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Phytochemical and Therapeutic Profile of Aloe Vera

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL REMEDIES Phytochemical and Therapeutic Profileof Aloe vera Pulok K. Mukherjee*, Neelesh K. Nema, Niladri Maity, Kakali Mukherjee, Ranjit K. Harwansh School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India Abstract Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Family Liliaceae) is an evergreen perennial succulent plant widely used from antiquity. Aloe vera contains various carbohydrate polymers, notably glucomannans, along with a range of other organic and inorganic components. Phenolic compounds have been identified so far as chromone, anthraquinone or anthrone derivatives. Three distinct preparations of aloe plants are mostly used in medicinal practices that are quite different in their chemical composition and their therapeutic properties, aloe latex (aloe); aloe gel (Aloe vera); and, aloe whole leaf (aloe extract). Aloe latex is used for its laxative effect; aloe gel is used topically for skin ailments, such as wound healing, psoriasis, genital herpes and internally by oral administration in diabetic and hyperlipidaemic patients and to heal gastric ulcers; and, aloe extract is potentially useful for cancer and AIDS.Aloe vera possesses several pharmacological properties such as promoting and healing wound and burn, frost-bite healing, with addition to having antiinflammatory, antifungal, hypoglycemic and gastroprotective properties. This review explored the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge as well as several promising aspects for research on aloe. Keyword: Aloe vera, Aloe, Indian aloe, Kumari, Ghritakumari, Aloin 1. Introduction based on DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling suggests that it is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. is not a cactus but is a cactus like species that is endemic to Yemen; and some other species an indigenous medicinal, herb growing in tropical and like Aloe forbesii; Aloe inermis; Aloe scobinifolia; Aloe subtropical latitudes with very good economic potential. sinkatana and Aloe striata. Most commonly used species There are more than 600 known species of Aloe (Family include: Aloe arborescens, Aloe aristata, Aloe nyeriensis, Liliaceae) [1], many of which have been used as botanical Aloe variegata, Aloe wildii. medicines in many countries for thousands of years. Some species of aloe have enlisted and shown in Table 1. 2. Background and History This perennial species has a number of synonyms: Aloe barbadensis Miller; Aloe indica Royle; Aloe perfoliata Aloes have been used therapeutically, certainly L. var. vera, and Aloe vulgaris Lam., with common names since Roman times and perhaps long before [3]. It including Curacao aloe (commercial source), Indian aloe, is mentioned both in the Bible and by the ancient ghikawar; ghritakumari; gwar-patha; kumari (Hind.), Egyptians. The topical and internal effects of aloes have Chinese aloe laloi, first aid plant. The species name vera been known since ancient times. Nefertite (1353 B.C.) means “true” or “genuine”. The species was first described and Cleopatra (69–30 B.C.) two Egyptian queens, used by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera, aloes as a beauty aid. Aloes were used by Pliny the Elder, and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Celsus, Galen and other famous physicians to treat Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica [2]. Techniques wounds and gastrointestinal disturbances. Aloe’s use *Author for correspondence Email: [email protected] 2 Journal ofNatural Remedies |ISSN: 2320-3358 Table 1: Different species of Aloe 1. Aloe aageodonta L.E.Newtor 2. Aloe abhaica Lavranos & 3. Aloe abyssicola Lavranos & Bilaidi 4. Aloe aculeata Pole-Evans Profile Therapeutic and Phytochemical Collenette 5. Aloe acutissima H.Perrier 6. Aloe adigratana Reynolds 7. Aloe affinis A.Berger 8. Aloe africana Miller 9. Aloe ahmarensis Favell et al. 10. Aloe albida (Stapf) Reynolds 11. Aloe albiflora Guill. 12. Aloe albovestida S.Carter & Brandham 13. Aloe aldabrensis (Marais) L.E.Newton 14. Aloe alfredii Rauh 15. Aloe alooides (Bolus) van Druten 16. Aloe ambigens Chiovenda & G.D.Powley 17. Aloe amicorum L.E.Newton 18. Aloe amudatensis Reynolds 19. Aloe andongensis Baker 20. Aloe andringitrensis H.Perrier 21. Aloe angelica Pole-Evans 22. Aloe angolensis Baker 23. Aloe anivoranoensis (Rauh & 24. Aloe ankaranensis Rauh & GHebding) L.E.Newton Mangelsdorff 25. Aloe ankoberensis M.G.Gilbert & 26. Aloe antandroi (Decary) H.Perrier 27. Aloe antsingyensis (Léandri) 28. Aloe arborescens Miller Sebsehe L.E.Newton of 29. Aloe archeri Lavranos 30. Aloe arenicola Reynolds 31. Aloe argenticauda Merxmüller & 32. Aloe aristata Haworth Aloe vera Giess 33. Aloe armatissima Lavranos & 34. Aloe asperifolia A.Berger 35. Aloe babatiensis Christian & 36. Aloe bakeri Scott-Elliot Collenette I.Verdoorn 37. Aloe ballii Reynolds 38. Aloe barberae Dyer 39. Aloe bargalensis Lavranos 40. Aloe balevenokensis (Rauh & Gerold) L.E.Newton 41. Aloe bella G.D.Rowley 42. Aloe bellatula Reynolds 43. Aloe berevoana Lavranos 44. Aloe bernadettae Castillon 45. Aloe bertemariae Sebsebe & Diali 46. Aloe betsileensis H.Perrier 47. Aloe bicomitum L.C.Leach 48. Aloe boiteaui Guill. 49. Aloe boscawenii Christian 50. Aloe bosseri Castillon 51. Aloe bowiea Schultes & Schultes f. 52. Aloe brachystachys Baker www.jnronline.com | Vol 14(1)|JanuaryVol 2014 | www.jnronline.com 53. Aloe branddraaiensis Groenewald 54. Aloe brandhamii S.Carter 55. Aloe brevifolia Miller 56. Aloe breviscapa Reynolds 57. Aloe broomii Schönland 58. Aloe brunneodentata Lavranos & 59. Aloe bruneostriata Lavranos & 60. Aloe buchananii Baker Collenette S.Carter 61. Aloe buchlohii Rauh 62. Aloe buettneri A.Berger 63. Aloe buhrii Lavranos 64. Aloe bukobana Reynolds 65. Aloe bulbicaulis Christian 66. Aloe bulbifera H.Perrier 67. Aloe bullockii Reynolds 68. Aloe burgerforstensis Reynolds 69. Aloe bussei A.Berger 70. Aloe calcairophila Reynolds 71. Aloe calidophila Reynolds 72. Aloe cameronii Hemsley 73. Aloe camperi Schweinfurth 74. Aloe canarina S.Carter 75. Aloe cannellii L.C.Leach 76. Aloe capitata Baker 77. Aloe capmananmbatoensis Rauh & 78. Aloe carnea S.Carter 79. Aloe castanea Schönland 80. Aloe castellorum J.R.I.Wood Gerold 81. Aloe catengiana Reynolds 82. Aloe caphalophora Lavranos & 83. Aloe chabaudii Schönland 84. Aloe cheranganiensis S.Carter & Collenette Brandham Continued Journal ofNatural Remedies |ISSN: 2320-3358 Table 1: Continued 85. Aloe chloranta Lavranos 86. Aloe chortolirioides A.Berger 87. Aloe christianii Reynolds 88. Aloe chrysostachys Lavranos & L.E.Newton 89. Aloe ciliaris Haworth 90. Aloe cirtina S.Carter & Brandham 91. Aloe classenii Reynolds 92. Aloe claviflora Burchell 93. Aloe collenetteae Lavranos 94. Aloe collina S.Carter 95. Aloe commixta A.Berger 96. Aloe comosa Marloth & A.Berger 97. Aloe compressa H.Perrier 98. Aloe comptonii Reynolds 99. Aloe confusa Engler 100. Aloe congdonii S.Carter 101. Aloe conifera H.Perrier 102. Aloe cooperi Baker 103. Aloe corallina I.Verdoorn 104. Aloe crassipes Baker 105. Aloe cremersii Lavranos 106. Aloe cremnophila Reynolds & 107. Aloe cryptoflora Reynolds 108. Aloe cryptopoda Baker P.R.O. Bally 109. Aloe cyrtophylla Lavranos 110. Aloe daberonisana van Jaarsveld 111. Aloe dawei A.Berger 112. Aloe debrana Christian 113. Aloe decorsei H.Perrier 114. Aloe decurva Reynolds 115. Aloe delphinensis Rauh 116. Aloe deltoideodonta Baker var. candidans H.Perrier 117. Aloe deltoideodonta Baker 118. Aloe descoingsii Reynolds 119. Aloe deserti A.Berger 120. Aloe dewetii Reynolds 121. Aloe dewinteri Giess 122. Aloe dhufarensis Lavranos 123. Aloe dichotoma Masson 124. Aloe dinteri A.Berger 125. Aloe diolii L.E.Newton 126. Aloe distans Haworth 127. Aloe divaricata A.Berger 128. Aloe doei Lavranos 129. Aloe dominella Reynolds 130. Aloe dorotheae A.Berger 131. Aloe duckeri Christian 132. Aloe dyeri Schönland 133. Aloe ecklonis Salm-Dyck 134. Aloe edentata Lavranos & 135. Aloe elata S.Carter & L.E.Newton 136. Aloe elegans Todaro Collenette 137. Aloe elgonica Bullock 138. Aloe ellenbeckii A.Berger 139. Aloe eminens Reynolds & 140. Aloe enotata L.C.Leach P.R.O.Bally 141. Aloe eremophila Lavranos 142. Aloe erensii Christian 143. Aloe ericetorum Bosser 144. Aloe erythrophylla Bosser 145. Aloe esculenta L.C.Leach 146. Aloe eumassawana S.Carter et 147. Aloe excelsa A.Berger 148. Aloe falcata Baker www.jnronline.com | Vol 14(1)|JanuaryVol 2014 | www.jnronline.com al. 149. Aloe ferox Miller 150. Aloe fibrosa Lavranos & 151. Aloe fievetii Reynolds 152. Aloe fimbrialis S.Carter L.E.Newton 153. Aloe fleurentiniorum Lavranos & 154. Aloe fleuretteana Rauh & Gerold 155. Aloe flexilifolia Christian 156. Aloe forbesii Balfour f. L.E.Newton 157. Aloe fosteri Pillans 158. Aloe fouriei D.S.Hardy & Glen 159. Aloe fragilis Lavranos & Röösli 160. Aloe framesii L.Bolus 161. Aloe francombei L.E.Newton 162. Aloe frisii Sebsebe & M.G.Gilbert 163. Aloe fulleri Lavranos 164. Aloe gariepensis Pillans 165. Aloe gerstneri Reynolds 166. Aloe gilbertii T.Reynolds ex 167. Aloe gillettii S.Carter 168. Aloe glabrescens (Reynolds & K.Pulok Sebsebe & Brandham P.R.O.Bally) S.Carter & Brandham 169. Aloe glauca Miller 170. Aloe globuligemma Pole-Evans 171. Aloe gossweileri Reynolds 172. Aloe gracilicaulis Reynolds & R.P.O.Bally et al. 173. Aloe gracilis Haworth 174. Aloe gradidentata Salm-Dyck 175. Aloe grata Reynolds 176. Aloe greatheadii Schönland Continued 3 4 Journal ofNatural Remedies |ISSN: 2320-3358 Table 1: Continued 177. Aloe greenii Baker 178. Aloe grisea S.Carter & Brandham 179. Aloe guerrae Reynolds 180.
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  • Contributions to the Systematics and Biocultural Value of Aloe L

    Contributions to the Systematics and Biocultural Value of Aloe L

    SUMMARY Contributions to the systematics and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) Olwen Megan Grace Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (Department of Plant Science) University of Pretoria March 2009 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A. E. van Wyk Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G. F. Smith This thesis focuses on the biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae), the influence of utility on taxonomic complexity and conservation concern, and the systematics and phylogeny of section Pictae, the spotted or maculate group. The first comprehensive ethnobotanical study of Aloe (excluding the cultivated A. vera) was undertaken using the literature as a surrogate for data gathered by interview methods. Over 1400 use records representing 173 species were gathered, the majority (74%) of which described medicinal uses, including species used for natural products such as A. ferox Mill. and A. perryi Baker. In southern Africa, 53% of approximately 120 Aloe species in the region are used for health and wellbeing. Homogeneity in the literature was quantified using consensus analysis; consensus ratios showed that, overall, uses of Aloe spp. for medicine and invertebrate pest control are of the greatest biocultural importance. The rich ethnobotanical history and contemporary value of Aloe substantiate the need for conservation to mitigate the risks of exploitation and habitat loss. A systematic evaluation of the problematic maculate species complex, section Pictae Salm-Dyck, was undertaken. In a phylogenetic study, new sequences were acquired of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), chloroplast trnL intron, trnL–F spacer 131 and matK gene in 29 maculate species of Aloe .
  • Aloe Names Book

    Aloe Names Book

    S T R E L I T Z I A 28 the aloe names book Olwen M. Grace, Ronell R. Klopper, Estrela Figueiredo & Gideon F. Smith SOUTH AFRICAN national biodiversity institute SANBI Pretoria 2011 S T R E L I T Z I A This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens which SANBI inherited from its predecessor organisations. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arborescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of the South African National Biodiversity Institute is based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbol- ises the commitment of the Institute to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. TECHNICAL EDITOR: S. Whitehead, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew DESIGN & LAYOUT: E. Fouché, SANBI COVER DESIGN: E. Fouché, SANBI FRONT COVER: Aloe khamiesensis (flower) and A. microstigma (leaf) (Photographer: A.W. Klopper) ENDPAPERS & SPINE: Aloe microstigma (Photographer: A.W. Klopper) Citing this publication GRACE, O.M., KLOPPER, R.R., FIGUEIREDO, E. & SMITH. G.F. 2011. The aloe names book. Strelitzia 28. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Citing a contribution to this publication CROUCH, N.R. 2011. Selected Zulu and other common names of aloes from South Africa and Zimbabwe.
  • Flora of Southern Africa, Which Deals with the Territories of South

    Flora of Southern Africa, Which Deals with the Territories of South

    FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA VOLUME 5 Editor G. Germishuizen Part 1 Fascicle 1: Aloaceae (First part): Aloe by H.F. Glen and D.S. Hardy Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/floraofsoutherna511 unse FLORA OF SOUTHERN AFRICA which deals with the territories of SOUTH AFRICA, LESOTHO, SWAZILAND, NAMIBIA AND BOTSWANA VOLUME 5 PART 1 FASCICLE 1: ALOACEAE (FIRST PART): ALOE by H.F. Glen and D.S. Hardy Scientific editor: G. Germishuizen Technical editor: E. du Plessis NATIONAL Botanical Pretoria 2000 1 Editorial Board B.J. Huntley National Botanical Institute, Cape Town, RSA R.B. Nordenstam Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden W. Greuter Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin- Dahlem, Berlin, Germany Cover illustration: The South African 10-cent piece in use from 1965 to 1989 had a depiction of Aloe aculeata on the reverse. Cythna Letty made the original painting from which the coin was designed. The illustration on the cover is derived (by removal of the figures of value) from a digital photograph of this coin by John Bothma, first published in Hem (1999, Hem’s handbook on South author, African coins & patterns , published by the Randburg). Reproduced by kind permission of J. Bothma. Typesetting and page layout by S.S. Brink, NBI, Pretoria Reproduction by 4 Images. P.O. Box 34059, Glenstantia, 0010 Pretoria Printed by Afriscot Printers, P.O. Box 75353, 0042 Lynnwood Ridge © published by and obtainable from the National Botanical Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Tel.