Waste Management Technologies in Regions, Georgia
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Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES IN REGIONS, GEORGIA Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emission Reduction Scenarios from Solid Waste in the Municipalities of Adjara and Kakheti Regions in Georgia Waste Management Technologies in Regions, Georgia Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emission Reduction Scenarios from Solid Waste in the Municipalities of Adjara and Kakheti Regions in Georgia Prepared for: U.S. Agency for International Development Institute for Sustainable Communities Waste Management Technologies in Regions Program International City/County Management Association (ICMA) Prepared by: Tom Baumann Greenhouse Gas Management Institute Page 2 Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 7 Data and Assumptions ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Results ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Assessment and Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 18 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Annex 1: Considerations for Potential Future Municipal/Household Solid Non‐ Hazardous Waste Composition Study .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Annex 2: 2020‐2030 GHG Emission and Emission Reduction Scenarios ............................................................ 24 Page 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations CENN Caucasus Environmental NGO Network CH4 Methane CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent GHG Greenhouse Gas GWP Global Warming Potential (Carbon Dioxide = 1; Methane = 21) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISWMP Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan kt kilotonnes (1000 tonnes) LFG Landfill Gas MCF Methane Correction Factor MSW Municipal Solid Waste NGO Non Governmental Organization SWDS Solid Waste Disposal Site U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Page 4 Executive Summary The Greenhouse Gas Management Institute (GHGMI) was commissioned to quantify GHG emissions and emission reduction options for solid waste at the community‐level for municipalities in Adjara and Kakheti in Georgia. Solid waste management in Adjara and Kakheti is transitioning towards modern practices involving managed landfills, as well as improved solid waste collection and diversion. This process involves a number of factors including an understanding of current activities and associated impacts (e.g. GHG emissions), as well as an understanding of potential future activities and associated impacts. Solid waste activities and impacts are determined based on the resources provided (see References). The quantities of CH4 emissions are calculated using the IPCC Solid Waste Excel Model, best available data and documented assumptions. As such, the model estimates are approximations of the actual quantities of GHG emissions. The primary focus of this report is to quantify GHG emissions from activities capable of achieving the project goals of reducing GHG emissions by 5kt CO2e by October 1, 2015 and by a cumulative GHG emission reduction of 25kt CO2e by October 1, 2016. Based on the modelling performed, a landfill gas (LFG) collection and flare system operating at the existing Batumi landfill appears to provide numerous options to achieve the project objectives. Composting organic waste (food particularly) has the potential to avoid significant methane emissions, however, due to the nature of the decomposition process many years are required to realize the cumulative avoided emissions. The first step to perform the modelling was to collect data for the municipalities in Adjara and Kakheti regions and to model GHG emissions caused by historical waste activities and likely future scenarios. This step helped to identify which municipalities would be probable candidates to achieve the project goals of reducing GHG emissions. The primary criteria to be a candidate for modelling included quantity of waste and existing waste practices, particularly extent of waste collection and type of solid waste disposal site (SWDS). The next step was to consider the types of activities capable of achieving the project goals in the given timeline. As such, the first project goal to reduce GHG emissions by 5kt CO2e by October 1, 2015 assumes January 1, 2015 as the earliest possible start date for the activity to commence. In other words, a timeline of nine months. Therefore the choice of which option of waste management activity must be governed primarily by the available timeline. Waste management activity options Assessment LFG collection and flare system at GHG emissions can be reduced quickly by flaring the methane major landfills generated from waste in place Organic (food) waste diversion to GHG emissions can be avoided in the future by diverting organics composting facility from a managed landfill (that would have generated methane) to a compositing facility Solid waste incineration Similar to LFG system, however more expensive and complicated, and may involve negative air emissions without appropriate pollution controls Economic assessments of the waste management activity options relates to site specific factors and requires detailed knowledge of the propose activity, for example size of facility, specific technologies to be used, etc. Cost estimates are beyond the scope of this report, however references have been listed (file #21 of the European Commission and file #22 of the U.S. EPA) provide an outline of full cost accounting as well as examples of cost estimates from some European countries. As noted in the references section, data availability and quality has been identified as a major issue. In particular, there are few details about solid waste composition in Adjara and Kakheti, which is fundamentally important for waste management planning. As a secondary output from the work, Annex 1 presents a brief overview of factors related to a potential future study on municipal/household non‐ hazardous solid waste composition. As a secondary output from the work to prepare this report, GHG emission and emission reduction scenarios for the period 2020‐2030 were generated for each community in Adjara and Kakheti regions. The data and assumptions are described in Annex 2, and 108 “results files” corresponding to the scenarios calculated using the IPCC Solid Waste model are available separately. This report was performed based on data and inputs provided from project participants. The specific limitations of data have been documented in the associated files, and any assumptions described herein. Readers should be aware the quantification and results reflect the limitations of the data. Page 6 Approach and Methodology This section describes the approach followed to identify potential activities to quantify GHG emission reductions of 5kt CO2e by October 1, 2015 and 25kt CO2e (cumulative) by October 1, 2016 (i.e. the project objectives). The approach is: Step 1: Review resources and available data Step 2: Define scenarios for baseline GHG emissions (e.g. population, collection rates, SWDS types…) Step 3: Quantify baseline GHG emissions using the IPCC Solid Waste model Step 4: Identify probable candidate communities for GHG emission reduction activities Step 5: Quantify GHG emissions and emission reduction potential for LFG collection and flare, as well as composting organics (food). Approximately 20 references were reviewed to obtain data and to substantiate assumptions (in cases of no data). The scenarios and quantification were performed for each community in Adjara and Kakheti. Further detail regarding relevant data, assumptions and scenarios are described in the next section. The GHG emissions were quantified using the IPCC Solid Waste model (MS Excel), and the results were saved in a separate file for each scenario ‘model run’. The summary results are presented in the Results section of this report. Based on the community level information and the quantification results, the probably candidates were identified for communities to be engaged in the GHG emission reduction activities to achieve the project objectives. The primary criteria to be a candidate community included: population waste generation existing waste practices, particularly extent of waste collection and type of solid waste disposal site (SWDS). Based on the results and above criteria, the candidate communities are: Adjara • Batumi (main focus) • Kobuleti Kakheti • Telavi • Gurjaani The next step was to consider the types of activities capable of achieving the project goals in the given timeline. As such, the first project goal to reduce GHG emissions by 5kt CO2e by October 1, 2015 assumes January 1, 2015