]É{ ^r Bgg{ ANy>V{ Zht ah{ h¢& _wª`V: J´m_rU Edß X°d oZX©eZ odoY (Random Sampling Method) H$r H´$_mßH$ gyMr H•$of [nad{e H$m `h Jmßd B›Xm°a eha H{$ ZOXrH$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU, ‡Umbr (Sequential List Technique) H{$ ¤mam oH$`m J`m h°& ›`mXem~ AmYwoZH$Vm Edß J´m_rU gßÒH•$oV H$m o_bm Owbm ‡oVÍ$[ h°& Jmßd H{$ Hw$N> H$r gßª`mÀ_H$ oÒWoV H$m oddaU oZÂZoboIV VmobH$m _{ß oX`m J`m h°& od⁄mWr©JU AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß [∂T>Z{ h{Vw eha OmV{ h¢ Vm{ Hw$N> Jmßd VmobH$m-1 _{ß oÒWV oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß ^r [∂T>V{ h¢& ‡m`: g^r od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r MòZV ›`mXem~ H$r gßª`mÀ_H$ oÒWoV H$m oddaU _hÀdmH$mßjm ahVr h° oH$ [arjm _{ß AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ AßH$ ‡m· H$a{ß& oh›Xr obßJr` oddaU od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z ^mfm Hw$b AWdm AßJ´{Or ^mfm `w∫$ [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß H$m{ AmÀ_gmV H$aZ{ H{$ obE od⁄moW©`m{ß _m‹`_ H$m oddaU _{ß A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ oh›Xr _m‹`_ [R>Z-[mR>Z H{$ gmW-gmW Ka H{$ dmVmdaU Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m{ —oÓQ>JV N>mÃ 22 33 55 aIH$a od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ CÉ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ obE odoeÓQ> V°`mar H$aZ{ N>mÃmEß 28 17 45 H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& oVÑm°a IwX© Jmßd _{ß oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ Hw$b gßª`m 50 50 100 ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a CZH$r e°ojH$ CfioV _{ß AmZ{ dmbr em{Y C[H$aU - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ gß]ßYr gyMZm C∫$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ Xr OmZr AmdÌ`H$ AmXVm{ß H$m [Vm bJmZ{ H{$ obE E_. _wIm{[m‹`m` Edß S>r0EZ0 gZgZdmb g_Pr JB© h°& AV: H•$fH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ Edß AmYwoZH$Vm ‡YmZ Bg Jmßd H{$ CÉ ¤mam V°`ma H$r JB© A‹``Z AmXV _m[Zr (Study Habit Inventory) _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV ]Ém{ß H$m{ oZò_V Edß g_`]’ A‹``Z H$m C[`m{J oH$`m h°& od∂⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CgH{$ odo^fi H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm, CŒmam{Œma e°ojH$ ‡JoV H{$ obE oZX}eZ VWm A‹``Z _{ß [jm{ß H{$ _m[Z h{Vw C∫$ C[H$aU H$r odÌdgZr`Vm .91 h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r ^mfm _m‹`_ _{ß AmZ{ dmbr H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m g_mYmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE, em{YH$Vm© e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ Í$[ _{ß CZH{$ ¤mam o[N>br H$jm _{ß AoO©V AßH$m{ß H$m{ ¤mam C∫$ A‹``Z H$aZm gwoZoÌMV oH$`m J`m h°, oOgg{ AmYwoZH$Vm Edß ob`m J`m h°& J´m_rU gßÒH•$oV H{$ [nad{e g{ g›VwobV Bg Jmßd H{$ oH$gr ^r ^mfm _m‹`_ gmßoª`H$r` odoY`mß - CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z g{ A‹``ZaV od⁄mWr©, CÉ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y`mß ‡m· H$a Òd`ß H$m Cfi`Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ A‹``Z g{ gß]ßoYV Bg em{Y _{ß H$aZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW j{Ã H$m odH$mg ^r H$a gH{$ß& gßH$obV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ odõ{fU H{$ obE gm_m›` oddaUmÀ_H$ gmßoª`H$r _{ß A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` - _‹`_mZ Edß _mZH$ odMbZ VWm VH©$ _ybH$ gmßoª`H$r` H{$ A›VJ©V Q>r- 1. C¿M _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß e°ojH$ _yÎ` [arjU (t-test) Edß gh-gß]ßY JwUmßH$ JUZm (Coefficient of C[bo„Y H$m [Vm bJmZm& correlation) H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ 2. CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m A‹``Z ^mfm _m‹`_ Edß CZH$r _‹` VwbZm H$aZ{ H{$ obE Q>r-_yÎ` [arjU Edß od⁄moW`m{ß H$r A‹``Z b°oJH$ oÒWoV H$m{ AmYma ]ZmH$a A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$r VwbZm H$aZm& AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gß]ßY ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ H{$ obE 3. CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z ^mfm _m‹`_ H{$ AmYma gh-gß]ßY JwUmßH$ JUZm H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& [a CZH$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gß]ßY H$m odõ{fU Edß Ï`mª`m - [Vm bJmZm& VmobH$m-2 ([rN{> X{I|>) [naH$Î[ZmEß - VmobH$m-2 _{ß t H$m _mZ 0.28 ‡m· hwAm h° Om{ oH$ 5% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a 1. CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a AßJ´{Or Edß oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß gmaUr H{$ _mZ g{ H$_ h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß [∂T>Z{ dmb{ CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z 2. C¿M _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°, oOgg{ [naH$Î[Zm gßª`m EH$ ÒdrH$ma AmXVm{ß _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& H$r OmVr h°& 3. CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß `⁄o[ oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ gh-gÂ]›Y Zht h°& AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m _‹`_mZ, AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 227

A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ _‹`_mZ [a t H$m _mZ 6.69 ‡m· hwAm h° Om{ oH$ 98df© H{$ obE 5% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a g{ AoYH$ h° oOgg{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß gmaUr H{$ _mZ 1.96 g{ AoYH$ h°& AV: od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXV{ß, AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ g{ A‹``ZaV CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ [nao_V YZmÀ_H$ gh-gÂ]›Y od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ ]{hVa h¢ oH$›Vw A›Va gmW©H$ Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `h A›Va (Moderate Positive Correlation) h° oOgH{$ AmYma [a [naH$Î[Zm ZJ` _mZm J`m h°& gßª`m-3 AÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h°& VmobH$m-3 ([rN{> X{I|>) C[am{∫$ odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oh›Xr VWm AßJ´{{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß VmobH$m-3 H{$ AZwgma t H$m _mZ 1.19 ‡m· hwAm h° Om{ oH$ 5% gmW©H$Vm _{ß A‹``ZaV CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ g^r od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß ÒVa [a gmaUr H{$ _mZ g{ H$_ h°& Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` [nao_V AWdm gm_m›` g{ D$[a [a A‹``ZaV, N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ A›Va YZmÀ_H$ gh-gß]ßY h°& Zht h°, oOgg{ [naH$Î[Zm gßª`m-Xm{ ÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h°& oZÓH$f© - dV©_mZ A‹``Z _{ß oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß C[am{∫$ odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ AßJ´{Or Edß oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ A‹``ZaV CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXV{ß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ odõ{fU g{ oZÂZoboIV oZÓH$f© EH$ O°gr hr h¢& `⁄o[ N>mÃmAm{ß{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m ‡m· hw`{ h¢& _‹`_mZ, N>mÃm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ _‹`_mZ Wm{∂S>m AoYH$ h° Om{ oH$ 1. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r N>mÃmAmß{ß H$r A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m ⁄m{VH$ h°, oH$›Vw gmW©H$ A›Va Z A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& AV: A‹``ZaV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU `h A›Va ZJ` h°& o∂d⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß _{ß CZH{$ A‹``Z H{$ _m‹`_ H$m ‡^md VmobH$m-4 ([rN{> X{I|>) ZJ` [m`m J`m h°& VmobH$m-4 _{ß oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z 2. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV Ad`dm{ß H$m odÒV•V VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ _‹` gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& J`m h°& VmobH$m H{$ AZwgma oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV 3. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV Hw$N> Ad`dm{ß O°g{ g_PZ{ H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ odo^fi Ad`dm{ß O°g{ g_PZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm, `m{Ω`Vm, EH$mJ´Vm, H$m`© od›`mg, A›VoH´©$`m Edß A‰`mg H$aZm AmoX g{ EH$mJ´Vm, H$m`© Aoôd›`mg, A›VoH´©$`m Edß A‰`mg O°gr oH´$`mAm{ß gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ VwbZmÀ_H$ odõ{fU _{ß H$m _mZ H´$_e: 0.44, 0.18, _{ß H$m{B© ^r gmW©H$ A›Va Zht [m`m J`m h° O]oH$ od⁄moW©`m{ß ¤mam 0.39, 0.53 Edß 1.42 ‡m· hwAm h° Om{ oH$ 5% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a gmaUr A‹``Z g{Q>≤g ]ZmZm, ghmam X{Zm, Ao^b{IZ VWm ^mfmH$bm O°gr H{$ _mZ g{ H$_ h°, O]oH$ VmobH$m _{ß A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV e{f oH´$`mAm{ß _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va h°& Ad`dm{ß O°g{ A‹``Z g{Q>≤g ]ZmZm, ghmam X{Zm, Ao^b{IZ Edß ^mfm 4. oh›Xr Edß AßßJ´{{Or _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r H$bm g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ VwbZmÀ_H$ odõ{fU _{ß t H$m _mZ H´$_e: A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gm_m›` g{ D$[a 2.10, 2.08, 2.05 Edß 2.15 ‡m· hwAm h° Om{ oH$ 5% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a YZmÀ_H$ gh-gß]ßY h°& AWm©V A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß dmb{ gmaUr H{$ _mZ g{ AoYH$ h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y ^r CÉ h°& C[am{∫$ odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ e°ojH$ C[mX{`Vm - ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ g›X^© _{ß g_PZ{ 1. oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m H$r `m{Ω`Vm, EH$mJ´Vm, H$m`© Aoôd›`mg, A›VoH´©$`m Edß A‰`mg H$aZ{ odõ{fU H$a, od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ AoYJ_ _{ß A‹``Z H{$ _m‹`_ H{$ ‡oV O°gr oH´$`m _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h° O]oH$ A‹``Z g{Q>≤g ]ZmZm, ghmam CR>r ^´mßoV`m{ß H$m{ Xya oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ A‹``Z AmXV{ß A¿N>r X{Zm, Ao^b{IZ VWm ^mfm H$bm _{ß gmW©H$ A›Va h°& hm{Z{ [a oH$gr ^r ^mfm _m‹`_ H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ CÉ VmobH$m-5 e°ojH$ C[bo„Y ‡m· hm{ gH$Vr h°& CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß e°ojH$ 2. A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXV{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ CZH$r [arjmAm{ß _{ß CÉ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gh-gß]ßY JwUmßH$ H$r JUZm H$m oddaU C[bo„Y H{$ obE ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aVr h¢& BgobE A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H´$. gh-gß]ßY Hw$b od⁄moW©`m{ß gh-gß]ßY (t-value) gmW©H$Vm H{$ Ad`dm{ß H{$ ‡oV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ oZX}oeV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& JUZm H{$ H$r gßª`m(N) JwUmßH$ (r) ÒVa 3. od∂⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a oejH$JU, Ma od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r CÉ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y`mß ‡mo· h{Vw aUZroV AWdm 1. A‹``Z 100 +.56 6.69 5% H$m`© `m{OZm ]Zm gH$V{ h¢& AmXV| 4. od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ J´m_rU Edß ehar [nad{e gß]ßYr A›Va H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß 2. e°ojH$ oejH$m{ß ¤mam, od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m{ Ïò∫$JV ‹`mZ C[bo„Y X{H$a CZ_{ß Òd-Ao^‡{aUm H$m ]m{Y oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& VmobH$m-5 H{$ AZwgma CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹``ZaV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A›VV: C∫$ em{Y, od⁄mb` ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß Edß A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gh-gß]ßY JwUmßH$ _mVm-o[Vm _{ß ^r A[Z{ ]Ém{ß _{ß A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ gßMma H{$ +.56 ‡m· hwAm h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß Edß CZH$r e°ojH$ gmW-gmW A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$aZ{ H{$ ^md C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` C∫$ gh-gß]ßY JwUmßH$ H$r gmW©H$Vm H$m [arjU H$aZ{ H$m{ gßMmnaV H$a gH$Vm h° VWm d{ `h g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a gH$V{ h¢ oH$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 228

A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ ]Ém{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y ^r CÉ hm{Vr h°& `h 2. oMfi`mZ, a{dobZ Edß `ß{Ja (1984). gmBH$m{_°oQ≠>H$ H$m{nab{Q>≤g Am∞\$ A‹``Z ode{f Í$[ g{ J´m_ oVÑm°a IwX©, B›Xm°a (_0‡0) H{$ od⁄mb`r ÒH´$yZmoÒQ>H$ [a\$ma_{ßg. BoS>`Z OZ©b Am∞\$ ∑broZH$b oejm ‡m· H$a ah{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß Edß CZH{$ _mVm-o[Vm H{$ obE gmBH$m{bm∞Or, 2(1), 34-35, ode{f Í$[ g{ C[`m{Jr h° oH$ d{ A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$r A‹``Z e°br Edß CZH$r 3. H$mb{, ]r0EZ0 (2011). ÒQ>S>r h°odQ>≤g Am∞\$ g{H{$›S>ar ES> hmà e°ojH$ CfioV H{$ g›X^© _{ß OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a gH{$ßJ{ VWm A[Z{ [mÎ`m{ß _{ß g{H{$›S>ar ÒHy$b ÒQy>S{>›Q>≤g. ESw>Q{>≠∑g : E _›Wbr ÒH{$Za Am∞\$ Q{>≠›S>≤g BZ A¿N>r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H$m gßMma H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a gH{$ßJ{ oOgg{ AbJ- E{¡`yH{$eZ, 10(10), 37-38, AbJ ^mfm _m‹`_m{ß H{$ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß [∂T> ah{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r e°ojH$ C[bo„Y _{ß 4. _{Oad¢∑g, H{$0 (1982). \{$o_br BZdm∞aZ_{›Q> Am∞\$ oMÎS≠>›g CŒmam{Œma d•o’ hm{ VWm ÒHy$bm{ß H$m ^mfm-_m‹`_ Í$[r ¤›X Òd`ß hr g_m· E{H{$S{>o_H$ EMrd_{›Q>:g{∑g ES> gm{eb J´w[ oS>\$a{›g hm{ gH{$& gmBH$m{bm∞oOH$b A]ÒQ{>≠∑Q>≤g, 68(1), 2096, gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- 5. _wIm{[m‹`m`, E_0 ES> gZgZdm∞b, S>r0EZ0 (2005). _°ZwAb 1. E{b{∑g, [r0 (2009). ÒQ>S>r h{odQ>≤g ES> E{H{$S{>o_H$ E{Mrd_{›Q> Am∞\$ \$m∞a ÒQ>S>r h°odQ> B›d{›Q>ar, Z{eZb gmBH$m{bm∞oOH$b H$ma[m{a{eZ, oMÎS≠>Z \´$m∞_ ]´m{H$Z \{$o_brO odX Ò[{eb na\$a{›g Qy> hmà g{H{$›S>ar AmJam, ÒHy$b ÒQy>S{>›Q>≤g. Or0gr0Q>r0B©0 OZ©b Am∞\$ nagM© ES> E∑gQ{>ßeZ 6. d{ÒQ>, O{0 S>„Î`y0 ES> H$m∞Z, O{0dr0 (1985). nagM© BZ EOwH{$eZ, BZ E{OwH{$eZ, 4(1), 50-50, g{d›W ES>reZ, o‡o›Q>e hm∞b Am∞\$ BoS>`m, ZB© oXÑr&

VmobH$m-2 oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m oddaU H´$.g. od⁄mb`m{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r _‹`_mZ(M) _mZH$ odMbZ Q>r-_yÎ`(t-value) gmW©H$Vm H{$ ^mfm gßª`m(N) (S.D.) ÒVa _m‹`_ H$m oddaU 1. oh›Xr 50 140.62 11.03 0.28 5% 2. AßJ´{Or 50 139.98 11.64

VmobH$m-3 AßJ´{Or Edß oh›Xr _m‹`_ _{ß A‹``ZaV N>mÃ Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYVAmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m oddaU H´$.g. od⁄mb`m{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r _‹`_mZ(M) _mZH$ odMbZ Q>r-_yÎ`(t-value) gmW©H$Vm H{$ ^mfm gßª`m(N) (S.D.) ÒVa _m‹`_ H$m oddaU 1. oh›Xr 55 138.75 10.30 1.19 5% 2. AßJ´{Or 45 141.51 12.24

VmobH$m-4 od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r A‹``Z AmXVm{ß H{$ odo^ﬁ Ad`dm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV AmßH$∂S>m{ß H$m oddaU H´$.gß. A‹``Z AmXVm{ß oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ Q>r-_yÎ` gmW©H$Vm H{$ _wª` Ad`d od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ gß]ßoYV od⁄moW©`m{ß g{ (t-value) ÒVa (Components) AmßH$∂S{> gß]ßoYV AmßH$S{

N1 M1 S.D. 1 N2 M2 S.D. 2 1. g_PZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm 50 35.76 4.22 50 36.14 4.37 0.44 5% 2. EH$mJ´Vm 50 26.20 6.11 50 25.98 5.79 0.18 3. H$m`© Ao^od›`mg 50 26.16 5.90 50 26.58 5.59 0.39 4. A‹``Z g{Q>≤g 50 13.96 2.22 50 13.02 2.26 2.10 5. A›VoH´©$`m 50 7.32 1.16 50 7.48 1.78 0.53 6. A‰`mg H$aZm 50 8.82 1.76 50 8.32 1.78 1.42 7. ghmam X{Zm 50 13.33 1.70 50 12.58 1.90 2.08 8. Ao^b{IZ 50 7.51 0.72 50 7.20 0.82 2.05 9. ^mfmH$bm 50 2.88 1.12 50 2.35 1.35 2.15 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 229

S>m∞. Eb.EM. [Q{>b *

‡ÒVmdZm - oH$gr ^r g_mO H$r gm_moOH$-gmÒßH•$oVH$ ‡oVÓR>m Cg A‹``Z odoY, ‡odoY Edß C[H$aU - g_mO H{$ oejH$m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ ‡oVÓR>m _{ß PbH$Vr h°, E{gm H$hm OmVm h° l ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß gd}jU odoY H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& oH$ H$m{B© g_mO A[Z{ oejH$m{ß H{$ ÒVa g{ D$[a Zht CR> gH$Vm& l ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß _yÎ`_m[Zr H$m ‡`m{J H$a Vœ`m{ß H$m gßH$bZ amÓQ≠>r` oejm ZroV : 1986 oH$`m J`m h°& oejH$ H{$ C[a ]mbH$ H{$ gß[yU© odH$mg H$m Xmo`Àd hm{Vm h° VWm l gßH$obV Vœ`m{ß H{$ odõ{fU h{Vw _‹`_mZ, _mZH$odMbZ Edß Q>r- CgH$r oOÂ_{Xmar hm{Vr h° oH$ dh ]mbH$ H$m{ EH$ g‰` ZmJnaH$ ]Zm`{ VWm _yÎ` H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m& Cg_{ß ‡OmVßÃ, Y_©-oZa[{jVm Edß gm_moOH$ VWm Ïò∫$JV _yÎ`m{ß H$m XŒmm{ß H$m odõ{fU Eßd Ï`mª`m - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß h{_Mß–mMm`© CŒma odH$mg H$a{ & JwOamV gyoZdog©Q>r, [mQ>U gbßæ Xm{ AZwXmoZV Edß Xm{ ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU H$m C‘{Ì` ‡oejUmWr© H$m{ EH$ oOÂ_{Xma oejH$ oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· gß_H$m{ß H$m odõ{fU Eßd V°`ma H$aZm h°& Xyga{ e„Xm{ß _{ß EH$ ôdÓ` H{$ oejH$ H$m{ A‹`m[Z Edß Ï`mª`m oZÂZoboIV h° - Ï`dgmo`H$ H$m°ebm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW _yÎ`m{ßß Edß Ao^d•oŒm`m{ß H$m odH$mg gmaUr gßª`m 1.1 H$aZm h°& AV: `h em{YZr` ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ _m‹ò_H$ oejH$ oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [arjU g{ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß _yÎ`m{ß H$m ÒVa ∑`m h° ? VWm _yÎ`m{ß H$r _mÃm oH$VZr h° ? ‡m· ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m oddaU Om{ oH$ ôdÓ` _{ß oejH$ ]ZH$a ]mbH$ H$m{ EH$ g‰` ZmJnaH$ ]Zm`{Jm& H´$ß. _yÎ` Mean % em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© H{$ C‘{Ì` oZÂZmZwgma oZYm©naV oH$`{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` J`{ h° - 1 B©_mZXmar 1.4 46.66667 l ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m [Vm bJmZm& 2 H$R>m{a [nal_ 1.597 53.23333 l ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m [Vm bJmZm& 3 oZÓ[jVm 2.644 88.1333 l AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ 4 gÀò‡`Vm 1.36 45.3333 ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r VwbZm H$aZm& 5 gh^mJr H{$ gmW _°Ãr[yU© gß]ßY 2.844 94.8 l AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ 6 g_òZÓR>m 1.23 41 ‡oejUmoW©`m| H{$ Ï`dmgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r VwbZm H$aZm& 7 oZò_VVm 2.401 80.03333 l _yÎ` oejm H{$ ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z h{Vw gwPmd ‡ÒVwV H$aZm& d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ` em{Y H$r [naH$Î[ZmE± - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© H$r CÀH$Î[ZmE± oZÂZmZwgma 8 Y°`© 2.639 87.96667 oZYm©naV H$r JB© h° - 9 odZ_´Vm 2.459 91.96667 HO1 :- AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ 10 j_m 2.618 87.26667 ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa Zhr{ß h°& 11 gßd{XZm 2.658 88.6 HO2 :- AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ 12 ÒdVßÃ odMmaerbVm 1.3 43.33333 ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& 13 Ïò∫$JV ÒdmÒWH$a 2.38 79.33333 ›`m`Xe© Edß [nago_Z - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© JwOamV H{$ CŒmar oXem H{$ odõ{fU - ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß H$R>m{a gm]aH$mßR>m oOb{ _{ß h{_Mß–Mm`© CŒma JwOamV `yoZdog©Q>r, [mQ>U gßbæ [nal_ 53.23 ‡oVeV, oZÓ[jVm 88.13 ‡oVeV, gh^mJr H{$ gmW oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß VH$ gro_V aIm J`m h°& _°Ãr[yU© gÂ]›Y 94.8 ‡oVeV Edß B©_mZXmar 46.66 ‡oVeV [m`{ J`{& ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß h{_Mß–mMm`© CŒma JwOamV `yoZdog©Q>r, [mQ>U gbßæ Xm{ AWm©V≤ ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß g_òZÓR>m, AZwXmoZV Edß Xm{ ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmoW`m|ß gÀò‡`Vm Edß B©_mZXmar O°g{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` H$_ [m`{ J`{& H$m{ emo_b oH$`{ J`{ h°& ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß Y°`© 87.96 ‡oVeV, ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß 9 Ï`mdgmo`H$ VWm 6 d°ò∫$H$ odZ_´Vm 91.96 ‡oVeV, j_m 87.26 ‡oVeV Edß gßd{XZm 88.6 ‡oVeV _yÎ` Hw$b 15 _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ A›d{fU oH$`m J`m h¢& Edß Ïò∫$JV ÒdmÒWH$a 79.33 ‡oVeV [m`{ J`{ O]oH$ ÒdVßÃ

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ od⁄mZJar E_.ES>. H$m∞b{O, ohÂ_VZJa, JwOamV (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 230 odMmaerbVm 43.33 ‡oVeV [m`m J`m& d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ` AoYH$ [m`{ J`{ O]oH$ ÒdVßÃ odMmaerbVm O°g{ gmaUr gßª`m 1.1 (X{I{) d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ` H$_ [m`{ J`{& odõ{fU -‡ÒVwV gmaUr H´$ß_mH$ 1.1 H$m Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h° l ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß H$R>m{a [nal_, oZÓ[jVm, gh^mJr H{$ oH$ ÒdodŒm[m{ofV Edß AZwXmoZV oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ Ï`dgmo`H$ gmW _°Ãr[yU© gß]ßY Edß oZò_VVm O°g{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` AoYH$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [najU g{ ‡m· ‡m·mßH$m{ß Q>r _mZ 1.27 ‡mV hwAm Om{ oH$ 0.01 Edß [m`{ J`{ O]oH$ g_òZÓR>m, gÀò‡`Vm Edß B©_mZXmar O°g{ 0.05 ÒVa [a AgmW©H$ h°& Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` H$_ [m`{ J`{ O]oH$ g_` oZÓR>m, gÀò‡`Vm Edß

AWm©V≤ CÀH$Î[Zm AZwXmoZV Edß HO1 ÒdodŒmm[m{ofV oejH$ B©_mZXmar O°g{ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` H$_ [m`{ J`{& ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ gmW©H$ l AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ AßVa Zht h° H$m ÒdrH$ma hm{Vm h°& ‡oejUmWr©`m{ H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m ÒVa g_mZ [m`m J`m& gmaUr gßª`m 1.2 (X{I{) l AZwXmoZV _hmod⁄mb` H{$ oejH$ ‡oejU ‡oejUmoW©`m{ß _{ß odõ{fU - ‡ÒVwV gmaUr H´$ß_mH$ 1.2 H$m Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{ßVm Ï`mdgmo`H$ _yÎ` AoYH$ [m`{ J`{& h° oH$ ÒdodŒmm[m{ofV Edß AZwXmoZH$ oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _yÎ`m{›_wI ‡oejU h{Vw gwPmd - H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [arjU g{ ‡m· ‡m·mßH$m{ß Q>r _mZ 6.645 ‡m· hwAm& l gm_moOH$ OrdZ _{ß CâZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß [a dmX-oddmX Edß VH©$ Om{ oH$ 0.01 Edß 0.05 ÒVa [a AgmW©H$ h°& H$aZm Mmoh`{&

AWm©V≤ CÀH$Î[Zm HO2 AZwXmoZV Edß ÒdodŒmm[m{ofV oejH$ l oejH$ Edß oejmoW©`m{ß H{$ _‹` gßJm{oÓR>`m{ß Edß H$m`m©Zw^dm{ß H$m ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ gmW©H$ Am`m{OZ H$aZm Mmoh`{& AßVa Zht h° H$m AÒdrH$ma hm{Vm h°& l _yÎ` gßH$Q> ‡Xoe©V H$aZ{ dmb{ –Ì`-lmÏ` gmYZm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm ÒdodŒm[m{ofV Edß AZwXmoZH$ oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ Mmoh`{& ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [arjU g{ ‡m· ‡m·mßH$m{ß H{$ _‹`_mZ l ÒdrH•$V JboV`m{ß H{$ ob`{ j_m H$a X{Zm Mmoh`{& 2.738 Om{ oH$ ÒdodŒmm[m{ofV oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ßß H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß l oejH$ ‡oejH$m{ß H$m{ AmdÌ`H$Vm AZwgma ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H$r _‹`_mZ g{ AoYH$ h° Ame` h° oH$ AZwXmoZH$ oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ghm`VmW© C[b„Y H$aZm Mmoh`{& d°ò∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß g{ AoYH$ [m`{ J`{& l g_mOm{[`m{Jr CÀ[mXZ H$m`© H$m{ A‹`m[H$ oejm _{ß AoYH$ _hÀd em{Y H{$ oZÓH$f© - ‡m· Vœ`m{ß H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a oZÂZoboIV oZÓH$f© X{Zm Mmoh`{& ‡m· hwE - l ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ oejH$ ‡oejH$ H$m{ EH$ AmXe© aw[ hm{Zm l ]r.ES>. H{$ ‡oejUmWr©`m{ß _{ß Y°`©, odZ_´Vm, j_m Edß gßd{XZm O°g{ Mmoh`{&

gmaUr gßª`m 1.1 ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejH$UmoW©`m{ß H{$ Ï`dgmo`H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [najU g{ ‡m· ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU H´$ß. _yÎ` ÒdodŒm[m{ofV AZwXmoZV _‹`_mZ AVßa Q>r-_yÎ` gß. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 1 Ï`mdgmo`H$ 2.30 0.397 2.38 0.354 0.0614 1.27 _yÎ`

gmaUr gßª`m 1.2 ÒdodŒm[m{ofV oejH$ _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ ‡oejH$UmoW©`m{ß H{$ d°`o∫$H$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [najU g{ ‡m·‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ oddaU H´$ß. _yÎ` ÒdodŒm[m{ofV AZwXmoZV _‹`_mZ AVßa Q>r-_yÎ` gß. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 1 Ï`mdgmo`H$ 2.30 0.397 2.38 0.354 0.0614 1.27 _yÎ` Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 231 _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa [a `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV oejH$m{ß H$r Ao^d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z

[ßH$O H{$. C[m‹`m` *

‡ÒVmdZm ñ amÓQ≠>, g_mO H$r CfioV Am°a g_•o’ X{e H{$ `wdmAm{ß [a oZ^©a h° ‡ÒVwV bKwem{Y H$aZ{ H$m oZU©` ob`m, oOgH$m erf©H$ oZÂZmZwgma h°- `wdm eo∫$ emarnaH$, _mZogH$ Am°a Z°oVH$ Í$[ g{ ÒdÒW hm{ Vm{ g_mO Edß g_Ò`m H$WZ ñ "_m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV oejH$m{ß H$r amÓQ≠> gX°d CfioV H$r Am{a ‡JoVerb hm{V{ h¢& od⁄mb` ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gdm™Jrm Ao^d•oŒm H$m A‹``Z' odH$mg H$m H$m`© og’ H$aVm h° oOg_{ß oejH$ C‘{Ì` ‡mo· H$m gmYH$ hm{Vm em{Y C‘{Ì` ñ h° AmO H{$ oH$em{a AdÒWm H{$ od⁄mWr© ôdÓ` H{$ ZmJnaH$ h°& gdm™JrU 1) `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß odH$mg h{Vw od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ` oejm, [`m©daU oejm, emßoV oejm, H$r Ao^d•oŒm kmV H$aZm& Z°oVH$ oejm, H$bm oejm Edß dV©_mZ g_` _{ß oZVm›V AmdÌ`H$ `m°Z 2) A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm H$r oejm O°g{ odf`m{ß H$m A‹`m[Z Edß kmZ X{Zm [a_mdÌ`H$ h° AmO H{$ VwbZm H$aZm& VH$ZrH$r Edß d°kmoZH$ `wJ _{ß oH$em{amdÒWm H{$ od⁄mWr© H$m{ _m{]mBb, BßQ>aZ{Q> 3) od⁄mb` _{ß `m°Z oejm gÂ]›Yr gwPmd ‡XmZ H$aZm& AmoX H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Aõrb gmohÀ` ghOVm g{ C[b„Y hm{ OmVm h°, oOgg{ em{Y [naH$Î[Zm ñ CZH{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` [a BgH$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md X{Im Om gH$Vm h° My±oH$ 1) A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a `m°Z oejm H{$ od⁄mb` od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ gdm™JrU odH$mg H$m [W ‡Xe©H$ h° oOg_{ß oejH$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm gH$mamÀ_H$ h°& H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© h° AV: od⁄mb` _{ß `m°Z oejm Xr OmZr MmohE& 2) A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß H$m{B© ‡m`: `m°Z oejm e°ojH$ OJV _{ß AoV oddmXmÒ[X odf` ahm h°& gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& Í$o∂T>dmXr g_mO Edß AmYwoZH$ ‡JoVerb g_mO Xm{Zm{ß H$r Bg odf` H{$ ›`mXe© ñ em{YH$Vm© Z{ ‡ÒVwV gßem{YZ h{Vw amOÒWmZ am¡` H{$ ]m±gdm∂S>m ‡oV _Zm{d•oŒm o^fi-o^fi ahr h° VWmo[ dV©_mZ g_` Am°a [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ oOb{ H{$ 20 _m‹ò_H$ Edß CÉ _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a g_PV{ hwE od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß `m°Z oejm oX`m OmZm A[{ojV [∂T>m ah{ 30 A‹`m[H$m{ß Edß 30 A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$m M`Z gmX{≤X{Ì` ›`mXe© h° oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß OmVr` ]mVm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZZ{ H$r Am{a Bg h{Vw Am°[MmnaH$ M`Z odoY ¤mam oH$`m& oejm H{$ obE ]mbH$m{ß _{ß CÀgwH$Vm Edß oOkmgm hm{Vr h° Am°a AmO H{$ gßX^© em{Y C[H$aU ñ `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ oejH$m{ß H$r _{ß `m°Z oejm AÀ`›V OÍ$ar h° Cgg{ hr `wdm [r∂T>r _{ß CoMV Am°a C[H$maH$ Ao^d•oŒm H$m _m[Z H$aZ{ h{Vw ÒdoZo_©V ‡ÌZmdbr ¤mam "`m°Z oejm OmVr` _Zm{d•oŒm odH$ogV H$r Om gH$Vr h°& Bg ÒWmZ [a OmVr` oejm Ao^d•oŒm _m[Zr' H$m oZ_m©U em{YH$Vm© ¤mam oH$`m J`m& C∫$ ‡ÌZmdbr _{ß Ï`dÒWm h{Vw H$B© [hbw Edß ‡ÌZ odMmaUr` h° `Wm- 5 j{Ãm{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV 60 H$WZm{ß H$m{ g_modÓQ> oH$`m J`m Edß ‡ÌZmdbr _{ß 1. `m°Z oejm H$] X{Zr MmohE? ode{fkm{ß H$r am` Edß [yd© [arjU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ C∫$ [m±M j{Ãm{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV 2. `m°Z oejm oH$gH{$ ¤mam Xr OmZr MmohE? 52 H$WZm{ß (‡ÌZm{ß) H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m& ‡ÌZmdbr H$r odÌdgZr`Vm 3. `m°Z oejm H$hm± Xr OmZr MmohE? A’©od¿N{>XZ odoY ¤mam "86 kmV H$r JB© h°& C∫$ "`m°Z oejm Ao^d•oŒm 4. `m°Z oejm h{Vw odf`dÒVw ∑`m hm{Zr MmohE? _m[Zr' H{$ 5 j{Ã oZÂZmZwgma h°- 5. `m°Z oejm X{V{ g_` ∑`m-∑`m gmdYmoZ`m± aIZr MmohE? 1) `m°Z oejm gÂ]›Yr AoYJ_ C‘{Ì` Edß g_Ò`mE±& 6. ∑`m dmÒVd _{ß `m°Z oejm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°? 2) `m°Z oejm h{Vw CoMV g_` gÂ]›Yr& 7. VÍ$UmdÒWm H$r OmVr`, emarnaH$, _mZogH$ g_Ò`mE± H$m°Z-H$m°Z gr h°? 3) `m°Z oejm H{$ obE CoMV odf`dÒVw gÂ]›Yr& 8. VÍ$UmdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$r AmH$mßjmE± Edß A[{jmE± H$m°Z-H$m°Zgr h°? 4) `m°Z oejm X{Z{ h{Vw oejU [’oV Edß e°joUH$ gmYZ& C[`w©∫$ ‡ÌZm{ß [a Jm°a H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ `m°Z oejm h{Vw gd©‡W_ 5) `m°Z oejm X{V{ g_` ‹`mZ _{ß aIZ{ `m{Ω` gmdYmoZ`m±& _mVm-o[Vm H$r Odm]Xmar hm{Vr h°, oH$›Vw ]mb ghO VÍ$UmdÒWm H{$ Ao^d•oŒm _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ Edß ‡XŒmm{ß H$m gßH$bZ ñ `m°Z oejm g_ÒV ‡ÌZm{ß d g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ od⁄mb` _{ß EH$ oejH$ H{$ ¤mam Ao^d•oŒm _m[Zr H{$ ‡emgZ h{Vw ]m±gdm∂S>m oOb{ H{$ 20 _m‹ò_H$ Edß CÉ CoMV odf`dÒVw H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$`m OmZm `Wm{oMV h° _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a A‹`m[Z H$admZ{ dmb{ C[b„Y odkmZ Edß gm_moOH$ odkmZ O°g{ odf`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ `m°Z oejm H$m{ oejH$m{ß [a ‡_m[Zr H$m{ ‡emogV oH$`m J`m& ‡À`{H$ oejH$ H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ß oX`m Om gH$Vm h°, Bg h{Vw _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb` ÒVa H{$ A‹`m[H$ Edß H$m{ CŒma [ÃH$ H{$ AZwÍ$[ XŒmm{ß H$m gßH$bZ H$a JUZm h{Vw gmaUr]’ oH$`m A‹`mo[H$mE± ∑`m Ao^d•oŒm aIV{ h¢? ∑`m{ßoH$ AJa od⁄mb` _{ß `m°Z oejm J`m& Xr OmZr h° Vm{ CgH$m _wª` _m‹`_ dV©_mZ oejH$ h° AV: em{YH$Vm© Z{ *** **em{YmWr©, _m{hZbmb gwIo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 232

‡XŒmm{ß H$m gmßoª`H$r` odõ{fU ñ A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`m[oH$mAm{ß g{ ‡m· 3) g{dmaV oejm H$m`©H´$_ _{ß `m°Z oejm gÂ]›Yr odf`dÒVw Edß BgH{$ ‡XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU h{Vw ‡oVeVmßH$ Edß "Q>r'[arjU H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m oejU h{Vw oejU [’oV`m{ß Edß e°ojH$ gmYZm{ß gÂ]›Yr ‡oejU Om{ oZÂZmZwgma h°- oX`m OmZm MmohE& gmaUr gßª`m-1 (X{I{) 4) _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a `m°Z oejm gÂ]›Yr odf`dÒVw H$m{ [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß C[`w©∫$ gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV H´$o_H$ ÒWmZ oX`m OmZm MmohE `Wm- dZÒ[oV H{$ ‡OZZ oZÂZ Ao^d•oŒm gm_m›` YZmÀ_H$ h° O]oH$ A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ÒVa H{$ ‡moU`m{ß _{ß ‡OZZ, g_ÒV ‡moU`m{ß _{ß ‡OZZ, _ZwÓ` H{$ OZZ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ YZmÀ_H$ h°& AV: em{Y [naH$Î[Zm AßJ Edß ‡OZZ, d°dmohH$ OrdZ [nadma oZ`m{OZ, J^m©dÒWm, ]mb gßª`m-1 H$m{ ÒdrH•$V oH$`m OmVm h° Edß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _m‹ò_H$ [adnae, J^©YmaU, aOm{Xe©Z, hÒV_°WwZ, ÒdflZXm{f, ‡Om{À[oŒm ÒVa [a A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mE± `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ Ao^d•oŒm ‡oH´$`m AmoX& aIV{ h¢& 5) `m°Z oejm H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r [yoV© h{Vw oZÂZ [mR>m{ß H$m oZ_m©U AWdm gmaUr gßª`m-2 A‹`m[H $ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm o\$Î_m{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°- OrdZ Am°a odH$mg, OrdZ Ao^d•oŒm H{$ VwbZm H$m odõ{fU H$r dmÒVodH$Vm Edß ahÒ`, VÍ$UmdÒWm g{ [wªVmdÒWm H$r Am{a, H´$.gß. A‹`m[H$/ _‹`_mZ _mZH$ "Q>r' [arjU _m[Z ‡OZZ, _mZd odH$mg AmoX& A‹`mo[H$m odMbZ 6) `m°Z oejm h{Vw ÒbmBS>≤g, MmQ©>≤g, _m∞S>Îg, o\$Î_ÒQ>r[ AmoX H$m g_yh C[`m{J H$a VÍ$UmdÒWm gÂ]›Yr "g_Ò`mE± Edß g_mYmZ' O°g{ odf`m{ß 1. A‹`m[H$ (30) 216.70 14.51 .947 (NS) [a ‡m{O{∑Q> V°`ma H$admE Om gH$V{ h¢& 2. A‹`mo[H$mE± (30) 220.30 12.36 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- NS=(Non-significant) 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ (VmobH$m _yÎ` .96) 1. ∂T>m°∂T>r`mb, Eg.EZ. Edß [mR>H$ E, 1972, "oejm AZwgßYmZ odoY C[`w©∫$ gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ìQ>rí [arjU H$m _mZ .05 ÒVa [a VmobH$m H{$ emÛ', amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa& _mZ g{ H$_ h° AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ A‹`m[H$ 2. [mR>H$, [r.S>r. Edß À`mJr Or.Eg.S>r., 2005 "H$m{R>mar H$_reZ', A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h° odZm{X [wÒVH$ _o›Xa, AmJam& AWm©V≤ em{Y [naH$Î[Zm gßª`m 2 H$m{ ÒdrH•$V oH$`m OmVm h° oH$ A‹`m[H$ Edß 3. ogßh, S>m∞. _`m eßH$a, "A‹`m[H$ oejm JwUmÀ_H$ odH$mg', 2004, A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht h°& A‹``Z [o„beg©, ZB© oXÑr& em{Y oZÓH$f© ñ 4. ogßh, S>m∞. _`m eßH$a, "A‹`m[H$ oejm H$r MwZm°oV`m±', 2006, 1) gÂ[yU© ‡XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU H{$ AmYma [a `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV A‹`m[Z [o„beg©, ZB© oXÑr& A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r Ao^d•oŒm gm_m›` gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r 5. g∑g{Zm, EZ.AmaÃ Edß o_lm, ]r.H{$. Edß _m{h›Vr, Ama.H{$., "A‹`m[H$ Ao^d•oŒm gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ [mB© JB© h°& oejm' (2007), Ama bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{, _{aR>& 2) A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oV 6. e_m©, Ama.E., 2007, "oejm AZwgßYmZ', Ama.bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{, _{aR> gH$mamÀ_H$ h° Edß Bgg{ H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht [m`m OmVm h°& 7. Best, J.W. and Kahun, V.J., 1986, “Research in Education”, e°ojH$ oZohVmW© Edß gwPmd ñ (5th Ed.), Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1) em{Y oZÓH$f© H{$ AZwgma g_ÒV oejH$m{ß H$r `m°Z oejm H{$ ‡oV 8. Elahi, Nizam, (2006), “Teacher Education in India (INSET), Ao^d•oV gH$mamÀ_H$ h° AV: `m°Z oejm ¤mam VÍ$UmdÒWm H{$ New Delhi, APH, Publishing Corporation. od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß Edß CZH{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw gH$mamÀ_H$ Ao^d•oV 9. Ganihar, Noorjehan & Nayak, Shivanand V., 2007 “Human odH$ogV H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ gH{$ßJ{& Resource Development and Tacher Educaiton”, Discovery 2) ^mdr oejH$m{ß h{Vw `m°Z oejm H$m{ _m‹ò_H$ oejU ‡oejU _{ß odoeÓQ> Publishign House, New Delhi. ÒWmZ AoZdm`© odf`dÒVw H{$ Í$[ _{ß oX`m OmZm MmohE Z oH$ H{$db 10. Siddiqui, Mohd. Akhtar, 2005, “In-Service Teacher VÍ$UmdÒWm Edß CgH$r g_Ò`mAm{ß VH$ gro_V aIZm MmohE& Education”, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.

gmaUr gßª`m-1 A‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`mo[H$mAm{ß H$r `m°Z oejm Ao^d•oŒm H{$ XŒmm{ß H$m odõ{fU H´$.gß. A‹`m[H$ gßª`m Hw$b ‡ÌZm{ß _{ß ‡m·mßH$ H$Q> Am∞\$ o]›Xw H$Q> Am∞\$ o]›Xw H$Q> Am∞\$ o]›Xw g{ AoYH Ao^d•oŒm gßª`m g{ A›Va ‡m·mßH$m ‡oVeV ÒVa 1. A‹`m[H$ (30) 6504 4680 1821 38.91 gm_m›` YZmÀ_H$ 2. A‹`mo[H$mE± (30) 6601 4680 1929 41.21 gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ YZmÀ_H$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 233

amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m g_mbm{MZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. H$_b{e Pm * [ßH$O H{$. C[m‹`m` **

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡mMrbH$mbrZ _{ß A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ ‡oejU X{Z{ H$m H$m{B© oZ`_ H{$ gßX^© _{ß oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmAm{ß ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ Zht Wm, [a›Vw oejm dhr X{Vm Wm Om{ od⁄m AWm©V≤ odf`dÒVw H$r OmZH$mar ‡oejUm{ß H$m g_mbm{MZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& H{$ gmW Cg{ A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß CVmam Edß dmZ‡ÒW Aml_ _{ß [hw±Mm hm{, ∑`m{ßoH$ 2. g_Ò`m H$WZ - "amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß oObm oejm C_´ H{$ Cg [∂S>md VH$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ A[Z{ AZw^dm{ß H{$ ¤mam OrdZ H{$ g_ÒV Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m _hÀd[yU© [hbwAm{ß H$m kmZ hm{ OmVm Wm& Bg ‡H$ma ‡mMrZH$mb _{ß A‹`m[H$m{ß g_mbm{MZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z&' H$m `hr dmÒVodH$ ‡oejU Wm& `h H$hm J`m h° oH$ "H$m{B© ^r amÓQ≠> A[Z{ 3. em{Y g_Ò`m H{$ C‘{Ì` - oejH$m{ß H{$ ÒVa g{ D$[a Zht CR> gH$Vm&î BgobE oejH$ H$m{ g_mO _{ß (i) oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ _hmZ≤ —oÓQ> g{ X{Im J`m h° Edß X{Im Om ahm h°& oejm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw C[`w∫$ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m [Vm bJmZm& oejH$ V°`ma H$aZ{ H{$ obE 1980 H{$ XeH$ g{ A‹`m[H$ ‡oejU [a (ii) amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß S>mBQ> H{$ g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejUm{ß H$r AoYH$ ]b oX`m OmZ{ bJm& gm_m›`V: Bg_{ß oejmemÛ H{$ _yb^yV ^yo_H$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& og’m›Vm{ß, oejU H$m°ebm{ß VWm odoeÓQ> odf`m{ß H$r oejU VH$ZrH$r, (iii) S>mBQ>, _{ß H$m`©aV oejH$ ‡oejH$m{ß H$m g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß odoY`m{ß Am°a odoeÓQ> oejU H$m°ebm{ß _{ß [maßJV H$aZ{ H{$ obE Adga H$r JwUdŒmm Edß oH´$`m›d`Z gÂ]›Yr Ao^_V kmV H$aZm& C[b„Y oH$E OmV{ h¢, [a›Vww A‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ VmÀH$mobH$ ‡oejU Edß dV©_mZ (iv) S>mBQ> ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r JwUdŒmm Edß [nadV©Zerb g_mO Edß d°oÌdH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ]hwV A›Va h° BgH{$ obE oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ‡oV g{dmaV ‡mWo_H$ oejH$m{ß H$m Ao^_V kmV H$aZm& C›h{ß g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU g{ g_`mZwÍ$[ d°oÌdH$ VH$ZrH$r odH$mg Edß 4. em{Y [naH$Î[ZmE± - e°ojH$ ZdmMmam{ß g{ [naoMV H$adm`m OmVm h° Xj ]Zm`m OmVm h°& (i) S>mBQ> ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m gßMmbZ "g{dmaV A‹`m[H$ oejm EH$ oH´$`m]; `m{OZm h°, oOgH$m C‘{Ì` oejH$ odo^fi Am`m{Jm{ß Edß oejm od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV C‘{Ì`m{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ Edß e°ojH$ g{dm H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m oZa›Va odH$mg h°&'.... E_.]r. ]wM oH$`m OmVm h°& ]wS> oS>Ò[{M (1854), ^maVr` oejm Am`m{J (1882-83), bm∞S©> (ii) S>mBQ> ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ ‡oV oejH$ H$O©Z H$r oejm ZroV (1904), oejm ZroV (1913), gmO}›Q> go_oV ‡oejH$m{ß H$m Ao^_V gH$mamÀ_H$ h°& (1944), odÌdod⁄mb` oejm Am`m{J (1952-53), ^maVr` oejm (iii) S>mBQ> ¤mam Am`m{oOV g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ ‡oV g{dmaV Am`m{J (1964-66) Edß ZB© oejm ZroV (1986) AmoX Am`m{Jm{ß Edß oejH$m{ß H$m ‡m· ‡oejU gÂ]›Yr Ao^_V gH$mamÀ_H$ h°& go_oV`m{ß Z{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m oH$ oejm H$r JwUdŒmm Edß amÓQ≠>r` odH$mg _{ß 5. ›`mXe© - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß ›`mXe© H$m M`Z o^fi-o^fi [’oV`m{ß `m{JXmZ X{Z{ dmb{ g^r H$maH$m{ß _{ß oZÒgßX{h oejH$ H$r `m{Ω`Vm, j_Vm g{ oZÂZmZwgma oH$`m- Am°a MnaÃ g]g{ _hÀd[ym© h° AV: g{dmH$mb _{ß ^r oejH$ H$m{ ‡oejU H$r ›`mXe© AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& C[am{∫$ h{Vw g{ amÓQ≠>r` oejm ZroV H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ X{e _{ß oObm gm{‘{Ì` ›`mXe© `m—o¿N>H$ ›`mXe© oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ (DIET), oejH$-oejm _hmod⁄mb`m{ß (CTE), M`Z [’oV M`Z [’oV CÉ A‹``Zoejm gßÒWmZ (IASE) AmoX H$r ÒWm[Zm g{dmH$mbrZ A‹`m[H$ ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ h{Vw H$r JB©& oOg_{ß oObm S>mBQ>, B©S>a H{$ 1 ‡mMm`© gm.H$m. oOb{ H{$ 25 ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`, oejU Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$m{ ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ 5 oejH$ ‡oejH$ 100 g{dmaV ‡oejU ‡m· oejH$ ‡oejU H$m Xmo`Àd gm¢[m J`m h°& dV©_mZ _{ß amÓQ≠> H$r e°ojH$ ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß 6. [nagr_Z - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© JwOamV am¡` H{$ gm]aH$mR>m oOb{ H{$ _{ß ]Xbmd Am`m h°& AmO odÌd H$m{ emßoV oejm, OZgßª`m oejm Edß B©S>a Vhgrb _wª`mb` [a oÒWV oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ VWm [`m©daU VWm ÒdmÒœ` oejm O°g{ ZdrZ odf`m{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oO›h{ß Bgg{ g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU ‡m· oOb{ H{$ oejH$m{ß VH$ gro_V aIm J`m h°& od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw dV©_mZ g{dmaV oejH$m{ß H$m{ BZH$m ‡oejU 7. em{Y odoY - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© H$r ‡H•$oV H$m{ X{IV{ hwE gd©jU X{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& AV: ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß odoY H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°&

* Ï`mª`Vm, oejm, amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, I{adm∂S>m, _m{hZbmb gwImo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`,CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV ** em{YmWu _m{hZbmb gwImo∂S>`m odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 234

8. gmßoª`H$r` VH$ZrH$ (‡odoY) - ‡ÒVwV em{YH$m`© _{ß ‡m· XŒmm{ß (6) ‡oejU h{Vw AmoW©H$ gwodYm oZ`_mZwgma C[b„Y h° VWm ‡oejH$m{ß H{$ odõ{fU h{Vw ‡oVeV Edß H$mB© Òπ$mà H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m& Edß oejH$m{ß _{ß Am[gr gÂ]›Y gm_m›` [mE JE& 9. em{Y C[H$aU - em{Y _{ß ‡m_moUH$ Edß Vœ`mÀ_H$ XŒmm EH$oÃV 10.3 g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H{$ ‡oV g{dmaV oejH$m{ß H{$ Ao^_V H$aZ{ h{Vw oZÂZ C[H$aUm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m- (1) g{dmaV oejH$m{ß H{$ AZwgma ‡oejU _{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß, ÒdmÒœ` oejm, 9.1 XÒVmd{Om{ß H$m A‹``Z - _mZd gßgmYZ odH$mg _ßÃmb`, ZB© OZgßª`m oejm, Q≠>mo\$H$ oZ`_Z, `m°Z oejm O°g{ amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$Vm oXÑr, ododY oejm Am`m{Jm{ß, EZgrB©AmaQ>r, ZB© oXÑr Edß oObm H{$ odf`m{ß H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h° O]oH$ emßoV oejU, VH$ZrH$r oejm, oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZm{ß ¤mam ‡H$moeV ododY XÒVmd{Om{ß H$m Am‹`moÀ_H$ oejm, oS>OmÒQ>a _{Z{O_{›Q>, Ûr oejm AmoX H$m{ A‹``Z g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H{$ C‘{Ì`m{ß Edß H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r ‡H•$oV ‡oejU _{ß Om{∂S>Zm MmohE& OmZZ{ h{Vw oH$`m J`m& (2) g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU _{ß _w∫$ MMm©, g_yh H$m`©, oH´$`mÀ_H$ ‡m`m{oJH$ 9.2 gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr -oObm oejm Edß ‡oejU gßÒWmZ, B©S>a H{$ AmoX H$_ hm{V{ h¢ Edß Ï`mª`mZ AoYH$ hm{V{ h¢& ‡mMm`© Edß oejH$ ‡oejH$m{ß H{$ Ao^_V OmZZ{ h{Vw gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr (3) S>mB©Q> [wÒVH$mb`, ‡`m{Jembm, H$Âfl`yQ>a b{], ^mfm ‡`m{Jembm H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`m& AmoX C[b„Y h° [a›Vw CZH$m C[`m{J H$_ hr hm{Vm h°& 9.3 gßaoMV ‡ÌZmdbr - g{dmaV ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ oejH$m{ß H{$ (4) AoYH$mßeV: oejH$ _mZV{ h¢ oH$ S>mBQ> H{$ g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU H$r ‡m· ‡oejU H{$ ‡oV Ao^_V OmZZ{ h{Vw ‡ÌZmdbr H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m JwUdŒmm Edß H$m`© ‡Umbr A¿N>r h°, [a›Vw ‡m· ‡oejU H$m gÂ[yU© J`m& C[`m{J oejH$ od⁄mb` _{ß Zht H$aV{ h¢& 10. XŒmm gßH$bZ, odõ{fU Edß Ï`mª`m (5) oejH$ _mZV{ h¢ oH$ g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU C[`m{Jr h° Edß S>mBQ> A[Z{ 10.1 XÒVmd{Om{ß H{$ A‹``Zg{ ‡m· oZÓH$f© -oObm oejm Edß oZYm©naV C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· _{ß g\$b ahr h°& ‡oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ C‘{Ì` oZÂZoboIV h°- (1) ‡mWo_H$ oejm _{ß d•o’ Edß Cgg{ Ow∂S{> Ïò∫$`m{ß H$r H$m`©e°br, JwUdŒmm, gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$m`©XjVm VWm e°ojH$ odH$mg H$aZm& (2) CRC Am°a BRC H{$ gßX^© Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ V°`ma H$aZm VWm _mJ©Xe©Z 1. Best, J.W. and Kahun, V.J., 198í, “Research in X{Zm& Education”, (5th Ed.), Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. (3) ‡mWo_H$ oejH$m{ß h{Vw AÎ[mdoYH$ Edß XrKm©doY H$m`©oeodam{ß H$m 2. Elahi, Nizam, (200í), “Teacher Education in India Am`m{OZ H$a ‡oejU X{Zm& (INSET), New Delhi, APH, Publishing Corporation. (4) ‡mWo_H$ oejm _{ß A[Ï`` Edß ÒWoJVVm H$m{ Xya H$a JwUmÀ_H$ gwYma 3. Ganihar, Noorjehan & Nayak, Shivanand V., 2007 H$aZm& “Human Resource Development and Tacher Educaiton”, 10.2 ‡mMm`© Edß oejH$ ‡oejH$m{ß g{ ‡m· XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU Discovery Publishign House, New Delhi. 4. Siddiqui, Mohd. Akhtar, 2005, “In-Service Teacher gÂ]›Yr oZÓH$f© Education”, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi. (1) _mZd gßgmYZ odH$mg _ßÃmb` ¤mam oZYm©naV g_ÒV C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r 5. ∂T>m°∂T>r`mb, Eg.EZ. Edß [mR>H$ E, 1972, "oejm AZwgßYmZ odoY ‡mo· hm{Vr h°& emÛî, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa& (2) g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU _{ß amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ odf` O°g{ oH$ 6. [mR>H$, [r.S>r. Edß À`mJr Or.Eg.S>r., 2005 "H$m{R>mar H$_reZ', `m{J Edß ‡mUm`m_, ÒdmÒœ` oejm, [`m©daU oejm, oMÃH$bm, Z°oVH$ odZm{X [wÒVH$ _o›Xa, AmJam& Edß _yÎ` oejm, `m°Z oejm AmoX H$m{ ÒWmZ oX`m OmVm h° O]oH$ 7. [mS{>`, ameH$b Edß oH$gb`, AZw[_, 2005, "^maVr` oejm emßoV oejm, VH$ZrH$r oejm, Am‹`moÀ_H$ oejm AmoX H$m{ ode{f Am`m{Jî, Amerf [o„boeßJ hmD$g, ZB© oXÑr& _hŒd Zht oX`m OmVm h°& 8. ogßh, S>m∞. _`m eßH$a, "A‹`m[H$ oejm JwUmÀ_H$ odH$mg', 2004, (3) S>mBQ> _{ß oejm H$r JwUdŒmm ]∂T>mZ{ gÂ]›Yr H$m`© hm{V{ h¢, [a›Vw ‡mWo_H$ A‹``Z[o„beg©, ZB© oXÑr& oejm H{$ gmdÃr©H$aU Edß ‡Mma ‡gma H$m H$m`© Zht hm{Vm h° Om{ oH$ 9. ogßh, S>m∞. _`m eßH$a, "A‹`m[H$ oejm H$r MwZm°oV`m±', 200Ì, oejm H{$ AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV dV©_mZ amÓQ≠>r` ‡mWo_H$Vm A‹`m[Z [o„beg©, ZB© oXÑr& h°& 10. g∑g{Zm, EZ.AmaÃ Edß o_lm, ]r.H{$. Edß _m{h›Vr, Ama.H{$., "A‹`m[H$ (4) ‡oejU Ï`dÒWm, H$m`©‡Umbr Edß [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß ‡dV©_mZ g_` H{$ oejm' (2007), Ama bmb ]wH$ oS>[m{, _{aR>& AZwÍ$[ [nadV©Z hm{Zm MmohE& 11. g∑g{Zm, E.H{$., 2005, "oejm _{ß AZwgßYmZ', [m{B©›Q>a [o„beg©, (5) ^m°oVH$ gwodYm H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m C[`m{J hm{Vm h° oH$›Vw [wÒVH$mb` O`[wa& e_m©, Ama.E., 2007, "oejm AZwgßYmZ', Ama.bmb ]wH$ H$Âfl`yQ>a b{] Edß ‡`m{Jembm H$m g{dmH$mbrZ ‡oejU _{ß H$_ C[`m{J oS>[m{, _{aR> hm{Vm h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 235

aoÌ_ [mS≤>`m *

em{Y gmamße ñ ‡ÒVwV Ìmm{Y A‹``Z [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ nZYm©aU _{ß A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r ‡nVnH´$`m g{ gÂ]nYV h°& BgH{$ nbE BßXm°a Ìmha H{$ nZOr CÉVa _m‹`n_H$ nd⁄mb`m{ß Om{ CBSE g{ gÂ]” h¢ H$m M`Z nH$`m J`m& BgH{$ A›VJ©V Hw$b 77 A‹`m[H$m{ß Om{ JnUV, ndkmZ d gm_mnOH$ ndkmZ ndf` g{ gÂ]” W{ H$m{ gnÂ_nbV nH$`m J`m nOZ_{ß H$jm VI H{$ 26 H$jm VII 26 d H$jm VIII H{$ 25 A‹`m[H$ emn_b nH$E JE& Bg_{ß JnUV H{$ 25 ndkmZ H{$ 25 d gm_mµoOH$ ndkmZ H{$ 27 A‹`m[H$ gnÂ_nbV W{ & ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z h{Vw ‡W_ C[H$aU H{$ È[ _{ß nbH$Q©> ‡H$ma H$r ‡nVnH´$`m _m[Zr ndH$ngV H$r JB© nOg_{ß 40 H$WZm{ß H$m{ gnÂ_nbV nH$`m J`m ‡À`{H$ H$WZ [a 5 ndH$Î[ nXE JE nOg_{ß g{ EH$ [a ghr (P ) H$m nM›h bJmH$a A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ A[Zr am` XÌmm©Zr Wr& H$WZm{ß _{ß g{ bJ^J AmY{ H$WZ YZmÀ_H$ d A›` F$UmÀ_H$ aI{ JE{& n¤Vr` C[H$aU H{$ È[ _{ß [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ nZYm©aU _yÎ`mßH$Z ‡ÌZmdbr ]ZmB© JB© nOg_{ß Hw$b 10 ‡ÌZm{ß H$m g_md{Ìm h°& ‡À`{H$ ‡ÌZ H{$ Xm{ ^mJ h°& ^mJ "A' d ^mJ "]'& ‡À`{H$ ‡ÌZ H{$ "A' ^mJ _{ß nZnÌMV CŒma ndH$Î[ nXE JE nOZ_{ß g{ EH$ g{ AnYH$ [a ghr H$m nM›h bJmH$a CŒma XmVmAm{ß H$m{ A[Zr am` X{Zr h°& ‡À`{H$ ‡ÌZ H$m ^mJ "]' _w∫$ CŒma ‡ÌZ ßh° Am°a [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ nZ_m©U ‡nH´$`m nH$g ‡H$ma hm{Zr MmnhE ? Bgg{ gÂ]nYV h°& ‡nVnH´$`m _m[Zr d ‡ÌZmdbr g{ ‡m· CŒmam{ß H{$ AßH$m{ß H$m `m{J H$a Om{ ‡m·mßH$ ‡m· hwE CZH$m ndÌb{fU Ag_mZ AmH$ma H{$ EH$ _mJr©` EZm{dm ¤mam nH$`m J`m& ‡ÒVwV Ìmm{Y A‹``Z _{ß ‡m· [naUm_ `{ ‡XnÌm©V H$aV{ h¢ nH$ JnUV, ndkmZ d gm_mµ ndkmZ H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H$r ‡nVnH´$`m ‡m·mH$m| H{$ _m‹` _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht [m`m J`m& ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H$m{ ndÒVma g{ Ìmm{Y-[Ã _{ß ‡nVÌmV: CÑ{nIV nH$`m J`m h° & ‡ÒVmdZm ñ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß oejm ‡Umbr H$r ar∂T> h¢& A‹`m[H$ Edß ¤mam o_bH$a oH$`m OmVm h°& [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H{$ M`Z H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Sm∞. b˙_U od⁄moœm©`m{ß H{$ ]rM gÂ[yU© H$jm H$jr` Ï`dhma [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ H{$ BX©- Òdm_r _wXmobà Z{ H$hm h° oH$ - oJX© Ky_Vm h°& EH$ Am{a Ohm± [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ oejH$m{ß Am°a od⁄moœm©`m{ß H{$ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ H$r odf`-dÒVw ob`{ "]mB©o]b' Am°a "Hw$amZ' h¢ Vm{ [arjm H{$ obhmO g{ b˙_U-a{Im h° ‡ÒVwVrH$aU AmoX ]mbH$m{ß H$r oOgH$m AoVH´$_U oH$gr H{$ ob`{ ^r dmßN>Zr` Zht h°& [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ Ao^ÈoM`m{ß d AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ g_ÒV AoO©V kmZ _{ß Ywar H$m H$m_ H$aVr h°& [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ "_wo–V-oejH$' AZwÈ[ hm{Zm MmohE& h¢& gÂ`H$ ‡H$ma g{ obIr Am°a gÂ[moXV [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß EH$ Am°gV H$m{R>mar Am`m{J H{$ AZwgma- "[mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{{ß H{$ M`Z _{ß CoMV ‹`mZ Zht A‹`m[H$ g{ ^r ]∂T>H$a og’ hm{Vr h¢& oejU AZwX{eZ H$m ‡_wI gmYZ oX`m OmVm h°& [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ oZÂZH$m{oQ> H$r [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H$m Ï`dgm` [wÒVH{$ß hr hm{Vr h¢& [mR>≤Á-[wÒVHß${ [am{j AZw^dm{ß H$r EH$ ]∂S>r _mÃm Bg ]hwV hr bm^Xm`H$ Wm Bgr H$maU Bg ‡H$ma H$r [wÒVH{$ oZYm©naV hm{Vr ‡H$ma gwgßJoR>V È[ g{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h¢ oH$ `{ AZw^d ^mdr oMßVZ d Wr& AV: H$m{R>mar Am`m{J H{$ AZwgma [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H$m M`Z am¡` gaH$ma [∂S>Vmb H$m [m{fU H$a gH{$& AV: [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß odf`-dÒVw H$m EH$ E{gm ¤mam oH$`m OmZm MmohE& AZ{H$ oÒWoV`m{ß _{ß [wÒVH$m{ H$r JwUdŒmm _ß{ gwYma È[ h¢ Om{ em{Y oejU Am°a g•OZmÀ_H$ oMßVZ H$r oÃAm`m_r H$_©^yo_ h°& Am`m h° [a›Vw o\$a ^r gm_m›` ÒVa [a BZH$m M`Z A^r ^r em{MZr` h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß oejm H{$ j{Ã H{$ ob`{ A[nahm`© h¢& Am°oMÀ` - `⁄o[ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ gd©Ã h¢ VWmo[ CZH$r Xem [a odMma Òdm‹`m` Am°a AmÀ_odÌdmg H$r d•o’ BZ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß ¤mam hr H$aZ{ g{ odoXV hm{Vm h° oH$ CZg{ A∑ga Z Vm{ [∂T>mZ{ dmb{ A‹`m[H$ gßVwÓQ> H$r Om gH$Vr h°& oÃ[mR>r (1970) Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _ß{ Xem©`m h° oH$ h¢, Z [∂T>Z{ dmb{ N>mÃ& oejm-od^mJ H{$ AoYH$marJU ^r BZ [mR>≤Á- [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H$m{ 75% A‹`m[H$ oejm H$m AmYma _mZV{ h¢& oejm H$m [wÒVH$m{ß H{$ AÎ[JwUm{ß H$r ‡m`: oeH$m`V H$aV{ X{I{ JE h¢& BoVhmg Bg Vœ` H$m{ ‡_moUV H$aVm h° oH$ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß oejm H$m{ hmbmßoH$ oejm ‡oH´$`m _ß{ oejH$ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZd©hZ H$aVm h°& ‡^modV H$aVr h¢ Am°a e°ojH$ [nadV©Z g{ ‡^modV hm{Vr h¢& H$m∞_{oZ`g AV: [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ oZYm©aU _{ß A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r ‡oVoH´$`mEß hr Bg A‹``Z Am°a [{ÒQ>m∞bmOr Z{ H´$_e: 17dt,18dt Am°a 19dt eVr _{ß ‡m`: oejm H$m{ ghr _mJ©Xe©Z ‡XmZ H$a gH$Vr h°& gwYmam{ß H$m{ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr ‡gmnaV oH$`m Wm& C‘{Ì` - oZOr CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß JoUV,odkmZ,Am°a gm_moOH$ oejm Am`m{J (1964-66) Z{ ^r ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° oH$ oejm H{$ odkmZ H{$ oejH$m{ß H$r [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ [a ‡oVoH´$`m H$r VwbZm H$aZm& ZdrZ ogß’mVm{ß H{$ ‡Mma, [mR>≤ÁM`m© H{$ Cfi`Z Am°a ‡JoVerb A‹`m[Z [naH$Î[Zm - JoUV, odkmZ,Am°a gm_moOH$ odkmZ H$r _m‹ò_H$ AdÒWm odoY`m{ß H{$ ‡gma h{Vw [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH{$ß A[Z{ AßXa g_{Q>r ode{fVmAm{ß H{$ [a [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß [a odf` A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r ‡oVoH´$`m H{$ _m‹` ‡m·mßH$m{ß _{ß H$maU odÌd-â _{ß kmZ Am°a oMßVZ H$m odÌdgZr` gmYZ ]Zr hwB© h¢& H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& Bgr H$maU BZH$r _hŒmm dV©_mZ _{ß ]∂T> JB© h°& ›`mXÌm© - BßXm°a eha H{$ gr.]r.Eg.B©. od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ Hw$b emgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß NCERT, SCERT d [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ oZJ_ 77 A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m oOZ _{ß H$jm VI H{$ 26, VII H{$ 26 ¤mam gßMobV d MòZV [wÒVH{$ß hr M`Z H$r Om gH$Vr h¢& BgH{$ od[arV d VIII H{$ 25 A‹`m[H$ emo_b oH$`{ JE& oZÂZ VmobH$m ¤mam ›`mXÌm© H$m AemgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß H$m M`Z odf`-ode{fk d go_oV ÒdÍ$[ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h°- * em{YmWu, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 236

VmobH$m H´$ß.-1 A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m H$jmdma d odf`dma oddaU h° oH$ JoUV, odkmZ Am°a gm_m.odkmZ g_yh H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r ‡oVoH´$`m H´$. H$jm ÒVa/ JoUV odkmZ gm_moOH$ `m{J _ß{ H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& odo^fi H$jm ÒVam{ß H{$ g_ÒV A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r odf` A‹`m[H$ odkmZ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß [a ‡oVoH´$`m Hw$N> hX VH$ YZmÀ_H$ ahr& 1. VI 8 9 9 26 bJ^J g^r A‹`m[H$ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ oZYm©aU ‡Umbr _{ß [nadV©Z 2. VII 9 8 9 26 H{$ [jYa h¢& od⁄moœm©`m{ß H{$ kmZ H$m{ AmO H{$ `wJ _ß{ ‡JV ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE 3. VIII 8 8 9 25 [nadV©Z AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ [wÒVH$ ]{hVa Hw$b $ 25 25 27 27 C[bo„Y ‡XmZ H$aVr hm{& oH$gr ^r [wÒVH$ H$m ghr _yÎ`mßH$Z odf` C[H$aU - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z h{Vw obH$Q©> ‡H$ma H$r ‡oVoH´$`m _m[Zr odH$ogV oejH$ ¤mam hr gß^d h°& AV: oejH$ ‡oVoH´$`m H$m{ ^r [wÒVH$ oZYm©aU _{ß H$r JB© oOg_{ß 40 H$WZm{ß H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m& ‡À`{{H$ H$WZ [a [m±M emo_b oH$`m OmZm oejm H$r JwUdŒmm H$r —oÓQ> g{ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h°& odH$Î[ [yU©V: gh_V ([y.g.), gh_V (g.), AoZoÌMV (AoZ.), Agh_V ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß oejH$m{ß Z{ [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ H$r gab ^mfm odf`- (Ag.), [yU©V: Agh_V ([y.Ag.) oX`{ JE h¢ oOg_{ß g{ oH$gr EH$ [a ghr dÒVw H$m H$jm-ÒVa H{$ AZÍ$[ hm{Zm, od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ [`m©daU g{ gßß]ßoYV (P ) H$m oM›h bJmH$a A‹`m[H$m{ H$m{ A[Zr am` Xem©Zr Wr& H$WZm{ß _{ß g{ hm{Zm, ZdrZ odf`-dÒVw H$m [yd© kmZ [a AmYmnaV hm{Zm, C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· bJ^J AmY{ H$WZ YZmÀ_H$ VWm A›` F$UmÀ_H$ aI{ J`{& YZmÀ_H$ H$WZm{ß _{ß gj_Vm, oejU odoY`m{ß H{$ AZwÍ$flm oMÃmßH$Z A‰`mg ‡ÌZm{ß H$m goÂ_obV [a H´$_mZwgma 5,4,3,2,1 VWm F$UmÀ_H$ H$WZm{ß [a 1,2,3,4,5, AßH$ ‡XmZ hm{Zm O°g{ [jm{ß H{$ ‡oV YZmÀ_H$ ‡oVoH´$`m Xr Om{ oH$ A‹``Z H$m{ gmW©H$Vm oH$`{ J`{& Bg ‡H$ma ‡À`{H$ H$WZ [a ‡m· AßH$m{ß H$m `m{J H$a gÂ[yU© ‡oVoH´$`m ‡XmZ H$aVr h°& oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$ oZYm©aU _{ß _m[Zr H$m ‡m·mßH$ ‡m· oH$`m J`m& oejH$m{ß H$r ‡oVoH´$`m Ìmo_b H$aZm oejm H$r JwUdŒmm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& ‡XŒm odÌb{fU d [naUm_ :- ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m odÌb{fU Ag_mZ AmH$ma H{$ EH$ _mJr©` EZm{dm ¤mam oH$`m J`m& ‡À`{H$ g_yh H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡oVoH´$`m H{$ References - _m‹` ‡m·mßH$, ‡m_moUH$ odMbZ, ‡m_moUH$ ÃwoQ> Edß OZgßª`m _m[Z h{Vw 1. Chaudhari, I.S : A Critical Evaluation Of School Text Book 95% odÌdÒVVm AßVamb H$r oZÂZ Am°a CÉ gr_mEß oZÂZmZwgma h¢ - Improvement Programmes In India. Unpublished Ph.D. VmobH$m H´$ß.-2 (X{I{) C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gß[yU© g_yh H{$ Thesis, Punjab University , (1977). gßX^© _{ß ‡oVoH´$`m ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m _m‹` 134.61 h° Edß oOgH$r ‡m.ÃwoQ> 2. Chaudhari, U.S. : An Evaluation Of Nationalized Hindi Text 1.81 h°& _m‹` h{Vw 95% odÌdÒVVm AßVamb 131.01 g{ 138.21 h°& `{ Books (Classes I Through VIII) Of Madhya Pradesh, Unpublished Ph.D. , D.A.V.V, Indore, (1976). H$m\$r N>m{Q>m AßVamb h° Am°a odÌdÒVVm Xem©Vm h°& _m‹` H$m 120 g{ 160 3. Gagneja , S.C. : The Treatment Of America, England, Russia, H{$ _‹` hm{Zm Xem©Vm h° oH$ oejH$m{ß H$r [mR>≤Á-[wÒVH$m{ß [a ‡oVoH´$`m Hw$N> Japan, Chaina And Pakistan In Social Studies, History And hX VH$ YZmÀ_H$ h°& VrZm{ß odf` g_yh H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ß H$m EH$ Geography Text Books For High/ Higher Secondary Schools. _mJr©` EZm{dm ¤mam odÌb{fm H{$ [naUm_ oZÂZ VmobH$m ¤mam ‡ÒVwV h°- D.A.V. College Of Education. Abohar , (1974). VmobH$m H´$.-3 EH$ _mJr©` EZm{dm gmamße 4. O°Z, Zrnb_m : [mR>≤Á [wÒVH$ ‡ÌZ Am°a nMßVZ ‡nH´$`mE±, „by_ Q{>∑gm{Zm∞_r Sources Sum of df Mean F Sig. [a AmYmnaV ndÌb{fUµ A‡H$mnÌmV E_µES>µ Ìmm{Y ‡]ßY, X{dr AnhÎ`m Squares Squares ndÌdnd⁄mb` , BßXm°a , (1972)µ Between 1109.965 2 554.983 2.276 0.110 5µ ‡m{µ O°Z, ]rµ E_ : nagM© _{Wm{S>m{bm∞Orµ nagM© [n„bH{$ÌmZ BZ gm{nÌm`b Group gmßBg{O, ZB© nXÑr , (1981-82) [•µ 81,05, 154, 161, 166µ Within 18046.35 74 243.870 6. Nair, K.S. : A Study Of The Concept Of Standards In English group Through An Analysis Of The Text Books Prepared For Total 19156.31 76 Secondary School Pupils In Kerala State. Unpublished VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ F H$m _mZ 2.276 h° Om{ oH$ gmW©H$Vm H{$ 0.110 Ph.D. , Kerala University, (1976). ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ gmW©H$Vm H$m 0.110 ÒVa 0.05 ÒVa g{ oZÂZ h°& 7. Pattabiram, G. : An Evaluation Of Nationalished Text Books For Higher Classes In Social Studies In Secondary School AV: F H$m _mZ gmW©H$Vm H{$ 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ Zht h°& AV: h_ H$h Of Andhra Pradesh. Unpublished Ph.D. , MSU , (1973). gH$V{ h¢ oH$ JoUV,odkmZ Am°a gm_m.odkmZ g_yh H{$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r 8. [mQ>rXma, âVbmb : gm_mnOH$ A‹``Z H$jm 8 dt H{$ Xm{ ndn^fi ‡oVoH´$`m _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& [mR>≤Á- [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß dnU©V gm_mnOH$ [ydm©J´hm{ß H$m [mR>≤ÁH´$_ ndH$mg h{Vw oZÓH$f© - C[am{∫$ A‹``Z H{$ AmYma [a oZÓH$f© ÒdÍ$flm H$hm Om gH$Vm ndÌb{fU Edß _yÎ`mßH$Zµ X{dr AnhÎ`m ndÌdnd⁄mb` , BXm¢a , (1993)µ VmobH$m H´$ß.-2 ‡oVoH´$`m H{$ _m‹` ‡m·mßH$, ‡m_moUH$ odMbZ, ‡m_moUH$ ÃwoQ> VWm _m‹` h{Vw 95% odÌdÒVVm AßVamb H$m oddaU H´$. ‡oVoH´$`m gßª`m _m‹` ‡m.odMbZ ‡m.ÃwoQ> _m‹` h{Vw 95%odÌdÒVVm AßVamb g_yh oZÂZ gr_m CÉ gr_m 1. JoUV 25 137.48 15.82 3.16 130.95 144.01 2. odkmZ 25 137.32 19.31 3.86 129.35 145.29 3. gm.odkmZ 27 129.44 10.90 2.10 125.13 133.76 `m{J 77 134.61 15.88 1.81 131.01 138.21 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 237

Impact Of Handball Training On Strength Of Handball Players

* * * Dr. B.K. Choudhary Paranveer Singh Chouhan

Abstract - Handball is a game which is actually requires body strength for stopping attackers from approaching the goal and along with that it is also have a need of high impact intermitted exercise with many lateral movements like jumps and throws and these all can be improved by physical training.The objective of this paper is study the impact of handball training on strength of handball players. It is evaluated the pre and post effect on grip strength of LH, RH and strength of back muscles.The present study is selected 14 male players who are having handball specialization from pacific university. Random sampling method is used for collection of samples.It is concluded that after training strength and endurance of handball players are improved. Keywords - handball players, dynamometer test, resistance, strength.

Introduction - Handball is a running sport and it can provide Results And Findings: a large involvement to muscular endurance framing in the Table-1 (See in next page) required skills common to other sports such as running, Mean value and T- value of grip strength of LH, grip strength jumping, throwing and catching the rules are simple and the of RH, strength of back muscles of handballers activity level is high. It is a game which is actually requires It shows that grip strength of RH improved with mean body strength for stopping attackers from approaching the differences of 2.92 Kg, grip strength of LH improved goal. significantly with mean differences of 2.26 kg, and strength of back muscles improved with mean differences of 2.57 kg. Available research suggests that well successful It is concluded here that strength of handball players are players have well developed aerobic and anaerobic fitness. improved by giving them physical training. It may also helpful This game requires high impact intermitted exercise with to increased strength and endurance of players as well. many lateral movements like jumps and throws and these References - all can be improved by physical training. For this resistance 1. “Hardayal Singh: “SCIENCE OF SPORTS TRAINING”, programs are designs to enhance strength and power in both D.V.S. Publications, Delhi.”Hoff, Jan & others: “The the upper and lower limbs. Effects of Maximum Strength Training on Throwing The present study have immense importance of physical Velocity and Muscle Strength in Female Team-Handball education teachers and coaches in accepting the nature Players”, Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, handball training in regard with strength and it may assist November 1995- Volume 9 - Issue 4 - p 255-589. physical teacher and coaches in grading and classifying 2. H. Harrison Clarke and David H. Clarke, Advanced players according to their strength level. By the study of Statistics (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1984), P. 84. handball training instructor can design the training program 3. Rannou, F, Prioux, J, Zouhal, H, Gratas-Delamarche, according to the requirement of the position and duration of A, and Delamarche, P. Physiological profile of handball training. players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 41: 349–353, 2001. Objective- 4. Sale, D. Neural adaptation to strength training. In: The objective of this paper is to study the impact of handball Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. London, training on the strength and power like grip strength of LH, grip United Kingdom: Blackwell, 1992. pp. 249–265. strength of RH, and strength of back muscles of handball players. 5. Schmidtbleicher, D. Training for power events. In: Material And Methods - Strength and Power in Sport. P.V. Komi, ed. London, For this study 14 male handball specialized players are United Kingdom: Blackwell, 1992. pp. 381–395. selected from Pacific University. They all are selected by 6. Van den Tillaar, R. Effect of different training programs random sampling method and it is applied to the age group on the velocity of overarm throwing: A brief review. J of 18-25 years. For the measurement of grip strength of LH, Strength Cond Res 18: 388–396, 2004. 7. Van den Tillaar, R and Ettema, G. Effect of body size grip strength of RH and strength of back muscles, and gender in overarm throwing performance. Eur J Appl dynamometer is used. Physiol 91: 413–418, 2004

* ** Sports Officer, PIE, Pacific University Research Scholar, Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 238

Table No. 1 No of variables Pre test Post test Mean deviation s t- ratio mean mean Grip strength of RH 43.76 46.68 2.92 2.81 3.45 Grip strength of LH 41.97 44.51 2.53 2.26 3.72 Strength of back muscles 129.09 133.68 4.59 2.57 5.93

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 239

Comparing Fitness Level of Boys From Higher And Lower Altitude Places

* * * Dr. Um Singh Rathore Ramneek Jain

Abstract - Perhaps the most important one of areas to physical education is the psychomotor domain because it is the medium through which the cognitive and affective domains are achieved through their work. However, it must be pointed out once again that before the student is empirically divided into segments or domains, recognition must be given to the unity, or whole-person concept. All willed purposive movement is an integration of all 3 of these domains. The domains do not exist as separate entities, but they are inexorably related and interrelated. Sometimes it is difficult to tell where one leaves off and the others begin. The present paper is written on the basis of the findings of components of physical fitness collected from a sample of 60 boys of 14 to 15 years of age. Out of these 60 boys, 30 belongs from high altitude area and rest of 30 were inhabitated in low altitude area. The AAPHER Youth Fitness Test is administered on this randomly selected sample. The results indicate that there is significant difference in physical fitness among boys from high and low altitude area.

Introduction - Total fitness can then be analyzed into identified as unique, distinct factors. They really have meaning several aspects including physical, mental, social, and only when viewed in this context, which is one of synthesis emotional. Physical fitness is further reduced to the still rather than analysis. Eventually, they must be viewed in narrower concept of motor fitness. Proliferation is carried relation to the whole student. These qualities and factors still further when motor fitness is analyzed into the that are associated with them can generally be measured components of endurance, strength, power, agility, flexibility, by one means or another. and the like. Virtually all of these identified elements involve The tem “fitness” is perhaps one of the most nebulous measurement of specifics. However, when all of these specific in the area of measurement in physical education. It is an elements are measured and the results are placed in a profile, elusive quality until delineated and frequently has been the parts do not add up to the whole. Something of this defined in rather abstract terms. The American Alliance for “wholeness” is not measured. In the process of synthesis, Health, Physical Education and Recreation arrived at the some of the parts of the fitness mosaic are inevitably missing. following definition: The total concept of the individual is exemplified by the term Fitness is that state which characterizes the degree to “total fitness.” Total fitness can then be analyzed into several which the person is able to function. Fitness is an individual aspects including physical, mental, social, and emotional. matter. It implies the ability of each person to live most Physical fitness is further reduced to the still narrower effectively with his potential. Ability to function depends upon concept of motor fitness. Proliferation is carried still further the physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual when motor fitness is analyzed into the components of components of fitness, all of which are related to each other endurance, strength, power, agility, flexibility, and the like. and are mutually interdependent. Virtually all of these identified elements involve The locale of the present study is confined to 60 school measurement of specifics. However, when all of these specific level boys of Rajasthan. They were selected through random elements are measured and the results are placed in a profile, selection technique.The boys were selected from Jodhpur the parts do not add up to the whole. Something of this district of Rajasthan.Out of these 60 boys 30 boys were “wholeness” is not measured. In the process of synthesis, from high altitude area and rest of 30 boys were from low some of the parts of the fitness mosaic are inevitably missing. altitude area. The age of the sample were control and it When dealing with this product, the physical educator does ranges between 14 years to 15 years. All the boys are in measure specific aspects in most instances. Before starting studying in a school as a regular candidate. They belong the process of analysis and before dividing the students into from middle socio-economic status. The selection of sample parts, philosophically it might be well first to view them as a for the present study is through random technique of whole. It is equally important to look at the parts in relation sampling. to the whole after measurements. These separate Variables - components do not operate independently entities in Independent variable themselves. They are not separate and diverse items, but l Inhabitance (Lower and Higher altitude Places) are inextricably related. Most are not readily isolated and * * * Asst. Prof., B.N. College of Physical Education, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Research Scholar Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 240

Dependent variable that the mean Shuttle Run time taken by boys from high The physical fitness that consists of altitude area is significantly less in comparison to boys from l Pull ups, low altitude area. This may be due to boys from high altitude l Sit ups, area have more exposure of running and walking in l Shuttle Run, comparison to boys from low altitude area so they become l Standing Broad Jump, more fitness in terms of running. The above table shows the t value is found 3.87 which l 50 yards Dash, and is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that mean time taken in l 600 yards Run 50 Yard Dash of boys from high altitude area and Boys from Test & Tools - Aahper Youth Fitness test is used for low altitude area significantly differ from each other. The mean measuring fitness. scores show that the mean time in 50 Yard Dash of boys Methodology - The subjects were consulted personally from high altitude area is significantly less in comparison to and their sincere cooperation was solicited. Respondents boys from low altitude area. This may be due to boys from were called to field where testing is being held. Necessary high altitude area have more exposure of running like activities instructions were given to the subjects before the and they have more physical fitness. administration of each test. No time limit for was set, but The above table shows the t value is found 9.87 which the subjects were made to respond as quickly as possible. is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that mean time taken in After scoring on all the selected fitness tests all the scores 600 Yard Run Walk of boys from high altitude area and Boys were forwarded for statistical analysis. from low altitude area significantly differ from each other. Statistical Analysis - The independent group ‘t’ test was The mean scores show that the mean time in 600 Yard Run calculated with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Walk of boys from high altitude area is significantly less in Social Sciences, Version 20.0) comparison to boys from low altitude area. This may be due Results and Discussion ( See the last page) to boys from high altitude area have more exposure of running Comparison of Fitness level of Boys from High and Low like activities and they have more physical fitness. Altitude area - The above table shows the t value is found Conclusion - Therefore the hypothesis “There is no 3.16 which is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that mean pull significant differences between physical fitness of boys from ups of boys from high altitude area and boys from low altitude high and low altitude area” is rejected. area significantly differ from each other. The mean scores Recommendation - The present research work recommend shows that the mean pull ups of boys from high altitude that the training related to physical fitness should be given area are significantly more in comparison to boys from low at high altitude area. altitude area. This may be due to boys from high altitude References - area have to take use of their hand muscles more in 1. AAHPER : Fitness for Youth, Statement Prepared and comparison to boys from low altitude area. Approved by the 100 Delegates to the AAHPER Fitness The above table shows the t value is found 5.34 which Conference, Washington, D. C., 1956. is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that mean sit ups of boys 2. AAHPER : Youth Fitness Test Manual, Washington, D. from high altitude area and boys from low altitude area C. AAHPER, 1976 (Revised). significantly differ from each other. The mean scores shows 3. Barrow, H. M. :”Man and Movement ; Principles of that the mean sit ups of boys from high altitude area are Physical Education”, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 2007. significantly more in comparison to boys from low altitude 4. Harrow, A. J. : “A Taxonomy of the Psychomotor domain”, area. This may be due to boys from high altitude area have New York, David McKay Company, Inc. 2002. to take use of their muscles more in comparison to boys 5. Henry, F. M. and D. E. Rogers : “Increased Response from low altitude area so they become more stronger and for Complicated Movements and a “Memory Drum” able to take weight. Theory of Motor Reaction”, Research Quarterly, 31 : The above table shows the t value is found 14.85 which 448-458, 2010. is insignificant. It infers that mean Standing Long Jump of 6. Jewett, A. E., et. al. : “Educational Change Through a boys from high altitude area and boys from low altitude area Taxonomy for Writing Physical Education Objectives, significantly differ from each other. The mean scores shows Quest, 15: 32-38, January, 2011. that the mean Standing Long Jump of boys from high altitude 7. Krathwohl, D. R., B. S. Bloom, and B. B. Masia : area are longer to boys from low altitude area as they area Taxonomy of Educational Objectives : The Philosophy, more fit. 70 (18) : 631-632, October, 2003. The above table shows the t value is found 4.68 which 8. Larson, L. A., and R. D. Yocum : “Measurement and is significant at 0.01 level. It infers that mean Shuttle Run of Evaluation in Physical Education, Health and Recreation boys from high altitude area and Boys from low altitude area Education, St. Louis, The C. V. Mosby Co., 2011. significantly differ from each other. The mean scores shows Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 241

9. McCall, W. A. : “Measurement”, New York, The Macmillan 11. Simpson, E. J. : The Classification of Educational Co., 2009. Objectives : Psychomotor Domain, Vocational and 10. Mc Cloy, C. H. and N. D. Young : “Tests and Technical Educational Grant, Contract No. OE-5-85-104. Measurement in Health and Physical Education, 3rd Ed., Washington, D. C., Department of Health, Education New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 2004, p.114. and Welfare, 2006.

Results and Discussion Comparison of Fitness level of Boys from High and Low Altitude area

Mean Inhabitance Mean S.D. N Diff t Significance Pull ups High Altitude 6.57 1.35 30 1.16 3.16 0.01 Low Altitude 7.73 1.49 30 Sit Ups High Altitude 38.53 1.89 30 5.34 11.24 0.01 Low Altitude 33.19 1.79 30 Standing High Altitude 172.84 2.11 30 7.61 14.85 0.01 Long Jump Low Altitude 165.23 1.85 30 Shuttle Run High Altitude 10.24 0.83 30 0.87 4.68 0.01 Low Altitude 11.11 0.59 30 50 Yard Run High Altitude 7.11 0.26 30 0.27 3.87 0.01 Low Altitude 7.38 0.28 30 600 yard Run High Altitude 138.26 5.64 30 14.72 9.87 0.01 & Walk Low Altitude 123.54 5.91 30

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 242

Swimming Physiology And Coaching Practice: Bridging The Gap Between Theory And Practice

* * * Gagan Vyas * Dr. Seema Gurjar * *

Abstract - The aim of the present paper was to survey on swimming physiology as related to coaching practice in order to help bridging the gap between theory and practice. Systematic literature searches were performed through the years 1990 – 2006 utilizing EBSCO host Research Databases and Sport Discus. Ovid Medline was used to scan materials for randomized controlled trials. The searches were done in three steps using both key words and thesaurus decodes. In the first phase, “Swimming” without limitations was fed to the system and repeated with animals excluded, second, “Swimming” and “Physiology” were used and third, some subdivisions were connected to the precedents. One may conclude that the body of knowledge for the improvement of sports coaching and fitness training in Swimming is large and well represented in the subdivisions of Swimming Physiology. Key Words - Swimming, physiology, literature review.

Introduction - The description of the art of swimming dates Sub-categories All papers 1990–2006 Advanced Intermediate back to 5000 y BC by Egyptian hieroglyphs and paintings. Cardiovascular 448 228(180) 188(146) 23(22) Kahein papyrus 3000 y BC mentioned medical findings system related to protection against Schistosomiasis while Metabolism 531 142 112 14 Training 395(187) 179(74) 88(21) 26(16) swimming. (1) The modern history of Swimming Physiology Exercise 111(28) 50(11) 37(3) 6(4) dates back to early 1900’s where we recall pioneering work Coaching 62(47) 37(29) 1(1) 8(4) of e.g. Du Bois-Reymond (7) and Liljenstrand & Stenström Testing 147(70) 62(33) 37(13) 8(5) (14) in cardiovascular and metabolic aspects of swimming Lactate 362 149 27 VO2, VO2max, 189 162 21 as well as Hill (9) who explored the basic relationships CO2 between the maximal performance and maximal oxygen Heart Rate 120 83 (46) 13 (12) consumption describing also the role of lactic acid in the Respiratory / 58 32 4 muscle after exercise. Holmer & Astrand laid the basics for Ventilatory response physiological testing of swimmers in 1970’s (10). Since then Oxygen 92 86 5 the literature has accumulated rapidly. Consumption The aim of the present paper was to survey on swimming VO2max 57 57 0 physiology as related to coaching practice in order to help Results - When the time line was kept unlimited a total of bridging the gap between theory and practice. 22.192 hits by key words (16.362 by thesaurus decode) were Methods - Systematic literature searches were performed observed with Swimming. When animal experiments were through the years 1990 – 2006 utilizing EBSCOhost excluded 21.882 (16.067) hits were found. During the 1990 Research Databases and Sport Discus. Ovid Medline was – 2006 there were 9.778 (7092) papers in English including used to scan materials for randomized controlled trials 2.212 (1451) in advanced and 688 (507) in intermediate (RCT). The searches were done in three steps using both category. When Swimming and Physiology (no animals) were key words and thesaurus decodes. In the first phase, connected 1975 hits were found, out of which 833 (557 “Swimming” without limitations was fed to the system and advanced, 110 intermediate) appeared during 1990 – 2006. repeated with animals excluded, second, “Swimming” and When the subdivisions were added to the searches the “Physiology” were used and third, some subdivisions were number of papers remained at reasonably low levels to enable connected to the precedents. Table 1 presents the studied content analysis (table 1). RCT was found in 61 papers, subcategories which were further scanned for content none with population based sampling. Materials concerning analysis. data to be utilised by practitioners in sports coaching and Table 1 fitness training were well represented in all subdivisions. Scientific papers on Swimming Physiology as divided into Discussion -The major finding of the study was that the subcategories. The frequencies have been obtained by subdivisions of swimming physiology included approaches key words and (thesaurus decodes). that may be considered valid for sports coaching and fitness training. Previously Keskinen (11) reported 539 items (peer reviewed, books chapters and books) on Swimming * * * Research Scholar, Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 243

Physiology through the years 1893 – 1990. Clarys (1) reported expenditure in athletes involved in endurance sports, mostly that by the mid 1990’s there were 685 peer reviewed papers due to its more advantageous sampling capability and on Swimming out of which 18 % were on Swimming practicality. Requisite machinery to explore human aerobic Physiology. When these data connect to the present one, energetics during field conditions have become available with an expansion of scientific approaches in swimming literature the improvement of miniaturized metabolic measurement may be observed. systems within an acceptable level of accuracy. However, RCT has become the golden standard to obtain empirical environmental factors have hindered measurements in evidence on the effectiveness of comparable treatments. In swimming. A respiratory snorkel and valve system as Medical and Nutritional sciences RCT has become described by Toussaint et al. (18) was originally developed established as the primary and in many instances, the only to collect respiratory gases in Douglas bags during acceptable source of evidence for the efficacy of new swimming, although the collection procedure is not easily treatments (16). The present data showed that in Swimming handled in field testing conditions and require relatively long Physiology 61 papers used RCT during the years 1990 – steady-state sampling if accuracy has to be guaranteed. 2006. Nearly half of the papers studied the effects of Accordingly, this piece of equipment has been modified nutritional supplements, mostly creatine phosphate, on the for BxB gas analysis to be used in connection with the K4 performance. One third of the papers concentrated on b2 portable metabolic cart in swimming pool conditions, and making comparisons between concurrent protocols for biologically validated in the laboratory with human subjects training. The studies seemed to have adopted the commonly (13). First findings of using BxB technology in swimming accepted policy in statistics that an active control group be was reported by Rodriguez et al. (17) describing oxygen used (3). A mere handful of papers, with competitive uptake on-kinetics responses to maximum 100-m and 400- swimmers as the study group, concentrated on studies of m swims. The determination of VO2 by post-exercise some kind of training effects or swimming conditions (e.g. measurements (5) is still in active use. Attempts have been wet suit) affecting the performance. All studies, however, made to explore the slow component of the VO2kinetics (6) used relatively small number of subjects so that only weak as well as an interesting new concept of time limit has been evidence on the efficacy of treatments could be obtained. It presented (2, 8) to diagnose effects of swimming training is promising that RCT has been adopted by swimming and performance. It is the time duration a swimmer can scientists as a method of choice in training studies. perform at lowest speed corresponding to maximal oxygen There are several testing protocols available for regular uptake. Since its validation (19), the Critical Speed concept testing of swimmers with lactates. Commonly most used has been a topic or a co-topic in some 37 studies. This protocol seems to be the two speed test (15) even though concept is easily available for coaches to follow the incremental series of e.g. 7 x 200 m have increased popularity. conditioning of the athletes. However, there is no information There are studies pointing out the differences between available about the popularity of the method among concurrent methods to interpret the results into practice (12). practitioners. The same yields for the measurement of HR Analyses of the thresholds to observe points of aerobic to which can be easily measured by swimmers themselves anaerobic metabolism, has been based either on fixed blood either manually or by HR monitors. lactate concentrations (2-4 mmol_l-1) or on visual inspection. Concusions - The body of knowledge for the improvement A replacement has been proposed by Cheng et al (4). of sports coaching and fitness training in Swimming is large Development of portable miniaturised technology, have helped and well represented in the subdivisions of Swimming both practitioners and scientists to use lactate Physiology. measurements after mid 1990’s. Since then several References :- approaches have utilised quick analyses in both diagnosing 1. Clarys JP (1996). The historical perspective of individual lactate profiles to define training zones as well as swimming science. Foreword to Biomechanics and to collect data for research purposes. Basic physiological Medicine in Swimming VII. London: E & FN SPON, xi- approaches seldom use portable analysers but instead prefer xxiv. analysing lactates by the traditional method of reference, 2. Billat V, Koralsztein JP (1996). Significance of the i.e. enzymatically from samples originally stored in percloric velocity at VO2max and time to exhaustion at this acid. During the latest years these have become more and velocity. Sports Med. 22 (2): 90-108. more popular in the laboratories world wide and being used 3. Booth FW, Lees SJ (2006). Physically active subjects for lactate determination. Even though not well documented, should be the control group. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38: competitive swimming teams use primarily portable 405 – 406. technology for immediate feedback during training and 4. Cheng B, Kuipers H, Snyder AC, Keizer HA, Jeukendrup competitions. A, Hesselink M (1992). A new approach for the Open indirect calorimetric methods have been determination of ventilatory and lactate threshold. progressively preferred to the classical Douglas bag technique International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13: 518-522. by some investigators for the measurement of expiratory 5. Costill DL, Kovaleski J, Porter D, Kirwan J, Fielding R, gases to assess oxygen consumption and energy King D (1985). Energy expenditure during front crawl Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 244 swimming and predicting success in middle-distance events. breath gas analysis in swimming. Scand J Med Sci Int J Sports Med, 6(5): 266 – 270. Sports, 13: 322 – 329. 6. Demarie S, Sardella F, Billat V, Magini W, Faina M 14. Liljenstrand G, Stenstrom N (1919). Studien uber die (2001). The VO2 slow component in swimming. Eur J Physiologie des Schwimmens. Scand Arch Physiol, Appl Physiol. 84: 95-99. 39:1 – 63. 7. Du Bois-Reymond R (1905). Zur Physiologie des 15. Mader A, Heck H, Hollmann W (1976). Evaluation of Schwimmens. Arch Anat Physiol abt Physiol, 29: 252 lactic acid anaerobic energy contribution by – 278. determination of post exercise lactic acid concentration 8. Fernandes RJ, Cardoso CS, Soares SM, Ascensão AA, of ear capillary blood in middle distance runners and Colaço PJ, Vilas-Boas JP (2003). Time limit and VO2 swimmers. In: Proceedings of the International Congress slow component at intensities corresponding to VO2max on Physical Activity Sciences, vol. 4, 187 – 200. in swimmers. Int J Sports Med, 24: 576-581. 16. Matthews JNS (2000). An introduction to randomized 9. Hill AV, Lupton H (1923). Muscular exercise, lactic acid, controlled clinical trials. London: Arnold publishers. and the supply and utilization of oxygen. Q J Med, 16: 17. Rodríguez FA, Keskinen KL, Keskinen OP, Malvela MT 135 – 171. (2003). Oxygen uptake kinetics during free swimming: 10. Holmér I (1974). Physiology of Swimming Man. Acta a pilot study. In: Chatard J-C (ed.), Biomechanics and Physiol Scand, Suppl 407. Medicine in Swimming IX. Saint-Étienne: Publications 11. Keskinen KL (1991). Bibliography on Aquatic Sports. de l’Université de Saint-Étienne, 379 – 384. Reports of Physical Culture and Health, vol. 74. 18. Toussaint HM, Meulemans A, de Groot G, Hollander Jyväskylä: Foundation for Promotion of Physical Culture AP, Schreurs AW, VerVoorn K (1987). Respiratory valve and Health. for oxygen uptake measurements during swimming. Eur 12. Keskinen, K.L., Komi, P.V., Rusko, H. (1989). A J Appl Physiol, 56: 363 – 366. Comparative Study of Blood Lactate Tests in Swimming. 19. Wakayoshi K, Ikuta K, Yoshida T, Udo M, Moritani T, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 10 (3): 197- Mutoh Y, Miyashita M (1992). Determination and validity 201. of critical velocity as an index of swimming performance 13. Keskinen KL, Rodríguez FA, Keskinen OP (2003). in the competitive swimmer Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Respiratory snorkel and valve system for breath-by- Physiol, 64 (2): 153-157.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 245

Stress and Health Management

* * * Dr. Vimmi Behal Dr. O.P. Sharma

Abstract - Stress is seen in every corner of the world and which occurs to everyone , people used the term stress to describe the feeling they have when it all seems too much , when they are overloaded and don’t feel that they are able to meet all the demands placed upon them. A child burden with heavy bag right from school to the manager of the corporate world. Stress has become a new lifestyle diseases. It has become predominant and people have came up with balanced monitored concepts to minimized stress. This paper proceed to explain stress the causes and the ways to minimise stress. Keywords - Stress , performance , support , work psychology , work place satisfaction .

Overview - For many , the idea of impulse buying, over eating stress are different for each person. Try some of these ideas to and burning the candle at both ends is the perfect day but for see which ones work for you : those of us who just want to put our head under the pillow and Exercise -Regular exercise is one of the best ways to manage scream ……… help is at hand. In this age of run first, walk later stress. Walking is a great way to get started. stress has crept into just about every profession. When day to Write - It can help to write about the things that are bothering you. day living is wearing you out, your body mind and spirit are Let you feeling out - Talk, laugh, cry and express anger when negatively affected and your performance in the workplace is you need to with some you trust. the thwarted Do something you enjoy - A hobby can help you relax. Volunteer What happens when you are stressed ? work or work that helps others can be a great stress reliever. Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more Learn ways to relax your body - This can include breathing than you are used to when you are stressed, your body responds exercise, muscle relaxation exercises, massage yoga as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up aromatherapy or relaxing exercises. your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of Focus on the present – Try meditation imagery exercises, or energy. This is called the fight or flight stress response. self hypnosis. Listen to relaxing music try to look for the humor Some Stress is normal and even useful . Stress can help in life. Laughter really can be the best medicine. if you need to work hard or react quickly. For eg. it can help you Conclusion - Managing stress can help you have less pain and win a race or finish an important job on time. feel healthier. By following these suggestions, you may be able But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad to get stress to work for you instead of against you. effects . It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back To identify those situations you can do something about and pain , and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, those you can’t. Work at reducing the cause of your stress by making it harder to fight off disease. If you already have a communicating better, and respecting your limits of energy and health problem, stress may make it worse. If can make you pain. Simplify your life, “look on the bright side,” and develop moody, tense or depressed. Your relationship may suffer, and and keep a sense of humor. Prepare for stressful events by you may not do well at work or school. getting extra rest.Remember that you can’t change others. What can you do about stress ? Practice relaxation methods to overcome the effects of stress The good news is that you can learn ways to manage stress. that you can’t avoid. Engage in hobbies and simple pleasures To get stress under control – that give you joy. - Find out what is causing stress in your life. Finally, remember that managing stress is your job. With stress - Look for ways to reduce the amount of stress in your life. under control, it’ll be easier to keep your disease under control. - Learn healthy ways to relieve stress or reduce its harmful References - effects. 1. Greenberg E.S(1986) workplace Democracy. How do you measure your stress level ? 2. Cohen and A.P. smith (1991) Psychological stress and Sometimes it is clear where stress is coming from . You can suspectibility to the common cold. count on stress during a major life change., such as the death 3. UNICEF : The learning wed/managing stress . of a loved one , getting married, or having a baby. But other 4. Cox T. Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive; 2001. Health times it may not be so clear why you feel stressed. and Safety Executive, Tackling Work-Related Stress: A It is important to figure out what causes stress for you. Every Manager’s Guide to Improving and Maintaining Employee one feels and responds to stress differently. Keeping a stress Health and Well-being. journal may help. Get a notebook, and write down when 5. Joshi B.K. New Delhi: Pointer Publication; 2007. Stress something makes you feel stressed. Then write how you Management reacted and what you did to deal with the stress. Keeping a 6. Pestonjee D.M. New Delhi: Sage publication; 1999. Stress stress journal can help you find out what is causing your stress and coping the Indian experience. and how much s tress you feel. Then you can take steps to 7. Ram U. Pune: Deep Publication; 1998. Suffering and Stress reduce the stress or handle if better. Management: West versus east. How can you relieve stress ?You will feel better if you can find 8. htpp//.www.byestress.com/bye stress articles/stress at ways to get stress out of your system. The best ways to relive work.htm * ** Asst. Prof., Govt. College, Kala Pepal ( M.P ) INDIA H.O.D. , Govt. College, Kala Pepal ( M.P ) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 246

g]b ogßh Am{hoa`m *

‡ÒVmdZm - _mZd OrdZ H{$ odH$mg, OmJÍ$H$Vm Edß goH´$`Vm H{$ obE _hÀd[yU© Am`m_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß AmoXdmgr OrdZ H$m{ gßdma ahm h°& OZOmVr` _roS>`m Edß gßMma H{$ `m{JXmZ g{ h_ BßH$ma Zht H$a gH$V{ h°& [nadV©Z g_mO _{ß oejm H{$ _hÀd H$m{ ]∂T>mdm o_bm h°& Ïò∫$JV OrdZ H$m{ Q>r.dr. Z{ g_mO H$m AmdÌ`H$ KQ>H$ h°& gß[yU© odH$mg ‡oH´$`m H{$ obE d{ AoV AÀ`›V ‡^modV oH$`m h°& Bgr H{$ ‡^md H{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ AmoXdmgr AmdÌ`H$ h°& [nadV©Z H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m{ gVV≤ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß gßMma Edß _roS>`m g_wXm` H{$ ahZ-ghZ, ^mfm e°br _{ß [nadV©Z Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vm h°& AÀ`›V H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ h°& Z`{-Z`{ AmodÓH$mam{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ VWm A[Z{ kmZ o[N>∂S{> j{Ã _{ß ahZ{ dmbm AmoXdmgr ^r A] A[Zr ]m{br H{$ gmW Ò[ÓQ> ]wo’ H{$ obE _roS>`m EH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm ]Z J`r h°& _mZdr` OrdZ _{ß oh›Xr Edß AßJ´{Or e„Xm{ß H$m ‡`m{J BVZ{ gm_m›` VarH{$ g{ ahm h° oH$ _roS>`m H$m A^md odH$mg _mJ© H$m EH$ ]∂S>m Adam{YH$ h°& EH$ gd} H{$ odÌdmg hr ZÙt$hm{Vm oH$ `{ R{>R> ]rhS> _{ß ahVm hm{Jm& amOZroVH$ OmJÍ$H$Vm AmYma [a lr b˙_U amd Z{ ]Vm`m h° oH$- odH$mg H{$ VÀd H{$ Í$[ _{ß gßMma H{$ gß]ßY _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ [Ã [oÃH$mAm{ß H{$ gmW Q>r.dr. Edß a{oS>`m{ß Z{ A[Zm gmYZm{ß H$m ‡^md _hÀd[yU© h°& _roS>`m Edß gßMma gmYZm{ß _{ß a{oS>`m{, Q>r.dr., ‡^md S>mbm h°& A] Bg{ amOZroVH$ Xb ^r XyaXe©Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡Mma- g_mMma-[Ã [oÃH$mE±, odoS>`m{ J{Âg, BßQ>aZ{Q>, \$m{Z AmoX AmV{ h¢& BZ_{ß ‡gma H$m{ _hÀd X{Z{ bJ{ h¢& ode{fH$a _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ naPmZ{ H$m ‡`mg g]g{ ¡`mXm ‡^md a{oS>`m{ Edß Q>r.dr. H$m h°& `{ gßMma Edß _roS>`m H{$ g]g{ BZH{$ ¤mam oH$`m OmVm h°& ‡MobV Edß gÒV{ gmYZ h° Am°a Bg_{ß XyaXmÌ©Z gdm©oYH$ ‡^modV H$aZ{ gaH$ma ¤mam A[Zr `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h°, _VXmVmAm{ß dmbm gmYZ h°& XyaXe©Z —Ì` Edß lÏ` Xm{Zm{ß H$m`© H$aVm h¢,g_mO H{$ H$m{ CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ]Vm`m OmVm h° Am°a A] `{ oH$dXßVr ]Z MwH$r ‡À`{H$ [hby [a _roS>`m Edß gßMma H$m ‡^md X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& ehar Edß h° oH$ AmoXdmgr _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ ]hbm`m-\w$gbm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg J´m_rU g‰`Vm [a `{ ‡^md Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vmh°& oHß$Vw OZOmoV g_wXm` OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ obE XyaXe©Z H{$ `m{JXmZ g{ BßH$ma Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& [a `{ ‡^md oH$g gr_m VH$ [∂S>m h¢ ? `{ OmZZ{ H{$ obE _¢Z{ AbramO[wa AmoW©H$ OrdZ _{ß ^r BgH$m ‡^md [∂S>m h°& AmoW©H$ `m{OZmE± Om{ oH$ gaH$ma oOb{ H{$ OZOmVr` g_mO H$m{ em{Y H$m odf` ]Zm`m& ¤mam gßMmobV H$r Om ahr h¢, d{ ^r `{ OmZH$mar b{V{ h¢ Am°a Cg_{ß gh^moJVm AbramO[wa oOb{ H$m ^m°Jm{obH$ Edß gm_moOH$ [nad{e - _‹`‡X{e H$aV{ h°& oOgH{$ H$maU BZH$r H´$` eo∫$ _{ß ^r d•o’ hwB© h°& ÒdmÒœ` Edß H$m AmoXdmgr ]hwb oObm h°& `h _.‡. H{$ XojU [oÌM_ ^mJ _{ß oÒWV h°& _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ^r XyaXe©Z H$m ‡^md h°& OZOmVr` g_mO H$m{ oOb{ H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m H$m 89.8 ‡oVeV ^mJ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m h°& gÂ[yU© odH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>Z{ _{ß XyaXe©Z _rb H$m [ÀWa gmo]V hwAm h°& oOb{ _{ß 91.3 ‡oVeV Am]mXr J´m_rU VWm 10.2 ‡oVeV Am]mXr ZJar` ha og∏${ H{$ Xm{ [hby hm{V{ h¢& Ohm± EH$ Am°a XyaXe©Z H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ h°& oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß `h oObm A›` oObm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß ]hwV o[N>∂S>m h° oOg_{ ‡^md h° dhr gd} A‹``Z g{ Xygam [j ^r g_mZ{ Am`m h°& OZOmoV gmjmaVm H$m ‡oVeV 37.2 h°& OZgßª`m H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{Im OmE Vm{ gß[yU© g_wXm` [a BgH$m ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md ^r gm_Z{ Am`m h¢ XyaXe©Z Z{ oH$em{a ^maV H$r OZOmoV OZgßª`m H$m 14.51 ‡oVeV _. ‡. am¡` _{ß oZdmg ]mbH$m{ß _{ß A[amYr ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ OJm`m h°& oH$em{ad` ]mbH$m{ß _{ß gmYmaU H$aVm h°, _.‡. H$r Hw$b AmoXdmgr OZgßª`m H$m 93.5 ‡oVeV J´m_rU g{ b{H$a gßJrZ A[amYm{ß _{ß ob·Vm ]∂T>r h°& `{ ]mbH$ A[amY H$aZ{ H{$ VarH{$ j{Ã _{ß Am°a 6.5 ‡oVeV ZJa _{ß oZdmg H$aVr h°& _.‡. H{$ bJ^J g^r Edß Nw>[mZ{ H{$ VarH{$ BZ M°Zbm{ß g{ hr grIV{ h°& amVm{-amV ÒQ>ma ]ZZ{ H$r j{Ãm{ß _{ß OZOmoV oZdmg H$aV{ h°& Bg_{ß AbramO[wa _{ß 88.85 ‡oVeV MmhV _{ß emQ©>H$Q> amÒVm A[ZmZ{ [a ]b X{V{ h¢& Q>r.dr. H{$ ]∂T>V{ ‡^md Z{ AmoXdmgr oZdmgaV≤ h°& `{ Xya OßJbm{ß, [d©Vmß{, KmoQ>`m{ß VWm XyJ©_ ÒWmZm{ß _{ß _mZdr` gßd{XZmAm{ß H$m Ömg oH$`m h°& Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m V{Or g{ odKQ>Z ahV{ h¢& `{ AmoXdmgr `m dZdmgr H$hbmV{ h°& `hm± ^r g_wXm` H{$ bm{J hwAm h°& AmoXdmgr Om{ H$∂S>r _{hZV H{$ obE OmZm OmVm h°, BgH$r `wdm ]hwgßª`ßH$ h°, Om{ am¡` _{ß Jm°S> H{$ ]mX gdm©oYH$ h°& `{ AmO H$r oÒWoV _{ß [r∂T>r aßJrZ Am°a odbmgr hm{Z{ bJr h°& AmO `h OmoV Ambgr hm{Vr Om ahr oejm Am°a odH$mg H$r oXem _{ß AmJ{ ]∂T> ah{ h°& Bg OZOmoV g_wXm` [a h°& `{ Om{ A[Z{ ‡À`{H$ H$m`© _{ß EH$-Xyga{ H$m hmW ]±Q>mV{ W{& AmO EH$mßH$r XyaXe©Z H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z EH$ gd} H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m& Bg_{ß [m`m oH$ OrdZ OrZm [gßX H$aZ{ bJ{ h¢& AõrbVm BZH{$ C›_w∫$ OrdZ H$m{ ^r BZH{$ ahZ-ghZ, d{e^yfm, ImZ-[mZ AmoX [a XyaXe©Z H{$ ‡^md H$m{ ‡^modV H$a ahr h°& ]∂T>V{ ]mOmadmX Z{ AmoXdmgr C[^m{∫$m H$m{ ^r A[Zr X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& XyaXe©Z H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß ZH$mamÀ_H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma MH$mMm¢Y _{ß OH$∂S> ob`m h°& H$m ‡^md X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& XyaXe©Z [a odkm[Zm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Om{ ^r Hw$N> oXIm`m OmVm h°, `{ OZOmoV g_mO [a ‡^md - OZOmoV g_mO H{$ ]rM _roS>`m H{$ Í$[ _{ß dZdmgr Cgg{ Òd`ß H$m{ _w∫$ Zht H$a [mV{ h¢& H$_©R> AmoXdmgr H$m{ Bg XyaXe©Z Z{ AmO _hÀd[yU© OJh ]Zm br h°& Bg gmYZ Z{ BZH{$ OrdZ H{$ XyaXe©Z Z{ odbmgr, Ambgr C[^m{∫$mdmXr ]Zm oX`m h°& Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ ‡À`{H$ [hby H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m h°& oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ `{ odH$mg H$m`© _{ß EH$ [VZ _{ß ^r `{ gßMma _m‹`_ oOÂ_{Xma h¢& AmO oOg V{Or g{ _yÎ`m{ß H$m * em{YmWu amOrd JmßYr emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 247 odKQ>Z hwAm h¢, Cgg{ d{ g_wXm` ^r ANw>Vm Zht ahm h°& Òd¿Nß>X OrdZ dÒVwV: [nadV©Z H{$ Bg Xm°a _{ß OZOmoV g_wXm` ^r ANy>Vm Zht ahm e°br OrZ{ dmb{ Bg AmoXdmgr g_mO [a BgH$m XwÓ‡^md `h hwAm h° oH$ h°& g_mO H{$ A›` dJm} H$r Vah `{ ^r kmZ d•o’ H{$ obE gßMma H{$ Bg gmYZ ]∂T>V{ ]mOmadmX Z{ BZH$r gßÒH•$oV H$m{ hr odbm{o[V H$aZm ‡maÂ^ H$a oX`m H$m C[`m{J H$a ah{ h¢& `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ OZOmVr` g_mO H{$ ‡À`{H$ [hby H$m{ h°& gd} H{$ A›VJ©V _¢Z{ A[Z{ Amg[mg H{$ bm{Jm{ß g{ OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$r& _roS>`m Edß A›` gßMma gmYZm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V Q>r.dr. Z{ ^r ‡^modV oH$`m h°& BZ_{ß Hw$N> oeojV Edß Hw$N> AÎ[ `m AoeojV W{& `{ g^r XyaXe©Z X{IV{ h¢& Bg g_mO H$r gßÒH•$oV [a XyaXe©Z H{$ Ohm± gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md hwE h¢, dht 100 bm{Jm{ß g{ ‡ÌZ [yN{> J`{& `{ g_mO CgH{$ ZH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md g{ Òd`ß H$m{ ]Mm Zht gH$m h°& BZH$r MòZV CŒmaXmVmAm{ H$r XyaXe©Z X{IZ{ H$r oÒWoV - gßÒH•$oV Edß [aÂ[amAm{ß [a AmYwoZH$Vm H$m ‡^md Ò[ÓQ> X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& CŒmaXmVm XyaXe©Z X{IV{ h¢ XyaXe©Z oZò_V `{ bm{J A[Zr [aÂ[amAm{ß g{ Xya hm{V{ Om ah{ h°& AßV _{ß `{ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° Í$[ g{ Zht X{IV{ oH$ XyaXe©Z Z{ Bg g_mO H$r [aÂ[amAm{ß Edß gßÒH•$oV _{ß hÒVj{[ oH$`m h°& oeojV 76 ‡oVeV 24 ‡oVeV ahZ-ghZ, d{e^yfm, ]m{bMmb [a ^r BgH$m ‡^md [∂S>m h° Am°a AmJ{ ^r AÎ[ oeojV 49 ‡oVeV 51 ‡oVeV ‡^md X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b{Jm & AoeojV 48 ‡oVeV 52 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVmAm{ß Z{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° oH$ XyaXe©Z Z{ C›h{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- H$r OmZH$mar C[b„Y H$amZ{ _{ß ^r A[Zm `m{JXmZ oX`m h°& BZH{$ H$maU C›h{ß odH$mg _{ß ^r `m{JXmZ o_bm h°& h_ BgH{$ ¤mam g_mO H$m odH$mg 1. Chandra, Sushil, Sociology of deviation in India. 2. Lashman Rao, Communication & Deployment A study of Am°a AoYH$ H$a gH$V{ h°& two indian villages. XyaXe©Z ¤mam ‡m· OmZH$mna`m± CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m _V 3. Subramanyam, V & Ram Mohan, Mass Media & Tribal Life. amOZroVH$ AoYH$ma gß]ßYr OmZH$mar 10 ‡oVeV 4. Hartmann, pout, patil & others, The mass Media & Village. 5. Mann, K. Tribal Women in a changing Society. _ohbmAm{ß H$mZyZm{ß g{ gß]ßYr OmZH$mar 12 ‡oVeV 6. Felsion, Rechird B.Mass Media Effactics on violent _VmoYH$ma gß]ßYr OmZH$mar 28 ‡oVeV Behaviour Enual Review of Sociology . gaH$mar `m{OZmAm{ß g{ gß]ßYr OmZH$mar 32 ‡oVeV 7. Mm°hmZ, amH{$e Hw$_ma, oeojV OZOmoV ]mobH$mAm{ß [a _roS>`m Edß g^r CŒmaXmVmAm{ß Z{ `hr H$hm oH$ XyaXe©Z g{ gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß gßMma gmYZm{ß H$m ‡^md EH$ em{Y [Ã g{ gm^ma & ZH$mamÀ_H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma H$m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& Bg gd} _{ß 80.8 ‡oVeV 8. _rUm AO` Hw$_ma, Ï`mg oXZ{e, _roS>`m H$r ^yo_H$m Edß ]mbH$m{ß _{ß bm{Jm{ß Z{ Q>r.dr. H{$ ‡^md H$m{ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m& BZH$m _mZZm Wm oH$ CZH{$ ]∂T>Vr A[amY ‡d•oV EH$ em{Y [Ã g{ gm^ma& Ïò∫$JV OrdZ [a XyaXe©Z H$m ‡^md [∂S>m h°& BZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ Q>r.dr. 9. amO[yyV CXògßh, OZOmoV g_wXm` [a aoMV em{Y [Ã g{ gm^ma& OrdZ H{$ odo^fi Am`m_m{ß H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVm h°& Ïò∫$JV 82.8 ‡oVeV AmoW©H$ OrdZ 52 ‡oVeV ahZ-ghZ 82 ‡oVeV ImZ-[mZ 32 ‡oVeV

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 248

H$ndVm R>mHw$a *

‡ÒVmdZm -_mZd Z{ ‡H•$nV H$r Jm{X _{ß O›_ nb`m h°& _ZwÓ` H{$ Mmam{ß Am{a bm{Jm{ß H{$ ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g H$r g_Ò`mEß - ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g H$m dmVmdaU CgH$m [`m©daU H$hbmVm h°& _mZd Edß [`m©daU H{$ ]rM H$r g_Ò`m _wª` Í$[ g{ ‡mH•$nVH$ Am[XmEß Edß ]hwC‘{emr` ZXr KmQ>r Jham gß]ßY hm{Vm h°& _mZd A[Zr ndn^fi AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [ynV© H{$ nb`{ [na`m{OZmEß h¢& nOVZm bm^ ]mßY ]ZmH$a ngßMmB© g{ hm{Vm h°, CgH$r VwbZm [`m©dam [a nZ^©a ahVm h°& nH$›Vw ndJV eVm„Xr g{ _mZd Z{ A[Z{ ÒdmW© _{ß H$ht AnYH$ ZwH$gmZ [`m©daU, AW©VßÃ Edß g_mO H$m{ hm{Vm h°& ∑`m{ßnH$ H$r [ynV© H{$ nb`{ ‡mH•$nVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m AÀ`nYH$ em{fU nH$`m h°, BgH$m O] EH$ ÒWmZ g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ndÒWmn[V H$a Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a [wZdm©ngV nH$`m EH$ g]g{ ]S>m H$maU _mZd OZgßª`m H$m V{Or g{ ]T>Zm h°& BgH$m [naUm_ OmVm h°, Vm{ Cg ZE ÒWmZ H$m [`m©daU [yar Vah g{ ZÓQ> nH$`m OmVm h¢ h° nH$ AmO [`m©daU nH$ jnV A[yaUr` h°& _mZd H$r gßÒH•$nV, g_mO, nOZ_{ß dZ j{Ãm{ß H$r H$Q>mB© H$r OmVr h° E{g{ ÒWmZm{ß [a ndn^fi ‡H$ma H$r g‰`Vm, OrdZ e°br g^r [j [`m©daUr` jnV g{ ‡^mndV hwE h°& AmnW©H$, gm_mnOH$, gmßÒH•$nVH$ g_m`m{OZ H$r g_Ò`mEß CÀ[fi hm{Z{ bJVr [`m©daU H{$ VÀdm{ß _{ß h≤mg hm{Z{ g{ [`m©daU _{ß H$B© g_Ò`mEß CÀ[fi hm{Vr h¢& h°& nOgH{$ H$maU [`m©daU [a X]md ]T>Z{ bJVm h° Am°a AZ{H$ [`m©damr` g_Ò`m _{ß EH$ ‡_wI g_Ò`m "bm{Jm{ß H$m ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g' [nanÒWnVH$r` g_Ò`mEß [°Xm hm{Vr h°& ]mßYm{ß H{$ ]ZZ{ H{$ Xm°amZ Om{ [wZdm©g ^r h°& H$r g_Ò`m AmB© h¢, O] CgH$m ndÌb{fU H$aV{ hwE Òd{H{$b Z{ b{nQ>Z A_{naH$m "nH$gr ^r X{e _{ß bm{Jm{ß H$m{ EH$ ÒWmZ g{ hQ>mH$a nH$gr Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a ]m±Ym{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß H$hm h° nH$ d{ H{$db [`m©daUr` eaUmWr© ]Z OmV{ h¢ & ]gmZ{ H$r nÒWnV ndn^fi H$maUm{ß g{ ]ZVr h¢, nOZ_{ß ‡mH•$nVH$ Am[Xm`{ß bm{Jm{ß H{$ ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g H$m ‡^md - ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g Edß ]hwC‘{emr` ZXr KmQ>r [na`m{OZmEß ‡_wI h°, Bg{ hr "ndÒWm[Z Edß H$m ‡^md, [`m©daU Edß ndÒWmn[V [nadmam{ß [a H$B© ‡H$ma g{ [S>Vm h°& [wZdm©g' H$hV{ h¢& O°g{ - nOg O_rZ [a d{ ahV{ h¢, CgH{$ ‡nV bJmd hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU dhmß g{ ]hwC‘{er` ZXr KmQ>r [na`m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ]S{>-]S{> ]mßYm{ß H{$ nZ_m©U H{$ ndÒWm[Z hm{Z{ [a bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ^mdZmÀ_H$ AmKmV [hw±MVm h°& A[Zr Cg nb`{ Sy>] j{Ã _{ß AmZ{ dmbr dhmß H$r OZgßª`m H$m{ [na`m{OZm ÒWmZ g{ YaVr nOg [a I{V, InbhmZ, ZXr, Vmbm] g{ n]N>S>Z{ H$m XX© C›h{ß nOßXJr hQ>mH$a H$ht Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a ]gm`m OmVm h°& ‡mH•$nVH$ Am[XmAm{ß _{ß O°g{ - â Mw^Vm ahVm h°& ndÒWm[Z H{$ ]Xb{ Xr OmZ{ dmbr Om{ _wAmdOm amne ^yHß$[, MH´$dmV, ¡dmbm-_wIr, ]mT>, _hm_mar BÀ`mnX H{$ ]mX ]S>r gßª`m hm{Vr h°, CgH$m ^wJVmZ ^r g_` [a Zht hm{Z{ g{ VWm AÀ`nYH$ _{ß bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ndÒWmn[V nH$`m OmVm h¢& O°g{ hr Am[Xm JwOaVr h° CgH{$ Am°[MmnaH$VmAm{ß H{$ H$maU bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$m\$r H$nR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZm ]mX AnYH$mße [nadma [wZ: A[Z{ ÒWmZ [a AmH$a ahZ{ bJV{ h¢& CXmhaU- [S>Vm h°& ^m{[mb J°g ÃmgXr& BZ bm{Jm{ß H{$ ‡dmg H{$ Xm°amZ BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> bm{J ‡À`j CXmhaU H{$ Í$[ _{ß ]∂S>dmZr nObm Edß Ya_[war Vhgrb, hagyX AÒWm`r Í$[ g{ dht ]g OmV{ h¢& O°g{ - 2001 _{ß JwOamV _{ß ^yHß$[ H{$ Sy>] j{Ãm{ß _{ß X{IZ{ H$m{ n_bVm h°& ]S>r `m{OZmEß Z H{$db Ï`n∫$`m{ß H{$ Kam{ß H$m{ Xm°amZ Edß MH´$dmV H{$ Xm°amZ 1999 _{ß C∂S>rgm _{ß ]hwV AnYH$ gßª`m _{ß ‡^mndV H$aVr h° daZ Hw$N> E{g{ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ ^r g_yb ZÓQ> H$a X{Vr h° bm{Jm{ß Z{ Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a ‡dmg nH$`m Wm& amOZrnV H{$ H$maU, bm{Jm{ß _{ß Y_© nOZH{$ H$É{ _mb H{$ j{Ã Obme` _{ß Sy>] J`{ h¢& H{$ab H{$ BXw∏$r nOb{ _{ß H{$ Zm_ [a gmß‡Xmn`H$ XßJ{ d OmnV` nhßgm hm{Z{ [a AÎ[gßª`H$ g_wXm` [m{`_ Hw$≈r [na`m{OZm g{ gaH$S>m{ß [a AmYmnaV Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J _{ß bJ{ hwE 3 H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m [bm`Z dhmß g{ gwanjV ÒWmZm{ß H$r Am{a hm{Vm h°& Y_© H{$ Zm_ [a bmI _OXya ]{am{OJma hm{ßJ{& AWm©V ]S{> [°_mZ{ [a ndÒWm[Z g{ CÀ[fi `w” hm{Z{ AWdm hmbmV, `w” O°g{ ]ZV{ h¢ V] gr_mdVr© ^mJm{ß H$r ]nÒV`m{ß g_Ò`m`{ß Vm{ AbJ h° hr nH$›Vw CgH$m ‡^md Xya VH$ Ï`n∫$`m{ß H{$ H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ndÒWmn[V H$a H$ht Xyga{ ÒWmZ [a ]gm`m OmVm h°& ^yJ^© H{$ OrndH$m{[mO©Z H{$ gmYZm{ß [a [∂S> ahm h°& InZO ^S>mam{ß H{$ Xm°hZ H{$ nb`{ YaVr [a ]g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ dhmß g{ Xyga{ ÒWmZ Om{ [nadma ndÒWmn[V hm{V{ h¢, CZH{$ [aß[amJV Ï`dgm` O°g{ - I{Vr [a ^{Om OmVm h°& ]S{>-]S{> C⁄m{Jm{ß d Am°⁄m{nJH$ j{Ãm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ nb`{ H$aZm, [ewMmaU, dZm{[O gßJ´hU, _ÀÒ`mI{Q> O°g{ Ï`dgm` [wZdm©g ÒWmZm{ß `m{OZm ÒWb [a ]g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ^r ndÒWmn[V nH$`m OmVm h°& `h ndÒWm[Z [a C[b„Y Z hm{Z{ g{ CZH{$ nbE g]g{ ]S>r g_Ò`m, am{OJma H$m{ b{H$a grn_V hm{Vm h°, O°g{ Am°⁄m{nJH$ j{Ã [rW_[wa, BßXm°a AmnX& CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°& [na`m{OZm j{Ã H{$ AßVJ©V AmZ{ dmbr dZÒ[nV`mß ‡mUr amÓQ≠>r` amO_mJ©, E∑g‡{g hmB©d{, a{b_mJ© d ÒdnU©_ MVw^w©O O°gr gß[Xm d _•Xm H$m Vm{ ndZmem hm{Vm hr h° gmW hr ndÒWmn[V hm{Z{ dmb{ ]S>r-]S>r `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ nb`{ _mJ© _{ß AmZ{ dmbr ]nÒV`m{ß H$m{ hQ>mH$a bm{Jm{ß [nadmam{ß H$m{ Ohm± ]gm`m OmVm h°, CZ j{Ãm{ß H{$ [`m©daU H$m{ ^r hmoZ H$m{ Xyga{ ÒWmZm{ß [a ]gm`m OmVm h°& [hw±MVr h°, ∑`m{ßnH$ ZE dZ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ gm\$ nH$`m OmVm h°& * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (agm`ZemÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` , Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 249

ndÒWmn[V OZgßª`m _{ß g{ Om{ O_rZ H{$ _mnbH$ hm{V{ h¢, C›h{ß Vm{ 2. ndÒWmn[V bm{Jm{ß H$m{ OrndH$m MbmZ{ H{$ nbE g_wnMV am{OJma H$r O_rZ AmdßnQ>V H$a Xr OmVr h°, b{nH$Z Om{ H•$nf ln_H$ ^yn_hrZ hm{V{ h¢ Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmnhE& Am°a dZm{ß [a nZ^©a ahV{ h¢, O°g{ - AmnXdmgr g_mO, ‡mH•$nVH$ MamJmhm{ß H{$ 3. H•$nfhrZ ln_H$m{ß H$m{ ^r g_wnMV am{OJma C[b„Y H$admZm MmnhE& [ewMmaU H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadmam{ß H$m{ H$m{B© _wAmdOm `m jnV[ynV© Zht Xr OmVr 4. ZdrZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß ^r C›h{ß EH$ gmW ]gmZm MmnhE, VmnH$ gm_mnOH$ Edß h°, nOgH{$ H$maU E{g{ dJ© [a Vm{ [a{emmnZ`m{ß H$m [hm∂S> Qy>Q> [S>Vm h°& CZH{$ gmßÒH•$nVH$ gm_ßOÒ` ]Zm ah{& gm_Z{ A] EH$ g_Ò`m h°, nH$ AmO JwOmam H°$g{ H$a{ß& O] ]nÒV`m{ß _{ß ahZ{ 5. ndÒWmn[V bm{Jm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ Amg[mg AnYH$ g{ AnYH$ d•j bJmZm dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ndÒWmn[V H$a ZB© OJh [a ]gm`m OmVm h{, Vm{ Cgg{ MmnhE Am°a [`m©daU H$m{ ]Zm`{ aIZm MmnhE& CZH$m gm_mnOH$ d gmßÒH•$nVH$ VmZm]mZm nN>fi-n^fi hm{ OmVm h°& ndÒWm[Z 6. nejm H{$ ‡À`{H$ ÒVa [a nd⁄mnW©`m{ß H$m{ [`m©daU OmJÍ$H$Vm VWm `m [wZdm©g H{$ AZ{H$ bm^ ^r hm{V{ h¢, O°g{ - Cg j{Ã H$m AmnW©H$ ndH$mg ‡nemjU X{Zm MmnhE& Vrd´ JnV g{ hm{Vm h° VWm am{OJma H{$ Adga ]T>V{ h¢& nZÓH$f© - Amne`mZm N>m{S>H$a AZwHy$bZ h{Vw [wZdm©g EH$ AghZr` [rS>m AmnW©H$ ndH$mg H{$ nbE [na`m{OZmAm{ß H$m nZ_m©U AmdÌ`H$ h°, nH$›Vw h°& nH$›Vw ‡H•$nV H$m nZ`_ h°, [nadV©Z Mmh{ ‡mH•$nVH$ Am[Xm hm{ `m ndÒWmn[V bm{Jm{ß H$m{ gßVm{f‡X [wZdm©g ^r Amde`H$ hm{Vm h° BgH{$ A^md nZOnhV, [wZdm©g gmYmaU ‡nH´$`m Zht h°& Bgg{ OwS>r h°, ‡mH•$nVH$, _{ß nQ>har d hagyX O°g{ OZ AmßXm{bZ hm{V{ h¢& _mZdr`, ^mdZmÀ_H$ Edß gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`mEß& Bg{ h_ EH$ Jß^ra ^maV _{ß ÒdVßÃVm H{$ ]mX ]hw‘{er` ZXr [na`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ nZ_m©U H$m{ [`m©daUr` g_Ò`m H$h gH$V{ h¢& [mnanÒWnVH$ VßÃ H$m nZ_m©U H$B© dfm} _{ß _hÀd nX`m J`m h°& O°g{ - CŒmamßMb _{ß ^mJraWr ZXr [a nQ>har ]mßY Edß hm{Vm h° Am°a ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g g{ [`m©daU ]war Vah ‡^mndV hm{Vm h°& Z_©Xm KmQ>r [a 30 ]S{> Edß 135 _‹`_ ]mßYm{ß gnhV Hw$b 3200 ]m±Y ]ZmZ{ AV: CgH$m _yÎ` MwH$mZm hm{Jm Mmh{ dh Z_©Xm KmQ>r g_Ò`m, [wZmgm H$r Í$[a{Im V°`ma H$r JB© h°& gaH$mar AmßH$S>m{ß H{$ AZwgma Bg [na`m{OZm _{ß [na`m{OZm, hagyX [wZdm©g, `m nQ>har KmQ>r ∑`m{ß Z hm{& [yU© ndH$ngV VßÃ ]ZZ{ dmb{ Obme`m{ß _{ß Ob_æ j{Ã g{ 253 Jm±d H{$ 85000 bm{J H$m ‡nVÒWm[Z gmYmaU Zht h° Am°a H$r_V H{$ Í$[ _{ß Cgg{ OwS{> ‡À`{H$ ndÒWmn[V hm{ßJ{ß gaXma gam{da j{Ã g{ 50,000 bm{J ndÒWmn[V hwE h¢& Ï`n∫$ CZ_{ß g_mOg{dr ‡_wI h°& ndÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g H$r Bg Jß^ra Z_©Xm [na`m{OZmAm{ß g{ ndÒWmn[V bm{J Xm{ bmI g{ AnYH$ h¢& BZ_{ß ^rb, g_Ò`m H$m{ ‡À`{H$ Ï`n∫$ g_P{ Am°a `Wmgß^d g_mYmZ H$m ‡`mg H$a{ß& ]{ßJm, Jm{ßS> OZOmnV H{$ bm{J h¢& Bg_{ß g_Ò`m bm{Jm{ß H{$ gßVm{f‡X [wZdm©g ndÒWmn[V ÒWmZ g{ [wZdm©ngV ÒWmZ [a AnYH$ g{ AnYH$ [{S> [m°Y{ bJmH$a H$r h°& _{Ym [mQ>H$a, Edß AÍß$YVr am` AmnX Bgr H$maU Z_©Xm [na`m{OZm [`m©daU H$m{ ]Zm`{ aI{ß& H$m ndam{Y H$a ah{ h¢& BZH$m H$hZm h° nH$ Ò[ÓQ> [wZdm©g ZrnV hm{Zr MmnhE gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- Om{ Zht h°& 1. Om{emr, aVZ (2004), [`m©daU A‹``Z, gmnhÀ` ^dZ gwPmd -ndÒWmn[Vm{ß H$m{ Xr OmZ{ dmbr _wAmdOm amne H$m ^wJVmZ ghr [n„bH{$e›g AmJam Cµ‡µ [•ÓR> 187 g_` [a n]Zm [a{emmZr H{$ nX`m OmZm MmnhE& 2. d_m© YZßO` (2004) [`m©daU M{VZm, _0‡0 nh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r 1. Ohm± VH$ hm{, ZrnO ÒdmW© H{$ nbE bm{Jm{ß H$m ndÒWm[Z Zht hm{Zm ^m{[mb _0‡0 MmnhE& Am°a `nX ndÒWm[Z hm{Vm h° Vm{ CZH$r ^mdZmAm{ß H$m ‹`mZ 3. JwO©a, am_Hw$_ma Edß OmQ>, ]rµgrµ (2004) [`m©daU A‹``Z, aIV{ hwE H$m{nee H$aZr MmnhE nH$ [wZdm©g _{ß g]Hw$N> ndÒWmn[V [ßMerb ‡H$memZ O`[wa (amOÒWmZ) ÒWmZ O°gm hm{Zm MmnhE& 4. Pmµ, E. H{$µ [`m©daU A‹``Z, AmZßX [n„beg©, Ωdmnbà _0‡0

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 250

S>m∞. OJ_m{hZ ogßh [yfm_ * em{Y gmamße ñ d°oXH$ Y_© odÌd _{ß A[Zr _m›`VmAm{ß ,[aÂ[amAm{ß AmÒWmAm{ß Am°a odÌdmg H{$ H$maU ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ AmO VH$ AjwÓU ]Zm hwAm h°& gÂ[yU© X{e Am°a g_mO _{ß Y_© H{$ odemb Am`m_ oH´$`merb ahm h° & F$Ωd°oXH$ H$mb g{ hr ^maVr`m{ß H$m OrdZ AmoÒVH$ odMmam{ß Am°a Ymo_©H$ M{VZm g{ ‡^modV ahm h° & Bg ‡H$ma ‡mMrZ ^maVr` gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` ‡{aH$ VÀd d°oXH$ Y_© hr Wm , oOg_{ß Z°oVH$Vm ,AmoÒVH$Vm ,gXmMmnaVm ,kmZ Am°a ]m°o’H$Vm Wr & Bg em{Y Amb{I _{ß d°oXH$ Y_© Am°a Xme©oZH$ oMßVZ H{$ gmW CgH$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ ,Y_© H$m ÒdÍ$[ , d°oXH$ X{d _S>b ,_mZd _{ß X{dÀd H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ ,X{dVmAm{ß H$m _mZdrH$aU AmoX odo^fi Am`m_m{ß H$m CÎb{I oH$`m J`m h¢ & Ymo_©H$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ - ^maVr`m{ß H$m OrdZ ‡mMrZ H$mb `h AdÌ` h° oH$ O°Z Am°a ]m°’ Y_© H{$ odH$mg H{$ H$maU ]´m˜Um{ß H{$ Ymo_©H$ g{ Y_©JV CÀH$R>m g{ AZw‡moUV ahm h° & gß[yU© X{e Am°a g_mO Y_© H{$ EH$moYH$ma H$m{ AmKmV bJm oH$›Vw dh ÒWm`r Zht Wm & H$mbm›Va _{ß odemb Am`m_m{ß _{ß oH´$`merb ahm h° & " Y_© H$m Ï`mdhmnaH$ _hÀd H$Œm©Ï` ]´m˜Um{ß Z{ g_mO _{ß A[Zm _hÀd [wZ: ‡oVoÓR>V H$a ob`m VWm g_mO [a H$m g_woMV [mbZ Wm ,oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ïò∫$ bm°oH$H$ CÀH$f© H{$ gmW CZH$m ‡^md [wZ: `WmdV hm{ J`m & Am‹`moÀ_H$ CÀH$f© H$aVm Wm & CgH{$ g_ÒV H$Œm©Ï` Am°a H$_© kmZ- g_o›dV d{Xm{ß H{$ AmYma Am°a oZ`_ [a AmMnaV Am°a AZwgnaV Y_© d°oXH$ Y_© Am°a l’m -og∫$ hm{H$a Y_© g{ hr CÀ‡{naV Am°a JoV_mZ hm{V{ W{, Om{ CgH{$ Wm & _ßÃ —ÓQ>m F$of`m{ß H{$ ¤mam AZw^yV Am‹`moÀ_H$ VÀdm{ß H$r odemb amoe [nadma Am°a g_mO H$m{ JoR>V H$aZ{ _{ß A^yV[yd© `m{J ‡XmZ H$aV{ W{&1 hr d{X H$ht JB© VWm CZ VÀdm{ß H$m AZwJ_Z H$aZm hr d°oXH$ Y_© _mZm F$Ωd{X H$mb g{ hr ^maVr`m{ß H$m OrdZ AmoÒVH$ odMmam{ß Am°a Ymo_©H$ M{VZm J`m& V°oŒmar` gßohVm H{$ CÎb{ImZwgma " d{X H$m d{XÀd `hr h° oH$ dh g{ ‡^modV ahm h° &gÂ[yU© g_mO H$m dU© H{$ AmYma [a g_woMV Am°a ‡À`j AWdm AZw_mZ ¤mam AJÂ` `m A]m{‹` VÀdm{ß H$m gwJ_Vm[yd©H$ gwoZoÌMV od^mOZ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß Am°a Y_© g{ ‡^modV hm{H$a oH$`m J`m Wm ]m{Y H$aVm h° &' 5 `hr CgH$m ‡_mU ^r h°& oOg ‡H$ma bm°oH$H$ dÒVwAm{ H{$ VWm odo^fi dJm} H{$ H$_m} H$m oZÍ$[U ^r gXmMma Am°a Y_© g{ ‡{naV VWm gmjmÀH$ma H{$ obE Mjw H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h° Cgr ‡H$ma Abm°oH$H$ AZw‡moUV Wm& g_mO _{ß `hr Ï`dÒWm Aml_ Y_© H{$ Zm_ g{ AoôhV H$r VÀdm{ß H{$ ahÒ` H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ obE d{X H$r A[{jm hm{Vr h° & BgrobE _Zw Z{ J`r & Bg ‡H$ma ‡mMrZ ^maVr` gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` ‡{aH$ VÀd d{X H{$ obE H$hm h° oH$ " dh o[V•JU ,X{dVmAm{ß Am°a _ZwÓ`m{ß H$m gZmVZ Y_© hr Wm oOg_{ß Z°oVH$Vm, AmoÒVH$Vm, gXmMmnaVm, kmZVm Am°a ßAm°a gd©Xm od⁄_mZ ahZ{ dmbm Mjw h° & CgZ{ `h ^r H$hm h° oH$ [•WH$ - ]m°o’H$Vm Wr & BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ bm°oH$H$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ AoVna∫$ Xme©oZH$ [•WH$,Mmam{ß dU© ,Mmam{ß Aml_ VWm ^yV,ôdÓ` Am°a dV©_mZ d{X g{ hr M{VZm H$m ^r Cfi`Z hwAm , Om{ _ZwÓ` H{$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ OrdZ H$m{ CfiV H$aZ{ ‡og’ hm{V{ h¢ &d{X _{ß odÌdmg Am°a AmÒWm aIZm VWm CgH$r ‡m_moUH$Vm _{ß _mJ©Xe©H$ ]Zm & Xme©oZH$ oMßVZ H$m ‡maÂ^ F$Ωd{X H{$ H$mb g{ hr ‡maÂ^ H$m{ _mZZm AmoÒVH$Vm Wr VWm d{X H$m odam{Y Am°a oZ›Xm ZmoÒVH$Vm Wr & 6 hm{ J`m Wm &2 oH$›Vw BgH$m ghr odH$mg CŒma d°oXH$ H$mb _{ß hr hwAm O] AV:od¤mZ H{$ obE "d{X H{$ A‹``Z AWdm Òdm‹`m` H$r _hŒmm H$m ahÒ` C[oZfXm{ß H$r aMZm ‡maß^ hwB© & [adVr© H$mb _{ß AmH$a OrdZ H$m Am‹`moÀ_H$ ^r `hr Wm&' 7 Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ d°oXH$ Y_© _{ß oXÏ` Am°a Abm°oH$H$ gŒmm H$r CÀH$f© ^r hwAm VWm "›`m`' O°g{ VH©$ H$m ^r odH$mg hwAm & 3 `h ghr h° oH$ Bg Ï`ßOZm h° ,oOgg{ ‡H•$oV Am°a g•oÓQ> ^r gÂ[•∫$ h° & ‡H$ma H$r gmar oMßVZm ]´m˜U Zm_H$ dJ© g_yh _{ß hr [Z[r Am°a ]∂T>r &4 Y_© H$m ÒdÍ$[ -‡H•$oV -‡H•$oV H$r Abm°oH$H$Vm Am°a Aoâm_Vm H{$ AV: Cgr dJ© Z{ g_ÒV Ymo_©H$ AmMma odMmam{ß Am°a og’mßVm{ß H$r ‡oV Am`m} H$m ‡maÂ^ g{ AmH$f©U Wm & d{ ‡mH•$oVH$ dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ Ï`dÒWm H$r & g_mO _{ß l{ÓR> Am°a CfiV ÒWmZ J´hU H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU AmÌM`©MoH$V hm{H$a AÀ`›V ÒZ{h Am°a AmZ›X[yd©H$ X{IV{ W{ &‡mMr _{ß ]´mhmUm{ß Z{ AZ{H$ Ymo_©H$ gwodYmE± hr ‡m· Zht H$r ]oÎH$ C›hm{ßZ{ CZ CoXV hm{Z{ dmb{ ‡mV:H$mbrZ gy`© H$r Aoâm_ oH$aUm{ß VWm amoÃ _{ß gm{_ H$r gwodYmAm{ß H$m{ ode{fmoYH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß H{$db A[Z{ obE hr oÒWa H$a aIm gwYm`w∫$ erVb aoÌ_`m{ß H$m{ X{IH$a d{ ‡\w$Îb hm{ CR>V{ W{ & C›hm{ßZ{ ‡H•$oV Am°a CgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ^r AÀ`›V gw—∂T> H$a H$r BZ ododYVmAm{ß _{ß AZ{H$mZ{H$ X{dVmAm{ß H$r H$Î[Zm H$aH{$ odd•V oH$`m br & Ymo_©H$ H•$À` [yOm -[mR> ,`k AmoX gÂ[fi H$amZ{ H{$ C[b˙` _{ß C›h{ß VWm CZH{$ AZwJ´h g{ gßgma H{$ gßMmbZ H$r ]mV ÒdrH$ma H$r &C›hm{ßZ{ `h ^r AZ{H$ ]hw_yÎ` dÒVwAm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW odÒV•V ^yo_ ^r XmZ _{ß ‡m· hm{Vr Wr _mZm oH$ ‡H•$oV H$r eo∫$ H$m{ X{dVm hr oZò›ÃV H$aV{ h¢ & AV: CZ X{dVmAm{ß ,Om{ ]hwYm H$a_w∫$ ahm H$aVr Wt AWm©V g_mO _{ß oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m Ymo_©H$ H$m{ ‡mH•$oVH$ —Ì`m{ß H{$ AoYÓR>mVm H{$ Í$[ _{ß _mZm J`m Edß ^m°oVH$ OJV≤ H$m`© H{$db ]´m˜U hr H$am gH$Vm Wm & Bg ‡H$ma odo^fi Ymo_©H$ H•$À` H$r CÀ[oŒm H{$ obE hr CZH$r H$Î[Zm H$r JB© &8 H$amZm Am°a XmZ -XojUm H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡Mwa YZ ‡m· H$aZm ]´m˜Um{ß H$m _mZd _{ß X{dÀd H$r Ao^Ïò∫$-d°oXH$ oM›VZ _{ß _mZd H$r l{ÓR>Vm Am°a EH$moYH$ma ]Z J`m , Om{ ]mahdt gXr H{$ ]mX VH$ ^r AZdaV MbVm ahm & _hŒmm ÒdrH$ma H$r JB© h° VWm Cg{ odÌdmÀ_m H{$ AÀòYH$ g_r[ _mZm J`m

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (BoVhmg) emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 251 h° & BgobE F$Ωd{X 9 _{ß `h H$hm J`m h°, "_hmX{dm{ _À`m©Zmodd{e "AWm©V≤ Ordm{ß H{$ ˆX` _{ß gm{{M{ JE H$m`m} H$r gyMZm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbm _mZm OmVm _hmX{d _À`m} _{ß ‡odÓQ> hwAm & E{gr oÒWoV _{ß _mZd X{dÀd H{$ Í$[ _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ Wm& F$Ωd{X _{ß F$of CgH$r Ò_•oV _{ß H$hVm h° oH$ h_ma{ o[Vam{ß H$m{ [m[ g{ _w∫$ oH$`m J`m VWm Cg_{ß X{dÀd H{$ VÀd oZohV _mZ{ J`{ & Bg gß]ßY _{ß F$of H$am{ VWm h_{ ß[m[ g{ ]MmAm{ß &13 dh Ob H$m AoY[oV Wm VWm CgH$m dm_X{d H$r Km{fUm h¢ oH$ " _¢ _Zw hy± ,F$of hy± ,‡kmgÂ[fi F$of H$jrdmZ≤ hy± oZdmg ^r Ob _{ß hr Wm & CgZ{ _mV•Àd -^mdZm H{$ der^yV hm{H$a Ob H$m{ CeZm H$od hy± ,_{ar Am{a X{Im{, _¢Z{ Am`m} H$m{ [•œdrbm{H$ ‡XmZ oH$`m h° &`k A[Zm Amdmg ]Zm`m Wm &14 gÂ[fi H$aZ{ dmb{ H$m{ _¢ dfm©XmZ H$aVm hy± , _¢ Vw_wb oZZmX H{$ gmW Ob "gy`' H{$ ‡oV Am`m} H$r Òdm^modH$ AmÒWm Wr ,Om{ A[Z{ ‡H$me Am°a oJamVm hy± ,g^r X{dVm _{a{ AmX{e H$m AZw[mbZ H$aV{ h¢ "&10 Bg ‡H$ma V{O g{ g_ÒV OJV Am°a Ordm{ß H$m{ Ambm{oH$V H$aVm Wm& dh gmV hnaV _mZd _{ß X{dÀd H$r ^mdZm H$m ]rOmam{[U hwAm Am°a dh ‡H•$oV H$r Agr_ AÌd H{$ aW [a ]°R>H$a JoV_mZ hm{Vm Wm & Cg{ ⁄m°g ,o_Ã Am°a dÍ$U H$m Mjww eo∫$ H$m AZw^d A[Z{ _{ß H$aZ{ bJm & Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _mZd H$r ‡oVÓR>m Am°a _mZm J`m h° & XrK©Xer© H{$ Í$[ _{ß dh g_ÒV odÌd H$m —ÓQ>m ]ZH$a _Zw gÂ_mZ X{dVwÎ` Wm VWm _mZddmX H$m ÒWmZ CÉ Am°a Jm°ad_` Wm & OmoV H{$ H$m_m} H$m oZarjU H$aVm Wm Am°a C›h{ß gÀH$_m} H$r Am{a ‡d•Œm d°oXH$ X{d_S>b-d°oXH$ X{d_S>b H{$ X{dVmAm{ß H{$ VrZ dJ© Xoe©V hm{V{ H$aVm Wm & CgH$r C[mgZm [mßM Í$[m{ß _{ß H$r OmVr Wr - (1) gy`© ,oOgH$m h¢&EH$ KwÒWmZr` (AmH$medmUr ),Xyga{ A›Vnaj ÒWmZr` Am°a Vrga{ [yOZ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am°a Òdm^modH$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Vm Wm (2) godV Om{ gy`© H$r [•oWdrÒWmZr` &⁄wÒWmZr` X{dVmAm{ß _{ß gy`© ,godVm ,odÓUw, ‡{aH$ eo∫$ H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aVm Wm VWm oOgH$r ‡mW©Zm _{ß Jm`Ãr _ßÃ H$m dÍ$U,o_Ã,AoÌdZ Am°a Cfm ‡YmZ h¢,A›Vnaj ÒWmZr` X{dVmAm{ß _{ß CÉmaU oH$`m OmVm Wm & (3) o_Ã,gy`© H$m hr EH$ Aße Wm ,oOgH$r B›–,A[mZ[mV≤ Wm [O©›` Am°a Í$– _wª` h¢ Am°a [•oWdrÒWmZr` X{dVmAm{ß AmamYZm AoYH$ H$r OmVr Wr &(4) [yfZ,gy`© H$r hr eo∫$ H$m [naMm`H$ _{ß Aoæ ,d•hÒ[oV Am°a gm{_ odª`mV h¢ & oH$›Vw X{dVmAm{ß H{$ Bg dJr©H$aU Wm Om{ Am°foY Am°a dZÒ[oV OJV H{$ gßd’©Z _{ß `m{JXmZ H$aVm Wm & (5) _{ß _yV© ‡H•$oV Am°a A_yV© odÓUw Om{ F$Ωd{X _{ß AmH$me _{ß odMaU H$aZ{ dmbm gy`© H$m Í$[ Wm &15 A›Vg≤ ‡H•$oV H$m ^r `m{JXmZ ahm h° & (1) ‡H•$oV H{$ ‡_wI H$m`m} H$r odemb S>Jm{ß H$m{ âZ{ H{$ H$maU ,BgH{$ obE C[H´$_ Am°a CÍ$Jm` e„Xm{ß H$m Ao^Ïò∫$ H$aZ{ dmb{ X{dVmAm{ß H$m EH$ dJ© hm{ J`m Wm ,oOg_{ß ⁄m° Ï`dhma oH$`m OmVm Wm & CgZ{ A[Z{ VrZ S>Jm{ß _{ß g_ÒV OJV H$m{ _m[ (AmH$me) [•œdr ,dÍ$U ,B›– ,gy`© ,([mßM Í$[ - godV,o_Ã ,[yfZ Am°a S>mbm Wm &16 odÓUw H{$ VrZ S>Jm{ß g{ AW© gß^dV: VrZm{ß bm{H$m{ß g{ h¢ & AV: odÓUw) Í$–,AoÌdZ _Í$V ,dm`w dmV ,[O©›` ,Cfm AmoX goÂ_obV W{ odÓUw H{$ CÉV_ bm{H$ odÓUw bm{H$ _{ß Vrd´Jmo_Zr ^ynalß•ßJ Jm`m{ oH$aUm{ß H$m &(2) E{g{ ^r X{dVmAm{ß H$m dJ© Wm oOZH$m J•hÒW OrdZ g{ gß]ßY Wm ,O°g{ oZdmg h° Ohmß _Yw H$m CÀg oZP©a C[mgH$m{ß H$r _Z: H$m_Zm H$m{ [na[yU© Aoæ Am°a gm{_ & (3) A_yV© X{dVmAm{ß H$m ^r EH$ dJ© Wm oOg_{ß l’m Am°a H$aVm hwAm oXImB© X{Vm h°&17 _›`w ‡YmZ W{ & ì B›– ì AÀ`›V eo∫$embr Am°a [amH´$_r X{dVm Wm ,dh "Í$–' , CJ´ X{dVm Wm VWm KZ{ H$mb{ _{Km{ß H{$ gmW CgH$r H$Î[Zm H$r Am`m} H$m gd©l{ÓR> X{dVm Wm & Om{ CZH{$ ewÃAm{ß H$m{ `w’ _{ß [amoOV H$aVm JB© Wr & CJ´ Í$[ _{ß dh Í$– Wm VWm gm°Â` Í$[ _{ß oed& ghr AWm} _{ß OJV≤ Wm & dh _{Km{ß H$m{ AdÍ$’ H$a Am°a Agwam{ß H$m{ dO´ g{ _maH$a Ob ]agmVm H$m _ßJb H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU dh oed Wm& AV:Í$– Am°a oed Ao^fiVm F$Ωd{X Wm& dh [•œdr ,A›Vnaj Am°a AmH$me g{ ^r odemb Wm& CgH{$ obE H$hm _{ß Xoe©V hm{Vr h°,18 Om{ CgH{$ Am`© X{dVm hm{Z{ H$m [naMm`H$ h° & dh H•$ÓUm{Xa J`m h° , h{ B›– ,Vw_Z{ hr ewU X°À` H{$ `w’m{ß g{ Hw$Àg H$r ajm H$r ,Vw_Z{ ,bmb [rR>dmbm ,YZwYm©ar ,Zrb{ H{$edmbm Am°a ghÛmj Wm&19 e]a X°À` H$m{ _mam , Vw_Z{ ]∂S{> A]w©X X°À` H$m{ BgobE [°a g{ am¢X oX`m oH$ X{dVmAm{ß H$m _mZdrH$aU -d°oXH$ gmohÀ` g{ odoXV hm{Vm h° oH$ Am`m} Z{ Vw_ AoVoW gß^dV: oH$gr Xb H$m Zm_ H{$ gmoW`m{ß H$r ajm H$a gH$m{ & Vw_ X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ _mZdr` AmYma [a H$oÎ[V oH$`m VWm _mZd H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›h{ß h_ma{ eÃwAm{ß XÒ`wAm{ß H$m{ ]∂S{> ]b[yd©H$ _ma ah{ hm{ &11 "dÒVwV: dh ^y-bm{H$ ÒdrH$ma H$aH{$ CZH{$ _mZdrH$aU H$r gß`m{OZm H$r & `ht Zht ,‡À`{H$ H$m ‡YmZ X{dVm Wm & CgH$m CÎb{I X{dVmAm{ß H{$ emgH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r hwAm X{dVm H$r A[Zr X{dr-[ÀZr H$r ^r CX≤^mdZm _mZdrH$aU H{$ AmYma [a h° & `km{ß _{ß ^r B›– H$r ‡_wIVm Wr & dh draVm Am°a em°`© H$m ‡VrH$ Wm & H$r JB© & C›hm{ßZ{ X{dVmAm{ß _{ß CZ g^r JwUm{ß Am°a AmMmam{ß H$m oXΩXe©Z ]ßYZ g{ Nw>∂S>mZ{ H{$ obE J•Àg_X ¤mam H$r JB© B›– H$r ÒVwoV _{ß B›– H$r oH$`m Om{ _ZwÓ` _{ß —oÓQ>JV hm{V{ h¢ & d{ JwU ,AmXe© Am°a gXmMma gÂ[fi draVm H$m gßH{$V oH$`m J`m h° 12 VWm Cg{ odÌd _{ß ‡oV_mZ ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ W{ & Z°oVH$Vm H{$ d{ ‡oV[yoV© _mZ{ J`{ W{& dmb{ A¿`wV Í$[ _{ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m h° & [yOZ H$m AmYma ]m°o’H$Vm - Am`© A[Z{ X{dVmAm{ß H$m [yOZ odo^fi "dÍ$U'H$m CÎb{I X{dVmAm{ß H{$ [m{fH$ Am°a F$Vw H{$ AoY[oV H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡H$ma g{ H$aV{ W{ & CZH$r [yOm [’oV _{ß OrdZ H{$ ‡oV AmÒWm ,oZÓR>m Am°a hwAm h° ,oOgH$m ÒdÍ$[ odÌdOZrV oZ`_m{ß H$r gßkm H{$ gmW AÀ`›V AZwamJ hm{Vm Wm& O°gm D$[a oZoX©ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h°, d{ H$Î`mU_` OrdZ CXmŒm Am°a CfiV Wm & dh AmH$me ,[•œdr Am°a gy`© H$m oZ_m©Vm Wm & dm`w H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ ahV{ W{ VWm X{dVmAm{ß g{ d{ gm° df© H$m OrdZ , [wÃ ,YZ- CgH$m Ìdmg Wm VWm F$VwE{ß Cgg{ oZò_V Wr & _m`m Í$[ _{ß dh gd©Ã Ym›` Am°a odO` H$r H$m_Zm H$aV{ W{&dÒVwV: F$Ωd°oXH$ Am`m} H$m OrdZ H{$ od⁄_mZ ahVm Wm & BgrobE Cg{ odÌdMjw : (gd©Ã —oÓQ> aIZ{dmbm ) ‡oV odamJ Zht Wm Am°a Z d{ oZd•oŒm_mJr© hr W{ & ‡d•oŒm_mJr© hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU d{ ,gwJ´Vw ( A¿N{> H$m`m} H$m{ H$aZ{ dmbm)& Y•Vd´V ( oZ`_m{ß H$m{ YmaU H$aZ{ A[Z{ X{dVm H$r C[mgZm _{ß d•’mdÒWm VH$ _ßJb_` OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aZ{ H$r dmbm ) Am°a g_´mQ> (g_mZ Í$[ g{ ‡H$meZerb Am°a emgH$ ) H$hm J`m h° AmH$mßjm Ï`∫$ H$aV{ W{ & Cg g_` X{dVm g{ ,gß]ßoYV _ßoXa Am°a _yoV©[yOm H$m VWm [oj`m{ß Am°a Zmdm{ß H{$ _mJ© H$m{ OmZZ{ dmbm gd©k _mZm J`m h° & dh gd©Wm A^md Wm & ‡mH•$oVH$ Am°a A‹`moÀ_H$ eo∫$`m{ß H$m AZw^d Am°a Xe©Z Ò[em} ( gy`© H$r oH$aUm{ß Am°a Jw·Mam{ß ) g{ gd©Xm oKam ahVm Wm , Om{ Cg{ H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU Am`m} H$m{ _ßoXam{ß Am°a _yoV©`m{ß O°g{ ‡VrH$m{ß H$r C[{jm Zht Wr& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 252

ÒVwoV AWdm ‡mW©Zm -X{dVmAm{ß H$r [yOZ -‡Umbr _{ß ÒVwoV AWdm ‡mW©Zm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- g]g{ gab ,gw]m{Y Am°a gwodYmOZH$ [’oV Wr & d{Xm{ß H$r F$MmE± Am°a gy∫$ 4. _°∑g d{]a ,naobO›g Ad BoS>`m ,[•ÓR> 161 ‡m`: ÒVwoV`m± hr h° ,oOZ_{ß X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ ‡gfi H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡mW©ZmE± H$r 5. V°oŒmar` gßohVm ,^mÓ`m{[m{”mV, [•ÓR> 2, ‡À`j{UmZwo_À`m dm JB© h° & ÒVwoV ,ÒVdZ ,Ameßgm AmoX g{ X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ ‡gfi oH$`m OmVm Wm dmÒVw[m`m{ Z ]w‹`V{ & Edß odXo›V d{X{Z VÒ_mX≤ d{XÂ` d{XVm & VWm bm°oH$H$ gwIm{ß H$r ‡mo· H$r H$m_Zm H$r OmVr Wr & 6. _Zw 12.94 o[V•X{d_ZwÓ`mUmß d{XÌMjw: gZmVZ_≤ & `k - d°oXH$ `wJ _{ß `k H$r gdm©oYH$ _hŒmm Wr Om{ Ïò∫$ H$m{ [mdZ,[odÃ Ame∑`ß Mm‡_{`ß M d{XemÛmo_oV oÒWoV : && Am°a H$_©R> ]ZmVm Wm & `k H$r gÂ[fiVm Aoæ g{ hm{Vr Wr & Aoæ H$r dhr,12.97,MmVwd©`© d`m{ bm{H$mÌMÀdmaÌMml_m:[•WH$ & ‡À`j eo∫$ g{ d{ [naoMV W{ & AV: d{ Aoæ H{$ C[mgH$ W{& Aoæ H{$ Xm{ ^yVß ^Ï`ß ôdÓ`ß M gd© d{XmÀ‡og‹òV && ‡H$ma W{ ,(1)Ò_mVm©oæ oOgg{ ‡À`{H$ J•hÒW AWdm oddmohV Ïò∫$ dhr ,2.11 `m{@d_›`{V V{ _yb{ h{VwemÛml`mXo¤O :& J•hmmoZ _{ß oH´$g_mU `k (AWdm [mH$`k ) gÂ[fi H$aVm Wm (2) g gmYwo^]©ohÓH$m`m} ZmoÒVH$m{ d{XoZ›XH$ : && lm{Vmoæ ,oOg_{ß lm°V `km{ß H$r gß`m{OZm H$r JB© Wr &F$Ωd{X g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm 7. eV[W ]´mhU,11.5.6.1 ,`md›Vß h d° B_mß [•oWdt odŒm{Z [yUm© h° oH$ odÌd H$r ‡oH´$`m `k g{ gßMmobV hm{Vr h° ,oOg_{ß oZa›Va [mßM XXV bm{Hß$ OòV ,oÃo^ÒVmd›g OòV ^y`mßg M Ajìß M ` Edß Aoæ`mßß ‡¡dobV h¢ Am°a Cg_{ß AmhwoV`m± S>mbr Om ahr h¢ & gdm©oYH$ ]∂S>r od¤mZhah:& Òdm‹`m`_YrV{ & VÒ_mV≤ Òdm‹`m`m{@‹`{VÏ`: & Aoæ ⁄wbm{H$ h° ,oOg_{ß l’m H$r AmhwoV [∂S> ahr h° & M›–bm{H$ H$m CX≤^d 8. hm[oH$›g X naobO›g Ad BoS>`m [•ÓR> 11-17 Bgr g{ hwAm h°, oOg{ o[V•bm{H$ ^r H$hV{ h¢ & Xygar Aoæ B›– h° oOg_{ß 9. F$Ωd{X 4.58.3 M›–_m AmhwoV h° & Bgg{ dfm© hm{Vr h° & Vrgar Aoæ h° oOg_{ß dfm© AmhwoV 10. F$Ωd{X 4.261 -2 ]ZVr h°,Afi H$r CÀ[oŒm Bgr g{ hm{Vr h° & _ZwÓ` Mm°Wr Aoæ h° oOg_{ß Afi 11. dhr 1.151.6,Àd Hw$Àgß ewUh›`{ÓdmodYm a›Y`m{ oVoWΩdm` AmhwoV H$m H$m_ H$aVm h° & Bgg{ ]rO a{Vg≤ CÀ[fi hm{Vm h° & [mßMdr Aoæ eÂ]a_≤ & _hm›Vß oMX]w©Xß oZ H$_m©: [Xm gZm X{d XÒ`whÀ`m` Ook[{ [ÀZr h¢ , oOg_{ß ]rO AmhwoV Í$[ _{ß [hw±MVm ,oOgg{ g›VmZ CÀ[fi hm{Vr h° && &`hr g•oÓQ> H$m H$_ h° , Om{ [ßMmoæ od⁄m H{$ A›VJ©V h° & 12. dhr 2.1.9.`Ò_mfi F$V{ odO`›V{ OZmgm{ `ß `w‹`_mZm Adg{ hd›V{ X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ ‡gfi H$aZ{ H{$ obE `k EH$ ‡YmZ gmYZ Wm & `k g•oÓQ> & `m{ odÌdÒ` ‡oV_mZß ]^yd `m{ A¿`wV¿`wV g OZmg B›–: & H$m _yb Wm VWm X{dVm VH$ Cgg{ eo∫$ J´hU H$aV{ W{& 20 H$mbm›Va _{ß 13. dhr ,7.86.5,V]–wΩYmoZ o[Õ`m gwOmZ:@d `m d`ß MH•$_m VZyo^ :& amO›` dJ© Z{ gm_´m¡` odÒVma H{$ obE `k gÂ[fi H$aZm ‡maÂ^ oH$`m 14. AW©d©d{X 4.3.3 :7.33 dmOgZ{`r gßohVm 10.7 oOgg{ [wam{ohV dJ© H$m ^r odH$mg hwAm h° & `k gÂ[mXZ _{ß 15. F$Ωd{X 3.62.10 ]obXmZ,o[V•[yOm ,Cd©aVm -‡Xm`H$ ,AZwÓR>mZ≤ ,X{dVm g{ gm_rfl` ÒWm[Zm 16. dhr,1.154.3 ,EH$m{ od_Z{ oÃo^naV≤ [XZm{o^ :& VWm [m[m{ß g{ _wo∫$ AmoX ‡_wI AmYma VÀd W{ & 21 `km{ß _{ß BZ VÀdm{ß H$m hm{Zm 17. dhr 1.154.6,Vm dmß dmÒVy›`wÌ_oV Jmß^‹`° & AÀ`›V Òdm^modH$ Wm &_ZwÓ` H{$ g^r H$_m} _{ß `mokH$ oH´$`m hr l{ÓR> Wr &22 `Ã Jmdm{ß ^ynalß•Jm A`mg : && F$Ωd{X H{$ [wÍ$fgy∫$ _{ß CoÎboIV h° oH$ `k g{ hr g•oÓQ> hwB© Wr &H$mbm›Va 18. dhr ,2.33.7 _{ß ^r `h ÒdrH$ma H$r JB© & 23 `k gÂ[fi H$aZ{ g{ g_ÒV [m[ Ywb OmV{ W{ &24 19. AWd©d{X 11.1.7-8,11.2.2-7 `ht Zht `k H{$ _m‹`_ g{ X{dVm de _{ß hm{ OmV{ W{ VWm ]m‹` hm{H$a d{ 20. [ƒm≤dodße ]´m˜U ,1.8.4.1 _ZwÓ` H$m{ _Zm{Hy$b da ‡XmZ H$aV{ W{& 25 AJa ghr AWm} _{ß X{Im Om` Vm{ 21. naobOZ E{S> o\$bmg\$r Ad X E{S> C[oZfX≤g. 1.[•ÓR> 253-78 X{dVmAm{ß Am°a _ZwÓ`m{ß H{$ ]rM gß]ßY -ÒWm[Zm _{ß `km{ß H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ 22. eV[W ]´m˜U ,1.7.3.5 `km° d° l{ÓR>V_ H$_© & ahm h° & 23. VmS>Á ]´m˜U ,6.1 "Aoæhm{Ã' `k ‡mV: Am°a gm`ß Aoæ H$r C[mgZm H{$ gmW gÂ[fi 24. eV[W ]´m˜U 2.3.1.6 oH$`m OmVm Wm , oOg_{ß XyY `dmJw VßSw>b ,XoY Am°a K•V H$r AmhwoV Xr 25. [ƒm≤dodße ]´m˜U ,1.8.4.1 OmVr Wr & [m[m{ß H{$ j` Am°a ÒdJ© H$r Am{a g{ OmZ{ dmbm `h gdm}Œm_ Zmd 26. eV[W ]´m˜U ,A¿`wV J´ßW_mbm,1,[•.191 H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m Wm&26 Bg `k H$m{ gÂ[fi H$aZ{ dmb{ ]´mhmU 27. gÀ`mgmT> lm°VgyÃ 14.6.1.amOm ]´m˜Um{ß dm & Am[ÒVÂ] , Am°a joÃ` Xm{Zm{ß dU© H{$ bm{J hm{V{ W{ &27 BgH{$ oZo_Œm ghÛ Jm`{ß Am°a Km{∂S{> 20.24.2. ]´m˜Um{ amO›`m{ dm Ò{V≤ & X{H$a ]´mhmU Am°a joÃ` H$m{ H´$` oH$`m OmVm Wm & 28 H´$` g{ H$m{B© Ïò∫$ Zht 28. emßIm`Z lm°VgyÃ 16.10.9. ]´m˜U dm joÃ`ß ghÛ{U o_b [mVm Wm Vm{ oH$gr eÃw H$m{ odoOV H$a Bg `k _{ß ]ob M∂T>m Xr OmVr ÌVmÌd{ZmdH´$r` & Wr&29 29. d°VmZ lm°VgyÃ 7.37.16,g[ÀZß odoOÀ` V{Z Ò{V≤ &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 253

amÓQ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm AoYoZ`_

em{Y gmamße - Im⁄ gwajm g{ Ao^‡m` g^r bm{Jm{ß H{$ obE gX°d ^m{OZ H$r C[b„YVm hm{ C[b„Y ^m{OZ bm{Jm{ß H$r [hw±M _{ß ^r hm{ gmW hr bm{Jm{ß H{$ [mg Bg ^m{OZ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$r gm_œ`© hm{, Bgr AoYH$ma H$m{ ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maV H$r gßgX Z{ 2013 _{ß amÓQ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm AoYoZ`_ 2013 [mnaV oH$`m Bg Im⁄ AoYH$ma H$mZyZ ^r H$hmß OmVm h°& Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ VhV ^maV H$r 1.2 Aa] H$r Am]mXr bJ^J Xm{ oVhmB© bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H$_ Xm_ [a AZmO ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ h°&† e„X Hwß$Or ñ Im⁄ gwajm, AoYH$ma, AoYoZ`_, Jar]r Hw$[m{fU, ^wI_ar††&

‡ÒVmdZm - g]H{$ obE Im⁄ gwajm ‡m· H$aZm ÒdVßÃVm g{ hr amÓQ≠>r` gVV≤ Im⁄ gwajm H$m b˙` ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE-^m{OZ H$r C[b„YVm, b˙` ahm h°& Im⁄ gwajm A] AmoW©H$ Am°a gm_moOH$ Í$[ g{ gßVwobV Om{ CÀ[mXZ H$m H$m_ h°& O] o]ÎHw$b OÍ$ar hm{ OmE, Am`mV oH$`m Om`&† Amhma ‡m· H$aZm [{Òb H$r C[b„YVm, [`m©daU H$r g\$mB© Am°a ‡maßo^H$ 1. ^m{OZ VH$ [hwM, Om{ H´$` eo∫$ Am°a am{OJma H$m H$m_ h°& ÒdmÒœ` C[b„YVm H{$ Í$[ _{ß [na^mofV H$r OmVr h°& X{e _{ß AZ{H$ gaH$mar 2. eara ^m{OZ H$m{ [Mm gH{$, BgH{$ obE Òd¿N> [{Òb, gm\$-g\$mB© `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX h_ma{ X{e _{ß Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ Hw$[m{fU \°$bm h°& AmoW©H$ Am°a ÒdÒœ` H$r gwodYmßE OwQ>mZr hm{Jr&† odH$mg Xa H{$ _m_b{ _{ß oOVZr ^r ‡JoV H$a br hm{ b{oH$Z ^yI o_Q>mZ{ Am°a Bg ‡H$ma g{ Im⁄ gwajm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Im⁄ Am°a J°a Im⁄ Hw$[m{fm H{$ _m_b{ _{ß h_mar ª`moV A¿N>r Zht h°& Im⁄ CÀ[mXZ H{$ obE H$maH$m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE g_o›dV —oÓQ>H$m{U A[ZmZm hm{Jm h_ma{ X{e oXZm{ß-oXZ ^yo_ KQ>Vr Om ahr h°& OZgßª`m _{ß hm{ ahr O]X©ÒV d•o’ H{$ _{ß AZ{H$ `m{OZmEß Mb ahr h°, Om{ BZ 3 C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m g_mYmZ OwQ>mVr h°& H$maU ‡À`{H$ df© 2.5 o_ob`Z Q>Z AoVna∫$ Im⁄mZm{ß H$r _mßJ CÀ[fi hm{ amOrd Jm±Yr [{Òb o_eZ, g_J´ g\$mB© H$m`©H´$_ Am°a amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ahr h°& AmYwoZH$ Ï`dÒWm`{ß, _gbZ ]mOma Am°a [yßOrdmX VWm Cgg{ Ow∂S>r ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ E{gr `m{OZm h° Om{ gwoZoÌMV H$a gH$Vr h° oH$ Om{ ^r _m›`Vm`{ß Iy] \$br-\y$br b{oH$Z BgZ{ Am_ AmX_r H$m{ ^yI, Hw$[m{fU ^m{OZ Im`m OmE, dh eara H$m{ eo∫$ X{& AZ{H$ am{OJma OwQ>mZ{ dmbr Am°a Jar]r H{$ AoVna∫$ Hw$N> ^r Zht oX`m& AJa E{gm Z hm{Vm Vm{ gß`w∫$ `m{OZmEß Mb ahr h°& oOg_{ß _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma H$m`m©H´$_ amÓQ≠> gßK H{$ _hmgoMd dmZ H$r _yZ Òd`ß `h ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aV{ oH$ XwoZ`m Om{ Jar]m{ß H$m{ ›`yZV_ OÍ$ar H´$` eo∫$ C[b„Y H$aVr h°& BgH{$ ]mdOyX _{ß ‡À`{H$ 5 g{ßH{$›S> _{ß EH$ ]Ém ^yI g{ X_ Vm{∂S> X{Vm h°& H$am{∂S> g{ ^r AoYH$ ^maV _{ß OZgßª`m H{$ H$m\$r ]∂S{> ohÒg{ H$r AZmOm{ß H$m{ IarXZ{ß H$r gm_œ`© bm{Jm{ H{$ obE ^m{OZ C[b„Y Zht h°& AmO ^m{OZ H$m AoYH$ma gÂ]›Yr _{ß g_mZw[moVH$ d•o’ Zht hm{ [m`r h°& `h EH$ E{gr oÒWoV h°& oOgH$m H$mZyZ H$r _mßJ XwoZ`m â _{ß hm{ ahr h°& ^maV _{ß ^yI_ar Am°a Hw$[m{fU H$m ÀdnaV oZXmZ OÍ$ar h°& X{e _{ß amÓQ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm AoYoZ`_ 2003 ]Z gßH$Q> XojU A\´$rH$m H{$ X{em{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß H$ht ¡`mXm h°& `yZrg{\$ H$r MwH$m h°, Om{ ^m{OZ g{ dßoMV X{e H{$ 67 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß H$r ^m{OZ H$r JmßaQ>r na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma ^maV H$m ha Xygam ]Ém Am°a ha Xygar _ohbm IyZ H$r ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& oZÌM` `h EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>r N>bmßJ h° oOgH$m ‡^md H$_r g{ [ro∂S>V h°& ]hwAm`m_r Am°a ]hwÒVar` hm{Z{ dmbm h°& bm{Jm{ß, ode{fH$a Jar]r a{Im g{ ^yI [a d°oÌdH$ oÒWoVX{e/j{Ã gßª`m ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ^m{OZ C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r JmßaQ>r H$m odH$mgerb X{e 832 bmI CZH$r Am_XZr [a CÑ{IZr` ‡^md [∂S{>Jm dßoMV Am°a oZY©Z dJm} H$m{ odH$ogV X{e 16 bmI â[ya ^m{OZ o_bZ{ g{ CZH$m [m{fU ]{hVa ∂Tß>J g{ hm{ gH{$Jm, oOgg{ CZH{$ ^maV 213 bmI ÒdmÒœ` H$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma hm{ gH{$Jm& h_ ‡m`: `h ^yb OmV{ h° oH$ ^maV b°oQ>Z A_{arH$m Am°a H°$am{od`mB© X{e 45 bmI H$r OZgßª`m H$m Xm{-oVhmB© ohÒgm AmO ^r Jar] h° CgH{$ _mogH$ ]OQ> CŒmar A\´$rH$m 33 bmI H$m EH$ ]∂S>m ohÒgm ^m{OZ gm_J´r [a Ï`` hm{Vm h°& X{e H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ MrZ 123 bmI ]woZ`mXr Im⁄ AmdÌ`H$VmEß ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^maV _{ß EH$ bÂ]{ß g_` Eoe`m Am°a ‡emßV (^maV Am°a MrZ N>m{∂S>H$a) 189 bmI g{ gmd©OoZH$ odVaU ‡Umbr H$m`_ h°& oOgZ{ ^yI H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ _{ß CÑ{IZr` g]gmham A\´$rH$m 212 bmI ^yo_H$m AXm H$r h°& Am°a Jar]r _{ß H$_r bmZ{ _{ß Jham ‡^md N>m{∂S>m h°& [a›Vw Úm{V Im⁄ Edß H•$of gßJR>Z H$r na[m{Q©>, 2009 ^maV _{ß ]hwV g{ bm{J Im⁄ Agwajm Am°a Hw$[m{fU g{ JógV h°& ôdÓ` _{ß *** AogÒQ{>›Q> ‡m{\{$ga (AW©eÛ) amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, X{d‡`mJ (CŒmamIS>) ‰mmaV ** AogÒQ{>›Q> ‡m{\{$ga (AW©emÛ) amOH$r` [r0Or0 H$mb{O, H$m{Q>¤mam (CŒmamIS>) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 254

Im⁄`mfi g_Ò`m AoYH$ Jß^ra hm{ gH$Vr h°& AmO ^maV odH$mg H{$ [W [a gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- h° _Ja g^r bm{Jm{ß H$m{ â[{Q> ^m{OZ Z o_b{ Vm{ odH$mg H$m _hÀd KQ> OmVm 1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm-E0EZ0 AJ´dmb, oXÑr, 35 dm∞ gßÒH$aU& h°& H$am{∂S>m{ß bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Im⁄`mfi C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$m ^ma X{e H{$ oH$gmZm{ß H{$ 2. `m{OZm ‡H$meZ od^mJ, ZB© oXÑr&† Hß$Ym{ [a h°& H•$of AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ar∂T> h°, _Ja H•$of hr o[N>∂S>r hwB© hm{ Am°a 3. ^maV H$m AmoW©H$ gd}jU 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05 oH$gmZ H$r _mbr hmbV IÒVm hm{, E{gr oÒWoV _{ß Im⁄ gwajm MwZm°Vr g{ H$_ 4. 2014 A_a COmbm 11 OZdar† Zht h°& Jm±dm{ _{ß Jar]r _wIa h°& o]Zm oH$gmZm{ß H$r Iwehmbr H{$ odZm ^maV H$r 5. g∑g{Zm, EZ0gr0, 2004, E{Z{aOmBoOßJ Jd©_{ßQ> E\$Q©> \$m∞a \y$S> Iwehmbr _w_oH$Z Zht h°& Im⁄ gwajm oH$gmZm{ß H$r Iwehmbr [a oZ^©a h°& og∑`wnaQ>r††

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 255

A[amY H{$ ]XbV{ [na—Ì`

S>m∞. _ßOy Jw·m*

‡ÒVmdZm - A[amY EH$ gmd©^m°o_H$ KQ>Zm h° Om{ oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ OK›` A[amY (Felony) BÀ`moX& BZ g^r H$m gÂ]›Y gm_moOH$ `m ‡À`{H$ g_mO _{ [mB© OmVr h° `⁄o[ BgH{$ ÒdÈ[ o^fi o^fi hm{ gH$V{ h°& H$mZyZr oZ`_m{ H$m CÑßKZ Am°a A›` bm{Jm{ H$m{ H$ÓQ> X{Z{ `m ZwH$gmZ [hwßMmZ{ A[amY H$r AdYmaUm g_` Am°a ÒWmZ H{$ AmYma [a ^r o^fi o^fi hm{ g{ h°& AV: `{ ^r A[amY H$r l{Ur _{ AmV{ h° ]g H{$db Vrd´Vm Am°a Jß^raVm gH$Vr h°& gm_m›`V: g_mO H{$ ¤mam oZo_©V oZ`_ Am°a am¡` H{$ ¤mam H$m AßVa hm{Vm h°& Bgr H{$ AmYma [a odo^fi A[amYemÛr`m{ß Z{ A[amY oZo_©V H$mZyZ H$m CÑßKZ hr A[amY H$hbmVm h° Am°a B›hr Xm{ AmYmam{ß [a Am°a A[amoY`m{ß H$m dJr©H$aU oH$`m h°& A[amY H{$ dJr©H$aU _{ Am`w Am°a odo^fi od¤mZm{ß Z{ A[amY H$m{ [naôfV oH$`m h°& Ohm± Bob`Q> Am°a _°nab obßJ ^r _hÀd[yU© AmYma h°& ]mb A[amY, _ohbm A[amY H$r AdYmaUm A[amY H$m{ H$mZyZ ¤mam doO©V H$m`© _mZV{ h° oOgH{$ obE XßS> H$r Ï`dÒWm `hr g{ CÀ[fi hwB© h°& hm{Vr h°& dht _¢Zhr_ H$m H$hZm h° oH$ A[amY og\©$ H$mZyZ g{ hr gÂ]ßoYV A[amY `⁄o[ gmd©^m°o_H$ KQ>ZmEß{ h°& o\$a ^r ‡À`{H$ g_mO H{$ Zht hm{V{& AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ g_mO H{$ oZ`_m{ H{$ odÈ’ H$r JB© H$m{B© ^r gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a d°YmoZH$ [na[{˙` _{ BgH$r H$m{B© gd©_m›` JoVodoY A[amY H$r l{Ur _{ AmEJr& ‡À`{H$ —oÓQ> g{ A[amY gmd©OmoZH$ [na^mfm X{Zm EH$ OoQ>b H$m`© h°& ∑`m{ßoH$A[amY H$m [°_mZm g_` Am°a ohV H{$ obE hmoZH$maH$ hm{Vm h° VWm Ïò∫$ Am°a g_mO H$m{ ‡À`j `m ÒWmZ H{$ gmW gmW ]Xb OmVm h°& AWm©V Om{ H$m`© [hb{ A¿N>m _mZm OmVm A‡À`j Í$[ g{ hmoZ [hw±MmVm h°& Wm dm{ A] A[amY _mZm Om gH$Vm h°,O°g{ - gVr ‡Wm& Bgr ‡H$ma Om{ A[amY e„X H{$ ohßXr _{ AZ{H$ [`m©`dmMr e„X h° O°g{ Xm{f, Ow_©, H$m`© EH$ ÒWmZ [a A¿N>m _mZm OmVm hm{ dm{ Xyga{{ ÒWmZ [a A[amY _mZm [m[, JwZmh, A[H•$À`, Hw$gya BÀ`moX VWm AßJ´{Or _{ BgH{$ obE H´$mB_ Om gH$Vm h°,O°g{ -_oXam [mZ& AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ A[amY H$r AdYmaUm _{ e„X H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& H´$mB_ (Crime) e„X b°oQ>Z ^mfm H{$ H$m\$r JÀ`mV_H$Vm h°& gmW hr g_` g_` [a Z`{ Z`{ A[amY odH$ogV oH´$_{Z (Crimen) e„X g{ ]Zm h° oOgH$m AW© oZU©` X{Z{ g{ gÂ]ßoYV h°& hm{Z{ bJV{ h°. oZÂZoboIV o]›XwAm{ [a h_ A[amY H{$ ]XbV{ hwE [na—Ì` J´rH$ ^mfm _{ BgH$m AW© AbJmd g{ bJm`m OmVm h°& H$r odd{MZm H$a gH$V{ h° – A[amY H{$ ‡_wI VÀd : A[amY H$r ‡H•$oV `m AdYmaUm H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> 1. [hb{ A[amY H$m Ï`mdgmo`H$ `m [{e{da Í$[ Zht Wm oH$›Vw AmO H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[amY H{$ ‡_wI VÀdm{ß [a ‡H$me S>mbZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& A[amY gßJoR>V Í$[ _{ EH$ [{e{ H{$ Í$[ _{ oH$`m OmZ{ bJm h°& BgH{$ 1. A[amY H$m gÂ]›Y Cg H$m`© g{ h° oOg{ g_mO `m H$mZyZ Z{ XS>Zr` obE A[amYr A[amY H{$ obE gM{V Í$[ _{ gßJoR>V hm{ H$a `m{OZm Km{ofV oH$`m hwAm hm{ ∑`m{ßoH$ Cg g{ oH$gr Ïò∫$ `m g_mO H$m{ hmoZ ]ZmVm h° Am°a A[amY H$aVm h°& [hw±MVr h°& 2. [hb{ A[amY Ïò∫$JV bm^ H{$ obE oH$`{ OmV{ W{ oH$›Vw A] Ïò∫$JV 2. oH$gr ^r H$m`© `m JoVodoY H$m{ a] Am[amoYH$ H$h{±J{ O] H$Vm© H$m gwI Am°a _Zm{aßOZ H{$ obE ^r A[amY hm{V{ h°& Zem, OwAm I{bZm, BamXm Am[amoYH$ hm{& ]bmÀH$ma Bgr H$maU AoYH$ hm{Z{ bJ{ h°& Bob`Q> Am°a _{nab H$m 3. g_mO H{$ bm{J A[amY Am°a A[amYr H{$ ‡oV AmH´$m{oeV ‡oVoH´$`m _mZZm h° oH$ Hw$N> gßH$m{Mr bm{J _Y[mZ H$m{ EH$ odH$Î[ H{$ Í$[ _{ ^r X{V{ h° Am°a odo^fi ‡H$ma g{ CgH$m odam{Y H$aV{ h°& b{V{ h°& 4. A[amY H{$ obE oH´$`m H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°, _mÃ gm{MZ{ `m H$hZ{ g{ hr 3. [hb{ Ìd{VdgZ A[amY Z H{$ ]am]a hm{V{ W{ oH$›Vw A] g_mO _{ E{g{ dh A[amYr Zht hm{ OmVm & A[amYm{ß _{ Vrd´ JoV g{ d•o’ hwB© h°& ]∂S{> AoYH$mar Am°a Y_© JwÈ g{ 5. A[amY H{$ obE XßS> H$r Ï`dÒWm AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ hm{Vr h°& [hb{ oH$gr N>b `m A[amY H$r ]mV H$m{B© gm{M Zht gH$Vm Wm oH$›Vw X{e Am°a H$mb H{$ AmYma [a oH$gr H•$À` H$m{ A[amY _mZm ^r Om AmO BZ [a bm{J odÌdmg H$aZ{ g{ S>aV{ h°& gH$Vm h° Am°a Zht ^r _mZm Om gH$Vm h°& g{WZm H{$ AZwgma A[amY H$m{B© 4. dV©_mZ _{ AZ°oVH$Vm g{ gÂ]ßoYV A[amY AoYH$ hm{Z{ bJ{ h° O°gr ^r dh H$m`© h° Om{ oH$gr g_` ode{f _{ am¡` ¤mam oZYm©naV H$mZyZ H{$ Ad°Y gÂ]›Y, ]bmÀH$ma, ^´ÓQ>mMma BÀ`moX, Om{ [hb{ ]hwV H$_ AZwgma XßS>Zr` h° Mmh{ CgH$m gÂ]›Y [m[ g{ hm{ `m Zht& X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ W{& A[amY g{ o_bVr OwbVr Hw$N> AdYmaUm`{ ^r h° O°g{ XwÓH•$oV 5. [hb{ H$_Om{a dJ© O°g{ - ]Ém{ß Am°a _ohbmAm{ H$m{ gwaojV aIZ{ H$r (Tort), XwamMma (vice), AZ°oVH$Vm (Immorality), [m[ (Sin) , ^mdZm hm{Vr Wr& oH$›VwdV©_mZ _{ B›hr H{$ ‡oV A[amY AoYH$ hm{ ah{ h°&

*** gh AmMm`© (g_mOemÛ) amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 256

6. A[amoY`m{ß H$r ‡H•$oV _{ ^r [nadV©Z X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h°& [hb{ Am°a odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ H{$ gmW ^r AmoW©H$ Am°a `m°Z A[amY oH$ KQ>Zm`{ A[amYr O›_OmV _mZ{ OmV{ W{ oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ A[amYr ]∂T> ahr h°& ‡d•oV H{$ [rN{> gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nad{e H$m{ CŒmmaXm`r 14. Hw$N> Z`{ A[amY odH$ogV hwE h° oOZH$m [hb{ H$m{B© AoÒVÀd hr Zht g_Pm OmVm h° & Wm O°g{ gmB]a A[amY& AmYwoZH$ g_` _{ BßQ>aZ{Q> H$m XwÍ$[`m{J H$m 7. dV©_mZ [na—Ì` _{ amOZrVr Am°a A[amY H$m KoZÓR> gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V `h CXmhaU h° & hwAm h° O]oH$ [aß[amJV È[ _{ amOZroV Am°a amOm [odÃ Am°a oZÓH$f© - C[am{∫$ odd{MZm g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ dV©_mZ g_` _{ A[amY Am°a B©Ìda VwÎ` _mZ{ OmV{ W{ CZ [a H$m{B© eH$ `m eßH$m ^r Zht H$a gH$Vm A[amoY`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ ^r [nadV©Z Am MwH$m h°& ‡À`{H$ ÒVa [a oÒWoVAm°a Wm& ^`mdh hm{Vr Om ahr h°& A[amY H{$ `{ ]XbV{ [na—Ì` g_mO Am°a Ïò∫$ H{$ 8. Y_© oH$ Am∂S> _{ hm{Z{ dmb{ A[amYm{ß _{ d•o’ hwB© h°& H$B© Y_© ÒWmZ obE Am°a AoYH$ H$ÓQ>Xm`r h°& E{g{ A[amY _hmZJam{ VH$ hr gro_V Zht h° AÊ`mer Am°a AmoW©H$ A[amYm{ß H{$ A»{ ]Z OmV{ h° oOZH$m [Vm ]hwV ]oÎH$ N>m{Q{> ZJam{, H$Ò]{ Am°a J´m_rU _{ ^r Am`{ oXZ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b ah{ h°& ]mX _{ [Vm MbVm h° & BgH{$ H$maU Am_ Ïò∫$ _{ Agwajm H$r ^mdZm AmVr h° Om{ g_mO Am°a amÓQ≠> 9. oMoH$ÀgH$ H$m{ ^r B©Ìda VwÎ` _mß H$a [yOm OmVm h° oH$›Vw dV©_mZ _{ H{$ CÀWmZ _{ ]mYH$ h°& òX odMma oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ BZ ]XbV{ hwE Am[amoYH$ oMoH$Àgm H{$ j{Ã _{ Òd`ß oMoH$ÀgH$ hr A[amY _{ ob· ahV{ h°& BZ [na—Ì` H{$ [rN{> _wª` H$maU Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r H$_r h°& Z°oVH$Vm H{$ Am^md A[amYm{ß _{ H$›`m ^´wU hÀ`m, eara H{$ AßJm{ß H$m Ï`m[ma, AZmdÌ`H$ _{ hr BZ A[amYm{ß H$r ^`mdh Am°a K•oUVVm _{ ]∂T>m{Var hwB© h°& AV: BZ[a BbmO Am°a XdmB`m Mbm H$a ^ó_V H$aZm BÀ`moX ‡_wI h° & am{H$ bJmZ{ H{$ obE Z°oVH$Vm oejm [a AoYH$ ]b X{Zm MmohE& ∑`m{ßoH$ 10. ]mbH$m{ g{ A[amY H$r A[{jm Zht H$r OmVr Wr oH$›Vw AmO ]mb Z°oVH$ g_mO _{ Bg ‡H$ma H{$ K•oUV A[amY hm{Z{ oH$ gÂ^mdZm A[{jmH•$V A[amYm{ß _{ oZaßVa d•o’ hm{ ahr h°& H$_ hm{Vr h°& 11. Bgr ‡H$ma _ohbm A[amoY`m{ß _{ ^r d•o’ hwB© h° O]oH$ CZH$m{ [hb{ __Vm H$r _yoV© Am°a Ka{bw gXÒ` _mZm OmVm Wm& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 12. [hb{ ]bmÀH$ma Am°a `m°Z A[amY AZOmZ{ Ïò∫$`m{ß `m AmXVZ 1. M.J. Sethna, Society and the Criminal A[amoY`m{ß H{$ ¤mam hr oH$`m OmVm Wm oH$›Vw ‡m{.am_ AmhyOm H{$ 2. Elliott and Merrill, Social Disorganization 3. Ram Ahuja, Social Problems In India, Rawat Publication AZwgma ]bmÀH$ma [yU©V`m AOZ]r bm{Jm{ H{$ ¤mam Zht hm{Vm AmY{ Jaipur _m_bm{ _{ oÛ`mß ]bmÀH$mar g{ [naoMV hm{Vr h°& 4. Abrahamsen,David .”Psychology of Crime”. 13. [hb{ AoVoW`m{ß H$m{ X{dVm VwÎ` _mZm OmVm Wm oH$›Vw dV©_mZ _{ X{gr 5. BAGULIA, A M. “Child and crime”, SBS

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 257

AmYwoZH$ g_mO Am°a _yÎ`hrZVm

S>m∞. MmÈbmVm oVdmar*

‡ÒVmdZm - oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$ `m g_mO H$m [naM` CgH{$ Zm_ g{ Zht h° Am°aV] Bgr Ïò∫$dmXr odMmaYmam H{$ H$maU Ïò∫$ _Z_mZm Ï`dhma ‡maß^ hm{Vm h° _mZd H$m{ gm_moOH$ ‡mUr H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Zm AoÒVÀd ]ZmE H$aZ{ bJVm h° Am°a odKQ>ZH$mar eo∫$`mß g_mO _{ß [Z[Z{ bJVr h¢& aIZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ obE AZ{H$ ‡`ÀZ H$aZ{ [∂S>V{ h¢ Am°a g_mO _{ß Hw$N> Bgr Vah H$r oÒWoV gm_moOH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r ^r h° g_mO `h hr ‡`ÀZ AZ{H$ Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m odH$mg H$aV{ h¢ BZ Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß H{$ Z°oVH$Vm H{$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m AÀ`ßV _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ hm{Vm h° _yÎ` g_mO odkmZ, H$bm, Y_©, ‡Wm, [aß[am, OZaroV, Í$o∂T>, aroV-nadmO, _yÎ` g^r gßJR>Z H$m AmYma hm{V{ h¢ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ [maÒ[naH$ AmXmZ-‡XmZ g{ hr Ïò∫$ goÂ_obV hm{V{ h¢& ‡À`j `m A‡À`j Í$[ g{ oZo_©V `hr Ï`dÒWmEß _m{Q{> [yU© ]ZVm h° ‡À`{H$ g_mO H{$ AmXe© hm{V{ h¢ Cg{ dht AmX{em{ß H{$ AmYma [a Vm°a [a g_mO _{ß gßJR>Z ÒWmo[V H$aVr h¢ gßÒH•$oV H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h¢ gßÒH•$oV g_mO H$r ‡JoV H$m AmH$bZ oH$`m OmVm h° B›ht _yÎ`m{ß H{$ AmYma [a `m [mZ{ h_mam grImhwAm Ï`dhma gßÒH•$oV grI{ hwE Ï`dhma H$r dh g_J´Vm oZYm©naV hm{Vm h° oH$ g_mO _{ß CoMV ∑`m h° AZwoMV ∑`m h°°&_yÎ`g_mO h° oOg_{ß EH$ ]É{ H$m Ïò∫$Àd [bVm Am°a [Z[Vm h°& ¤mam _m›`Vm ‡m· d{ b˙` h°&oOgH{$ AmYma [a oH$gr dÒVw H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z h_ma{ dfm~ H{$ Ao^gaU Am°a EH$rH$aU H{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ^maV _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& EH$ gß`w∫$ gßÒH•$oV H$m odH$mg hwAm h° `h dh gßÒH•$oV h° Om{ g_H$mbrZ AmOh_gmßÒH•$oVH$ gßH$Q> H{$ Xm°a g{ JwOa ah{ h¢ ^y_ßS>brH$aU H{$ Bg ^maV _{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ X{Ir Om gH$Vr h°& ^maVr` g_mO _{ß OmoV [ßMm`V{ß, `wJ _{ß A[Zm H$hZ{ H$m{ Hw$N> ^r Zht h°& gßÒH•$oV H$m{ AmO AmdaU H$r Vah [S>m°g, ‡WmEß, Í$o∂T>`mß, OZaroV`m±, Y_©, odÌdmg Am°a OZ_V _yÎ` g_Pm Om ahm h° gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ]VmZ{{ _{ß C⁄m{J H$b H$maImZ{, ogZ{_mKa, gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU Am°a gßJR>Z H{$ ‡_wI AZm°[MmnaH$ gmYZ h°& AI]ma, Q>rdr, \°$eZ em{, odkm[Z g^r h¢°&[hb{ odkm[Zm{ß _{ß CÎQ>r- gm_moOH$ gßJR>Z gß[yU© g_mO _{ß gwÏ`dÒWm H$m [naMm`H$ hm{Vm h° grYr [°Xm H$r OmVr h° Am°a o\$a CÀ[mXm{ß g{ ]mOma â oXE OmV{ h¢ [yßOr oOgH{$ A^md _{ß g_mO H$r H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h° dmÒVd _{ß ]Q>m{aZ{ H$r bmbgm _{ß AmdÌ`H$Vm E{gm dmVmdaU [°Xm H$a oX`m h° oH$ h_ OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ß gßJR>Z Am°a _yÎ` H$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h° Am°a ]rM ]mOma _{ß Am JE h¢ [°gm \{$ßH$m{ Am°a _Om bm{AmO H$m Zmam ]Z J`m h° BgobE gßJR>Z H{$ o]Zm gm_moOH$ OrdZ H$r H$Î[Zm H$aZm Agß^d h°& `h _Om bm{J ]Ém{ß g{ b{H$a Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß X{IZ{ bJ{ BgH{$ H{$ß– _{ß Am J`m h° O] VH$ g_mO _{ß gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU ahVm h° _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ _hÀd oX`m g]g{ ]∂S>m Aoêm[ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ^m{JZm [∂S> ahm h° ^maV _{ß h_ EH$ o[Vm OmVm h° Am°a g_mO _{ß gßJR>Z ]Zm ahVm h° oHß$Vw O] gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU gohV A›` gJ{ gß]ßoY`m{ß H$m oeH$ma ]ZVr b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r ]ma{ _{ß g_mMma T>rbm hm{ OmVm h° O] gm_moOH$ gß]ßY o]J∂S> OmV{ h¢ Am°a d{ Yra{-Yra{ [yar [∂T>V{ ahV{ h¢ H$›`mXmZ H$m{ g]g{ ]∂S>m XmZ _maZ{ dmbr h_mar gßÒH•$oV _{ß Vah g_m· hm{ OmV{ h¢ BZ H$maUm{ß g{ g_mO odKoQ>Vhm{Z{ bJVm h°&AmO Zmar H$m{ __Vm Am°a X{dr H$m XOm© ‡m· h° Bgg{ e_©ZmH$ Am°a ∑`m hm{Jm Am°⁄m{oJH$aU [oÌM_rH$aU ZJarH$aU Z{ gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r Bgg{ ^r ]∂S>r ]mV `h h° oH$ [wÈf [mÃm{ß H$r _Z _{ß A[Z{ H$_m~ XwÓH$_© H$m{ gßaMZmH$m{H$m\$r hX VH$ ‡^modV oH$`m h°, gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ÒWmZ EH$mH$r b{H$a Zm H$m{B© A[amY ]m{Y h° Zm hr [ÌMmVm[ Am°a Zm hr Am‹`moÀ_H$ [nadma b{V{ Om ah{ h¢& Z°oVH$Vm& [nadma ‡Umbr H$m odKQ>Z hm{Z{ g{ [nadma H$m goÂ_obV Í$[ ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ AoÒVÀd [a ‡ÌZ I∂S>m H$a oX`m h° Z°oVH$Vm Zm H$m{B© AÏ`doÒWV hm{ J`m h° A] dh ]y∂T>m{ß, odYdmAm{ß, AZmW, ]Ém{ß H$m{ AmMaU H$r H$m{B© OJh Zhr Am°a Zm H$m{B© Cgyb h°&OrdZ H{$ H{$ß– _{ß [XmW© Am J`m h° Zht X{ [m ah{ h¢& gß`w∫$ [nadma _{ß ahV{ hwE [hb{ ]Ém{ß CXmaVm Y_© ‡{_, _ZwÓ` ÒdmWr©hm{ J`m h° N>m{Q>m{ß¤mam ]∂S>m{ß H$m{ gÂ_mZ X{Zm CZH{$ ¤mam H$B© g_moOH$Vm, gX≤^md, AmkmH$marVm Am°a ohbo_b H$r H$bm H$m [mR> [∂T>mV{ ]mVm{ß H$m{ _mZZm BoVhmg H$r ]mV{ß ]ZVr Om ahr h° odH$mg H{$ [oÌM_r W{ Am°a [nadma H{$ ohV _{ß A[Zm g] Hw$N> g_o[©V H$aV{ W{& A] Bg [nadma _m∞S>b [a MbV{ hwE [oÌM_ H{$ aßJ _{ß Bg H$Xa aßJ JE h¢ oH$ _mÃ C[^m{J H$m{ ‡Umbr H$m O°g{-O°g{ odKQ>Z hm{Vm Om ahm h° d°g{ d°g{ Ïò∫$ ^mO[m H$m OrdZ e°br _mZZ{ bJ{ OrdZ [’oV _{ß h_ma{ gm_moOH$ gßÒH•$oV Z°oVH$Vm odH$mg hm{Vm Om ahm h° Am°a [nadma H$m oZ`ßÃU T>rbm [∂S>Vm Om ahm h°&E{g{ ^mB©Mma{ Am°a EH$Vm H$r Zht oOgg{ g_mO o]Ia ahm h° Am°a Y_© H$r AmO _{ß Ïò∫$ g_mO Am°a gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ßH$r [admh Zht H$aV{ odoY- dh OJh Zht Om{ gm_moOH$ gßJR>Z ]ZmE aIZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m odYmZm{ß H{$ ‡oV bm[admh hm{V{{ Om ah{ h¢ Am°a A[Z{ ohVm{ß H$m{ gdm}[na oZ^mV{ W{ g_mZVm H$m Om{ AW© AmO g_mO _{ß ‡MobV hm{ ahm h° dh oMßVm g_PZ{ bJ{ h¢& O] g_mO _{ß "h_' H{$ ÒWmZ [a "_¢' H$r ^mdZm AmZ{ bJVr H$m odf` h° JwUdŒmm H$m{ [mÃ A[mÃ H$r g_ÒV eo∫$`m{ßH$m{ VmH$ [a aIV{

*** gh AmMm`© (g_mOemÛ) amOH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Pmbmdm∂S> (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 258

hwE Jar]r [ro∂S>V _mZdVm H{$ obE h_ma{ [mg d∫$ Zht h°& eo∫$ h° Cg{{ OJmZ{ H{$ obE gm_moOH$ M{VZm H$m{ OJmZ{ H$m AßH$Z hm{Zm Bgg{ ^r AmJ{ EH$ ]∂S>r odSß>]Zm `h h° H$r AmÀ_ gÂ_mZ H$r ^mdZm MmohE g[Zm{ß H$r O∂S{> o_≈>r _{ß hm{Vr h° o]Zm o_≈>r H$m ghmam obE ]∂T>Z{ dmbm IÀ_ hm{ JB© h° h_ Xygam{ß H$m{ gÂ_mZ Am°a ÒZ{h X{IZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß C[`m{oJVm d•j Wm{∂S>r X{a H$m ]∂T>V{ hwE oXImB© X{ gH$V{ h¢ b{oH$Z CZH$r _yÎ` odH•$oV`mß H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{IV{ h¢ Ù´X` H$r JhamB`m{ß VH$ [hwßMZ{ H$m gdmb hr Zht hm{Vm H{$ odÒVma H$r H$m{B© gr_m Zht oZaßVa gm_moOH$ naÌVm{ß Am°a _yÎ`m{ß _{ß odKQ>Z AmO gßaMZmÀ_H$ odH$mg hm{ ahm h° dhr g_mOH$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ ÒVa AdZoV H$r KQ>ZmEß B›ht odH•$oV`m{ß H$m ‡_mU h°& ^maVr` ogoZO [a H$] Ò[ÓQ> H$r Am{a AJ´ga h°& Am°a `WmW© gÀ` H$m [m°Ym O›_{Jm BgH$r ôdÓ`dmUr H$aZm AoV H$oR>Z h_{ß g_mO _{ß gm_moOH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nad{e H$r Bg _yÎ`hrZVm h° [aßVw òX ‡]w’ g_mO A[Z{ oMßVZ gßgma _{ß gÀ` H$r ‡oV]’Vm ]°R>m b{ H$r oÒWoV g{ C]aZ{ H{$ obE oH$gr ]mhar ‡{aUm Úm{V H$r Am°a Zm OmH$a Vm{ Z`m gßgma ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& A[Zm hr AmÀ_ _ßWZ H$aZm hm{Jm gm_moOH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ YmamAm{ß H{$ odf_ AmO gm_moOH$ gßJR>Z Am°a gm_moOH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ ]ZmE aIZm ‡À`{H$ hwE a{em{ß H$m dV©_mZ [na‡{˙` _{ß Vœ`mÀ_H$odõ{fU H$aZm hm{Jm Ymo_©H$ g_mO H$m _wª` b˙` h°,VmoH$ V{O gm_moOH$ [nadV©Zm{ß H{$ Xwa[naUm_ g{ AmoW©H$ amOZroVH$ _mZH$ òX h_ma{ g_mO _{ß odKQ>Z CÀ[fi H$a ah{ h¢ Vm{ ]Mm Om gH{$ Am°a [nadV©Z gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H{$ obE oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m C›h{ß AÒdrH$ma H$aZm hm{Jm^´ÓQ> hwB© ^md^yo_ H$m{AmO h_{ß og\©$ Om{VZm IVam [°Xm Z H$a gH{$& Am°a Cg_{ß _yÎ`m{ß H$m ]rO ]m{Zm h°& h_ CZ gßÒH$mam{ßH{$ ]rM oO`{ Om{,`h gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- Vm{h_ma{ X{e _{ß dfm~ g{ MoM©V Am°a ‡_moUV h° Z°oVH$Vm gßÒH•$oV H$r AmßVnaH$ 1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 259

Microwave-heat assisted pectin extraction and its advantages

Dr. Mahendra Singh Panwar *

Abstract - Pectin is an important constituent of cell wall and middle lamellae of plants, it is a complex polysaccharide. The majority of structure of pectin contains a backbone of á (1-4) linked D-galacturonic acid units which can be often esterified with methyl group. Pectin obtained from different sources have different properties and thus different applications. Its extraction is a critical unit operation in recovering this compound from its natural state in the cell walls. The conventional extraction (CE) process includes hydrolysis of pectin using a strong mineral acid at high temperature and produces pectin of an inconsistent quality, due to this reason CE is not worth the energy and economic demands associated with it. Therefore several novel approaches have been evolved with some prominent outcomes. The microwave assisted pectin extraction (MAE) is a recognized green technology. The transfer of energy in MAE follows two mechanisms: dipole rotation and ionic conduction which produces a solvent having higher dielectric loss capable of being rapidly heated to break fewer covalent bonds in order to obtain pectin with higher molar mass, thereby qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Microwave assisted extracted pectin have shown improvements over conventional extraction method. Furthermore, optimization of process parameters in MAE can be done to enhance the efficiency of extraction process. Introduction - It is a challenge for the food industry to achieve reduces the extend of precipitation and it thereby reduces the maximum usage of natural resources to develop a value- the pectin yield. The another factor which influences the added food products using environmentally friendly yield is the temperature subjected during the process, high techniques. Pectin is naturally present in the middle lamella temperature causes the decomposition of the glycosidic of the leaf and in the peels of fruits, which assists in providing bonds and that may increase the extend of solubilisation of structure to the plant. Himalayan belt is habitat of many pectin and may also lead to poor yield. citrus fruit verities and during processing the peels of such Microwave assisted pectin extraction - The microwave fruits often get unattended, though this agricultural waste is assisted pectin extraction works on two important factors valuable source for the production of functional food that are invariably rapid rotation of water molecules along ingredients using ‘green’ and sustainable manufacturing with the ionic conductance provided by the solvents like HCl. process like the microwave assisted pectin extraction. This process provide a solvent that has the capacity to get Pectin also possesses a wide spectrum of functional heated very fast contrary to the conventional method. This properties of value to both food and pharmaceutical industries enables the heated acid to quickly solubilise the pectin from (Willatset al., 2006). The quality of pectin extracted depends the cell walls and it causes only few covalent bonds to break on the source and extraction method and the typical sources which thereby aids in extracting a pectin with higher molar for the industrial extraction of pectin are agricultural raw mass and viscosity.The advantages that are provided by the materials such as citrus peels. MAE of pectin includes rapid heating time (localized super Conventional technique of pectin extraction - heating), control of temperature and pressure, higher Conventional industrial techniques for pectin extraction temperatures, higher pressures and negligible volatility of involves combination of high temperature and dilute mineral solvents contrary to the conventional extraction of pectin. acid, i.e., nitric or hydrochloric acid (Panouilléet al., 2006). Most important factors that are Ionic conduction and dipole Pectin extraction involves multiple-stages which are the rotation are the essential mechanisms for producing physical–chemical processes and encompasses hydrolysis dielectric loss. Thus, the speed of heating increases with and extraction of pectin macromolecules from plant tissue increasing rapidity of dipole rotation and ionic conduction and their solubilisation is influenced by the temperature, pH provided by the microwave assisted extraction of pectin (Ness and the chemicals invoved(Kertesz 1951).However, the & Collins 1988). conventional method of pectin extraction involves sever Conclusion - Pectin being a natural additive is intensively disadvantages, like poor quality as well as shorter strands used in the foodindustry. Extensive studies regarding of pectin. The strong acid solution could lead to smaller microwave assisted extraction ofpectin from different sources pectin particles owing to partial hydrolysis and at times strong is being done in order to yield good quality of pectin over the acid invariably increases the solubility of the pectin which conventional methods. In addition, the pectin extracted under * Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post Graduate College, Agastyamuni, Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Apr. to June 2014 260 optimalextraction conditions using MAE had a suitable purity, extracts by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared high stability levels of the emulsions thereby the MAE pectin spectroscopy. Food Chemistry, 74(2), 233-238. from different sources can be a potential source to provide 4. Ness, E. D., & Collins, M. J. (1988). Microwave heating, different technological functions in the food and theoretical concepts and equipment design. In H. M. pharmaceutical application. Kingston, & L. B. Jassie (Eds.), Introduction to References :- microwave sample preparation (pp. 10–32). Washington, 1. Fishman, M. L., Chau, H. K., Kolpak, F., & Brady, J. DC: American Chemical Society (2001). Solvent effects on the molecular properties of 5. Panouillé, M., Thibault, J. F., &Bonnin, E. (2006). pectins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, Cellulase and protease preparationsCan extract pectins 4494–4501. from various plant byproducts. Journal of Agricultural 2. Kertez, Z. I. (1951). Quantitative determination of pectic and Food Chemistry, 54, 8926–8935 substances. The Pectic Substances, 213. 6. Willats, W. G. T., Knox, J. P., &Mikkelsen, J. D. (2006). 3. Monsoor, M. A., Kalapathy, U., & Proctor, A. (2001). Pectin: New insights into anOld polymer are starting to Determination of polygalacturonic acid content in pectin gel. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17, 97–104.

*************