Ifla Journal

IFLA IFLA JOURNAL

Ofﬁ cial Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Volume 32 (2006) No. 3, pp. 177–272. ISSN 0340–0352 SAGE Publications

CONTENTS

Editorial: Principles and Practice Stephen Parker ...... 179 Limits to Freedom of Expression? considerations arising from the Danish cartoons affair Paul Sturges ...... 181 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network: using technology and professional cooperation to bridge the waters Barbara A. Butler, Janet Webster, Steven G. Watkins and James W. Markham ...... 189 There Be Dragons ... Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada Lynn Copeland ...... 200 Building Capacity for Global Education in a School Library Media Education Program through International Exchange Cynthia Houston ...... 209 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value to the Community: the Hamilton Public Library experience Beth Hovius ...... 214 Key Publications in Library Marketing: a review Christie Koontz, Dinesh K. Gupta and Sheila Webber ...... 224 Cross-Sectorial Challenges for Archives, Libraries and Museums Jon Birger Østby ...... 232 Caught between Print and Electronic Kari Stange ...... 237 The World Wide Web Enhancing E-government in the Caribbean: an assessment of government portals or gateway websites Fay Durrant ...... 240 NEWS (with separate Table of Contents) ...... 251 INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR ...... 261 SOMMAIRES 262 — ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN 264 — RESÚMENES 266 — Pефераты статей 268 ...... 262 NNotesotes fforor CContributorsontributors ...... 272

Visit http://iﬂ .sagepub.com Free access to tables of contents and abstracts. Site-wide access to the full text for members of subscribing institutions. Limits to Freedom of Expression? EDITORIAL Principles and Practice

Stephen Parker In the fi rst of the Oslo papers, ‘There be Dragons… learning management and library systems in We open this issue with a paper by Paul Sturges, Canada’, Lynn Copeland, University Librarian Chair of the IFLA FAIFE Core Activity, discussing and Dean of Library Services at the Simon the principles underlying freedom of expression Fraser University Library notes that, while the and freedom of access to information in the context importance of library resources and services to of the recent publication in a Danish newspaper academic success is demonstrable, most current of cartoons containing satirical depictions of Learning Management Systems (LMS) do not the Prophet Mahommed, which caused distress support their integration, although there are pos- and anger among Muslims around the world. In itive indications that this will change. The paper ‘Limits to Freedom of Expression? Considerations outlines the wide variety of LMS’s used at Simon arising from the Danish cartoons affair’, the Fraser University and the SFU Library’s active author explores the dimensions of the right to on-campus course-based instruction programme, freedom of expression contained in the United noting that efforts to extend the programme to the Nations Declaration of Human Rights, examining LMS environment have been both challenging related rights and duties to the community as and frustrating, although some success has been well as the explicit limitations on freedom of achieved. expression contained in the Declaration. The principles of harm and of offence, the concept of In another non-Oslo paper, ‘The World Wide proportionality in interpreting laws and the need Web Enhancing E-government in the Caribbean: for the exercise of decorum in satirical comedy an assessment of Government portals or gateway are also discussed. The author reasserts the need websites’, Fay Durrant, Professor and Head of the for librarians to adopt policies with respect to Department of Library and Information Studies controversial materials which defend freedom of at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, expression and freedom of access to information identifi es and examines the portal or gateway whilst respecting community sensitivities. sites established on the World Wide Web by The remaining papers in this issue, several of the governments of seventeen Caribbean Com- which are revised versions of papers presented munity member states to facilitate the delivery at the World Library and Information Congress of e-government information and services. The in Oslo last year, describe and discuss various as- research also assesses the roles of librarians pects of professional practice. The fi rst of these, and libraries in enhancing citizens’ access to e- ‘Resource Sharing Within an International Library government information. Network: using technology and professional cooperation to bridge the waters’, by Barbara A. The next Oslo paper, ‘Building Capacity for Global Butler, Janet Webster, Steven G. Watkins and Education in a School Library Media Education James W. Markham, describes the resource- Program through International Exchange’, is by sharing system developed by the International Cynthia Houston, Assistant Professor for Library Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Media Education at the College of Education and Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), Behavioral Sciences, Western Kentucky University. which uses a unifi ed search interface to query The paper describes efforts to develop a global the catalogues of individual IAMSLIC member perspective among students and faculty in the libraries and also maintains an online union list of University’s Library Media Education Program, marine and aquatic serials. The authors consider through an international exchange program with that this successful program could serve as a the Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka Catalunya, a model for other library organizations interested private school near Barcelona, Spain. The author in sharing resources and extending access among concludes, “For school library media specialists their members. This paper was not presented and educators of school librarians, it is now be- in Oslo. coming vitally important be active participants

in locating, evaluating and using information For example, archives, libraries and museums from the worldwide information environment. all collect photographs; and a survey in Norway Participating in international exchanges in library has show that both museums and libraries may media education is an important part of this have large and important collections of private process.” archives. The overriding challenge to archives, libraries and museums is the use of information We return to Canada for the next Oslo paper, and communication technology, while improved ‘Public Library Partnerships which Add Value cooperation between these institutions requires to the Community: The Hamilton Public Library opportunities for them to meet, such as seminars, experience’, by Beth Hovius, Director of Public conferences or networks. The author concludes Service and Collections at the Hamilton Public that, for users, it is irrelevant whether the sources Library in Ontario. The paper describes and ana- of knowledge and experience are in the keeping of lyses the effectiveness of a range of partnerships archives, libraries or museums. Their fi rst concern with other organizations which have strengthened is to obtain access to the sources they seek and the Library’s role in the provision of literacy and to make use of them, regardless of the different information services and added value to the City sectors involved. of Hamilton. The focus is on community-based partnerships although the Hamilton Public The fi nal paper in this issue, ‘Caught between Print Library also has many active partnerships with and Electronic’, by Kari Stange of the Department other libraries at the provincial and national for National Coordination and Development of level. The paper describes how the Library’s role The Royal Library of Sweden, describes some of within a partnership has gradually evolved from the experiences gained in developing the BIBSAM information and referral to content management consortium in Sweden, which has been licensing and community empowerment. e-journals since 1998. Several different business models have been tested during this period; the key The next paper – not presented in Oslo – is a issue is to strive for models that are cost effi cient literature review of ‘Key Publications in Library when taking the whole life cycle of licensing e- Marketing’, by Christie M. Koontz, Dinesh journal content into account. Although the models K. Gupta and Sheila Webber. It reviews key with the highest potential for cost effi ciency for contributions to library marketing literature consortia are the ‘big deals’ where all members from the early 1970s to the present; many of the have identical access rights and where the same citations lead to hundreds of publications in this terms apply for all journals licensed, this confl icts fi eld over the last 30 years, the majority of which with the need of individual libraries for greater are in English. For a follow-up paper, the authors fl exibility. Moving to electronic-only subscriptions solicit contributions from non-Western authors allows for greater cost effi ciency, but mechanisms and references to other key sources recommended are needed for adjusting the total consortium cost by readers. in such cases as publishers’ portfolios change.

The last two papers in this issue were both pre- This issue of IFLA Journal is the last to be compiled sented in Oslo. In the ﬁ rst of these, Jon Birger Østby before the World Library and Information Congress of the Norwegian Archive, Library and Museum in Seoul, Korea, although it will be published after Authority, discusses ‘Cross-Sectorial Challenges the Congress. The next issue, Volume 32 num- for Archives, Libraries and Museums’. Noting ber 4, will see the ﬁ rst contributions from the that, while archives, libraries and museums are all Seoul Congress; in the meantime, enjoy the pro- established to serve society and their users, there is ducts of last year’s Congress, and the other papers, considerable overlapping of sources among them. published in this issue.

180 Limits to Freedom of Expression? considerations arising from the Danish cartoons affair

Paul Sturges Abstract The distress and anger caused by the publication in a Danish newspaper of cartoons containing satirical depictions of the Prophet Mahommed is the starting point for an exploration of the dimensions of the right to freedom of expression contained in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Related rights and duties to the community are examined alongside the explicit limitations on freedom of expression contained in the Declaration. The principles of harm and of offence as set out respectively by Mill and Feinberg are applied to the problem, and the concept of proportionality in interpreting laws, and the exercise of decorum in satirical comedy are also discussed. The need for librarians to adopt policies for controversial materials, which defend freedom of expression and freedom of access to information whilst respecting community sensitivities is reasserted. Keywords: access; freedom of expression; human rights

Introduction

Paul Sturges is Professor of In September 2005 a Danish newspaper Jyllands Posten published Library Studies in the Department a group of cartoons containing satirical depictions of the Prophet of Information Science at Mahommed. As Islamic communities throughout the world gradually Loughborough University, UK. He became aware of the publication of the cartoons there were many writes on freedom of information passionate expressions of distress and anger, largely on two grounds: related issues and has been ﬁ rst that Muslim belief does not accept pictorial representations of Chair of the IFLA FAIFE Core the Prophet and second that the cartoons associated the Prophet, Activity since August 2003. He drew up the Council of Europe and Muslims generally, with terrorism. Public demonstrations, some Guidelines on Public Access and of them violent and resulting in loss of life, and protests directed Freedom of Expression in Net- mainly at the newspaper and the Danish government followed, worked Information (Council of whilst the cartoons were reprinted by a number of newspapers Europe Publishing, 2001) and in other countries in solidarity with the original publishers. The was Project Leader for the Privacy complex of issues contained within this case is obviously of deep in the Digital Library Environment concern to librarians for a number of reasons, most notably the project, ﬁ nanced by UK Resource commitment of the profession to freedom of expression as a basic 2000–2001 (Paul Sturges et al. value of library and information work, but also because of the global User privacy in the digital library role of libraries in contributing to providing access to the widest environment: an investigation possible range of information and ideas for communities whatever of policies and preparedness. their beliefs. IFLA’s FAIFE (Freedom of Access to Information and Library Management 24, 2003, 44–50). He is also the author of Freedom of Expression) core activity provides a central professional Public Internet Access in Libraries focus for addressing these issues and has called for informed and and Information Services (Facet, tolerant contributions to the debate. The present article is intended 2002). E-mail: r.p.sturges@lboro. to respond to that call. ac.uk The essence of the debate is a clash between two opposed views of freedom of expression. One, put forward by Jyllands Posten and its supporters, is that what occurred was simply an exercise of a right of freedom of expression that is central to the effective working of democratic society. The other, as expressed by the Muslim opponents of the publication of the cartoons, is that there

are limits to freedom of expression, and that The Preamble to the Universal Declaration sets one of these is the denigration of religion and human rights in the context of ‘the inherent dig- through that the insulting of the community of nity’ as well as ‘the equal and inalienable rights of religious people. The central concern, then, is the all members of the human family’. This concept of question whether there are limits to freedom of the human dignity applying equally to all is thus expression: is there anything that cannot be said, intended to pervade the whole of the Universal or circumstances under which things cannot be Declaration. said? Following from this there is a cluster of other questions. If freedom of expression does With that in mind we can turn to what the com- have limits, just how can these limits be deﬁ ned? plete Article 19 says: Is the giving of offence one of the possible limits to freedom of expression? How can we identify Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion the boundaries of what might legitimately be and expression; this right includes freedom considered offensive? Is there any kind of right to hold opinions without interference and to take offence? Finally, what does this suggest to seek, receive and impart information and for the practice of librarianship? There are a ideas through any media and regardless of number of ways by which these questions can be frontiers. (Universal Declaration of Human addressed, but by setting them in a framework Rights, Article 19) of human rights it is possible to use a language and a way of thinking that is current and widely It is ﬁ rst of all a right to freedom of opinion: an accepted. It is also the framework explicitly used essentially private right. Only after that is it a right for the IFLA FAIFE core activity. This article will to freedom of expression: a more public right. For basically use this approach, but will also introduce librarians the key thing is that in setting out a right some criteria for assessing the danger of offence to ‘seek, receive and impart information and ideas’ that may differ somewhat from those offered in it provides as good a rationale for the practice of other commentaries on the issue. librarianship as can be found.

It is also relevant to this debate that the Uni- The Grounds for Freedom of Expression versal Declaration protects the right to religious faith (actually before it protects freedom of It is normal in discussion to derive arguments expression): on freedom of expression from the United Nations (1947) Universal Declaration of Human Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, Rights. This contains in its Article 19 the most conscience and religion; this right includes widely accepted formulation of the right of free freedom to change his religion or belief, expression, which makes a natural starting point and freedom, either alone or in community for the present discussion. However, it must be with others and in public or private, to remembered that the whole concept of human manifest his religion or belief in teaching, rights and of any right set out in declarations, practice, worship and observance. (Universal conventions, treaties, constitutions and laws Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18) is essentially a distillation of centuries of phil- osophical discussion and debate. Human rights are Two important things about Article 18 are that not a concept given to mankind from some external this is ﬁ rst of all a right of freedom of thought source. There is reasoning behind them and they and conscience that includes religion. It thus pro- remain open to discussion and reinterpretation. tects the views of those who have no religion and The use of the Universal Declaration as a basis for who may feel an antipathy to religion. Secondly, argument cannot be because it is somehow ‘true’ in protecting a right to change religion or belief but rather because it is the best and most widely it implicitly protects the right to persuade others accepted statement of human rights. Furthermore, to change and confirms that by protecting the whole set of rights included in the Declaration public manifestations of religion or belief, in- provide important perspectives on the discussion cluding teaching. The Universal Declaration thus of freedom of expression and it is a mistake to recognizes that it is not merely a right to have discuss what the Universal Declaration says beliefs, but to change beliefs and also to seek to in Article 19 in isolation from these and from persuade others to change their beliefs. Again informed commentary on human rights generally. implicit in this there must be a recognition that

182 Limits to Freedom of Expression? the process of persuading others to change will freedom of speech), with a carefully calculated naturally include communication that is critical statement put out before a substantial audience or even derogatory to an existing belief. Article or using the media (freedom of the press). The 18 does not protect beliefs, as such, from negative power of the word to bring about, or contribute comment (though respect for human dignity could to, change is presumably indisputable. It is this protect individuals from negative comment on power that leads to calls for freedom of expression their own particular beliefs). to be used responsibly.

That said, it is necessary to ask what free- When those who already exercise power also use dom of expression actually means. Looking for the word as one of their instruments, the argument earlier statements of freedom of expression that for responsibility is persuasive. The philosopher might help inevitably leads towards the First Immanuel Kant, for example, argued that the Amendment to the American Constitution. The freedom of expression might need to be controlled 18th century was the period in which modern and restricted when it came to its use by those thinking on human rights was worked out, and in authority (Kant, 1784). The danger of the call the First Amendment is a classic 18th century for ‘responsible’ use of freedom of expression statement of the freedom of expression: when applied to the ordinary citizen is that it can amount to a pressure for self-censorship. Indeed, Congress shall make no law respecting an in systems of government where authority actually establishment of religion, or prohibiting the requires ‘responsible’ use, this is essentially a basis free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom for a system of formal censorship. For this reason of speech, or of the press; or the right of the the fear that there will be calls for responsible use people peaceably to assemble, and to petition of freedom of expression is a natural one. The the government for a redress of grievances. editor of Jyllands Posten is said to have delib- (First Amendment to the Constitution of the erately chosen to publish the offending cartoons United States of America, 1791) because he believed that the Danish media already practised self-censorship in relation to the The First Amendment is quite clearly fi rst and country’s Muslim community. Subsequently the foremost a statement of individual rights and response to Muslim protest has included strong offers protection against the violation of those claims that a climate of self-censorship was the rights by government, identifi ed here as ‘Congress’. likely result. Nevertheless it is clear that, outside Quoted in full it has elements sometimes for- the most extreme libertarian circles, the right to gotten: it rejects an offi cial establishment of any freedom of expression is always seen as subject one religion, whilst protecting the practice of to certain limits and conditions. all religions. It also protects peaceable assembly and the petitioning of government. These are important statements, but it is the protection Limits to Freedom of Expression of freedom of speech and the freedom of the press that are most frequently cited. Although Limitations on freedom of expression are made they might be considered as a single right, they comparatively explicit in the formal agreements are actually two related rights: the freedom of on human rights drawn up by governments. The personal expression, and the freedom of public European Convention on Human Rights (1950), expression (using the medium of the press, and for instance takes the wording of the Universal in modern circumstances all the other media now Declaration almost intact into its Article 10, but available). The distinction is important. The two adds important further statements specifying a aspects of expression have different levels of effect number of those limits. and tend to be justifi ed in rather different ways. 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. Philosophers have sometimes justified the This right shall include freedom to hold individual right of expression as a minor and opinions and to receive and impart information innocuous right, but at the same time claims for and ideas without interference by public its power are also common. That two such dif- authority and regardless of frontiers. This article ferent views can be held is not surprising if we shall not prevent States from requiring the distinguish between a personal statement made licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema impromptu in the presence of only a few (basic enterprises.

183 Paul Sturges

2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it car- Article of the Universal Declaration, the point is ries with it duties and responsibilities, may made even more directly. be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by Nothing in this declaration may be interpreted law and are necessary in a democratic society, as implying for any State, group or person any in the interests of national security, territorial right to engage in any activity or to perform integrity or public safety, for the prevention of any act aimed at the destruction of any of disorder or crime, for the protection of health the rights and freedoms set forth herein. or morals, for the protection of the reputation (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure Article 30) of information received in confi dence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of The second clause of Article 29 calls for the law the judiciary. (European Convention on Human to be used as the test of what might be invoked Rights, Article 10) as a limitation to the exercise of the rights (including the right of free expression), and Article These are not the only limitations that might be 30 sets what looks like an absolute limit to the suggested. They do, however, embody the key ‘destruction’ of rights and freedoms. However, this areas of concern that states cite when imposing is unlikely to be suffi cient to satisfy both parties limits on the exercise of freedom of expression. in disputes over the more diffi cult aspects of It is also worth noting that national security, ter- any given right or group of rights, as the Danish ritorial integrity and public safety are also the chief cartoons affair amply illustrates. Something more, basis on which those states that particularly fear something more capable of being used as a means what their citizens think and say introduce control of working out a good solution to damaging of expression, despite formally signing up to the disputes, is obviously required. international declarations of human rights. The calculation of what is known as ‘proportionality’ The identifi cation and defi nition of limitations – the assessment of whether or not an action by to freedom of expression is, as implied above, a authority imposes greater restrictions than those dangerous business. Done rashly it threatens to necessary to achieve its proper purposes – offers undermine the whole structure. Yet it is a funda- such a tool. The problem is that whilst anyone can mental principle expressed in Article 29 of the form a personal view of where the proportionality Universal Declaration that such limitations do lies in a given clash of laws or rights, it is the courts exist. They are expressed in terms of ‘duties to of law that are likely to be the forum in which the community’ and their scope is constrained a decision is made. Thus, Article 29 places the in general terms by considerations that include responsibility in the hands of the legislators and respect for the rights of others. the use of the principle of proportionality relies 1. Everyone has duties to the community in which on the judiciary. Where can ordinary citizens, or alone the freedom and full development of his indeed ordinary information professionals, who own personality is possible. need to work out their own response turn for more 2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, every- specifi c guidance? A common and appropriate one shall be subject only to such limitations as resort in such dilemmas is the harm principle, are determined by law solely for the purpose as set out by Mill (1859). He suggested that the of securing due recognition for the rights and use of freedom of expression could reasonably freedoms of others and of meeting the just be limited if it caused harm to others. The idea requirements of morality, public order and the is usually illustrated by saying that it would be a general welfare of a democratic society. harmful use of freedom of expression to shout 3. These rights and freedoms may in no case ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theatre. The attraction of the be exercised contrary to the purposes and use of harm as a guiding principle is that harm principles of the United Nations. (Universal can quite often be measured: it might involve fi - Declaration of Human Rights, Article 29) nancial loss or personal injury. However, in this context it is generally taken to mean harm to the If this is in danger of being seen as insuffi ciently rights of others and as such it requires more or strong on the circumstances in which human less the kind of calculation of proportionality th rights can be limited, then in the 30 and fi nal suggested above.

184 Limits to Freedom of Expression?

It is clear from recent experience that offence has or risking destructive public protest. They could entered into the list of forms of harm that would also decide what forums or media would be most need to be taken into the calculation. There has appropriate (for instance, an academic journal been an increase of cases in which people, usually read by a few specialists or a popular newspaper members of religious groups, protest vehemently read by many). Used in this way, Feinberg’s that they have suffered offence and that they offence principle offers a way to balance the should be protected from this. Two examples danger of self-censorship against the risk of giving from Britain illustrate the point that this is cer- offence. Whilst it is helpful, the problem remains. tainly not confi ned to the Muslim community. How can limitations be applied in any given case There was a comparatively enormous volume without damaging the principle of freedom of of Christian protests at the TV transmission of expression? Jerry Springer: The Opera, in which there was a comic and disrespectful portrayal of Christ. The Working with Limitations protests included death threats to the executives who approved the transmission. Street protests by members of the Sikh community in Birmingham Even key statements on freedom of expression, at the performance of the play Behzti (which had such as Article 10 of the European Convention scenes portraying criminal behaviour taking place on Human Rights, identify limitations and thus in a gurdwara) reached such levels that further effectively compromise the principle. It is clearly performances were cancelled because of the risk not the recognition of limitations that is the main of harm to people and property. What this shows issue, but the precise application of limitations. is that the Danish cartoons affair is not unique What is useful here is to consider the two ques- in turning attention to the idea that the giving of tions of audience (or readership), on the one offence might be considered as a kind of harm in hand, and media employed, on the other hand. its own right. This is implicit in much of what Feinberg suggests. There is a big difference between communication A recent attempt to render this coherent is addressed to an audience consisting of an ordinary Feinberg (1988)’s offence principle. Recognizing individual, a few individuals, or even the general that offence can be very deeply felt and that its populace, and communication addressed to those consequences are potentially extremely damaging who hold power as rulers, elected or unelected, (as very directly illustrated by the Danish cartoons representatives and offi cials. There is also an protests) Feinberg offers what is effectively a means appreciable difference between messages put out of modelling offence. The principle suggests that by individuals on their own responsibility, and assessment of offence should take into account messages that originate from offi cialdom or are issues such as the motives of the speaker, the circulated by some media organization. number of people offended, community interests, and the extent to which the material could be Taking the question of media fi rst, a speech made avoided. This is, however, after the event. Much on the street (for instance at Speaker’s Corner the same approach is open to those contemplating in London, a traditionally tolerated venue for making some form of communication that the expression of all kinds of views) a privately might be considered offensive. Thus individuals printed pamphlet, a letter to a newspaper, or with sincerely felt views that they knew would a personal web log, is one thing. An article or offend some people might still decide that it was column in a newspaper, a programme broadcast necessary to exercise their freedom of expression on radio or TV is another. The latter may possibly because their point was too important to keep represent a journalist’s deeply felt personal view, to themselves. They would need to work out but it also represents the editorial policy, whether whether they were directing their statements to a laissez faire or highly directive, of the owners and minority (which might be vulnerable and sensitive editors of the medium concerned. It is not entirely to criticism) or the majority (which might be seen sound to claim that the principle that protected as requiring a shock to its views). They would the freedom of the press alongside freedom of be encouraged to examine whether what they speech (as in the US First Amendment) applies communicated was likely to damage community just as much to a modern newspaper as it did to interests, perhaps by provoking communal strife the 18th century newspaper. There is an enormous

185 Paul Sturges

contrast between a weekly sheet owned, printed by the like of Gillray and Rowlandson. Cartoonists and largely written by one person, and the pro- in Britain and other countries made genuine conducts of a modern media corporation. Many tributions to benefi cial change by pointing out the such corporations have global fi nance, global abuses, hypocrisies and absurdities of those in reach, power over their salaried journalists, power. As Morreall (2005, p.63) puts it: and, crucially, very close relationships with governments. Much of what is published via the Political cartoons have been part of news- global media comes from a position of power papers almost as long as there have been akin to that wielded by the rulers of states, and newspapers, and the rise of democracy in the duties to the community set out in Article 29 the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of the Universal Declaration apply, if possible, was correlated with the rise of sophisticated more strongly to those who have power than to political cartooning. those who have little or none. The advice of Confucius ‘Tell the prince the truth, even if it offends him’ is as valid today as it ever In case this seems to denigrate the role of inde- was, and it applies to potentially offensive forms pendent journalists and writers, or independent such as the cartoon. media, it is important to say that there is no such intention. The courage of such people and their However, the case is altered when one considers role as keepers of the popular conscience remains messages addressed to broader audiences and as valid as it ever did. Every year numbers of directed at the beliefs or other distinguishing char- journalists are intimidated, assaulted and killed acteristics of other groups. This would particularly in the exercise of their profession and protecting apply to the so-called ‘hate speech’, which is a and supporting them is a vital aspect of freedom direct threat to the rights of others. This is because of expression activity. The point is that the levels hate speech fi rst of all denies recognition of ‘the of ‘responsibility’ that we might expect from an inherent dignity’ of all human beings and their individual communicator, independent media ‘equal and inalienable rights’ as set out in the and global corporate media differ from each preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human other. Indeed, it could be suggested that there is Rights. In the second place it can threaten their a ratio between the power of the communicator more specifi c rights as set out in the Declaration. and the level of responsibility not to give offence Speech or other communication that incites that can reasonably be expected. The power hatred, particularly on grounds of race and held by the communicator is one element in the religion, and effectively threatens the rights of equation; another is the audience to which the its victims is a criminal offence in the laws of a communication is addressed. number of countries. The availability of law that is capable of offering redress for those who are the Messages addressed to those in power do not victims of derogatory communication that does automatically carry an obligation to exercise not fall within legal defi nitions of hate speech restraint, whatever those holding power may say. is less obvious. Individuals can use the laws on Laws that oblige citizens to respect their rulers defamation to contest and seek compensation are an abomination and a clear indication that for statements that damage their reputation. those rulers do not deserve respect on the basis This is a diffi cult road to take because, amongst of their character and deeds. Political invective other things, it allows the author of an allegedly and satire are potent means to pursue change. The defamatory statement to attempt to show in court history of the political cartoon is an example of the that the statement was justifi ed, with possible principle of purposeful disrespect in action and further damage to reputation. Nevertheless, many this probably explains any discomfort that people of those who believe they have been defamed do from old established democracies feel when the make use of these laws. validity of the cartoon as a means of conveying political messages seems to be put in question. There is obviously a logical argument that the The case is well made by Spiegelman (2006), concept of defamation should apply to statements himself a distinguished cartoonist. The largely that threaten the reputation and dignity of a unrepresentative system of government in Britain group of people just as much as to statements during the 18th and 19th centuries was subject to made about an individual. It seems to be the savage, defamatory and often scatological cartoons case that systems of law generally do not easily

186 Limits to Freedom of Expression? accommodate the concept of group defamation. judged appropriate for a given setting and Here the Muslim protesters against the cartoons theme. (Palmer, 2005, p.80) asked a valid question: if the law does not seem to offer them redress, what is available to them This could be seen as including a calculation of but public demonstration? In turning to this they the offence that might be given by a particular exercised another human right, that of peaceful humorous theme or style. The exercise of decorum assembly. applies particularly in everyday life, but a kind of licence that permits satirical humour to exceed 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful the boundaries of normal decorum is accepted assembly and association. in the modern world. In venues and media such 2. No one may be compelled to belong to an as- as theatres, nightclubs, magazine articles and sociation. (Universal Declaration of Human cartoons, it is accepted that different standards Rights, Article 20) apply.

Here the important word is ‘peaceful’. Human Palmer’s (2005) argument is that in licensing rights and the laws of nations do not permit satirical humour society recognizes the existence riot, the destruction of property, assault on other of many different ‘discourses’ and stands back people and the making of direct threats of violence from the imposition of a single unifi ed ‘language’. including murder. The rule of law has at its very In this way the contradictions and tensions of heart the specifi c purpose of protecting the peace communal life are given recognition and, impli- of the community by denying personal revenge, citly, the possibility of change accepted. In the fi rst duelling, feud and riot as responses to offence, place this requires the ‘permission’ of the state, whether that offence is verbal or physical. The law but it can be further argued that the permission takes to itself the responsibility of dealing with the of those who might be objects of satire is also consequences of offence and in doing so creates needed. By this it is not meant that all comedy a fundamental distinction between advanced and should be checked and approved by those it might backward societies. Peaceful protest and cam- offend. Rather it means that whilst comedians paigns to change the law are the only genuine can assume a broad social permission for their remedies in cases where citizens feel that the law art, they should retain sensitivity to the feelings has failed to protect their rights. of those, particularly vulnerable groups, that they might be seen as addressing. Working this out, If there are strict limits on the scope of responses the implications of this sensitivity in practice are problematic and the outcomes not consistent. to offence, we have to turn back to the responsibil- For instance, the exercise of decorum by male ities of those who might risk, or actually seek comedians might now be taken to include the to give, offence: this means political and social avoidance of gratuitous insult to women. At commentators, and satirists such as cartoonists. the same time, it might be accepted that after If the law does not set clear limits on the types centuries of female subordination to the male, of statement that can be made about groups of a female comedian might well exceed similar people, are there sources of guidance available limits in her commentary on men. In doing so, to those who might feel that they have a valid she would at some level or other be working with point to make (which might prove offensive to the permission of men and, arguably, for the good a particular group)? There are. For example, the of men. What this means is that for comedy to need for restraint in addressing the vulnerable is perform its licensed role in society, the exercise of one that has been examined in the literature of decorum is required and the calculation of what comedy. Modern comedy, ‘stand-up’ in particular, that means in practice depends on some sense can be savage and is explicitly intended to be of permission. However, for that to be effective disturbing. In theory no issue should be exempt it does, in turn, depend on the assumption that from the attention of the comedian. However, any specifi c group will show its commitment to even the most outrageous comedians do work pluralistic values in society by extending at least within some generally unspoken limitations. This elements of such permission. Thus in the end we has been identifi ed as the exercise of ‘decorum’. return to the communal values of tolerance and understanding that inspire the concept of human Decorum can be defi ned as a decision about rights and underlie belief in the signifi cance of the form of expression which is publicly freedom of expression.

187 Paul Sturges

between the various human rights, of which Conclusion freedom of expression is one. There is also a necessity to think clearly about the avoidance The role of librarians and other information pro- of harm and offence in balancing human rights fessionals is to facilitate public access to information with each other and to develop an awareness of and ideas. This includes the products of the human how freedom of expression might work in society. imagination as well as those of scientifi c and phil- This article only introduces such an approach. In osophical enquiry. Comedy is thus just as much a the end it is the responsibility of professionals to concern of librarians as is the scientifi c literature. debate these issues among themselves and come Even where comedy is the source of passionate to informed and well-considered positions that dispute, as was the case with the Danish cartoons, they can present to their community. the librarian still has a basic professional duty to assure that legally published material is available to those who might wish to consult it. Of course, References there would be a big difference between keeping Council of Europe. (1950) European Convention on a copy of an offending document on fi le for free Human Rights. Available at http://conventions.coe. consultation and displaying it publicly on the walls int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm. Accessed 9.12.05. of the library, or on its web pages. Somewhere Feinberg, J. (1988) Offence to others. London: Oxford between the two the librarian can strike a decent University Press. (Volume 2 of The moral limits of the balance without either abandoning the principle criminal law). of free access to information or gratuitously giving Kant, I. (1784) An answer to the question ‘What is en- offence to either an individual or a group within lightenment?’ In: Reiss, H. Kant’s political writings. Cambridge: University Press, 1970. 54–60. the community. Mill, J.S. (1859) On liberty. Harvard Classics edition, 1909, available at http://www.serendipity.li/jsmill/on_lib. If there is a problem it is in explaining the position html. Accessed 20.6.06. that the library might take on such an issue, Morreall, J. (2005) Humour and the conduct of politics. particularly to those whose sense of offence might In: Lockyer, S. and Pickering, M. Beyond a joke: the extend from the originators of the statement (be limits of humour. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 63–78. it cartoon, or whatever) to an institution like a Palmer, J. (2005) Parody and decorum: permission to library that makes it available. The purpose of mock. In: Lockyer, S. and Pickering, M. Beyond a this article has been to open some of the relevant joke: the limits of humour. Basingstoke: Palgrave lines of argument that infl uence the librarian’s Macmillan, 79–97. defence of freedom of expression and freedom of Spiegelman, A. (2006) Drawing blood: outrageous car- access to information. It is not really suffi cient to toons and the art of outrage. Harper’s Magazine, June. 43–52. say that the law permits it and that the principle of United Nations. (1947) Universal Declaration of Human freedom of expression demands it. It is important Rights. Available at http://www.unhcr.ch/udhr/lang/ at least to recognize the complex interrelation eng.htm. Accessed 9.12.05.

188 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network: using technology and professional cooperation to bridge the waters

Barbara A. Butler, Janet Webster, Abstract Steven G. Watkins and James W. Markham The International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), comprised of 325 members from 86 countries, has a long history of resource sharing based on personal connections among its members. In 2002, IAMSLIC developed a resource- sharing system using a uniﬁ ed search interface that relies on Z39.50 broadcast search capabilities to query individual catalogs. In addition to the IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed Library, which searches standard OPAC catalogs, smaller libraries can share library holdings through the online Union List of Marine and Aquatic Serials. Member libraries may submit interlibrary loan requests for items located through either avenue. This successful program may serve as a model for other library organizations interested in sharing resources and extending access to subject-speciﬁ c materials amongst member libraries. Keywords: aquatic libraries; IAMSLIC; interlibrary loan; marine libraries; resource sharing

Introduction

Resource sharing, a well-established practice among libraries in most developed countries, cannot be taken for granted in all libraries. Barriers to sharing include underdeveloped infrastructures, institutional restrictions on cooperation and lack of staff expertise. Even those with the luxury of excellent interlibrary loan (ILL) systems occasionally use a personal connection or manipulate the established system to get an item quickly or track down the obscure item. Professional networks and personal contacts can be useful for rush requests or fi nding specialized, uncataloged resources but this process takes time and even the best personal network can fail. Members of an organization may rely on an e-mail discussion list to alert colleagues of their needs. However, discussion lists can be fl ooded with interlibrary loan requests to the detriment of professional discussion. Established interlibrary loan processes are appropriate for the bulk of resource-sharing requests for those with access to such processes; yet there remains a need for effi cient use of professional networks to supplement traditional ILL services and, in the case of colleagues in the developing world, to establish resource-sharing options. A professional organization builds the capacity, or self-suffi ciency, of all members by endorsing a resource- sharing system for its network. Improving the skills of members, and validating the essential importance of library services to their institutions, are two examples of this. The International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC) developed a resource-sharing system that uses our professional network to enhance the library services our members About the authors: page 198 provide.

are spread among 86 countries throughout the Resource Sharing in IAMSLIC: world; we speak different languages; we have A Specialized Library Association varying degrees of Internet access; and we operate in diverse information landscapes. Shared Members of IAMSLIC work in libraries ranging cataloging utilities and interlibrary loan systems from large marine and oceanographic institutes are not a given in IAMSLIC member libraries to small fi eld station libraries. Their mandates and neither are MARC records. Our goal is for all vary, and this is refl ected in the size and focus interested members to participate in the resource- of their collections. Members acknowledge that sharing program. Those from small libraries with one of the association’s strengths is our ability core or specialized collections can make those to communicate and share resources within a materials more widely available and requests somewhat cohesive community. IAMSLIC mem- for more obscure items can be directed to larger bers are committed to sharing resources and research collections. Identifying and sharing our respond to the needs of professional colleagues collections enhances access for all and remains a sometimes in spite of institutional policies, priority for our organization. such as cost recovery and priority users. While committed in spirit, members face challenges with Since IAMSLIC’s inception in 1975, we have the practicalities of sharing resources given the relied on several tools to allow us to share subject spectrum of policies, library sizes and locations. specifi c resources needed by our patrons (See Table 1). The older tools were problematic yet Major libraries can be overwhelmed with requests useful. Serials lists and directories need constant as they are seen as having the needed resources; updating to remain current and comprehensive. but among IAMSLIC libraries, many of the Without paid staff, it was diffi cult to ensure that smallest collections have both core resources listings were consistent and refl ected developing and highly desirable unique items. The biggest technologies. For instance, our early directory challenges in accessing smaller library catalogs focused on the marine components of our col- are searching and requesting items across a lections, yet was not expanded to include aquatic wide variety of systems. Our library systems (freshwater) collections when our organization range from sophisticated commercial products expanded in scope to include that perspective. to homegrown spreadsheets. Staffi ng also runs Also, changes in document delivery technology the gamut from the large university library to such as ARIEL and new modes of communication the marine laboratory library with a staff of one. such as e-mail were not captured and tracked in Finally, IAMSLIC is international: 325 members our International Directory of Marine Science

Date Title Format Content 1984 MUSSEL: A Union List of Microﬁ che 10,000 marine science serials in marine science periodicals from libraries 55 libraries (Meadows et al., 1984) 1987 International Directory Ring binder Contact information of Marine Science Libraries and lending policies for and Information Centers IAMSLIC member libraries (Winn, 1987) 1990–present Union List of Marine and Telnet access Journal holding records Aquatic Serials 1990–96; Web access from a number of 1997–99; MySQL IAMSLIC libraries relational database (Watkins and 2000–present Wible, 1992) 1991–present IAMSLIC Discussion List E-mail Discussion list open to IAMSLIC members and non-members Table 1. IAMSLIC resource sharing efforts. 190 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network

Libraries and Information Centers. The Union vehicle, and there were no signifi cant improve- List of Marine and Aquatic Serials (Union List) ments in our resource-sharing system. We lacked has evolved along with changes in technology. an ILL generating system; requesters did not Initially, it was compiled from DOS fi les with always follow established guidelines; the e-mail simple record delimiters. Now, its web front end discussion list remained open to non-members; and online forms enable all libraries to easily add, and the responsibility for searching resided with edit and manage their own records. The IAMSLIC the lender. e-mail discussion list, as with other subject specifi c library lists, became a major resource-sharing tool Looking beyond our network, we found a as members (and non-members) posted requests paucity of models that addressed the use of the to the group. It is a fast and easy way to communi- professional network for resource sharing. There cate, but also ineffi cient in that more than 300 has been a concerted effort towards developing people received the same request. better end-user access to interlibrary loan and document delivery (Morris and Jacobs, 1999; Leon et al., 2003). Cornish discusses the move The Problem with Resource Sharing away from centralized interlibrary loan, espouses the potential of small, specialized collections, We had a good electronic serials holdings and suggests that alternative models to country- resource and a means to communicate through centric systems are possible (1991). The growth the discussion list, yet were not satisfi ed with of consortial borrowing enhances access for the the ineffi ciency and inequity of our approach members of those networks, yet poses challenges to resource sharing. An analysis of IAMSLIC (Brack et al., 1998; Weech, 2002; Bailey-Hainer, discussion list postings in 1996 revealed that while 2004). The UNIverse Project attempted to build a the total postings to the list remained the same, union catalog across countries with the eventual the percentage due to ILL requests increased aim of providing unmediated access for library dramatically (Butler, 1997). The trend continued users throughout the European Union (Birch as ILL requests accounted for 45 percent of the and Pettman, 2000). The pilot, using Z39.50, was discussion list postings the following year, higher successful, but funds for its implementation were than many other subject specifi c library discussion not forthcoming. This is one example of resource- sharing projects that are reliant on signifi cant lists (Markham, 1998). A comparison of ten funding, as well as consistent participation by all scitech library e-mail discussion lists showed within the network, both of which pose diffi culties that IAMSLIC had a higher percentage of total for small, under-funded or specialized libraries messages concerning ILL than any other list and their professional networks (Clissman et al., (Duda, Meszaros and Markham, 1997). IAMSLIC 1998; Van Borm, 2004; Weech, 2002). However, created a Resource Sharing Committee charged many of the limitations UNIverse’s creators dis- with investigating why our current tools were not covered mirror the challenges IAMSLIC faced in working and recommending new approaches to developing a system (Birch and Pettman, 2000): the issue. The committee examined many different possibilities: the use of IAMSLIC regional groups • the inconvenience of moving between physically as the ‘fi rst stop’ for resource sharing; a three-tier disparate catalogs system that guaranteed larger libraries last resort • the problems of different record formats and status; a separate listserv for ILL; partnering languages as well as duplicate records between large and small libraries; and a voucher • the issue of scalability system. None of these options worked well for • the disjuncture between searching and IAMSLIC. requesting

IAMSLIC took the fi rst step towards formalizing the For IAMSLIC, we were looking for a system resource-sharing program and, as a compromise, that would ultimately better serve our individual continued to accept resource-sharing requests on libraries’ users, but would do so by better serving the e-mail discussion list with the stipulation that our members as librarians. Our focus has been to the subject line must say ‘ILL’ and include the train and collaborate with each other rather than title being sought to allow easy fi ltering by those simply to supply articles to individual researchers, unable or unwilling to supply interlibrary loans. which was the historical pattern. By increas- The discussion list remained the primary ILL ing IAMSLIC members’ ability to fi nd needed

191 Barbara A. Butler et al.

material, their suite of resources for serving their established as a way to share online catalogs. end users would expand and effectively raise the In the system, a single query could theoretically proﬁ le of librarians and libraries within their search all Z39.50-compliant IAMSLIC catalogs. parent institutions. Our resource-sharing system The variety of catalogs proved to be a technical emphasizes that all members have a responsibility challenge as not all member libraries have to learn new skills and commit to the two-way OPACs or Z39.50 capability. Even so, this was transfer of information. This is particularly an important step towards better sharing through important to members in institutions with no improved searching capability. We still lacked a cultural or technical history of resource and in- way to complete the ILL transaction from within formation sharing among libraries. IAMSLIC, the system. We also wanted to involve all members a small organization with minimal dues, had to in sharing, so needed ways to include those with- rely on volunteers to both create the system and out Z39.50-compatible catalogs. maintain it. We needed a decentralized system that used international standards and was accessible In 2002, the IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed Library by all members willing to participate. We wanted (Distributed Library) was launched building on to exploit the growing ubiquity of the Internet to the NOAA model (Watkins, 2003). Initially, 44 share unique collections equitably. libraries out of roughly 250 IAMSLIC members participated in the project. Implementing Z39.50 search capabilities to the Union List database so Developing the Solution that it could be searched simultaneously with the library catalogs allowed additional libraries to Creating our resource-sharing system was an participate in the program as lenders. Members evolutionary process. In 2000, the United States can add serial holdings to this database instead National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of, or in addition to, linking their catalog. As (NOAA) Coastal Services Center developed a most resource-sharing requests in the sciences website to facilitate access to coastal resources are for journal articles, enriching this resource is through a federated search of library catalogs essential to a successful system. The technical ‘ﬁ x’ (Ball, 2001). NOAA offered to include IAMSLIC for enabling Z39.50 searching of the Union List and the IAMSLIC Linking Libraries Project was appears in Figure 1.

A standard Perl query script extracts holding records from the database. Output is formatted using basic XML markup tags corresponding to MARC ﬁ elds and subﬁ eld delimiters. An XML- to-MARC ‘crosswalk’ (the MARC:XML module available from the CPAN Perl archive) converts records from XML format into USMARC format. MARC records are indexed using open-source Zebra Z39.50 server software from IndexData in Denmark and made searchable via the Z39.50 broadcast search interface.

A sample record tagged in the XML format appears below: <fi eld type=”000”>02652cas 2200229 a 4500 <fi eld type=”001”>ulist17 <fi eld type=”003”>UnionList <fi eld type=”005”>20050115153755.7 <fi eld type=”245” i1=” “ i2=” “> Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin <fi eld type=”500” i1=” “ i2=” “> IFM-GEOMAR Library Westufer Leibniz-Institut fur Meereswissenschaften has: 9.1972 - 24.1995 / Suppl. 1.1977 Figure 1. Crosswalking XML to MARC to enable Z39.50 access. 192 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network

All IAMSLIC members with Z39.50-capable component, limited to IAMSLIC members, works catalogs were encouraged to allow their catalogs as follows: to be searched via this system. Consistent retrieval from the wide range of Z39.50 servers was • IAMSLIC members begin by searching either challenging, so we refi ned our search system. A the Distributed Library, which includes all new broadcast search interface was developed Z39.50-compliant IAMSLIC catalogs and the using the PHP/YAZ open-source software from Union List, or they may search or browse the IndexData of Denmark (Watkins, 2003). The Union List independently. PHP/YAZ interface was customized to offer • Search results are returned with Union List added functionality, such as displaying active links results appearing at the top of the list in to electronic full-text documents using the MARC order to distribute the lending workload to all 856 fi eld. As a further refi nement, ISSN links IAMSLIC libraries, including small institutions to the native OPAC interfaces at participating and libraries from developing nations. libraries were added to facilitate access to • The borrowing member chooses a catalog more detailed holdings and circulation status record from a lending library; provides a pass- information. Once we were able to consistently word; and is presented with the profi le of the search catalogs from individual libraries as well lending library (Figure 2). as the Union List, we were ready to develop an • The borrower then selects his or her library easy-to-use ILL requesting module. profi le from the database and is authenticated through an automatic check of the IAMSLIC We devised a means to search and automatically membership directory. Their library borrower generate a request, sending the borrowing li- profi le only appears in the system if their mem- brary’s information to the targeted lender. For bership is current (Figure 3). The borrower participating libraries whose catalogs support then generates the ILL transaction, which is Z39.50 queries, updating holdings is no longer of e-mailed to the lending library and copied to concern because the search is performed against the requestor. their live library catalogs. The distributed library • The transaction is fi nalized between the bor- is open to anyone to search (http://library.csumb. rower and the lender. The book is shipped or edu/iamslic/ill/search.php). The resource-sharing the article is delivered. Most IAMSLIC libraries

Figure 2. The lending library proﬁ le. 193 Barbara A. Butler et al.

Figure 3. The borrowing library proﬁ le and request generator.

supply articles via ARIEL, with many members Oceanography (California, USA) are given ‘last receiving articles as e-mail attachments. The resort’ status and appear at the bottom of the available delivery options are clearly explained listings with the note ‘Please request from another in the borrowing and lending profi les. library if available elsewhere.’ Each transaction is recorded so that requesting patterns can be studied. Assessing Success There are now 84 supplying libraries sharing Throughout the process of developing and refi ning the workload. Fifty-four lenders have included their holdings in the Union List, 39 lenders our resource-sharing tools, IAMSLIC has had make their catalogs available via Z39.50, and ten seven goals, all geared towards an equitable, libraries offer both. During the fi rst four years in inclusive and effi cient system. Each goal provides operation (July 2002–June 2006), the Distributed a measure of success. Library processed 2,032, 2,966, 2,733 and 2,741 requests respectively. Figure 4 illustrates that the Goal 1: Distribute the Interlibrary 2005/2006 workload was distributed across 68 Loan Burden lenders. On average, no library received more than one request per day. The workload has been At issue is the common problem of the largest distributed broadly and our last resort lenders collections being perceived as being the best have been protected from fi lling requests from resource or the best equipped to handle requests. commonly held titles. Unfortunately, this perception is often wrong as these institutions suffer limitations on staffi ng and capacity along with the rest of us. The Distributed Goal 2: Increased Effi ciency Library displays records from the Union List at the ILL requests go directly to individual lenders, top of the results screen, therefore the holdings of rather than the approximately 300 subscrib- smaller libraries appear fi rst. Larger institutions ers to the IAMSLIC e-mail discussion list. Fig- such as the Marine Biological Laboratory ure 5 shows a summary of the percentage of (Massachusetts, USA) or Scripps Institution of ILL requests compared to total postings on the

194 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network

Number of of libraries Number 10

0 1–25 26–50 51–75 76–100 100+ Number of lending requests

Figure 4. Distribution of lending workload, July 2005–June 2006.

80 libraries have been unable to participate because 70 their holdings are part of larger institution-wide 60 catalogs. In other instances, we have encountered 50 technical problems when attempting to connect 40 to catalogs over the Z39.50 protocol. However, 30 when combined with the Union List participants, nearly 25 percent of the IAMSLIC membership 20 is represented, with a solid geographic and insti- 10 tutional mix. Requests have been generated from 0 more than 100 different libraries in 39 countries 2002 2003 2004 (Figure 6), and 68 libraries from 18 different IAMSLIC CYAMUS countries have fi lled requests. In the fi rst two EURASLIC SAIL years of the program, US libraries received nearly Figure 5. Percentage of IAMSLIC and regional 90 percent of all requests. However, during the group listserv postings due to ILL requests past year, the geographic distribution of lending (after Markham, 2004). activity has shifted markedly, with 56 percent various discussion lists related to IAMSLIC. of requests supplied by US libraries and the re- The percentage of postings on the IAMSLIC mainder supplied from libraries as shown in Fig- discussion list decreased from 51 to 29 percent ure 7. Presentations at our annual conference and during the fi rst year of the Distributed Library. regional meetings familiarize members with the This pattern holds true for the discussion lists of value of joining the Distributed Library. Growth two IAMSLIC Regional Groups (Cyamus and appears to be steady as word spreads. SAIL). The EURASLIC Regional Group did not see the same decline because this group has a Goal 4: Include Small Library Holdings in the large number of non-IAMSLIC members who Union List of Marine and Aquatic Serials do not have access to the IAMSLIC ILL module and still post ILL requests to their regional discus- The web-based Union List is available to any sion list. IAMSLIC member, as is help with loading and updating records (http://library.csumb.edu/ iamslic/unionlist/index.php). The interface is easy Goal 3: Include All Compatible Catalogs to maneuver and works even with slow Internet in the Distributed Library connections. As an indicator of its utility, 54 There are currently 39 participating libraries member libraries use the online Union List to whose catalogs are searchable via Z39.50 and access and update their serials holdings. Recently, new additions occur on a regular basis. Some we initiated the Listado Unido de Publicaciones

195 Barbara A. Butler et al.

Italy South Africa Colombia All Others Belgium Canada Argentina Mexico Argentina Germany Venezuela Australia The Philippines Australia Spain

Belgium USA India New Caledonia Mexico Canada Chi le Figure 6. Borrowing by country, July 2005–June Figure 7. Lending by country, July 2005–June 2006. 2006 (56.2% of all requests were received by US libraries).

Periodicas (Latin American Union List of Goal 6: Help Users Overcome Common Marine and Aquatic Serials) at the request of Mistakes the members in that region. It includes holdings When members are not able to fi nd an item they from eighteen libraries, ranging from the Cuba need in the Distributed Library or the Union List, National Aquarium Library to the larger collection their requests usually appear on the IAMSLIC of the CICESE in Ensenada, Mexico. Six of these Discussion List. The Resource Sharing Committee eighteen libraries had their holdings represented uses these as teachable moments to disseminate in the original Union List and, as expected, by advice on effective strategies for using the system increasing the number of libraries represented and to build members’ knowledge. in their regional Union List, the percentage of requests fi lled by Latin American libraries quadrupled, from 3.8 percent of all requests to Goal 7: Make the System Sustainable 15.7 percent in the fi rst year after the regional The system needs to be manageable by volunteers Union List was established. A similar effort is and run on a participating institution’s server. Initial underway with member libraries in Africa. The system development benefi ted from a dedicated regional lists are a mechanism to get more libraries member’s willingness to commit sabbatical time to involved in the Distributed Library as well as develop the ILL module and to adapt and enhance enhancing resource sharing within the regions. the open-source software to meet IAMSLIC’s specifi c needs. Ongoing maintenance requires a Goal 5: Train Members to use the ILL Module minimal time commitment to add new lenders, develop new features and to periodically update The IAMSLIC Resource Sharing Committee the underlying software. The individual lenders developed a PowerPoint presentation, in English, cover the cost of sharing materials. Responsibility Spanish and French, to train users in both for copyright issues resides with the borrowers. the Distributed Library and the ILL module Training of new members and maintenance of (http://www.iamslic.org/index.php?section=27). the online IAMSLIC membership directory are Information is sent to every new IAMSLIC handled by standing committees. member and training sessions are included at the annual conference. When requests appear on the Comparing Fill Rates IAMSLIC Discussion List, we post a message describing how to use the library and encouraging people to try that avenue before resorting to the We are accomplishing our goals of capacity discussion list. building and development of a robust, equitable 196 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network system. However, the bottom line in any resource- members use appropriate discretion and distribute sharing system is the fi ll rate: do members get their requests across lenders, but a small number their requests fi lled? We automatically track the have verged on abuse of the privilege, generating number of requests made, but not the number an unduly large percentage of the lending volume. of requests fi lled. However, a small sampling Consequently, the IAMSLIC Resource Sharing of the top lenders indicates higher fi ll rates for Committee closely monitors patterns of use and IAMSLIC requests than for requests generated may need to establish more formal policies. through OCLC, which is the prevalent ILL system Initial successes in resource sharing in IAMSLIC at these institutions (Table 2). This suggests that came about through group efforts and a philosoph- the Distributed Library is an effi cient tool and that ical commitment to sharing across geographic, our collections form a cohesive and rich resource technical and institutional boundaries. But, good for our members. intentions need to be put into action. We have benefited from the expertise of one member In two cases where IAMSLIC fi ll rates were lower in particular. Now, other members contribute (Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and Duke individually by loading records, offering their Marine Laboratory), requests made for items collections to borrowers and using the system. located in main campus collections were not Others are exploring how to index OAI-compliant fi lled. Both libraries now share their holdings via institutional repositories so searches may reveal the Union List rather than through their OPACs available additional relevant full-text resources. and expect to show higher fi ll rates in the future. Library organizations may want to consider a Fill rates from the Marine Biological Laboratory, similar approach to resource sharing if the need a last resort lender, may be lower because many exists and current tools do not address that need. requests received by them are not as easily fi lled, IAMSLIC is unique in its international personality or they encourage requestors to look elsewhere and subject focus, but we are not unique in our for items that are readily available. commitment to resource sharing.

Sharing Resources Successfully References Bailey-Hainer, B. K. (2004) Multi-type statewide resource Resource sharing is a natural component of a sharing: The Colorado SWIFT experience. Journal of library’s services. It is not always the focus of a Library Administration ,40 (1/2): 5–22. library association, but it can be. Multiplying the Ball, A. (2001) IAMSLIC linking libraries project. In: th power of the professional network reaps beneﬁ ts Tides of Technology, Proceedings of the 26 Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic for all. We remain committed to developing our and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers resource-sharing system, as it is a valuable asset (ed. by J.W. Markham & A.L. Duda). IAMSLIC: Fort for the IAMSLIC membership. Most IAMSLIC Pierce, Florida. pp. 63–66.

Library Fill rate: IAMSLIC (%) Fill rate: OCLC (%) Hatﬁ eld Marine Science Center, 83 67 Oregon State University Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 83 70 California State Universities University of Hawaii 83 28 Oregon Institute Of Marine Biology, 60 70 University of Oregon Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 71 76 Massachusetts Duke Marine Laboratory, Duke University 20–25 85

Table 2. Sample average ﬁ ll rates from top lenders with OCLC access.

197 Barbara A. Butler et al.

Birch, K. and I. Pettman. (2000) Linking distance learners The Delivery of Library Service to Distant Users (ed. by with the UNIverse. In: Libraries Without Walls 3: The P. Brophy, S, Fisher and Z. Clarke). Library Association Delivery of Library Service to Distant Users (ed. by Publishing: London. pp. 154–165. P. Brophy, S, Fisher and Z. Clarke). Library Association Union List of Marine and Aquatic Serials. [Online.]Accessed Publishing: London. pp: 166–174. August 2005: http://library.csumb.edu/iamslic/ Brack, V., J. Gilby, P. Stubley and J. Sykes. (1998) Service unionlist/ delivery in a clumped environment: The RIDING Van Borm, J. (2004) To Russia with love: A European Project and the M25 Link Project. The New Review of Union project in St. Petersburg for library co- Information and Library Research, 4: 75–84. operation in general, ILDS in particular. Interlending Butler, B. (1997) Resource sharing mechanisms for & Document Supply, 32 (3): 159–163. IAMSLIC. In: Tradition & Innovation: Planning Our Watkins, S.G. (2003) The IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed Future, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of Library: facilitating international resource sharing the International Association of Aquatic and Marine through linked systems and services. In: Bridging the Science Libraries and Information Centers (ed. by Digital Divide, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Con- J.W. Markham & A.L. Duda). IAMSLIC: Fort Pierce, ference of the International Association of Aquatic Florida. pp. 111–116. and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers Clissman, C., R. Murray, E. Davidson, J. Hands, O. Sijtsma, (ed. by J.W. Markham and A.L. Duda). IAMSLIC: Fort A. Noordzij, R. Moulton, S. Shanawa, J. Darzentas Pierce, Florida. pp. 33–42. and I. Pettman. (1998) The UNIverse Project: state-of- Watkins, S.G. and Wible, J.G. (1992) Creating a computer- the-art of the standards, softwares and systems which based Union List of aquatic and marine sciences serials. will underpin the development. Part 3: inter library In: Aquatic Information Resources – Tools of Our loans protocols; multimedia document delivery; and Trade, Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of authentication and directory services. New Library the International Association of Aquatic and Marine World, 99 (1140): 60–68. Sciences Libraries and Information Centers (ed. by Cornish, G.P. (1991) The impact of networking on inter- E. Fuseler and S. Wiest). IAMSLIC: Fort Pierce, national interlibrary loan and document supply. Libri, Florida. pp. 133–140. 41 (4): 272–288. Weech, T.L. (2002) Back to the future – when resource Duda, A.L., R.L. Meszaros and J.W. Markham. (1997) sharing seemed to work. The rise and fall of a successful A month in the life of a mailing list: communication consortial resource-sharing network. Interlending & among science and technology librarians. Issues in Document Supply, 30(3): 80–86. Science & Technology Librarianship, 15 (Summer) Winn, C.P. (1987) International directory of marine [Online.] Retrieved December 2005: http://www. science libraries and information centers. Woods library.ucsb.edu/istl/97summer/article1.html Hole Oceanographic Institution and International IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed Library. [Online.] Accessed Association of Marine Science Libraries and Infor- December 2005: http://library.csumb.edu/iamslic/ill/ mation Centers: Woods Hole, MA. search.php IAMSLIC. Resource Sharing Committee. (2004) Annual About the Authors Report 2003/2004. Report submitted to IAMSLIC Executive Board, October 2004. Barbara A. Butler is Head Librarian at the Oregon Leon, E.L, J.L. DeWeese. C.A. Kocjan, B. Peterson-Lugo Institute of Marine Biology, a ﬁ eld station branch and B.L. Pytlik Zillig. (2003) Enhanced resource library of University of Oregon, USA. Her research sharing through group interlibrary loan best practices: interests include topics of concern to one-person A conceptual, structural and procedural approach. and remotely located libraries, resource sharing Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3 (3): 419–430. and issue relating to international librarianship. Markham, J. W. (1998) A year in the life of the IAMSLIC She has been a member of the International Asso- Listserver. In: Electronic Information and Publications: ciation of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries Looking to the Electronic Future, Let’s Not Forget the and Information Centers (IAMSLIC) since 1991, Archival Past. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Con- ference of the International Association of Aquatic and is IAMSLIC President-Elect for 2007–2008. and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers She received a BS in Biology and an MS in Range (IAMSLIC) and the 17th Polar Libraries Colloquy (PLC) Management from University of California at Davis (ed. by J.W. Markham, A.L. Duda and M. Andrews). and her MLIS from University of California at IAMSLIC: Fort Pierce, Florida. pp. 339–346. Berkeley. E-mail: [email protected] Markham, J.W. (2004) Listserver monitoring survey report 2003–2004. Report submitted to IAMSLIC Executive Janet Webster is Head Librarian at Oregon State Board, October 2004. University’s Hatfield Marine Science Center in Meadows, J., Walker, D. and Barrick, S.O. (1984) MUSSEL: Newport, Oregon, USA. Her research interests a union list of serials in marine science libraries. Virginia include collaborative ﬁ ltering, integration of grey Seagrant Program and the International Association literature into library collections, and global access of Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers: Gloucester Pt., VA. to local information. She has been a member of Morris, A. and N. Jacobs. (2000) Experiences of using IAMSLIC since 1990, serving in various capacities electronic document delivery services from the work- including as President. She was President of the place and from home. In: Libraries Without Walls 3: Oregon Library Association in 2001/2002 and

198 Resource Sharing within an International Library Network was honored as Oregon’s Librarian of the Year in Distributed Library. He received his undergraduate 2003. She received her undergraduate degree in degree in biology from Stanford University and his geography from the University of Chicago, her MLS MLS from the University of California, Berkeley. from Columbia University, and an MS in scientiﬁ c E-mail: [email protected] communication from Oregon State University. E-mail: [email protected] Dr James W. Markham has been a science librarian at the University of California, Santa Barbara Steven G. Watkins is Coordinator of Technology since 1986, and is interested in subject analysis Development for the library of California State and improving access to scientiﬁ c literature. He University, Monterey Bay, USA, where he also has been a member of IAMSLIC since 1985 and serves as the science librarian. His research served as editor of twelve Proceedings of its annual interests include the customization of open source conference, 1993–2004. He served as chair of software applications for interactive user services, the IAMSLIC Listserv Monitoring Committee from the application of federated searching to resource 2001 to 2004. He received a BA in biology from sharing, and the integration of access to harvested Stanford University, an MS in marine botany from institutional repository metadata with Z39.50 query the University of Washington, a PhD in marine tools. He has been a member of IAMSLIC since 1986, botany from the University of British Columbia, serving in various capacities, including as President and an MLS from University of Washington. E-mail: and as the primary architect of the IAMSLIC Z39.50 [email protected]

199 There Be Dragons ... Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada

Lynn Copeland Abstract The importance of library resources and services to academic success is demonstrable. While current Learning Management Systems (LMS) do not support their integration, the signs are positive that this will change. A wide variety of LMSs are used at Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Canada, compounding the problem. SFU Library has achieved considerable success in technology, having developed reSearcher for Western Canadian university libraries; maintaining active digitization, institutional repository and e-journal support programmes; and supporting a very strong e-collection. SFU Library has a very active on-campus course-based instruction programme; extending that programme to the LMS environment has been challenging and, at times, frustrating. Through technology, strategic activity and active involvement in online pedagogical initiatives, some success has been achieved. Keywords: research libraries; library instruction; online library services; e-learning; learning management systems

Introduction Lynn Copeland is University Librarian and Dean of Library In this paper three topics are addressed: why libraries should be Services at Simon Fraser integrated with academic online learning; current technical barriers University. Previously she was and reasons for limited optimism; and Simon Fraser University’s Systems Manager, leading the (SFU) e-learning/library environment. Thanks are due to SFU development of the Open Source Librarians Mark Bodnar, Gordon Coleman, Carla Graebner, reSearcher discovery, linking, Mark Jordan, Sylvia Roberts and Trish Rosseel for their helpful requesting and referencing contributions. software. SFU Library hosts the PKP/UBC journal management/ Diana Laurillard, author of Rethinking University Teaching conferencing/OAH software and 1 is part of the Synergies Canadian reiterated what should be a commonplace: that journal digitization initiative. A university is deﬁ ned by the quality of its academic con- Copeland is Chair of the CARL versations, not by the technologies that service them. eLearning Working Group. Contact address: University Librarian and Traditionally there has been a disconnect between Laurillard’s Dean of Library Services, Simon vision and at least the North American learning environment, which Fraser University, WAC Bennett is course-focussed, not necessarily enquiry-based, and incidentally Library, 8888 University Ave, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6. not necessarily library-based. This has informed the development E-mail: [email protected] of Learning Management Systems (LMS’s) to this point.

David Porter notes, in a paper2 prepared for the Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL):

Libraries … have tended to work under a different paradigm, providing students with access to online systems that allow them to “pull” information from catalogs, databases, and special collections to suit their learning or research needs. The notion of “pull” is a model of service congruent with more progressive higher education teaching and learning models [such as Laurillard’s]… Thus librarians should be integral to the decision making process when it comes to selecting and

implementing a campus based LMS and by articulating what should be a model service, determining best practices. through advocacy at both the organizational and national levels. That librarians are not universally involved may be attributed to their traditional role being Figure 1 (based on an examination of campus general rather than course-speciﬁ c, to the fact that websites) suggests that on CARL campuses, the librarians as a whole haven’t yet made their case, partnership between teaching support centres and and to the fact that administrators and educators libraries is weak. The black ‘Yes’ bar shows the haven’t yet bought into it. percentage of campus or library websites which include each activity. The variables examined That this has not yet happened is as much the include: librarians’ responsibility as anyone else’s; in many instances we have tended to preserve our Library website: traditional role rather than rethinking it in light of current academic practices. While enthusiastically ‘Services to fac include’ – does the Library’s embracing the electronic journal environment, ‘services to faculty’ page mention support for the discourse about e-learning and information online courses? literacy has tended to controversy and to being ‘Services to online students’ – is there information inwardly focused. This is changing dramatically, about services to online students? with, for example, CARL issuing a policy paper ‘Online guides’ – are the library’s guides on e-learning and libraries and involving itself online? at the national level in e-learning initiatives and ‘Online tutorials’ – are there online library Library Technology Reports devoting an issue to tutorials? the topic3. On the other hand, it is disappoint- ‘Interactive Online tutorial’ – are there ing to see that references to libraries’ role in interactive online tutorials? e-learning tend often to be at best superﬁ cial. There is even an implication at times that libraries are Teaching Support Centre Website(s): sinkholes for funding, and e-learning represents an opportunity to rid academia of this albatross. It is ‘Library as resource’ – are library resources and crucial for librarians to turn this situation around services listed?

CARL Univ. online learning/library collaboration factors 2005

Services to faculty include

Services to online students

Online guides

Online tutorials

Interactive Online tutorial

Library as resource

Teaching Online Institution Library

WebCT/Blackberry etc.

0 102030405060708090100 Percentage Yes No

Figure 1. Integration between campus e-learning and libraries. 201 Lynn Copeland

‘Teaching Online’ – is there support for online Numerous other CARL libraries provide similar teaching? chat reference. The value of these services ‘WebCT/Blackberry etc.’ – is a learning manage- extends beyond asynchronous e-mail reference ment system supported? or traditional chat support because the software can ‘push’ page images and allow the reference A high percentage of libraries provide online librarian to step the inquirer through a diffi cult support materials (guides, course pages, etc.) procedure. UVIC is using the software to and all universities support e-learning through provide face to face instruction to distance provision of course management system software students. and online teaching support. What is concerning • Many university libraries are working with are the activities in which a low percentage of online course developers as well as instructors in universities show evidence of engagement: few traditional courses to provide online guides and ‘Library support to faculty’ pages mention support help for library research; these include modules for online learning; there are few interactive which introduce students, not only to specifi c library instruction pages; and, of most concern, resources, but to critical evaluation of resources, few campus e-learning websites mention libraries specifi cs about thesis preparation and the like. at all. This is a noticeable divide that ignores As with face-to-face library instruction, these libraries’ potential contribution toward e-learning. modules are most effective when integrated It is incumbent on librarians to do something to into course and research material provided rectify this situation. by the instructor. The University of Calgary Distance Education Librarian keeps distance Nevertheless, there are exemplary practices learners up-to-date on library services through in library teaching and learning among CARL RSS feeds to the library’s distance education members. Illustrative are: page and all course e-learning sites and online tutorials by posting information to a blog which • Librarians at the University of Calgary have is distributed either as e-mail or an RSS feed; developed web-based modules to support a chat icon on the course sites can be used to course-integrated instruction sessions, and access the librarian when available. encourage students to actively follow the librarian’s presentation, using their own topics for selected searches. Students receive immediate Library Resources: Core Value feedback on search strategies during the session and can return at any time to refresh their Library resources are a core value to institutional skills for subsequent assignments. Reference learning and research. For example, Tenopir and staff use the materials to guide students in King4 conclude on the basis of their research using information resources specifi c to their that: assignments at the reference desk. This blended approach to information literacy offers students Scientists who read more tend to get achieve- and instructors the ability to address diverse ment awards and other special honors. In learning styles, encourage active participation universities, those whose teaching has been during the presentation, provide 24/7 access, honored read about 26 percent more articles, and foster increased student contact with while those honored for research read librarians. Student feedback has been uniformly about 33 percent more articles. ‘Use value’ positive and instructors indicate that students [was] examined through several indicators, are using more resources more effectively. including perceived effects on scientists’ • The University of Victoria (UVIC) and SFU are activities and their productivity. Nearly all providing online interactive reference services university readers (95 percent) indicated to each other’s students; it is anticipated that some favorable outcomes from some of their this service will be extended more widely to readings. They said two-thirds of the readings students who may be associated with any improved the quality of teaching, research, British Columbia (BC) postsecondary institu- or other activity for which they read the tion through BCcampus, a government funded article. Reading helped [scientists] perform organization whose role is to provide all BC the activity better (33 percent of readings), postsecondary students to online courses at faster (14 percent of readings), or saved them any of the BC postsecondary institutions. time or money (16 percent of readings).

202 Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada

In 2002/03, CARL academic libraries subscribed distance education courses (in particular online to 297,108 electronic journals, representing 46 courses) to integrate concepts of information percent of their serials subscriptions, and the literacy throughout the curriculum. Faculty number is growing. A level playing field for support these activities because the ability to researchers can be achieved through collective articulate information needs, fi nd appropriate licensing of online resources. The Ontario information resources and critically assess the universities’ Scholars Portal represents a model of results of an online search are key to success in e- how this could be achieved (http://scholarsportal. learning, and they leave faculty time to concentrate info/) . on course content…” Teaching students to fi nd their way through the maze of information on the Dundar and Lewis (1998)5 examined data from Internet and to evaluate it is crucial. “If there is no US research institutions and determined that provision of library information resources there institutional library expenditures were a positive can be very little learning, online or otherwise. factor, among others, in determining the average Libraries serve as information literacy trainers, number of papers published per faculty member. experts in organizing and providing access to Further research indicates that online resources, content providers through digitization projects, and providers”. Public schools that have well-stocked, well-funded libraries run by professionals The importance of this type of library instruction and that involve the library in curriculum has been demonstrated: “college students’ self- development produce students that do efficacy in electronic information searching signifi cantly better in standardized testing… was signifi cantly higher after library instruction. Performance improvements of between 3 per Furthermore, frequent use of library electronic cent and 15 per cent exist even after taking databases was correlated with self-effi cacy, and into account … ethnicity, socioeconomic post training self-effi cacy was correlated with status and class size.6 grade points”8.

In summary, it is demonstrable that library re- In summary, there are substantive reasons for sources play a positive role in academic success. integrating library resources and instruction in both face to face and e-learning. We must use Librarian Involvement: Core Value this evidence to advocate our central role in e- learning.

... the average essay grade is … a whole General Issues from SFU Librarians 2 grade points improved over last year. I suspect this is in no small part due to you and your excellent orientation. The SFU librarians cited as reasons for library/ LMS integration the ‘value of going back’, This quote from an SFU professor illustrates why especially for students for whom English is a librarians must be included in the discourse on second language; the fact that students learn at course development both at the local and the their own pace; and their preference to stay inside national level. Beyond collections, librarians’ their own domain (for example WebCT). Students role in instruction and reference has a signifi cant are reluctant to leave their course environment benefi t. In 2002–03, over 330,000 students at even to access important information and their CARL institutions were instructed in using learning is contextual. This corresponds to library resources, including online resources; students’ perceived reluctance to enter the library, these numbers are growing. These classes were a ‘big unknown space’ for the fi rst time, a reason supported by online modules, web course guides for classroom instruction. and other online aids. The librarians noted that un-integration has led to A recent report7 noted: “CARL librarians offer the recopying if not reinvention of content. This classes and courses on research strategies, help has a further implication in that the content dates students in determining useful scholarly resources, and must be re-copied; further, the same content work with faculty in planning and developing (for example the Plagiarism Tutorial) is used in

203 Lynn Copeland

several courses and must be recopied. Finally, quiz • integrate plagiarism software into course man- content not easily imported from one course to agement systems to encourage good practice another and student evaluations take place within and to assess reliability of content. a course, so to be evaluated, library content must be copied into a speciﬁ c course. (One might add to the last requirement ‘and other appropriate software’.)

General LMS/Library Integration Issues Technical and Cultural Requirements included:

MacLean and Lynch9 correctly noted that systems, • embed library resources in course management not learning objects, needed to be addressed systems; in improving LMSs. There are a number of • integrate third-party commercial information general LMS issues which must be dealt with in services; the library context as well. First, as previously • customize portal facilities for storing personal mentioned, is the need to copy rather than preferences; linking content. In many cases, libraries wish to • provide easy access to virtual reference services have open access to their content, at the very at the point of need; least among all students at the institution. This • embed training modules to assist in information confl icts with the authenticated/authorized LMS seeking. environment down to the course and section level. Yet at the same time identifi cation of the Figures 2 and 3 suggest the existing and ideal student may be important to track ‘attendance’ relationships among library resources and at the library module or quiz results. The issue support and LMSs. In the existing and envisioned is further compounded in the multi-institutional relationship, library resources and support reside environment such as BCcampus. outside the e-learning environment, to be called on and used, but not integrated into the context Cross-course referral or links within one platform of the course. For example, a link to a library are not possible, for example, in WebCT, so that guide will either be viewed outside of the context one library WebCT module cannot be accessed by of the online course (to always get the current several different courses. Cross-course/platform version) or copied into the online course (and evaluation is another missing requirement. therefore be fi xed even though the original might be updated). In the ideal LMS, library resources The OCLC E-Learning Task Force10 examined and services would be tightly integrated into the a number of issues related to the integration course. For example, a library-created module on of library and learning management system academic integrity could be accessed from within functions, and concluded that both students a history essay assignment as an integral part and faculty require complementary tools and without needing to be conducted as a separate services to participate successfully in online course; quotations from course readings could teaching and learning environments. The OCLC be automatically linked and shown highlighted task force identified system requirements for in context from within a lesson. Learning Object technical, functional, and cultural aspects of Repositories (LORs) would reach their potential e-learning that needed to be considered when as sources of content and library modules to be systems are selected and deployed. The OCLC drawn upon when a course is constructed, with recommendations constitute a general-purpose the course creator automatically notifi ed when set of best practice requirements. The Technical an update is deposited in the LOR and a single and Functional Requirements included: keystroke bringing the updated version into the course module if desired. • display and integrate many information windows as part of a learning activity; Reasons for Optimism • search and discovery of multiple databases simultaneously; • provide bibliographic tools that permit easy Despite the present paucity of integration between searching and reference completions; library resources and services and LMSs there • provide access to tools that render and present is reason for optimism. Major developers or content in user-customized formats; standards bodies are beginning to take into

204 Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada

E-Journals Guides Library Print LOR resources E-Reference Learning Management System resources today and envisioned and support Course Instruction CMS Institutional environment

Student

Course 1 Course 2 Course 2 Library guide Library RSS news Learning object (fixed) feed

Citation Management

Figure 2. The current relationship between LMSs and library resources and support.

LOR Learning Management System Ideal

CMS Institutional environment

Student

Course 1 Course 2 Course 2 Citation Library RSS news Learning object Management feed Guides E-Journals Library resources E-Reference and support Print resources Course Instruction

Figure 3. The ideal relationship between Course Management Systems and library resources and support.

205 Lynn Copeland

account these important linkages. These include With respect to interoperability, the IMS Resource IMS Global Learning Consortium, SAKAI, JISC/ List of Best Practice and Implementation identifi es ELF, and DEST (see Appendix A). In Canada, the fi rst library-based focus as reading lists (that national organizations such as CanKNOW are is, e-reserves). Others include content packag- involving CARL in their planning and the CARL ing (create/read/delete), copyright issues, time position paper shows librarians’ engagement in sensitivity and digital repositories (search/expose, the process. gather/expose, submit/store, request/deliver, alert/expose). IMS identifi es its stakeholders including: In the JISC/ELF Framework, library roles can • Learners: Learners will be able to easily access be seen in eight direct or indirect of seventeen selected resources and/or specifi c resource lists, Application Services; and in thirteen of 38 made available to them within the context of a Common Services. Library roles are closely or specifi c learning environment. somewhat tied to 36 of 55 services in the ELF • Faculty: Faculty will be able to log in to framework. This is another argument for deeper their course environment, and from there, library involvement; again, we need to be engaged search/browse for relevant library and other in advocacy on the basis of evidence and expertise, resources, build a resource list, and incorporate and the environment for library involvement the resource list into the course environment, appears to be ripe. where it would become available to learners. • Instructional designers: Instructional designers working with an authoring tool will be able Simon Fraser University to easily access resource lists and incorporate Library Activities resources from them into structured course content in the fashion of other learning Simon Fraser University has 15,000 full time objects. equivalent students on three campuses. Planning, • Librarians: Librarians using a combination of research and teaching are highly decentralized. library services will be able to select resources LMSs are in wide use, both in the number of or use instructor-selected resources to build courses and the variety of software, which includes resource lists for specifi c courses or subject WebCT, LonCapa, First class (phasing out), LMS areas. Librarians would publish specific (proprietary – phasing out); SAKAI (through our resource lists associated with particular courses SEPP partnership) and MOSST (developed SFU or send them to a digital repository with the metadata necessary for ready incorporation Library; still in use where authorization is not into a course management system. desirable). Needless to say, e-learning management in this environment isn’t easy! SFU Library IMS identifi es twelve library-related use cases: has a strong presence in the current e-learning environment, having successfully engaged at the 1. resource list is created; institutional and national level. 2. Online Public Access Catalog records for course reserves; SFU Library’s motto is ‘Our Library is where 3. resource list is shared; YOU are’. Keys to our success in SFU teaching 4. supplying the learner with a course reading and learning are our Liaison Librarian model, a list; discipline-based partnership in collection devel- 5. resource list is created from harvested opment, instruction, and reference; its value metadata; is recognized by administration, faculty, and 6. resource list can include local content; students, a favourite feedback being “SFU Library 7. extensibility for vendor specifi c needs; rocks; best west of Winnipeg” signed ‘Mad Dog’. 8. propagate changes; SFU Library services include a range of best 9. harvesting and reusing; practices: reciprocal borrowing; online, in-person, 10. f acilitating reuse via annotations and e-mail reference; general and course-based (references); instruction; and a wide range of online resources. 11. library digital repository archives selected SFU Library has developed and maintains a resource lists; variety of course pages, which change regularly 12. resource list can be empty. throughout the semester. The Plagiarism Tutorial

206 Learning Management and Library Systems in Canada is widely used. RSS feeds are used to integrate that, despite their limitations, do enhance learning news into WebCT courses. In one case, the course experience and success. site is managed by the librarian rather than the faculty member. Appendix A. Glossary SFU Library has a strong systems division which includes support as well as strong local CanKNOW Canadian Network for Knowledge development. The Library is represented on key Utilization whose aim is to aid practitioners and campus committees and e-learning decisions policymakers in using the results of systematic and LMS evaluation, the SFU Student Learning reviews. Task Force, BCcampus Metadata Support Group, and BCcampus Library Services Group. The IMS The mission of the IMS Global Learning BC Electronic Library Network management, Consortium is to support the adoption and a government/institution funded consortium of use of learning technology worldwide. IMS postsecondary libraries, is situated at SFU Library. is a non-profit organization that includes SFU Library’s Open Source Software local de- more than 50 Contributing Members and velopment (http://software.lib.sfu.ca) includes affiliates. These members come from every reSearcher: its components are GODOT (‘Where sector of the global e-learning community. can I get this’ links from EBSCO, Proquest and so They include hardware and software vendors, on as well as links to online journals and request educational institutions, publishers, government forms); CUFTS (e-journal linker/ knowledge agencies, systems integrators, multimedia content database similar to SFX+Serials solutions ); dbWiz providers, and other consortia. The Consortium (Meta search engine) and Citation Manager. provides a neutral forum in which members reSearcher and its components are widely used in with competing business interests and different Western Canadian colleges and universities and decision-making criteria collaborate to satisfy elsewhere in Canada and worldwide. Beginning real-world requirements for interoperability and January 2005, SFU Library became manager for re-use (http://www.imsprogram.org). the Public Knowledge Project software suite: Open Journals System, Open Conference System JISC/DEST/ELF The E-Learning Framework and an OAI harvester. In addition to licensed (ELF) is an initiative by the UK’s Joint Information content, SFU Library has undertaken signiﬁ cant Services Committee (JISC) and Australia’s digitization activities. Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) to build a common approach to Service In order to practice integration in an environment Oriented Architectures for e-learning. Dis- where the LMSs do not support it, SFU Library cussions are currently underway to create a has developed a number of workarounds. For unified framework encompassing e-learning, example the Plagiarism Tutorial was built in research, digital libraries, administration and MOSST so that it would have universal access other activities in the education arena (http:// and incidentally be easier to develop. It was then www.elframework.org). transferred to a WebCT course by a librarian where it is accessed and copied into speciﬁ c SAKAI The Sakai Project is a community source courses by individual professors. software development effort to design, build and deploy a new Collaboration and Learning Environment (CLE) for higher education. The Conclusion Sakai Project’s primary goal is to deliver the Sakai application framework and associated In summary, SFU Library and many others in LMS tools and components that are designed to Canada are actively involved in the e-learning work together. These components are for course enterprise, but this role needs to become more management, and, as an augmentation of the widespread, and librarians need to advocate on original LMS model, they also support research a national level to this end. We look forward to collaboration. The software is being designed providing integrated library services to e-learners to be competitive with the best LMSs available at point of need. Meanwhile, librarians in Canada (http://www.sakaiproject.org). and elsewhere are engaged in e-learning activities

207 Lynn Copeland

References Committee for Online Learning prepared by the Canadian Association of Research Libraries in May 1. Laurillard, D. (2002) Rethinking university teaching: 2001 (http://www.carl-abrc.ca/projects/e_learning/ A conversational framework for the effective use of brief_2001-e.html) learning technologies (2nd ed.). London: Routledge/ 8. Ren, Wen-Jua. Library instruction and college student Falmer. self-efficacy in electronic information searching. 2. Porter, David. Libraries and e-Learning: a CARL Discussion Paper. April 2005. Journal of Academic Librarianship, v.26, 2000, 323– 3. Gibbons, Susan. Library Technology Reports, May/June 328. 2005. 9. McLean, Neil and Lynch, Clifford. Interoperability 4. Tenopir, Carol and Donald W. King. Designing between library information services and learning electronic journals with 30 years of lessons from print. environments – bridging the gaps; A Joint White Paper Journal of Electronic Publishing, December 1998. on behalf of the IMS Global Learning Consortium [VOL., ISSUE NOS.; PAGINATION?] and the Coalition for Networked Information. May 5. Dundar H. and D. Lewis. Determinants of research 10, 2004. productivity in higher education. Research in Higher 10. McLean, Neal and Heidi Sander. OCLC E-Learning Education, 39 (1998), 607. Task Force Report. 2003. 6. Lance, Keith Curry. Reviewed Globe and Mail, June 10/02 (research of Keith Curry Lance, Dir. Colo. Dept Edited version of a paper presented at the World Library of Ed. Library Research Services) and Information Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2005, in session 7. The e-learning e-volution in colleges and universities: 109 Information Technology with University Libraries and a pan-Canadian challenge: A response to the Advisory other General Resources.

208 Building Capacity for Global Education in a School Library Media Education Program through International Exchange

Cynthia Houston Abstract It is important for educators of school library media specialists in the United States to begin incorporating a global approach to education. Research on short-term international exchange programs indicates they contribute to the cognitive and personal growth prerequisite for developing a global perspective in both students and faculty. In efforts to develop a global perspective among students and faculty in the Western Kentucky University Library Media Education Program, two members of the faculty initiated an international exchange program with the Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka (SEK) Catalunya, a private P-12 school near Barcelona, Spain. Keywords: school library media education; international exchange- programs

Introduction

Important goals of global education are to develop students’ sense of place in the world and ideas of the roles and responsibilities of world citizenship. There is no greater need for teaching from a global Cynthia Houston is an assistant perspective than in US colleges of education, where the population professor in the online Library of pre-service teachers is sorely lacking in diversity and the curricula Media Education Program at leave little room for international study experiences. School library Western Kentucky University. She media specialists in the US come from these ranks, and although is a Kentucky certified Library they are their school’s ofﬁ cial information specialists, they generally Media Specialist with a PhD lack the worldly education and experiences associated with a global in Curriculum and Instruction perspective. The same can be said in a more limited way of faculty from Southern Illinois University, in teacher education programs, library media education included. Carbondale and has been with WKU for eight years. Her The purpose of this article is to establish the need for integrating teaching responsibilities include supervising the practicum experi- a global perspective into teaching school library media education. ence for graduate students in Through participating in international research and exchange library media education, teach- opportunities, library media education faculty and students can ing reference resources and acquire the capacity to integrate a global perspective into their cataloging classes in the program, practice. This article will use examples from a developing research and she has research interests in and exchange program between Western Kentucky University the area of international com- in Bowling Green and the Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka parative school librarianship, Catalunya (SEK) in Barcelona to illustrate how involvement in multicultural children’s literature, international exchanges facilitates capacity building for increasing and standards for school library professional knowledge and practice in the ﬁ eld of school library media programs. The exchange media education and for teaching from a global perspective. program with the SEK Catalunya mentioned in the article is now in its second year. Contact address: The Value of International Exchange to Library Media Education, Western Developing a Global Perspective Kentucky University College of Education and Behavioral A series of research studies conducted over the past 40 years Sciences. E-mail: Cynthia. indicates that cross-cultural educational experiences may lead [email protected] to developing an increased international understanding, cultural awareness, and professional competencies in a global setting

(Wilson, 1993). According to Willard-Holt (2001) goal of promoting lifelong learning and success effects of international experiences on learners for all students. may include an increased value and sensitivity to cultural diversity, improved knowledge of other Developing a Global Perspective cultures, development of self-confidence and through International Exchange interpersonal communication skills, and a reduced tendency toward stereotyping individuals from other cultures. Most importantly for this article, For an academic program in library media the Willard-Holt study found evidence that an education to teach from a global perspective, faculty international experience leads individuals to begin members must fi rst possess a global perspective. to consider themselves part of an international Engaging in international exchange activities is at professional community with peers around the the heart of this endeavor, but is often a diffi cult world (p. 21). Related studies indicate that even goal to accomplish given constraints on faculty short-term educational trips abroad have a deep time and university resources. With generous and lasting impact on the learner (Orndorff, support from Western Kentucky University 1998; Willard-Holt, 2001). In Orndorff’s 1998 (WKU) Academic Affairs and the College of study of a short term study abroad program Education and Behavioral Sciences, two members “participants increased cultural understanding of the faculty were able to secure funds to begin and self-awareness, developed self-esteem and self- exploring a collaborative relationship between confi dence, became more open minded, gained a the Library Media Education program at WKU greater appreciation for their own country and and the primary English language program at the culture, and developed new leadership skills” SEK Catalunya. In May of 2005, my colleague (p. 106). Roxanne Spencer, Coordinator of the Educational Resources Center, and I visited the private P-12 It is hard to imagine teaching library media school, the Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka education students in this fast moving information (SEK) Catalunya, in the town of La Garriga, age without using a global perspective. The need Spain, at the request of the school’s English to teach students about international information language program consultant, Mariela Gomez. resources they can use with students is critically Ms. Gomez, a graduate student from Mexico, important as we move more and more toward is enrolled in the University of Louisville/WKU becoming a global society. With the number and joint doctoral program and is currently living with variety of authoritative international information her family in Spain. Her children attend the SEK resources teachers and students have available Catalunya, and she is consulting with the school to them, such as the databases available from to improve their primary grades English language UNESCO, the World Bank and the United program. The goal of our visit to the SEK was Nations, it is important for the school library media to develop a proposal for an English language specialist to become the school’s expert in this library for the primary English program at the area. It is also important for school library media school. At the time of our visit, the primary English specialists to be more assertive in promoting the program was in the early stages of implementing a information literacy goals established in 2005 by whole language/foreign language curriculum, and the American Library Association and American library resources were needed to supplement the Association for School Librarians of preparing curriculum. To prepare for the trip, we researched students for a global society (http://www.ala. several topics related to the project, including org/ala/aasl/aaslproftools/positionstatements/ school libraries in Spain, whole language, and aaslpositionstatementvalue.htm). In addition, to international comparative school librarianship. address the needs of a student population growing The English language consultant at the SEK also in diversity, school library media specialists should arranged for us to tour public and private schools be aware of the different kinds of library and near Barcelona and visit with public librarians in information access students from other countries the nearby town of La Garriga. have experienced. Finally, school librarians in the United States must become more familiar with As a result of our research and site visits, we international resources available to help students learned there were distinct differences between whose native languages are other than English. In school libraries in Spain and the United States. In all these areas, developing a global perspective is Catalunya, we found the role of school libraries crucial for library media specialists to reach their in the educational program to be minimal or

210 Global Education through International Exchange nonexistent compared with school libraries in could be involved on an ongoing basis. Our the US. At the same time, we found that public initial visit to the SEK Catalunya was to explore libraries in Catalunya often played a vital and the possibilities for creating an environment integral role in providing needed resources, where teachers at the SEK, WKU faculty, and reference services, and reading appreciation students could interact. We developed such an programs for the schools. Our literature review environment in our proposal to the SEK for two indicated that school libraries are rare in both English Language Arts Library Classrooms, a public and private schools in Spain. When they concept that combines elements of a classroom do exist, they rarely have full time staff or play an library and a library media education curriculum integral role in the school’s educational program. (Spencer, 2005). (Gomez Hernandez, 2005; Gomez Hernandez and Pasadas Ureña, 2003). In Spain, part of the mission Studies in international comparative librarian- of public libraries is to provide for the educational ship caution those used to US models of school needs of youth (Salaberria, 2001). This mission libraries not to force this model onto schools in is aligned with the International Federation of other cultures (Knuth, 1999). We took these words Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) of advice to heart when developing our proposal Guidelines for Public Library Services to Children for what we began to call the ‘English Language (n.d.) and the IFLA/UNESCO Manifesto on Arts Library Classrooms’ or ‘ELALCs’. From our Public Libraries (2004). It is diffi cult to gauge the research and observation experiences, we knew extent of school and public library collaborative that the school was not ready or able to make a relationships nationwide because research reports commitment to a full-scale school library media in this area are few and inconsistent. It appears program. The school had committed extensive from our observations in Catalunya that public resources to wiring the campus for their ‘aula libraries have developed a strong collaborative inteligente’ or ‘smart classroom’ settings, which relationship with schools in Spain. Furthermore, students used to fi nd information on the Internet. according to Gomez Hernandez and Pasadas The SEK administration, therefore, was not likely Ureña (1993), public libraries in Spain have a to be willing to expend an extensive amount of long-standing relationship providing materials and funds on print materials or staffi ng to implement a resources to support schools’ academic missions. P-12 library media program. Rather than propose However, national studies do not support this an American style school library, with trained assertion (Salaberria, 2001). librarians and assistants, we developed a hybrid model, a ‘library classroom’ that combined an According to Knuth (1999), countries which do expanded version of the familiar ‘aula biblioteca’ not provide funds or training for school librarians with an American school library curriculum follow more of a British model for school libraries (Spencer, 2005). which possess the following characteristics: heavy involvement with public libraries that provide In the implementation phase of the proposal, resources and programs, emphasis on recreational the SEK Catalunya sent two teachers from the reading, and a textbook oriented educational school’s primary grades English language program system. The school libraries we encountered in to the WKU campus in Bowling Green for train- Catalunya seemed to be variations on the British ing in school librarianship in the summer of model Knuth describes – ranging from an ‘aula 2005. The teachers were introduced to collection biblioteca’, typically an organized shelf or bin full development principles, information literacy, and of books, to a room labeled ‘biblioteca’, holding library skills curriculum, and visited a number neatly organized fi ction and non-fi ction titles, of local school and public libraries to plan their frequently staffed by a part-time teacher but rarely ELALCs for the fall 2005 semester. At the same a certifi ed ‘bibliotecara’. time, the teachers from the SEK were able to interact with WKU faculty and students, as well as local school librarians. To assist the teachers with Using a Global Perspective in the tasks involved in implementing the program, Library Media Education the Library Media Education program sent one graduate student to the SEK Catalunya in the The fi rst step in developing our exchange program fall 2005 semester. The graduate student, who with the SEK was to develop a project in which our was a certifi ed German and English as a Second faculty and students in Library Media Education Language teacher, assisted the SEK teachers with

211 Cynthia Houston

the administrative tasks involved in establishing a inside a classroom in order to support and new library classroom and collection and modeled enhance the English curriculum taught at different aspects of a traditional library curriculum our school. It is important to keep in mind using the English language. If the program con- that this is not the way we use the school tinues as planned, the cycle of sending WKU library in the traditional Spanish system. students and faculty to the SEK and receiving We will have books and media to encourage faculty from the SEK at WKU will continue in our kids to learn English beyond the school the years to come. hours. Also, we will organize activities related to the books promoting their love Preliminary Impact of the for reading in another language. Our goals Exchange Program are teaching information literacy, helping them to become lifelong learners as well as independent readers in another language. Research on the effects of international exchange (Janssen, 2005) programs shows repeatedly that participants experience signifi cant personal and cognitive At the beginning of the fall 2005 semester, the growth as a result of their international activities teachers at the SEK learned that the books they (Orndorff, 1998; Willard-Holt, 2001). Furthermore, had selected for the ELALCs would not arrive until it is apparent that for each individual, this growth the next year. This factor also had implications experience manifests itself differently. Preliminary for our graduate student from WKU, who was evaluation data indicate that the WKU/SEK scheduled to work on the ELALCs with the SEK exchange has been a growth experience for all teachers in the fall 2005 semester. Although it the participants. This section will discuss some was disappointing for all of the participants to ongoing activities that have resulted from this not have books at the beginning of the semester, exchange and include personal refl ections from it was clear from her journal refl ections that our program participants. WKU graduate student experienced a signifi cant amount of personal and cognitive growth from The two faculty participants from WKU are working with the SEK teachers and adapting to currently engaged in ongoing exchange activities the constantly changing situation at the school: at the SEK, including the implementation of the ELALCs, and developing a formal exchange The experience in Spain was both frustrating agreement between WKU and the SEK Catalunya. and rewarding. I was disappointed that the In addition we are continuing to engage in books were not there for me to help catalog teaching, research and publishing activities them and actually design activities specifi c related to collection development, international to the books. Meeting the students and the comparative librarianship, and global education. initiator of the project, Mariela Gomez, and The SEK English language consultant, Mariela the wonderful people at the SEK, was very Gomez, is currently researching the effects of rewarding personally. Meeting with librarians the ELALCs on the primary English language in Barcelona was extremely informative and program as part of her doctoral dissertation satisfying. It opened a different world to for the University of Louisville. This avenue of me and somehow instilled in me a desire to research has important implications for the use of fi nd out more about school libraries around a whole language literacy approach in learning a the world and maybe even help promote foreign language and has potential to strengthen establishment of libraries in schools. I can say the case for implementing school libraries in the that the frequently changing circumstances US and internationally. The teachers from the at the SEK forced me to become much more SEK Catalunya are now implementing what they fl exible and go with the fl ow without having refer to as the ‘new methodology’ of the ELALCs anxiety attacks when things did not go as in their primary classrooms. In their evaluations originally planned. (Masero, 2005) of the summer 2005 workshops they refl ected on their expectations for the ELACs: Building Capacity in Global Education From my point of view ELALC is an innovation in our school environment as we Capacity building in global education is a process are merging the American library concept of creating opportunity for personal and cognitive

212 Global Education through International Exchange growth in program participants. The international and improve services we provide at home and exchange program between the SEK Catalunya abroad. The fi eld of international comparative and WKU will provide the environment for librarianship described by Knuth (1999) is a capacity building activities in the Library Media largely unexplored area of school library research Education program. Future plans for international but can provide important information for the exchange with the SEK are to develop a more profession. formalized agreement with the school to allow Library Media Education faculty and students Although the road to building capacity among to participate in the ongoing effort to establish faculty in colleges of education for teaching from ELALCs in all the primary grades. Included a global perspective is a long one, it is ultimately in the exchange are plans to work with more a rewarding one. The steps along the way require teachers from the SEK during the summer 2006 signifi cant travel, research, professional dialog, semester in Bowling Green. The overall goal of personal reflection and growth. For students the program for WKU is for this international and faculty who follow this road, the result exchange to foster significant cognitive and broadens their horizons and leads to a greater personal growth experiences in both faculty and awareness of one’s purpose and role as a world students, which is a prerequisite for developing citizen. For school library media specialists a global perspective. An essential component and educators of school librarians, it is now of the exchange program is for WKU faculty becoming vitally important be active participants and students to provide professional consulting in locating, evaluating and using information services to the SEK. To provide this kind of service from the worldwide information environment. to the school, participants from WKU must expand Participating in international exchanges in library their functional knowledge of other languages, as media education is an important part of this well as national and international school library process. professional standards through a recursive process of research, study, international experiences, dialog and refl ection. As part of their service, References participating students and faculty must use their Gomez Hernandez, J. (2002) Los problemas de las research on school libraries at home and abroad, bibliotecas escolares de la Region de Murcia en un and their international experiences, to come to contexto de crisis del sistema educativo. Anales de professional decisions regarding what practices Documentación, 5, 125–126. will be most successful in particular international Gomez Hernandez, J. and Pasadas Ureña, C. (2003) settings. During this process students and faculty Information literacy developments and issues in Spain. Library Review, 52 (7) 340–348. begin to view their own experiences in a larger IFLA. n.d. Guidelines for public library youth services. global context and transfer their knowledge and http://www.ifl a.org/. August 2005. worldview to students by integrating a global IFLA. (2004) IFLA/UNESCO manifesto on school perspective into their instruction. In exchange, libraries. http://www.ifl a.org. August 2005. faculty, students and administrators at the SEK Jansen, A. (2005) Personal interview, July 2005. learn new educational methods for school Knuth, R. (1999) On a spectrum: international models of school librarianship. Library Quarterly, 69 (1) 33–56. improvement and have the opportunity to interact Masero, A. (2005) Personal interview, December 2005. with professionals from another country, culture Orndorff, E. (1998) The short-term travel experience and system of education. for adult professionals: a phenomenological study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA. Conclusion Salaberri, A,R. (2001) La function educative de la biblioteca publica. Retrieved July 2005 from http:// www.bibliotecaspublicas.info/bp/bp06.htm. Understanding the role of school and public Spencer, R. (2005) Developing library classroom children’s libraries in their political, economic, cultural, collections in English for a Catalunyan private school. social, and environmental contexts is important Collection Building, 24 (4) 117–123. for librarians working in the United States, and Willard-Holt, C. (2001) The impact of a short-term international experience for preservice teachers. in both developed and developing countries. In Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 505–517. addition, the heightened awareness resulting Wilson, A. 1993. Conversation partners: helping students from international experiences will increase gain a global perspective through cross-cultural librarians’ global understanding of the profession experiences. Theory Into Practice. 32 (1) 21–26.

213 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value to the Community: the Hamilton Public Library experience

Beth Hovius Abstract This paper focuses on a selection of partnerships which have strengthened the Hamilton Public Library’s role in the provision of literacy and information services and added value to the City of Hamilton, in Canada. The focus is on community-based partnerships although the Hamilton Public Library also has many active partnerships with other libraries at the provincial and national level. The partnerships are arranged in chronological order. Over time, the Library’s role within a partnership has evolved – from information and referral to content management and community empowerment. Keywords: community development; public library services; partnerships; Beth Hovius is the Director of marketing; strategic planning Public Services and Collections for the Hamilton Public Library where she oversees twenty-one Background branch libraries and the library’s collections. She is a former Hamilton was, and is, a tough, gritty, industrial city with a higher member of IFLA’s Section of than average level of poverty. At the same time there is strong Libraries for the Blind and the community pride and civic commitment. In 2001 Hamilton was Coordinating Board. She is a amalgamated with two other municipalities, thus creating the new past President of the Canadian city of about 520,000 residents. It is historically a steel city, although Association of Public Libraries. now, health, education and agriculture are the major employers. Beth established the first It is ethnically diverse. At least 10 percent of Hamilton’s residents partnership for the Hamilton arrived in Canada within the past 15 years. New immigrants cluster Public Library in 1984. in the lower city, creating neighbourhoods which are very diverse. For example, almost 100 languages are spoken at the high school nearest the Central Library.

The Hamilton Public Library is a good-sized library system with a 146,131 square feet (13,576 square metres) Central Library and 23 branches, half of which serve rural communities. It circulates almost 5 million items annually and has a budget of approximately CAD 23 million.

Hamilton has great pride, and a history of developing local solutions. Partnerships were in use locally long before they became popular elsewhere. Over 20 years ago the Ontario government commissioned a study of Hamilton partnerships to determine if partnerships were a viable concept for application elsewhere. By the early 1990s, if an organization wanted to access provincial grants, they were required to ﬁ nd local partners.

At any given time in the past 15 years the Hamilton Public library has had about ten to twenty partnerships of different sizes on the go. Each partnership initiative typically involves several partners, and so the total number of partners likely exceeds 200. The Library no longer always takes the initiative in looking for partnership opportunities. As successful partnerships evolve, partners return

Copyright © 2006 Author. IFLA Journal 32(3): 214–223. 214 IFLA ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206070181 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value with other possibilities to explore. The Library perceived as a leader in the area of information is now at the point that it receives more requests technology, particularly in the area of content for partnerships than can be accommodated, and development and management so, only those partnerships which advance the • Labour relations: Partnerships may result in library’s and the community’s goals are selected. requests to deliver services differently than permitted by a staff agreement. The staff bar- What Hamilton Public Library gaining unit needs to be consulted in advance Brings to Every Partnership so that the library is positioned to meet the community’s expectations and to create new job opportunities for staff. One of the fi rst lessons we learned is that other organizations value a partnership with the public The First Partnership – The Adult library. There are many reasons for this. Basic Education Association • Honest Broker: The Library is perceived as the honest broker, without its own agenda. The Hamilton Public Library’s fi rst partnership The only agenda that public libraries can, and experience was an adult literacy partnership should, push in partnership development is the that started in 1983 and is still going today. It right of everyone in the community to have came about because the public library set up an access to information, and that information adult literacy tutoring program and this raised must be shared. the concern that it duplicated existing services. • Credibility: Libraries are perceived as credible, As a result, all providers of literacy programs fair and ethical institutions. The Library’s met to discuss the areas of overlap. The original enduring values of inclusiveness, accessibility, discussion led to the formation of an association and confidentiality are valued by other (The Adult Basic Education Association) where partners. service providers could coordinate and develop • Reputation: Libraries must earn their reputation services. Gradually, as the extent of the adult not only by consistently demonstrating these literacy problem became known, the vision of a values but by delivering what is promised. large integrated network of programs where adults Because Hamilton Public Library has a track could learn to read and upgrade their education record of delivering services, other agencies skills in a positive, adult-oriented environment approach the Library to partner. emerged. • Infrastructure: Libraries must be prepared to offer support to a partnership. Historically The Association hired project staff, (originally Hamilton Public Library has offered accounting, only for 3 months since that was all the funding publicity, space, project supervision, and there was), to raise awareness of adult literacy research expertise. However, increasingly, it issues, to provide referrals to existing programs, has been necessary not to tie up too much and to identify gaps and weaknesses in the service organizational capacity in support of part- network from the customer perspective. Hamilton nerships and so the focus is on the provision Public Library provided both the space and of leadership and unique library skills. accounting support for the project. • Ability to commitment: When a partnership is under discussion participants must be able Meanwhile, the Association lobbied the provincial to commit to a plan of action and provide government to provide long term funding for adult organizational support. At Hamilton Public literacy initiatives. This lobbying was successful Library, all senior staff are authorized to commit and funds became available for more than 10 resources if a partnership advances the library’s years. At the peak there were fi ve high schools strategic goals. Partnerships are included in the for adults, courses at the community college, and Strategic Plan, and the responsibility for them several community-based programs which used included in various job descriptions. volunteers to help other adults in Hamilton. The • Strong skill base: The information skills Library’s own tutoring program grew tenfold, of staff are relevant in a variety of related with over 200 student-tutor pairs meeting at environments. The skill sets of library staff are various library locations. In addition, the public not only valued, but are transferable and useful library also provided traditional library functions to other agencies. In addition, the Library is to those students enrolled in other community

215 Beth Hovius

programs, encouraging adult literacy classes to service was positioned as an intermediary between visit the library, obtain a library card, and use the client and the information. This approach is no the resources. longer as relevant today since the focus has moved to content development and management of The long-term value of this literacy initiative, was electronic information resources, rather than the the way that it changed the Library’s approach to creation of one-on-one client-based information the delivery of core services. Since this was the services. However, it demonstrates the evolution fi rst time that adults who could not read were of partnerships and community expectations. using the library, staff needed to learn more about their needs, and how to provide information at Dynamics change if a partnership results in the appropriate reading levels. More effort was made creation of a new organization to purchase collections for adults at different reading levels and in non-print formats. Publicity The creation of new organizations is a frequent was written in clear language. More recently, offshoot of cooperative partnerships since it the Library worked with the federal government maintains the power base between the original on a 3-year pilot project to document how the partners. Caution is advised. New organizations tutor-based approach could meet the needs of require a lot of support from the original members. recent immigrants. This program (known as The determination of the vision, goals, objectives, LINC – Language Instruction to Newcomers in not to mention policies, procedures, and fi nancial Canada) is now an ongoing federal initiative. All and human resource issues demands time and programs change over time, and gradually the energy. The new staff, brimming with creativity Library’s program has shifted to support immi- and enthusiasm, will involve the original partners grants as funding for the earlier stream – English- in many activities in support of the cause. When speaking Canadians who could not read – was the new organization is established, the dynamics discontinued. of the original partnership change. The new organization may become as strong as, or stronger, than What Did We Learn from This? the original members, and may even become a competitor. Partnerships are powerful. They work Opportunities for new partnerships When all groups work together to identify the can be identifi ed need and the vision, the end result is powerful. Together, the partners learned the power of It is possible to look ahead for new partnership lobbying, and the impact on a community when opportunities. For example, by watching emerging agencies work together. This experience gave us government programs and those sectors which the courage to try other partnerships. It carried drive economic growth, public libraries can pos- us through our next couple of partnerships where ition themselves to take advantage of new areas of the collaboration was much more diffi cult to interest. In Canada, the literacy wave was followed achieve. by services for disabled persons, multiculturalism, career information, networking and technology, and early childhood education. The Library should not quickly give up its core business – the information business The Disability In retrospect, perhaps we could have positioned Information Services Helpline the library better if the Library had retained the information role instead of setting up a separate organization to do it. Yes, the Library ran a suc- The Hamilton Central Library has a department, cessful tutoring program; and yes, it had a positive the Resource Centre for Disabled Persons, benefi t on the library. But within the Association which provides materials in alternate formats, we were just one more service provider, and a publications about disabilities, and information small one at that. In subsequent partnerships about services for disabled persons. Staff from the Library used its unique skills as information this department was invited to meet with social providers to further the community’s agenda. In and health care providers to address the stated this and the next partnership, the information problem that “there were no services for disabled

216 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value persons and that those services which did exist advocates and experts in the disability issues, and were insuffi cient to meet the needs.” Participants the work which they do is valued by the com- were requested to put together proposals to munity. When the local rehabilitation hospital address this issue with the understanding that the looked to establishing a similar hospital-based committee would select one and help fi nd funding service for its clientele, it was decided to move to make the proposal a reality. the DISH operations to the hospital two days a week. This change of location did not affect the Staff from the Library and the Community original client base, since the phone service is Information Service (CIS), an agency also located offered from both locations, but this move ensured in the library that provides referrals to non-profi t funding stability. and service agencies, conferred and agreed that the real problem was not the stated one. Rather, The value to the Library was again that a different the problem was that disabled persons did not client group was introduced to library services. know how to fi nd out what was available, or were The use of the collection in the Resource Centre unable to access services because there was no rose dramatically. This also provided the impetus interagency service coordination or referrals. to review the library facilities and services to ensure that these met accessibility standards. The Library and the Community Information Service (CIS), proposed the establishment of What Did We Learn? an information and referral service with a component of informal counselling, thus integrating and expanding the information work already Speak the language of the partners provided by both the Library and the Community It was necessary to develop a vocabulary that Information Service. The service would be offered spanned both fi elds. The term ‘informal coun- as a ‘one-stop shopping’ model to facilitate selling’ was developed to describe the service. problem-solving of multiple issues. Both parties This described a level of service which went recognized that the proposed clientele would beyond ‘in-depth reference service’ which is not think of the Library as the place to go to typically provided by a public library, but is less for this type of assistance. Therefore, a ‘front’ than ‘counselling’ provided by the health care was required, and the Disability Information fi eld. It recognized that signifi cant time per client Services Helpline (DISH) was born. It was set was required to address multiple issues. For each up to be perceived as a separate entity, although situation, the client would be presented with it was fully integrated with the Library and CIS. options and suffi cient background information Two staff would provide the information service to make informed choices. and identify service gaps for other agencies. The Library would provide the infrastructure support Library collections are important (i.e. space, supervision, publicity, book-keeping, and collections). The CIS would provide access to As the service matured, the biggest surprise was their database of community resources, which in how useful the Library’s collections were to the turn the DISH staff would expand and update in clientele. Responses were enhanced by providing their area of expertise. An Advisory Committee of information from the Library’s collection. Clients service providers and disabled persons would add reported that this information was often more the community’s perspective to this partnership. helpful than the referrals to other agencies. Subsequently when partnerships are developed a The original planning group required several collection component has been included. meetings to explore the proposal since information services concepts were new to them. Meanwhile Manage expectations Library and CIS staff needed to learn the language of the health care and social services sectors. Library staff learned to state what the Library Eventually DISH was established and is still could and was willing to do, and as well as to operational. Funding has always been an issue state what could not be done right up front. This since the social service and health care sectors was a diffi cult partnership and this clarity ensured have been restructured several times. Fortunately, DISH’s survival later when funding continued to the DISH staff has a high community profi le as be an issue.

217 Beth Hovius

funder. Through open and ongoing discussions Career and Employment a way was found to address their needs without Resource Centres violating these values. However, the Library was prepared to withdraw from the partnership, The Hamilton Public Library’s fi ve Career and with all of the negative service implications, if a Employment Resource Centres emerged out of solution could not be found. an earlier partnership which created a Hamilton Business Directory, a multi-agency public-private The Hamilton Wentworth partnership. The Federal government was one District School Board of the partners and so when it decided to get out of direct service provision and instead fund community agencies (public and private) to The Hamilton Public Library has worked for many provide career and employment counselling and years with the Public School Board to address information, it asked the Library to start a Career student needs in many ways. Recently a formal Centre. The fi rst centre was so successful, that partnership agreement was signed which outlines the federal government redirected its funding in the ways in which the two organizations cooperate, Hamilton to support more library-based centres. and delineates both shared responsibilities, and There are now centres in fi ve Library branches. the lead responsibilities for each organization. By doing this, the value that the library brings to The Library’s Career and Employment Resource the local public schools is now clearly articulated Centres provide job hunting and career informa- and understood. tion. Each Centre has a collection of approximately 1,000 items, access to online resources, as well What Have We Learned? as additional computers with résumé-writing software for public use and a fax machine to Create value enable job hunters to e-mail or fax in résumés. There is a staff person for each Centre who The power of this collaboration came from com- provides assistance in job search strategies and bining partners’ core competencies in mutually résumé writing by appointment or by chance. reinforcing ways. For example, in this partnership it was agreed that the Public Library would take The library wins because career information is the lead role in providing electronic information a natural fi t and an expansion of its information resources (including negotiation of the leasing and lifelong learning roles. Staff at those branches arrangements), thereby freeing the schools to where there is a Centre have upgraded their focus on other areas. reference skills to support the types of questions being asked. Again we are attracting different The process of talking is as important as the customers. end result

What Have We Learned? We have observed that the starting point of a partnership is the tendency to talk about what each partner wants from the partnership and what Information skills of library staff are the other partners can do to help, as opposed to highly valued what can be done together. It is only as both sides The funders value the quality of the service pro- communicate their issues, and share a common vided by library staff. An independent evaluation language that the areas of mutual benefi t and of various Career Centres throughout the city concern can be identifi ed. When this happens, the determined that those run by library staff provided synergy of the partnership is at its most powerful, the best quality service, even when measured as the next partnership will illustrate. against other long-time service providers. Multicultural Early Adhere to core values at all times Learning Initiatives (MELD) Initially it appeared that the Library’s core values, of inclusiveness, accessibility and confi dentiality, MELD is a family literacy project planned and were at confl ict with the requirements of the implemented by eleven community partners. It 218 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value is intended to reach new immigrant families and several chapters of a local service club, the federal provide parents with support for their children’s government Summer Work Experience grants, a early learning and school readiness. MELD is book distributor, media partners, social agencies, supported by dual1 language family workbooks, some individual donors, and local businesses. accessible dual language collections and family programs. A group of teachers developed a work- Most libraries are aware of the benefits and book based upon five school readiness skills values of a Library’s summer reading programs for parents and children to work with at home. and Hamilton Public Library experiences are no Library staff then hold programs in the schools different. This program has run for more than 35 to encourage parents and children to participate years. There are four different reading clubs for in the program. At these sessions, parents and readers, reluctant readers, teens and preschoolers children are encouraged to complete one activity with over 10,000 participants. Each summer over from the workbook together and each child 30 students are hired to assist with the programs. receives a book bag and a sticker sheet. Parents In addition, an adult reading club was introduced and children are also encouraged to visit the this summer. local library. When a child completes the fi ve activities, the child returns the workbook to the What Have We Learned? school where these are displayed. Teachers also encourage the children and their parents to visit Show the BIG picture the library and they make library card applications available in any of the project’s six languages. It is far more effective to package the results of the whole program, and show each partner its contributions to the whole rather than to show What Have We Learned? only their specifi c contribution. For example, when we showed the federal department that Use your community’s strengths to they partially funded 30+ summer positions, as address issues opposed to fully funding six positions, they were This is a project that neither the school board nor able to use this as leverage to obtain more funding the library could do on their own. It needed the for summer jobs in public libraries in subsequent knowledge and support of the local immigrant years. community to identify the specifi c needs of the various cultures, and provide translation assist- Build relationships ance. This is a partnership of partnerships since such diverse groups as SISO (Settlement and Donor recognition is very important and is very Immigration Services) CATCH (Community labour intensive. This annual process is time- Access to Child Health) and CAPC (Community consuming but absolutely necessary to keep an Access Programs for Children) enabled this ongoing commitment. Libraries which choose to project to focus on very specifi c needs of a vul- fundraise for ongoing programs must recognize nerable clientele. that there can be as much work in the ongoing care of donors as there is in running the program itself and be willing to make this commitment. This The Summer Reading Clubs can be very diffi cult unless there is a department or foundation to support the Library’s fundraising Hamilton Public Library partners with several efforts. It is not possible to support many ongoing organizations to offer the Summer Reading pro- programs at one time with fundraising efforts grams. This partnership is different from previous unless the infrastructure is in place. partnerships, in that it is based on the fundraising model to enable the library to meet community The Hamilton Spectator expectations. The catalyst for this is both library- and community-driven. On one hand, the program is so popular that existing library resources This partnership is included because it was one cannot meet the demand without community of the few that Library staff actively cultivated assistance. On the other hand, there are many over an extended period of time. The Hamilton organizations who like to give funds to support Spectator is the local newspaper and has been children and reading. Partners include: a bank, a library partner for several years. Each year a 219 Beth Hovius

formal agreement is signed in which they specify are often constrained. If Hamilton Public Library how they will provide advertising (up to CAD were not also a client of the Spectator, it doubtful 50,000 annually) to support various library ini- that the partnership would have emerged. tiatives. In return, they are the major partner for several annual events such as: Hamilton-Wentworth Information Network (HWIN) • The Power of the Pen – the annual teen writing contest which fi rst began in 1994. • The Summer Reading Club programs. This partnership shows what can happen when • The fi rst One Book, One City promotion in the Library provides the vision for its community. 2004. Both of these partnerships resulted in success far beyond what was fi rst believed possible. Various Spectator reporters and editors were asked to assist in many library initiatives to build In the early 1990s the Library established the trust and demonstrated the similarity of the Hamilton Wentworth Information Network, interests and values of the two organizations. consisting of representatives of the Boards of Personal contact was encouraged (e.g. to judge a Education, Mohawk College, McMaster University, children’s bookmark contest) and opportunities and the Library in order to discuss the sharing of were provided for them to meet the clientele of information resources. At fi rst, the initiatives the programs they were supporting. The sales focused on collection issues, but very quickly it department was encouraged to sell newspapers at moved to connectivity issues. The group’s goal, the annual book sale. The Library never asked for expanded to include the City and local business, free advertising for its core business, but ensured was to build a strong electronic network. Under that some advertising was regularly purchased. the leadership of this group, all public buildings Gradually, as the number of initiatives in which such as city facilities, recreation centres, fi re halls, they were participating grew, the Spectator asked schools, libraries (including those in distant rural to talk about a more formal relationship. The communities), the college and the university are Hamilton Public Library then became one of connected by fi bre cable and there is a direct T10 six organizations which it formally supports as a Internet cable that connects Hamilton to Toronto community partner. for the exclusive use of these partners. All of this was done with operating funds, at a fraction of What Did We Learn? the cost had it been done individually and in an uncoordinated manner. And, symbolically, the Meet the needs of the sponsor network support equipment is located in the Central Library, a memento of the lead role the Media organizations have very specifi c guidelines library played in this initiative. about who they will partner with and for what purpose. Generally, they have a statement of purpose that relates to their business plan. What Did We Learn? When making a case for their sponsorship, (i.e. partnership) it is important to pay particular Lead with your knowledge and your vision attention to their needs and expectations. For example, since it is important to the Spectator that The Library was able to use its leading-edge their auditorium be used, the opening reception knowledge of the information business to address for the One Book, One City initiative was held a city-wide issue. It expanded the vision to ensure there. that all public buildings, not just libraries, had good quality, high-speed electronic connections. It made it work by planning and building the Recognize what business they are in network with other partners to ensure that One important factor to remember is that the local the network was not only robust but also cost- paper is in the advertising business. It is essential effective, as this cooperative approach greatly not to ask for free coverage for something that the reduced the initial costs. This positioned the city Library should be paying for. It is also advisable to and the Library to provide services in dramatically purchase some advertising, even though budgets different ways.

220 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value

community portal. It builds on the work of a The City of Hamilton number of earlier partnership initiatives such as the Business Information Network, and an earlier This partnership is unusual because we actively website called PICHamilton (Public Information seek out ways in which we can partner with the Centre Hamilton) which searched and indexed City2 for various initiatives to strengthen the information from the partners of the HWIN relationship and build trust and credibility. The network and community non-profi t groups. But City of Hamilton is the source of the Library’s the true catalyst was the mutual respect between funding. Therefore we actively seek opportunities Library and City staff in the technology and to partner with them to provide services for other information area. clients, as well as for opportunities to provide services for the city itself. The portal for the City of Hamilton provides a common interface and navigation for all city, library and community organizations. It replaces What Did We Learn? other community information sources such as PICHamilton. It is a one-stop source of information Showcase the talents and skills of your library, about any service, need, or program that exists in even if there is no immediate payoff the city. E-commerce will enable individuals to The Hamilton Public Library offers staff support conduct business with the city electronically. whenever possible. For example, a librarian was Gradually as this expands, customers will even loaned to a city department to help organize the be able to pay library fi nes on-line. content for a Call Center. Library staff edited a report for the City Management Team to ensure The design of the portal’s interface is unique a common voice and consistent information. because of the high profi le which the library The Library selected and ordered a reference receives. On each page there is a link to the collection for a city-operated service. It is true Hamilton Public Library. Each time someone that the Library incurred costs for these but the searches for information, a box on the right resulting goodwill is beyond measurement. hand side of the page provides simultaneous consolidated searching of the Library’s collections. Help fi nd solutions for their problems For example, if someone is seeking information about day care providers, the main window will After amalgamation, the city found it necessary provide information about the day care centres to rent expensive downtown offi ce space. The in Hamilton while the box at the right will pro- Library offered to moved its Technical Services vide the books and articles about day care in to another city building, thus freeing prime the Library’s collections. In this way, Library downtown space at the Central Library for resources are truly integrated into the lives of the city’s use. This not only resulted in savings Hamilton residents. of over CAD 500,000 annually, but more importantly the City’s Information Technology The portal provides opportunities for community Department relocated to this space, which has discussions groups, for forums on various created synergies and opportunities for further topics, and space for non-profi t organizations cooperation and collaboration. to participate. One specifi c role that the Library This strategy has resulted in a climate of goodwill assumed in the development of the portal was and mutual trust and respect. In turn, this led not only the championing and guiding the com- to a new partnership which has the potential to munity’s access to the portal, but more importantly integrate the Library into the life of the community the training of community groups to mount and more than ever before possible. use information.

Library staff were heavily involved in the portal’s MyHamilton.ca: The Community Portal development. The portal’s development was led by a team of three, one of whom was a library The newest, and possibly the most challenging, of manager who was seconded to the project for a all of our partnerships has been the new Hamilton full year at the Library’s expense.

221 Beth Hovius

What Did We Learn? posters of football players reading to kids in the library. There was a promotional day where the A high level of trust is required players worked at the circulation desk to help ‘sign out’ materials. They included the library in In earlier partnerships, there was time for all all of their promotional materials such as tray partners to learn a common language. However, mats at the local fast food restaurants “because it when a partnership is based upon a leading- doesn’t cost us anything and it is for a good cause.” edge application which requires a high level of They made one game night, ‘the Hamilton Public technical expertise, partners either enter the Library night’ and made a promotional video of partnership with the necessary expertise, or they the library to show before the game, and during are not able to participate in all decisions. In this halftime. In addition, they reduced ticket prices partnership, situations arose which exposed a for library staff and gave a half-price admission partner to signiﬁ cant risk. It was necessary for to anyone who donated a children’s book that that partner to make critical decisions on behalf evening. of the entire group to protect itself. For this to happen trust was critical; if lacking it could have destroyed the partnership and brought the project What Did We Learn? to a halt. Customers grow up and will remember you, and in ways that you can’t anticipate Manage expectations We learned later that the Marketing Director who This lesson brings us back to one of the earliest approached us had fond memories of libraries lessons learned through our partnerships – manage from his childhood. His mother was a teacher expectations. Even though the development who strongly encouraged reading and his use of team’s project is complete and the team members the library. So keep up the good work! have returned to their regular jobs, those partners who were unable to participate fully continue to have unmet expectations. As an interim solution, Everyone wins several librarians have been appointed Channel This partnership provided a ‘win-win’ for both masters in order to assist these partners to more partners. Attendance at the games soared and as fully recognize the portal’s potential. it became a family activity the Tiger Cats were actually able to measure this by a slip in beer sales! The Hamilton Tiger Cats (Fortunately, this was offset by increased food revenue.) As for the impact on the summer reading program – there was an increase in the number This next partnership is one of the most fun of boys ages 10–12 years old who participated, partnerships we have been involved with. The and this group read more books per person than Tiger Cats are the local Canadian Football League in previous years. team. The team was recently bought by a former Hamiltonian, Bob Young, known to many as the founder of Red Hat, a software company. He hired Partnerships that celebrate libraries and literacy a young and ambitious marketing team to renew are fun and engaging the franchise and boost attendance, and so the So select your game. Choose your team. Practice marketing director approached the Library to do and play hard. Show your appreciation. Celebrate a joint promotion. the results.

A number of ideas were pitched for their support and they chose the Summer Reading Club as In Conclusion their major focus because its demographics met their target audience. The Ticats arranged to give Add Value to Your Community each child who joined one of the summer reading clubs two free tickets for a game. Last summer the Libraries must focus their efforts on adding value library gave out over 20,000 free tickets. But it to their local community. In return, the beneﬁ ts to didn’t stop there. They also made and distributed the Library will take care of themselves.

222 Public Library Partnerships which Add Value

Focus on Core Strengths and Skills Make the Effort The provision and organization of information, Partnerships are hard work. Make the effort to services to children, the promotion of books, read- develop win-win relationships and overcome ing and literacy, are all areas where partnerships obstacles. Partnership development requires it. are a natural ﬁ t. It also requires creativity, lateral thinking, active listening and the ability to synthesize varying agendas into a workable whole. Remember there Anticipate Trends in Public Policy is more than one way to make something happen Future partnership opportunities can often so keep the lines of communication open and the be determined by watching new government solution will evolve. initiatives and then getting involved with them. In Ontario, the literacy wave has been followed Savour the Results by services for disabled persons, multiculturalism, career information, networking and technology, And ﬁ nally when the partnership is running, and most recently early childhood education. savour the results. It will all be worth it if your community is a better place for your efforts. Showcase the Skills of Library Staff

Remember that the skill set of library staff is second Notes to none when information is being provided. 1. Languages include Urdu, Vietnamese, French, Encourage partnerships which use library staff to Portuguese, Turkish and Punjabi. These were selected provide information – they will shine. by the participating schools. 2. In Ontario, The Public Library Act mandates that public libraries are independent organizations Be True to Your Core Values operating under the direction of a Board of Directors Inclusiveness, accessibility, conﬁ dentiality and with funding provided by the local municipality. the insistence on the sharing of information are Edited version of a paper presented at the World Library all enduring strengths valued by others. Don’t and Information Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2005, in session compromise these for any partnership. 104, Division of Libraries Serving the General Public.

223 Key Publications in Library Marketing: a review

Christie M. Koontz, Dinesh K. Abstract Gupta and Sheila Webber This paper reviews key contributions to library marketing literature, from the early 1970s through the present. Many of the bibliographic citations lead to hundreds of publications authored over the last 30 years. As marketing developed in the United States and western culture, the majority of the publications are in English. The authors solicit contributions from non-Western authors and others considered key by readers to be included in a second article. Please send relevant information to Christie Koontz at [email protected]. Keywords: marketing; libraries

Introduction

The concept of marketing within the business sector of United States society originated in the 1950s. Prior to this, emphasis was placed on producing products without regard for consumer needs or demand, coupled with the intent to sell that same product to an undeﬁ ned market for a proﬁ t.

Demand at this time was far greater than supply and the customer usually had to seek out the producer (Simpson, 1984). Eventually this trend reversed and consumers realized they could demand choices. Hence was born marketing, a consumer demand-oriented product concept.

Marketing entered the consciousness of different industries at different times during this period. Marketing spread rapidly from large US companies such as General Electric and Sears & Roebuck, to consumer goods companies, paper and steel industries, and fi nally into consumer service fi rms such as airlines, AMTRAK, the US Postal Offi ce and banks (Kotler, 1980). Even doctors and lawyers, who traditionally relied upon demand being more prevalent than supply, eventually turned to a marketing way of thinking.

Philip Kotler (1969) in a classic article which appeared in the Journal of Marketing, broadened the concept of marketing and is credited with the rapid extension of marketing into many non- traditional sectors. Kotler states that marketing has two perceived meanings:

1. Selling, inﬂ uencing and persuading people to buy things they do not necessarily need or want. 2. A weaker meaning, in the public mind now and then, is the concept of sensitively serving and satisfying human needs.

This latter deﬁ nition develops consumer loyalty and focuses on consumer needs and wants. As Kotler infers, the recognition that About the Authors: page 231 effective marketing requires a consumer orientation instead of

Copyright © 2006 Authors. IFLA Journal 32(3): 224–231. 224 IFLA ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206070185 Key Publications in Library Marketing a product orientation, gives marketing a ‘new in its 6th edition. The last edition (Andreasen and lease on life’ and ties its economic activities to Kotler, 2003) uses public libraries illustratively. a higher social purpose. And it is this second side of marketing that attracted institutions in In that same decade, ‘Marketing Scientifi c and the nonprofi t sector such as colleges, hospitals, Technical Information Services’ was the fi rst paper museums and libraries. on the marketing area included in the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Weinstock, Libraries, like other nonprofi t organizations, vary 1976.) It was stated that information specialists in their awareness and use of marketing ideas. were beginning to use marketing techniques and Many are just beginning to apply marketing that their effective use could ensure growth and actively, while others have been marketing for development of information systems. In 1992, more than two decades. For libraries in the early another paper appeared in the encyclopedia on period, books and articles about marketing were ‘Information Marketing in Libraries.’ comparatively rare. However, it is worth noting that some did exist: for example Briscoe’s (1921) The banner year for articles on library marketing fascinating Library Advertising, subtitled ‘publicity’ to be published was 1977, when over a dozen methods for public libraries, library-work with publications appeared. Marketing the Library children, rural library schemes, with a chapter on Service, a Library Association (UK) publication the cinema and library. This foreshadows some in the LA Management Pamphlet Series was one of the strategies advocated even today, such as of the fi rst in the fi eld to use ‘marketing’ in its title targeting library newsletters at different groups, (Yorke, 1977). Though not written by a professional and having tie-ins with fi lms. librarian, but by a management expert, the author justifi es marketing in libraries.

The 1970s At fi rst sight it might appear to the reader that ‘libraries’ of one sort or another have After Kotler’s initial breakthrough article, many nothing whatsoever to do with the subject of non-goods sectors began publishing marketing- ‘marketing.’ ‘Marketing’ it may be conjectured, related literature. The library fi eld recognized is a word which made its appearance in the marketing, but suffered from some misperceptions. world of industry and commerce… Historically, it is interesting to note that from 1921 till 1943 libraries reported in Library Literature all However, it explains the similarities between a activities within the ‘promotion’ arm of the market library and other organizations irrespective of the mix under ‘publicity.’ From 1943 until Library fi eld of activity in which they are operating, and Literature went online, all such activities fell under the application of marketing in libraries. ‘public relations’ with explicit publicity activities such as book fairs, etc., under a subhead ‘publicity.’ Academic librarian Trudi Bellardo and professor ‘Marketing,’ even though a plethora of writings Thomas Waldhart (1977) wrote an excellent was available, was not referenced in Library article for Libri examining the possibilities of Literature. By contrast, it is worthwhile to note applying marketing techniques to the products that Library and Information Science Abstracts and services of academic libraries. This was the (LISA) introduced the key term ‘marketing’ for fi rst of many such articles that were spawned searching the database in 1969, and since that within a period of a few years in various specialty time the numbers of results have been rising areas of librarianship such as law, art, special and continuously. While a search on ‘marketing’ hit school libraries. only 30 papers during 1970–1975, this increased to 1,146 during 1996–2000. The Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) was in its 5th volume in In the early 1970s, librarians and information 1970, when the heading ‘marketing’ appeared for specialists began to consider that certain aspects the fi rst time. In 1970 and in subsequent issues of marketing might be a signifi cant means by of ARIST some entries are under the heading which to improve library services. Kotler’s fi rst of marketing. Most of the referred studies were nonprofi t oriented book, Marketing for Nonprofi t restricted to the relationship between user studies Organizations, was published in 1975, and is now and information system design and subsequently

225 Christie Koontz et al.

presented under labels such as user needs, user the essentials of marketing theory and practice for training and economies of information. The library and information services. It includes widely gradual and sustained growth in perceptibility of acclaimed journal articles by Lewitt (‘Marketing marketing in library and information centers led myopia’, 1960), Kotler (‘Broadening the marketing to this fi rst review on ‘marketing’. It contains 57 concept’, 1969 and ‘Strategies for introducing references dated 1957 through 1978 on marketing- marketing into non-profi t organizations’, 1979). related business, public administration, education, In the same year, Bob Usherwood’s The Visible library and information science, economics and Library (1981) highlighted that public libraries sociology. This gives the fi rst extensive coverage of needed to develop expertise in public relations in the topic and cited 14 references related specifi cally order to retain a high profi le with their markets to library and information services. This review and maintain their place in society. The second not only contains the list of papers with abstracts, edition of the ASLIB publication, The Marketing of but also mentions literature that is critical of the Libraries and Information Services, which applied application of marketing to information. The marketing broadly to nonprofi t institutions, was appearance of some good words about marketing published in 1992 (Cronin, 1992). and pricing in information science or library literature, at conferences, and in the works of a In 1982, Gene Norman published a summary of few newer authors in the library circuit are en- library marketing literature in Reference Services couraging (Freeman and Katz, 1978). Review (Norman, 1982). The list of 94 articles and books was complete for that time and included a A leader in the early library marketing literature large number of public relations articles; it helped was Andrea Dragon (1979) who concluded that prioritize marketing within library literature. public libraries needed to conduct marketing as Norman provided a second annotated guide in the library was losing its share of the tax dollar. 1989 (Norman, 1989). Dragon wrote prolifi cally through the next 5 years, contributing to the concept of price (the sum of In 1984, a landmark work by Darlene Weingand, customer costs) for library intangible services, as Marketing for Libraries and Information Agencies, well as the importance of the location of facilities was published (Weingand, 1984). Eleven readings for optimal library use. discuss the marketing perspective – yet not one was from the promotion or public relations angle. The 1980s The readings covered the theories of marketing and marketing models, as well as reviewing actual applications of marketing in libraries and In 1981, Library Journal published its fi rst special information agencies. Weingand also published report on marketing, ‘Beyond PR: Marketing for another title Marketing/Planning in Libraries and Libraries’ (Eisner, 1981) The report included articles written by library leaders who recognized Information Centers in 1987, a second edition of that, though marketing is not a panacea for all which was published in 1999 . varied library problems, it was an additional In 1988, Elizabeth Wood, a library professor, weapon in the planning arsenal. Illinois Libraries also came out with a special issue, ‘Marketing for published Strategic Marketing for Libraries: a Libraries’ (1983). Later on, many other journals Handbook (Wood, 1988). The publication was brought out special issues on marketing including: a unique guide, going beyond endorsement Journal of Library Administration in 1984, of publicity and selling techniques to a more Library Trends in 1985, Information Outlook, thoughtful, practical, in-depth discussion of how ASLIB Information in 1991 and 1993, DESIDOC marketing principles fi t into library operations Bulletin of Information Technology in 1998 and and planning. Wood stressed lesser-known 2002, PNLA Quarterly in 2002, Acquisition marketing activities such as segmentation and Librarian, 2002, SCONUL Focus in 2004, etc. opportunity analysis, also introducing the concept Information Outlook brings out two special issues of partnering marketing activities with strategic every year on marketing related areas. planning. This work has been overlooked by and large, and still has value for today’s librarians. The first authentic ‘marketing of library and information services’ text is an ASLIB publication Rejean Savard, a professor of management and (Cronin, 1981). This collection of writings outlined marketing at the University of Montreal developed

226 Key Publications in Library Marketing the fi rst guidelines for teaching marketing and a probable low use is then more a sign of poor management (Guidelines, 1988). marketing than of low interest of the service evaluated (1991, p. 4). The newsletter Marketing Treasures started in 1987, originally in print, but transferred to solely Renborg’s work is a classic and provides an electronic in January of 1999 (www.chrisolson. extensive bibliography of work and research that com/marketingtreasures). The newsletter offers provide the background of burgeoning interest tips, ideas and insights to librarians and others in marketing for libraries beginning from 1876. on how to promote and apply marketing tools In 1997 Renborg addressed audiences at the to information services and products. Marketing 63rd IFLA conference, opining that elements Treasures articles span the full range of marketing of marketing are embodied in age-old library and promotion issues faced by all types of librarians activities such as publicity, public relations, around the globe. Although the newsletter was not advertising and extension work. Renborg noted published for a period of almost three years, it that started again in 2005, offering useful information on marketing LIS, freely available on the net today’s marketing of library services has its (Marketing Treasures, 1987). deep roots in parts of the USA and northern Europe, in countries with few illiterates, more The bi-monthly newsletter Marketing Library money, libraries and library schools than the Services (MLS) (www.infotoday.com/mls) started rest of the world. (Renborg, 1997) in 1988, giving specifi c coverage on marketing of library services (as the name clearly suggests). Renborg’s earlier work (1984) was a landmark The newsletter was created to provide practical that is often overlooked in library literature, information on marketing processes and techniques which identifi ed the importance of recognizing which can be applied in the library environment, competition, targeting customer groups, and and to extend the profession’s awareness of the assessing channels of distribution. relevance of marketing to libraries. MLS provides information professionals in all types of libraries Many easy to understand guides appeared during this decade. Marketing: A how-to -do manual for with specifi c ideas for marketing their services. librarians (Walters, 1992) is a workbook. Similarly, MLS continues to hold its own amongst other ASLIB published a guide How To Market Your Information Today publications with a widespread Library Services Effectively in its popular series international audience. ASLIB’s Know How Guides in 1994 and its second edition in 1997 (Coote, 1994; 1997). The second ARIST Review on Marketing discussed the earlier trends and developments in The Library Association (UK) published Marketing library marketing from 1982 through 1988 (Tucci, Concepts for Libraries and Information Services 1988). Its scope covers all aspects of marketing, (DeSaez, 1993). The second edition of the book including the four Ps (Product, Pricing, Place/ appeared in 2002. The extended text builds on Distribution, Promotion) and related areas of the essential strengths of the fi rst edition with marketing research, surveys, and marketing plans. updated case study examples and bibliographies, It identifi es the greatest changes during the period plus revised and added sections covering public with increased emphasis on combining strategic relations and marketing, cyber@marketing, planning with marketing, and promotion of emer- e-commerce, e-mail marketing, relationship ging technologies and new services refl ecting the marketing, data mining, and wired marketing, increased technology needs of library users. An in the digital age. Salaün (1992) also provided annotated bibliography of literature reviewed is a core text, exploring the nature of marketing included. and its relevance to libraries, and explaining key concepts. The 1990s A lesser known publication of the Library Association (UK) (now known as the Chartered A major contributor to library marketing literature, Institute of Library and Information Professionals, Greta Renborg from Sweden introduced the CILIP), but one which is valuable in its concise provocative notion that and accurate approach to explaining ‘library

227 Christie Koontz et al.

marketing,’ was authored by Keith Hart (1999), an increasingly virtual environment. Similarly, marketing manager to a leading library supplier as information broking emerged as a profession, in Great Britain. Putting Marketing Ideas into there were more books and articles on fee-based Action, in the Successful LIS Professional services (e.g. Wormall, 1996) which concentrated Series, offers an action-oriented approach and on challenging aspects of information marketing, step-by-step knowledge of developing marketing such as pricing. communications based upon customer research. Special libraries, normally having a smaller Rejean Savard remains a strong force in the client base, are often better placed than public international community, and facilitated the and academic libraries to tailor their services development of the IFLA Management and to individuals and small groups. Some excellent Marketing Section (1997). This Section has texts aimed at this market emerged. For example, sponsored pre-conferences at almost every IFLA St. Clair (1993) highlights the need for good annual conference since the Section’s inception, customer service, and identifi es steps in tailoring focusing on various activities, including marketing your service to the needs of the client. planning, communication and research. Key proceedings and publications (Bouthillier, 2002); Public libraries continued to be the focus of (Savard, 2002); (McAdam, 2005); (Gupta, 2006) some publications. Thierry Giappiconi (1999), can be found on the IFLA website, www.ifl a. a leader in marketing literature in France, org. published Adjusting the Product – Tools of marketing at the service of the public libraries’ An increasing number of substantial publica- objectives and their service quality, which brings tions focused on particular library sectors, or forth the critical view that marketing embodies key facets of marketing, and some examples are the entirety of interrelationships with actual or given here. potential users and aims to fi ne tune the services provided. In the UK, Kinnell and MacDougall Christie Koontz authored the only work of (1994) produced a book based on research into its kind, Library Facility Siting and Location public library marketing. This provides both an Handbook (1997), which reviews the critical interesting picture of the state of marketing in needs for librarians to know the extent of geo- UK public libraries of the time, and useful advice graphic market areas in order to identify actual about planning and implementing marketing and potential customer demographics and pat- strategies. terns of use. The publication identifi es the critical nature of understanding the relationship of library Sheila Webber authored the most compre- offerings to the price customers pay to use the hensive review to date of works and attitudes of library (time), interlinked to location. Koontz also professionals towards marketing, in a contribution authors a regular featured article in Marketing to Library and Information Work Worldwide Library Services (published by Information Today, (Webber, 1999). The bibliography for Webber’s Inc) from 2001 to address marketing topics in chapter indicates the growing interest in marketing layman’s terms (Koontz, 2001–2006). from Africa, Australia, Asia and Russia. Webber offers a valuable discussion of the constraints of Libraries long suffer from haphazard approaches marketing intangible services versus products or to services and product development. But the work tangible goods. This leads to a review of marketing Product Design and Test Marketing of Information virtual services which began burgeoning around Products/ Services (Jain, 1999), a study supported the turn of the new century. by IDRC, provides product/service development processes in library and information centers The 21st Century based on practical experiences in a very lucid manner. Information product development and marketing were important for people in the By this time many new marketing terminologies commercial information industry, and texts aimed started to appear in LIS marketing literature, such at information providers also have relevance as internal marketing, relationship marketing, for library and information professionals. For Internet marketing, integrated marketing, example, DiRenzo (1993) and Trudell (1991) customer focused marketing, and so forth. A provide good advice, pertinent for librarians in timely work from Dinesh K. Gupta and Ashok

228 Key Publications in Library Marketing

Jambhekar, An Integrated Approach to Services management of libraries and was organized by the Marketing: a book of reading on marketing of IFLA Management and Marketing Section. library and information services (2003), addresses many such concepts. They note Commercial information providers and hosts have made a contribution to marketing education and despite in the interest in marketing there support, making useful material accessible over remains for the most part lack of familiarity the Internet. For example, LexisNexis (http:// with the total marketing concepts. Many www.lexisnexis.com/infopro/training/toolkits/) myths still persist in the minds of library has produced a series of toolkits, supporting and information service providers about the initiatives such as the US National Library Week. marketing concept. Elsevier’s Library Connect Pamphlet 8: Marketing Library Resources: An annotated bibliography The authors organize the readings around the (Decooman, 2005), available free online and in foundation and framework of library marketing; print, covers most literature published during the customer focus approaches; tools and techniques period 1998–2005. It gives a detailed note of the used in marketing planning; use of the Internet for resources (both print and online) categorized into marketing communications; and how to internally marketing concepts such as: strategic planning; inculcate marketing. environmental scanning; customer services, media relations and public relations: outreach and liaison Representative of this trend is a recent publication efforts; marketing digital resources; developing by the American Library Association (ALA) The and fundraising; relationship marketing; and Visible Librarian: Asserting your value with evaluation. marketing and advocacy (Siess, 2003) which brings together the fi ve concepts of customer A new IFLA title, Marketing in Libraries and service, marketing, publicity, public relations and Information Services: international perspectives advocacy, to be visible among users, patrons, and (Gupta et al, 2006) gives a cohesive picture of fund providers. the LIS marketing at the international level from different perspectives. The work is divided With the dawn of the new century, marketing into six chapters: marketing concept in libraries education is still on the periphery of core in a changing perspective; marketing practices curricula in library schools. Some schools of in libraries around the world; role of library library and information studies offer courses associations in promoting marketing; education, in the summer months, or include a section training and research in LIS marketing; excellence referring to marketing in required management in library marketing; and databases and other courses. Workshops, materials and grants are marketing literature. In all it includes 40 papers offered at the local and state levels to promote from 47 contributors from 20 countries. librarians learning about marketing or specifi c marketing activities. In 2001, Rejean Savard This article is our fi rst international view of library organized an IFLA conference satellite meeting marketing publication activity during the last in Quebec, Canada, on ‘Education and Research three decades. The authors request recommended for Marketing and Quality Management in articles for the next review to include more non- Libraries.’ The published papers (Savard, 2002) western authors and approaches. reviewed teaching standards and efforts for new students, continuing education, new approaches, and barriers to implementing marketing once References learned. Andreasen, A. and Kotler, P. (2003) Strategic marketing for nonprofi t organizations. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Not only the content changed but there were Prentice Hall. also changes in pedagogy and use of technologies Bellardo, T. and Waldhardt, T. (1977) Marketing pro- in teaching and learning marketing LIS. The ducts and services in academic libraries. Libri, 27, publication e-Learning for Management and 181–194. Marketing in Libraries (McAdam, 2005) refl ects Bouthillier, F. (2002) The teaching of marketing and quality management in schools of library and infor- the content and richness of the IFLA satellite mation studies: the case of North America. In Savard, meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2003. It R. (Ed.) Education and Research for Marketing and was devoted to e-learning for the marketing and Quality Management in Libraries: Satellite meeting:

229 Christie Koontz et al.

Quebec, August 14–16 2001. Munich: KG Saur. marketing et le management des bibliothèques: 21–30. papers presented at the IFLA Satellite Meeting section Briscoe, W.A. (1921) Library advertising. New York: H.H. Management & Marketing .., Geneva, Switzerland, Wilson. July 28–30, 2003. München K.G. Saur, 2005. (IFLA Coote, H (1994) How to market your library services Publications 115) effectively. London: ASLIB. Marketing for libraries. (1983) Illinois Libraries, 65 Coote, H (1997) How to market your library services (March). [Special issue] effectively. 2nd ed. London: ASLIB. Marketing library services. (1988-) Medford, NJ: Informa- Cronin, B., ed. (1981) The marketing of library and infor- tion Today, Inc. mation services. London: ASLIB. Marketing treasures. (1987) Online version now available Cronin, B., ed. (1992) The marketing of library and infor- at http://www.chrisolson.com/marketingtreasures mation services, 2nd ed. London: ASLIB. Norman, O.G. (1982) Marketing libraries and information Decooman, D. (2005) Marketing library resources: An services: an annotated guide to the literature. Reference annotated bibliography. San Diego: Elsevier. www. Services Review, (Spring) 69–80. elsevier.com/libraryconnect Norman, O.G. (1989) Marketing library and information DeSaez, E. (1993) Marketing concepts for libraries and services: an annotated guide to recent trends and deve- information services. London: Library Association lopments. Reference Services Review, 17 (1) 43–64. Publishing. Renborg, G. (1984) Public libraries today and tomorrow: DeSaez, E. (2002) Marketing concepts for libraries approaches to their goals and management. Library and information services 2nd ed. London: Facet and Information Research Report, Bertelsmann Foun- Publishing. dation, Colloquium Gutersloh. DiRenzo, T. (1993) Developing new markets for infor- Renborg, G. (1991) Measuring: meaningless without mation products. Philadephia: NFAIS. marketing. Svensk Biblioteksforskning (3) 3–18. Dragon, A. (1979) Marketing the library. Wilson Library Renborg, G. (1997) Marketing library services: how it Bulletin 53, 498. all began. [63rd IFLA General Conference: confer- Eisner, Joseph, ed. (1981) Beyond PR: Marketing for ence proceedings: August 31–September 5, IFLA, libraries. Library Journal Special Report #18. New Copenhagen. http://www.iﬂ a.org/IViﬂ a63/63reng. York: Bowker Company. htm] Freeman, J. E. and Katz, R. M. (1978). Information mar- St. Clair, Guy. (1993) Customer service in the information keting. In Annual Review of Information Science and environment. London: Bowker-Saur. Technology, vol.13. New York: Knowledge Industry Salaün, J-M. (1992) Marketing des bibliothèques et des Publications (for ASIS). 37–59. centres de documentation. Paris: Editions du Cercle Giappiconi, Thierry. (1999) Adjusting the product – tools de la Librairie. of marketing at the service of the public libraries’ Savard, Rejean, ed. (2002) Education and research for objectives and their service quality. Latham, MD: marketing and quality management in libraries. Pro- Scarecrow Publishing. ceedings from satellite meeting. Quebec, August 14–16, Guidelines for the teaching of marketing in the training 2001. [International Federation of Library Associations of librarians, documentalists and archivists. (1988) and Institutions] Munchen: Saur. Paris, General Information Programme and UNISIST, Siess, J.A. (2003) The visible librarian: Asserting your UNESCO PGI-88/WS/1. value with marketing and advocacy. Chicago: Gupta, D.K. and Jambhekar, A., eds. (2003) An integrated American Library Association approach to services marketing: a book of reading on Simpson, T. (1984) The market challenge in public marketing of library and information services. Mumbai, libraries. In Marketing for libraries and information India: Allied Publishers Private Unlimited. agencies, ed. Darlene E. Weingand. Norwood, N.J.: Gupta, D. K. et al., eds. (2006) Marketing in library Ablex Publishing Corp., 24. and information services: international perspectives. Trudell, L. (1991) Marketing online services: product, mar- Munich: K. G. Saur. ket and strategy. Online Review, 15 (3/4) 207–225. Hart, Keith. (1999) Putting marketing ideas into action. Tucci, V. K. (1988) Information marketing for libraries. London: Library Association Publishing. In Annual Review of Information Science and Jain, A.K. et al. (1999) Product design and test marketing Technology. Vol. 23. Medford: Learned Information of information products/services. New Delhi: Oxford for the American Society for Information Science. and IBH. 59–82. Kinnell, M. and MacDougall, J. (1994) Meeting the mar- Usherwood, B. (1981) The visible library: practical keting challenge: strategies for marketing public library public relations for public libraries. London: Library and leisure services. London: Taylor Graham. Association. Koontz, C.M. (1997) Library facility siting and location Walters, S. (1992) Marketing: a how-to-do-it manual for handbook. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. librarians. NY: Neal-Schuman. Koontz, C.M. (2001–2006) Customer based marketing. Webber, S. (1999) Marketing of library and information Marketing Library Services, 15–20. services. In Line, M. (ed.) Library and information Kotler, P. (1969) Broadening the concept of marketing. work worldwide. London: Bowker Saur, 291–317. Journal of Marketing 33, 15. Weingand, D. (1984) Marketing for libraries and informa- Kotler, P. (1980) Principles of marketing. Englewood Cliffs, tion agencies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp. N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 5. Weingand, D. (1987) Marketing/Planning in Libraries McAdam, Daisy, ed. (2005) E-Learning for management and Information Centers. Littleton, CO: Libraries and marketing in libraries = E-Formation pour le Unlimited. 230 Key Publications in Library Marketing

Weingand, D. (1999) Marketing/Planning in Libraries write a column for Marketing Library Services, and Information Centers, 2nd. Littleton, CO: Libraries www.infotoday.com. She is a member of the IFLA Unlimited. Management and Marketing Section. E-mail: Weinstock, M. (1976) Marketing scientifi c and technical [email protected] information service. In Kent, A., ed. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, vol.17. New York: Dinesh K. Gupta is Associate Professor of Library Marcel Dekker. and Information Sc. at V M Open University, Kota Wood, E. (1988) Strategic marketing for libraries: a handbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. (India). He has widely published on Marketing Wormall, I. (1996) Success factors for fee-based infor- LIS, is a Member of the Standing Committee of mation services. Helsinki: NORDINFO. IFLA Management and Marketing Section. E-mail: Yorke, A. (1977) Marketing the library service. London: [email protected] The Library Association. (Library Association Manage- ment Pamphlets 3) Sheila Webber is a senior Lecturer in the Department of Information Studies, University of Sheffi eld, UK. Her key areas of teaching and research are information About the Authors literacy, marketing, and business information, and Christie Koontz is Associate in Library Studies at she has been invited to speak on these topics in the College of Information, Florida State University, many countries. She is a Fellow of the Chartered Tallahassee, FL, USA. Koontz also teaches mar- Institute of Library and Information Professionals, keting and management and conducts marketing and a Registered Practitioner of the Higher Education workshops for colleagues around the globe. Koontz Academy. E-mail: s.webber@sheffi eld.ac.uk

231 Cross-Sectorial Challenges for Archives, Libraries and Museums

Jon Birger Østby Abstract Archives, libraries and museums are established to serve society and their users, but there is considerable overlapping of sources across sector borders. Archives, libraries and museums all collect photographs. A survey in Norway shows that museums, like some libraries, have large and important collections of private archives. In a local community the museum might have a better collection of literature on local history than the public library, but it is not available to the general public and may even not be catalogued. The use of information and communication technology is the overriding challenge common to archives, libraries and museums. Improved cooperation between these institutions requires places where they can meet, such as seminars, conferences or networks. In many ways there seems to be greater potential for cooperation at regional and local levels than on a national level. For users it is irrelevant whether the sources of knowledge and experience are in the keeping of archives, libraries or museums. Their fi rst concern is to obtain access to the sources they seek and to make use of them, regardless of the different sectors involved. Jon Birger Østby, born 1945, Keywords: archives; cooperation; museums; national authorities is a civil engineer from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and has also Introduction studied ethnology and folklore at the University of Oslo. He Archives, libraries and museums (ALMs) are not established for has worked at the Institute of their own sake, but to serve society and their users. If we wish to Town and Regional Planning evaluate the importance of our institutions, we must measure their at the Norwegian University of importance to the public and their infl uence on society. Science and Technology, the Trøndelag Folkemuseum and For users it is irrelevant whether the sources of knowledge and Norsk Folkemuseum. From 1994 he was director for the Norwegian experience are in the keeping of archives, libraries or museums. Museum Authority. In January Their fi rst concern is to obtain access to the sources they seek and 2002 he started planning the to make use of them, regardless of the different sectors involved. establishment of ABM-utvikling (The Norwegian Archive, Library There is considerable overlapping of sources across sector borders. and Museum Authority) where he Archives, libraries and museums all collect photographs. A survey now is Director General. in Norway shows that museums, like some libraries, have large and important collections of private archives. In a particular community the museum might have a better collection of literature dealing with local history than the public library, but this material is not available to the general public and may even not be catalogued at all.

The following example may serve to illustrate my point.

The oldest known portrait of a Norwegian farmer, painted in 1699, shows Bjørn Frøysåk and his family. Frøysåk is standing in the centre between his two wives. His ﬁ rst wife and her children are on the left. When she died he remarried and his second wife is depicted on the right, together with her children. There are some inscriptions at the top of the picture, but anyone wishing to know more about Bjørn Frøysåk, his family, their costumes or perhaps

Copyright © 2006 Author. IFLA Journal 32(3): 232–236. 232 IFLA ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206070190 Challenges for Archives, Libraries and Museums his farms, will need to combine various sources all sources and with the opportunity to combine from ALMs. them, to make searches across institutional borders and, not least, to integrate the different When in the 1720s the Danish/Norwegian king types of sources. sold the churches in Norway in order to fi nance his wars, Gol stave church in Hallingdal was In 1999 the Norwegian Ministry of Culture bought by Bjørn Froysåk together with some presented a White Paper to Parliament. Originally other farmers in the same area and this painting the proposals were intended to deal with museums was hung up in the church as a memorial. Bjørn only. During the process, however, it was found Frøysåk appears to be a strong and wealthy man. practical to present a much broader initiative. If we go to the archives, we can fi nd out about his The paper was called ‘Sources of knowledge and background and his fortune, which includes the experience. Archives, libraries and museums in a ownership of at least 15 farms or parts of farms. society based on information technology’. The title We can trace the names and backgrounds of his clearly refl ects the fact that the overall challenges two wives. We can fi nd his children and see how in the use of information and communication his fortune was divided between them when he technology were the main reason for the Ministry died. Since he was a man of infl uence in the area deciding to present the plans for these three sectors where he lived, there is information about him together. Inspired by the creation of Resource in in local history books, while many Norwegians England, the Ministry proposed the establishment who are interested in family history can trace of one national authority for the development of their ancestors back to one or other of his fi fteen archives, public libraries and museums. children. The new institution, ABM-utvikling, was based on Consider his trousers. In the library there are a merger of the Norwegian Directorate for Public books about costume and fashion to show that Libraries, the Norwegian Museum Authority, and these trousers were inspired by the European the National Offi ce for Research, Documentation, Renaissance and look quite similar to those worn in Academic and Special Libraries. The Norwegian royal households 200 years earlier. His jacket and Archive, Library and Museum Authority is a cap, however, have even older roots, going back public institution under the control of the Ministry to costumes used in the Middle Ages. If we turn of Culture and Church Affairs, but working to museum collections, a pair of similar trousers across departmental and other administrative can be found in the Norwegian Folkmuseum, boundaries. as far as we know the only ones in existence. Furthermore, if we had digitized older literature, Both on the national level and not least in relation we could have found these trousers described to our international colleagues, ABM-utvikling by an English tourist who visited Norway in the is expected to focus primarily on cross-sectorial 1820s. In the archives we could look through the offi cial appraisals of the property of dead people challenges and cooperation between ALMs. and discover how common these trousers were, However, when the two ministries decided to together with their value. In the same way we establish ABM-utvikling, they also gave a clear could examine his wife’s jewellery. Libraries reveal signal that archives, libraries and museums should the connection with European fashion, archives continue to be regarded in the future as three indicate how common such items were, while individual sectors. ABM-utvikling was given in museums we can study the real objects, their a mandate to pay attention to the challenges material, construction and function. within these three sectors and to spend most of its resources on dealing with these problems. At the This picture of Bjørn Frøysåk and his family may same time, however, ABM-utvikling is expected to serve to represent the challenges we face in using encourage intersectorial cooperation in the areas the sources of knowledge ALMs have in common where such cooperation could result in better and as an example of how important it is to have services to users. the possibility of combining these sources. Last but not least, let us imagine how it would be if all these Why create a new governmental institution for sources in ALMs were digitized. There would be ALMs? The use of information and communication no need to go to all these separate institutions. We technology has already been mentioned as the could sit in our offi ces or homes with access to main overall challenge. Programmes are needed

233 Jon Birger Østby

to improve competence in our institutions in this reports and statistics of interest to ALM personnel. particular area. Some of these reports, for example ‘Museum architecture’, are directed at one particular sector, We should strive for better collaboration in: while others, such as ‘Digitalization of photo collections’ and ‘Competence development for a • developing programmes and standards that multicultural society’ are intended for all three. make it possible to use our sources across traditional borders Among ALMs there is a need for leadership train- • developing competence in and centres for the ing. Previously we had one programme in Norway digitization of older material for heads of research and educational libraries • taking care of material that is created in digital and another for museum directors. Last autumn, form however, we started a joint programme for leaders • developing expertise in the dissemination of in archives, libraries and museums. The initial digital resources programme consisted of four gatherings, the last of which will take place at the end of May. So far Particularly important is the need for better participants report that they have found it both pedagogical skills in the use of ICT. inspiring and beneﬁ cial to exchange experiences and to discuss their problems with their opposite In ALMs we have considerable expertise in the numbers from the other sectors. use of hardware and in producing electronic catalogues. These catalogues, however, were The use of information and communication tech- originally meant for our own staff and trained nology is the overriding challenge common to colleagues. The challenge now is to present our archives, libraries and museums. An important sources on the Internet in a way that is useful both factor in future cooperation between ALMs will for the specialists and for the general public. be ﬁ nding opportunities for joint meetings and we aim to encourage the organization of such meet- ALMs are small sectors and it is therefore not ings at national, regional and local levels. They always easy to gain a hearing in the media or may take the form of seminars or conferences to within political and governmental bodies. We discuss such themes as ALMs as institutions for would most certainly be stronger if we had a learning or the building of networks. common voice. This spring our new Minister of In many ways there appears to be greater potential Modernisation appointed a national committee for cooperation at regional and local levels rather for the coordination of the use of electronic tech- than on a national level, especially with regard to nology throughout government administration a shared use of resources and joint presentations and ABM-utvikling was appointed as the only on the Internet. In several places in Norway now representative from the cultural and educational the priority being given to the needs of users is sector. It seems very unlikely that any of the being expressed in plans to establish ALMs in the former three institutions separately would have same localities or even to merge two or three of achieved such a position. these institutions. In the county of Vest-Agder the regional archives and the regional museum have Twice a year we issue an information brochure merged into one institution, while in nearby Aust- called ‘ABM’ presenting different projects and Agder they are planning to make one regional events from the three sectors. This is sent to centre for all three sectors. In Trondheim there are politicians, bureaucrats, organizations and plans to establish an ALM centre in a submarine institutions on the national, regional and local bunker from World War II to accommodate not level with a view to creating awareness of our only the National Archives but also the regional contribution to society. The response so far has archives and those of the city of Trondheim. been very positive and it appears that the brochure is widely read and appreciated. For the time being the university library and a couple of museums will locate their storerooms For members of staff in the three sectors we publish there, but the idea is also being discussed of having ABM-skrift with some 8–12 issues per year. This a conservation service and museum exhibits in the publication contains details of projects that we same building. Finally, far up north in Finnmark, a have initiated or supported, together with other new regional library was opened in Vadsø last year

234 Challenges for Archives, Libraries and Museums and there are plans to construct a new museum its own and we believe that the opportunity for building and a regional archive on the same site. people to take part in cultural activities gives them a better life and enhances their creativity. Culture Net Norway or ‘kulturnett.no’ is the public gateway to Norwegian culture. Originally The right of access to information there were four websites run by different sectors: museums, libraries, archives and the arts. These The right to and not least the availability of four sites shared some joint services run by the access to information and knowledge are basic National Library. Now the whole project is the foundations of a democracy. responsibility of ABM-utvikling. We have merged the four sector websites into one joint portal to The diversity of culture culture and we are strengthening cooperation with the various regional cultural websites. We live in a multicultural society. The Samí population in Norway is offi cially recognized Several counties are also now establishing their as indigenous people and this entails special own regional sites in cooperation with kulturnett. obligations to provide for the development, pre- no. Local history is a very popular subject in servation and dissemination of Samí culture. Five Norway and the county of Sogn og Fjordane has groups have been accorded the status of national received national project funds towards developing minorities. They are the Jews, the Tater/Romani a regional culture website where sources from people, the Gypsy/Rom, the forest Finns and the archives, libraries and museums are presented Kvenes. In addition there are now many different with links to other relevant information. groups of more recent immigrants. In our work we fi nd it important to focus on this situation, since ABM-utvikling’s declaration of intent states: ALMs face a two-pronged challenge in this fi eld. ‘Archives, libraries and museums are places of We must give members of these different minority new knowledge and experience for all.’ ALMs have groups the possibility of acquiring knowledge and different responsibilities towards society. Archives experience of their own cultures, just as we do for may be regarded as cultural institutions but their ethnic Norwegians. At the same time, however, main function remains the documentation of the we need also to focus on the challenge of offering rights and privileges of individuals, institutions, these different groups the opportunity to learn organizations and other groups in the community. about each other and above all the possibility of Nor do all research libraries necessarily defi ne meeting and communicating with each other. themselves as cultural institutions, as would any public library. In our declaration of intent we therefore place the emphasis on three words: Social integration Knowledge, Experience and All. In our work we must also strive for social integration. This means we have to tear down the When we started to formulate our plans, we al- social barriers that prevent individuals from ready had a strategy and a vision but, inspired by obtaining access to our institutions. It should the situation in England, we saw the advantage not be forgotten that our vision is for ALMs to in defi ning the following core values which we be sources of new knowledge and experiences for believe to be common to all three sectors: each and every citizen.

Tolerance, freedom of speech and democracy Universal design Tolerance and freedom of speech are basic values Universal design means that localities, exhibitions in our democracy and we want ALMs to be meet- and not least the resources presented on the web ing places for open dialogue. shall be designed to offer access to people with different functional handicaps. The inherent value of culture Effective use of the resources of society Politicians and businessmen often focus on invest- ments in culture as a means of achieving results As a governmental institution our work is fi nanced in other fi elds, for example in the tourist industry. by taxes and we therefore have the responsibility For us it is important that culture has a value of of ensuring effi cient use of public resources. 235 Jon Birger Østby

To sum up. For users it is irrelevant whether the Edited version of a paper presented at the World Library sources of knowledge and experience are in the and Information Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2005, in session keeping of archives, libraries or museums. Their 96, National Libraries. primary concern is to obtain access to the sources they seek and to make use of them, regardless of the different sectors involved.

236 Caught between Print and Electronic

Kari Stange Abstract The BIBSAM consortium in Sweden has licensed e-journals since 1998. During this period several different business models have been tested. This paper describes some of the experiences gained along the way. The key issue is to strive for models that are cost effi cient when taking the whole life cycle of licensing e-journal content into account. The models with the highest potential for cost effi ciency for consortia are the ‘big deals’ where all members have identical access rights and where the same terms apply for all journals licensed. This is in confl ict with the need for fl exibility often expressed by individual libraries. Parallel purchase of both print and electronic formats adds considerably to both complexity and cost in consortium agreements. Moving to e-only allows for more cost effi cient models. Mechanisms are needed for adjusting the total consortium e-only cost in ‘big deals’ as the publishers’ portfolios change. Keywords: electronic periodicals; library consortia; licensing; research libraries; Sweden

Kari Stange is Senior Officer The BIBSAM Consortium at BIBSAM, the department for national co-ordination and BIBSAM is a department within the Royal Library, the National development at Kungl. Biblioteket, Library of Sweden.1 The mission for BIBSAM is to improve the National Library of Sweden, the provision of information for higher education and research. where she is part of a team Coordinating a licensing consortium and negotiating favourable which co-ordinates a licensing prices and access terms is one way to fulfi l this goal. The department consortium of Swedish research libraries. Her current interests has eleven staff members, of whom three are working with licensing include electronic information issues. resources and library consortium development. Contact address: The BIBSAM consortium has about 55 active member institutions Kungl. Biblioteket, BIBSAM, including universities, university colleges, and government funded Box 5039, 102 41 Stockhom, research institutions. The consortium members choose on a deal- Sweden. by-deal basis which agreements they want to be part of, and they E-mail: [email protected] pay the full cost for the licenses out of their own budgets. Currently, BIBSAM manages about 30 licenses, including ‘big deal’ agreements with several of the major journals publishers. In addition, BIBSAM supports a network of National Expert Libraries who negotiate agreements for subject-specifi c resources on behalf of the BIBSAM consortium. Their efforts signifi cantly extend access to electronic resources for the consortium members.

Helping the libraries through the transition from print based to electronic information resources was deﬁ ned as a priority for BIBSAM at an early stage. The pricing models chosen for the consortium reﬂ ect this goal. BIBSAM has never worked with e- journal models which mandate the members to keep their print subscriptions.

Pricing Models 1998–2002: transition to e-only

The BIBSAM e-journal licensing adventure started with the signing of three agreements in 1998; Johns Hopkins’ Project Muse, Ebsco’s

Academic Search Elite, and Academic Press’ parameters, including population measures, are IDEAL. The pricing models for the fi rst two had now implemented in several of the BIBSAM agree- no link to current print subscriptions within the ments, including the ‘big deal’ agreements with consortium, and they turned out to be easy to Springer, Emerald, Elsevier, Oxford University administrate. Press, and Cambridge University Press.4,5 While these tailored internal redistribution models The pricing model for the IDEAL agreement was allocate the cost based on new parameters, the an e-only ‘big deal’; all journals in the publisher’s basis for the total consortium cost is still directly portfolio were included, all members got access to related to the value of the subscriptions held the same titles, and the same terms applied to all within the group of consortium members at the titles. The cost for the consortium was based on start of the agreements. print subscriptions held by the members the year prior to entering into the agreement. There was Adjusting ‘Big Deal’ Costs as an option to buy print as add-on, a model known Publishers’ Portfolios and Consortium as deep discount on print or ‘DDP’. Membership Change Agreements with Springer, Elsevier, and ACS followed soon after, all with the ‘big deal’ concept If the total consortium cost for a ‘big deal’ is based as a common denominator. The pricing models on the publisher’s historic print revenue – which were different but all used print subscriptions again is based on a defi ned list of journals in as the basis for the cost. The Springer and ACS combination with a defi ned list of consortium agreements had the DDP option, while the early members and their previous subscriptions – what Elsevier model gave the members the option to happens to this total if: choose between print+electronic or e-only. • The publisher ceases to publish a number of The DDP and the print+electronic options gave journals? the libraries an opportunity to start the trans- • Journals are sold off to other publishers? ition towards e-only. For some members the • The publishers acquire a number of journals transition was fairly smooth while others needed from other publishers? more time to implement this change within their • Brand new journals start up? organization.2 However, administrating these • Members leave the consortium? models turned out to be very labour intensive • New members join the consortium? for all parties involved; for consortium members and staff needing to keep track of the status of Some of the BIBSAM agreements include detailed subscriptions at the individual journal level, for descriptions on how to handle these scenarios. publishers striving to produce correct invoices, The current mechanisms for adjusting the total and for subscription agents who were caught in cost imply that the link to print history cannot the middle.3 yet be ignored. In other agreements where the separation from previous print holdings has gone After a few years of transition the BIBSAM con- further, no such mechanism is in place to control sortium was ready to move on to true e-only all aspects of the scenarios described above. While models. Eliminating the complexity associated this causes some uncertainty for both publishers with the print subscriptions was a prerequisite for and consortia at this stage, maybe it will turn out the next phase of the BIBSAM e-journal pricing to be a necessary step along the path towards new model adventure. cost effi cient e-only models.

Pricing Models 2002–2005: internal cost Convergence or Divergence? division based on population parameters The e-journal market is young and a ﬂ ora of Similar to other consortia, BIBSAM has been different business models is still being tested. It looking for ways to distribute cost between is tempting to borrow a term from the ﬁ eld of consortium members that appear more ‘fair’ evolutionary biology and apply it to consortium and thereby reduce tension between members. licensing of e-journals: ‘Convergent evolution’ Cost division models that are based on several describes the process whereby organisms not

238 Caught between Print and Electronic closely related independently acquire similar necessary ingredients in the process towards better characteristics while evolving in separate and models with maximum effi ciency and benefi ts that sometimes varying ecosystems.6 Two examples can be passed on to the end user. come to mind. One is the way BIBSAM and the Finnish consortium FinELib arrived at similar but not identical solutions to the internal cost division References dilemma.4,5 Another is the way BIBSAM and the OHIO-link consortium arrived at very similar 1 BIBSAM. http://www.kb.se/BIBSAM/bibsam.htm solutions to the dilemma of adjusting the total 2 Hunter, K. (2002) Going “electronic-only”: early consortium cost as publishers’ portfolios change, experiences and issues. Journal of Library Adminis- tration, 35 (3), 51–65. as briefl y mentioned above. 3 Stange, K. Complexity and costs in the purchasing process. There are also examples that illustrate the opposite, ASA 2003 conference, What’s the Big Deal? Journal Purchasing – Bulk Buying or Cherry Picking? http:// where similar ‘organisms’ represented by libraries www.subscription-agents.org/conference/200302/ or consortia seek solutions or models that are not index.html wanted by others. In a recent study commissioned 4 Hormia-Poutanen. K. and Stange, K. Cost divisions in by the UK Joint Information Services Committee consortia – Examples and experiences. 5th E-ICOLC (JISC), the ‘core + peripheral’ model is identifi ed 2003. http://www.defl ink.dk/e-icolc/slides.htm by librarians as a promising model for licensing 5 Stange, K. et al. (2003) Cost division models in BIBSAM e-journals.7 A ‘core + carnet’ model with similar and FinELib consortia. Serials, 16 (3), 285–292. http:// characteristics was offered by Springer and tested uksg.metapress.com/link.asp?id=0xkglfcejut7fc9y 6 by BIBSAM and other consortia a few years Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page ago. While this model might be an alternative 7 Journals Business Models Study commissioned by the for individual institutions, BIBSAM concluded JISC Journals Working Group, 2005. http://www. that this model had serious drawbacks and was nesli2.ac.uk/jwg_studies.htm diffi cult to manage on a consortium level.3 Edited version of a paper presented at the World Library Testing ideas and the gathering and sharing of and Information Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2005, in session experiences between libraries and consortia are 88 Serials and Other Continuing Resources.

239 The World Wide Web Enhancing E-government in the Caribbean: an assessment of government portals or gateway websites

Fay Durrant Abstract Governments of the Caribbean Community have established portal or gateway sites on the World Wide Web to facilitate the delivery of e-government information and services. E-government via the Internet is seen as aiming to provide all citizens with an efﬁ cient and alternative medium for accessing public services and for interacting with public sector providers. This paper examines the potential of these websites to provide access to information and to contribute to the effectiveness of e-government activities. The research assesses seventeen Caribbean portals or gateway websites which facilitate e-government and iden- tiﬁ es roles of librarians and libraries in enhancing citizens’ access to e-government information. Keywords: e-government; web portals; access to information; Caribbean Single Market and Economy

Introduction – The Caribbean and the CSME

Fay Durrant has been Professor and Head of the Department of The Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME) which is Library and Information Studies, moving towards full implementation in 2008, is based initially The University of the West Indies, on the integration of the countries of the Caribbean Community Mona, Jamaica, since August (CARICOM), and then on progress towards membership of 2000. Previously she was a the CARICOM Single Market (CSM). By June 6 2006, twelve Director of the Association of countries had signed on to the CSM. The ﬁ fteen Member States Caribbean States, 1997–2000, of the Caribbean Community which are expected to make up the and Senior Programme Specialist CSME are Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, at the International Development Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Research Centre (IDRC), 1989– Lucia, St Kitts and Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, 1997.She is presently researching on factors inﬂ uencing access to Trinidad and Tobago. Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, information in the Caribbean. the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands are Associate She may be contacted at: fay. Members. [email protected]. This paper will discuss the state of the art with regard to the use of the World Wide Web by governments in the countries of the CSME, and the national and regional initiatives which libraries can exploit for enabling users to access and use government information and services.

Connectivity, Regional Infrastructure and Initiatives

Developments in the Caribbean which facilitate e-government include public sector modernization, expansion of the telecommunications infrastructure, access to the Internet, liberalization of the telecommunications sector and increased capacity of the population to utilize computer systems and particularly the Internet (Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority, 2005; Jamaica. Ofﬁ ce of Utilities Regulation, 2006). Individuals and institutions in

Figure 1. Map of the CARICOM Member States and Associate Members. Source: amateur.radio.carib.tripod.com/ Note: Suriname, which is also a Member State, is not shown. the government and private sector now have users may also access the Internet via public options for connecting to the Internet. These libraries, computer laboratories, telecentres and range from dialup, to various levels of broadband cybercafés (Durrant, 2002). connections. The Digital Access Index (DAI) drawn up by the Despite the relatively small market size of just International Telecommunications Union (ITU), over 15 million people, telecommunications has was designed to help measure the overall ability become one of the Caribbean’s major growth of individuals in a country to access and use infor- industries. Revised telecommunications laws, and mation and communication technologies. the introduction of regulatory agencies in most countries, have facilitated competition, and the The Index is based on the following indicators: introduction of expansion of the quantity and range of the infrastructure. (Jamaica. Offi ce of • INFRASTRUCTURE: Fixed lines subscribers; Utilities Regulation, 2006). Mobile cellular subscribers. • AFFORDABILITY: Internet access price. The region is served by several fi bre optic cables • KNOWLEDGE: Adult literacy; School including the Americas Region Caribbean Optical- enrolment. Ring System (ARCOS), The Easter Caribbean • QUALITY: Broadband subscribers; International Fibre Optic System, and the Antilles Crossing 1. Internet bandwidth. With the recent strengthening of the connections, • USAGE: Internet users. individuals and institutions have the options of connecting to the Internet via the national The DAI is calculated as the average of these telecommunications networks, and on to the indicators. Table 1 shows the DAI for countries international infrastructure. Most government of the CARICOM group. While nine CARICOM agencies therefore have access to the technical countries appear in the upper level, the highest infrastructure required to supply e-government rank is 0.62 and the lowest is 0.15. products and services. Internet penetration of the Caribbean population Access by citizens to e-government services is one major factor infl uencing access. The pene- depends on the availability of personal computers tration is uneven across the region and ranges and their connection to the Internet via the ‘local from Barbados and Bermuda at 56 percent and 60 loop’. In addition to private access in households, percent respectively to the low levels of 6 percent 241 Fay Durrant

Access level CARICOM countries Digital access index UPPER 0.5–0.69 Bahamas 0.62 St Kitts and Nevis 0.60 Antigua & Barbuda 0.57 Barbados 0.57 Dominica 0.54 Trinidad and Tobago 0.53 Jamaica 0.53 Saint Lucia 0.52 Grenada 0.51 MIDDLE 0.3–0.49 Belize 0.47 St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.46 Suriname 0.46 Guyana 0.43 LOW 0.29 and below Haiti 0.15

Table 1. Digital Access Index – CARICOM. Source: ITU Digital Access Index http://www.itu.int/ITU- D/ict/dai/ (data 2002). Reproduced with the kind permission of the ITU. Note: CARICOM countries not in the DAI List are: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands.

in Suriname, 6.1 percent in Haiti, and 6.5 percent interaction with citizens individually and as in St Vincent and the Grenadines. communities. In addition, expected components of e-government are enhanced democratic Access to e-government services in the Caribbean participation, and the availability of facilities to implies that there must be households with per- conduct secure electronic commerce. sonal computers and connections to the Internet via the ‘local loop’. In addition to private access E-government seeks to support social, economic in households, it is also important to factor in the and political development, to reduce social development, availability and state of readiness exclusion, and to contribute to the wellbeing of of public access points as found in libraries, citizens. This requires cultural change and par- community centres, educational institutions, ticularly decreasing the separation between the public kiosks and other locations which inﬂ uence government and the citizens – community groups, the effectiveness of e-government. These ‘public people in businesses, people in government, access points’ exist in public libraries and and in fact any member of the population. community centres, in most of the CARICOM Strengthening of the relationships across minis- countries. There is still a need, however, for tries, across executive agencies and other gov- ongoing assessment of the ability of these facilities ernment bodies, is an important factor, as well to satisfy users’ needs. as the incorporation of knowledge assets, which provide positive contributions to electronic gov- Deﬁ nition of E-Government ernment resources.

Rationale for Introducing I suggest here that electronic government, com- E-Government in the Caribbean monly abbreviated as e-government, be seen as use by governments of the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) to Most Caribbean governments, within the context achieve efficient and effective administration of public sector modernization, have recognized of government, delivery of public services and the opportunity offered by the Internet and 242 The WWW Enhancing E-government

Internet users Total population Nos % population Country (2005 est.) (latest data) (penetration) Anguilla 12,827 3,000 23.4 Antigua & Barbuda 71,275 20,000 28.0 Bahamas 326,057 93,000 28.5 Barbados 266,134 150,000 56.36 Belize 301,746 35,000 11.6 Bermuda 64,211 39,000 60.7 British Virgin Islands 21,573 – – Cayman Islands 47,375 7,800 16.5 Dominica 71,344 20,500 28.7 Grenada 99,794 19,000 19.03 Guyana 881,932 145,000 16.4 Haiti 8,175,610 500,000 6.1 Jamaica 2,675,504 1,067,000 39.8 Montserrat 4,799 – – St Kitts & Nevis 39,601 10,000 25.3 St Vincent & the Grenadines 122,400 8,000 6.5 Saint Lucia 165,700 55,000 33.19 Suriname 501,582 30,000 6.0 Trinidad & Tobago 1,310,615 160,000 12.2 Turks & Caicos Islands 19,608 – – 15,179,687

Table 2. Internet Penetration – CARICOM Members and Associate Members. Source: Internet World Statistics – http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats2.htm 2005 particularly the World Wide Web as a platform libraries and other institutions of access are for delivering e-government services, and for challenged to exploit the potential of electronic interaction between government and citizens. All networking to make information and services governments have websites and seventeen were available to the general public. Preparatory found to have portal or gateway websites. work has included the establishment of national e-government policies, greater interaction among E-government is therefore expected to provide all government organizations, implementation of citizens with an efﬁ cient and alternative medium public information service delivery, development for accessing public services and for interacting of telecentres in libraries, community centres and with public sector agencies. These services are other public access points, and the development expected to result in improved access by citizens of portals or gateway sites. These facilities guide to information, government services at reduced and facilitate e-government information and costs, and efﬁ cient service delivery. regular evaluation and re-formulation of these e-government activities to match the chan- The Internet therefore provides an import- ging needs of citizens. The Action-Oriented ant vehicle in the development and delivery E-Government Strategy for Countries of the Carib- of e-government products and services, and bean Region 2004–2007, produced by the United 243 Fay Durrant

Nations Department of Economic and Social usability of these services. A study by Kareen Affairs and the Caribbean Centre for Development Bourne (2004) critically evaluated the use of the Administration (UNDESA/CARICAD, 2004) World Wide Web by Commonwealth Caribbean synthesizes these activities. governments. She used content analysis to assess seventeen sites which were considered the National e-government policies have been de- gateways to information for each country and to veloped by governments, and several countries determine the level of government information are in the process of implementation. An example provision. Bourne examined the variables relating is The Five-Year Strategic Information Technology to: identifi cation, interface design, search options, Plan for Jamaica (Jamaica. Ministry of Commerce ease of navigation, content, currency, and ranks and Technology, 2002) which makes reference to the sites according to these features. Four sites, the establishment of networks were judged to be excellent sites, six good, and seven were rated as poor. to allow access to government services from libraries, post offi ces, banks, hospitals and Since Bourne’s study was done between 2003 other public locations. … The key focus is to and 2004, there have been some changes in the have citizens throughout the country, even environment. Governments have extended their in rural areas, be able to fi nd and receive use of the World Wide Web, and the advances information and services from different towards the CSME are expected to encourage the government organizations consistently and harmonization of laws and practices including easily. information policies, among the fi fteen Member States and fi ve Associate Members of the Carib- A review by the United Nations Economic Com- bean Community. mission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) reveals that Jamaica and Trinidad and Portals or Gateway Websites Tobago have established e-government units, Barbados and Dominica have established inter- ministerial committees, and several governments E-government portals or gateway websites are have made advances in the development of considered here as the fi rst point of access by the electronic customs and revenue services. (ECLAC, general public to government services. The basic 2001). Related developments include the passing concept of portals or gateway websites anticipates of ‘access to’ and ‘freedom of information’ legis- a single interface to new and legacy systems and lation in Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Jamaica, to the government’s internal workfl ow across Trinidad and Tobago. different departments and agencies. These portal sites should also provide straightforward access This paper examines Caribbean initiatives to information and services, and should support which demonstrate some of the major features at least simple transactions such as electronic of e-government and seeks to identify the con- payments and queries. More complex transactions tributions to e-government. The initiatives include such as the processing of business registrations government portals or gateways, privacy and should also be facilitated by e-government security policies and protection, clearly stated portals. onsite identification of organizations, access to online databases and publications, links to Effective e-government portals or gateways enable government and non-government web sites, audio citizens who wish to interact with government to and video clips, service delivery, and promotion be able to do ‘one stop shopping’ via a single point of services and products. on the Internet. While it is may be technically feasible to create a portal such as MyYahoo, the full development of a government portal such as Previous Studies e-jamaica.gov.jm also needs collaboration and ongoing cooperation among ministries and other As mentioned earlier there have been a number agencies, as information has to be regularly made of documents and reports on the implementation available to the public via a unifi ed operation. of e-government initiatives in the Caribbean. The value of the portal to citizens cannot be There have not, however, been many studies of overstated. In an ideal situation this would be the services provided or the evaluation of the the starting point of e-government services, but

244 The WWW Enhancing E-government as we know, ‘government’ is made up of various the portal type features of library websites which organizations, some of which may have already can facilitate access to e-government information made some advances, in their own sectors, in and services. providing e-government information. The networks of public libraries, cybercafés or This paper seeks to determine how governments telecentres in the Caribbean offer the potential have used the World Wide Web to enhance access to facilitate citizens’ access to e-government to government information and services, and websites. The libraries and other centres have particularly the refl ection of thirteen criteria in computers and Internet connectivity and therefore the portal or gateway sites in the fi fteen Member provide public access points which can be used States and the fi ve Associate Members of the without charge or for small fees. The libraries and Caribbean Community. other centres can make links with government websites, and can help the users to improve their Caribbean Libraries, ICTs and capacities to use the technologies, and to locate E-Government and evaluate information.

Barriers to access may include the need for Caribbean libraries are mandated to make training in information literacy, lack of computers information and knowledge accessible to their and Internet access, or slow and unreliable con- users. The factors influencing access include nections, and the lack of connectivity available to accessibility and the guidance which is provided isolated or disadvantaged groups. to users by reference librarians. Training in information literacy is becoming a feature of librarian/user interaction as libraries put more emphasis on developing pathfi nders and other E-Government Portals/ tools to guide users to information held within Gateways – Accessibility their collections and related information on the Internet. Accessibility is one of the factors which determine how the average citizen in the CARICOM region In the past two and a half decades the libraries can obtain and use information on governments in the CARICOM Member States and Associate and their services. This study therefore examines Members have benefi ted from the availability of the main government portal/gateway sites personal computers, electronic networking, the for each of the Member States and Associate increasing penetration of the Internet, and new Members of CARICOM to determine their pro- techniques of increasing access to information. vision of government information and services National and regional projects for development and accessibility to the average citizen. of national and regional information systems have provided training in the use of electronic The objectives and requirements for accessibility communication and the Internet (ECLAC/ of information from these sites were identifi ed CARICOM, 1989; International Development according to the following thirteen features: Research Centre, 1993). Libraries therefore have the opportunity to increase the possibilities for 1. The portal should be recognized through- the ‘average citizen’ to access e-government out the government agencies and within information and services. The computer labs or the country as the entry point or gateway to telecentres in public libraries and community centres, enable citizens who do not have their own government websites and access to services. computers and Internet access, to learn how to This should be supported by appropriate use computers, to access and search the Internet e-government policies and guidelines. and to locate needed information. Libraries have 2. The URL should consist of mnemonic also developed portals or gateways to their own elements readily recognizable by the general information resources, and links to information public, e.g. e-jamaica.gov.jm. considered to be of interest to groups of users. The 3. There should be a clear statement on the website of the National Library of Jamaica and the Home Page that the portal provides links to website of the National Library and Information the government agencies, and information on System Authority (NALIS) demonstrate some of how to contact offi cials.

245 Fay Durrant

4. The Home Page should permit the user sites is a useful identifying aid. Most of the coun- to have access to a good site map as one tries use the ISO two letter country codes for means of locating required information and their domain names, which may be additional aids services. to recognition. These URLs would have greater 5. The Home Page should also permit searching recognition if they included elements to refl ect the to enable the user to have alternative means initial point of entry for e-government facilities. of access to information and services. The URLs should therefore include ‘.gov’ and 6. The Home Page should facilitate contact with the name of the country, for example e-jamaica. agencies and offi cials through directories gov.jm. of street addresses, telephone numbers and email addresses. All the sites studied enable the user to access sites 7. Colour, layout and design of the Home Page of ministries, departments and statutory bodies. should provide an attractive and functional The coverage is varied, however, as some agencies graphical user interface. have multi-page websites and others simply have 8. The portal should provide access to e- single pages announcing the scope and function government forms and the ability to transact of the organization. related services online. 9. The citizen should be assured of privacy and Locating information should be assisted by site security relating to the information submitted maps, search facilities and government directories. to the website. Only six of the websites studied have site maps, 10. The portal should provide access to full-text but ten offer search facilities, and fourteen provide documents of laws, regulations, commission government directories. The website of the Gov- reports etc. ernment of the British Virgin Islands includes an 11. Online transactions – submitting application A–Z listing of government services which is a very forms and making payments for services. useful aid in locating services. 12. Interaction – consultation – towards participation in government activities. Most governments offer forms to enable citizens 13. Links to public libraries should be included to complete applications from a distance. Thirteen to enable users to access related information of the websites studied offer passport application or information services. forms and forms for applications for other government services. Online transactions using Study of the above features of the portals or these forms cannot, however, be done with most gateway sites studied shows no e-government governments. The Jamaica (Customs), Bermuda portals or gateway websites were identifi ed for (Revenue and Taxation), and Barbados (Postal three of the twenty countries. This assessment Service) are three agencies which support online is therefore based on the websites of seventeen transactions. countries. Other content provided on these sites includes With regard to e-government policy statements, the full text of strategies, reports, press releases, ten sites showed some indication of policies to speeches, and messages. These collections are encourage citizens to access the websites and sometimes called ‘libraries’ or ‘virtual libraries’ but to take advantage of e-government information in the main they do not benefi t from classifi cation and services. The Chief Minister of Anguilla, the by theme or topic. The content provided in these Prime Minister of Jamaica and the Governor collections is mainly material produced within the General of the Bahamas provided messages on past 5 years, and the average citizen would benefi t the Home Pages of their respective sites. The from systematic links to related information Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines resources in public or other libraries. Six of the introduced an e-government awareness campaign e-government websites studied have links to the on its website on June 28th 2006, to sensitize the public library and to other libraries, but these links entire population to the implementation of the need to be further developed so that the average e-government initiatives. citizen can access the library catalogues and the available electronic resources of the libraries. An important aid in locating a website is the inclusion of mnemonic elements in the URL. All Privacy and security are necessary features in but one of the websites studied have .gov in the effective e-government. Users need to be assured URLs. This indication that these are government that their information is secure and that their 246 The WWW Enhancing E-government privacy is protected. Six of the sites studied show such services exist, to be guided in how to locate privacy and security policy statements. them, and to be permitted to provide feedback on the usability of these sites. Interaction between citizens and offi cials is also desirable but only four countries offer citizens Libraries should collaborate with the government this facility. agencies in mounting awareness campaigns and providing training in information literacy. They Overall the governments in the CARICOM have should also participate in monitoring and testing made progress in offering government information the usability of these sites, developing pathfi nders and services to the average citizen. On the other to information on government services on the hand Table 3 shows that there are features still Web, and ensuring links from government portal not refl ected in some of the websites. Other oper- websites to library websites and vice versa. ational problems such as some hyperlinks which were not working at the times of testing, and the The public library networks in the Caribbean need for regular updating of information, which offer the potential to facilitate citizens’ access to were evidenced in nearly all of the websites, sug- e-government websites. At the same time there gest the need for regular monitoring and updating are some barriers to access, which include: lack of the sites. of guidance in locating and accessing government information; lack of computers and Internet access; slow and unreliable connections; the need Increasing the Effectiveness of for training in information literacy; and the lack E-Government in the Caribbean of connectivity for some isolated or disadvantaged groups. While the CARICOM countries have made In addition to providing public access points at significant progress in the development and low or no cost, the skills of reference librarians implementation of e-government policies and should also be used to develop pathfi nders and programmes there are still several areas where information literacy training modules to enable effectiveness can be increased. In terms of the citizens to aid them in locating and accessing the governments’ use of the World Wide Web for information and services required. The national enhancing e-government, the portals or gateway library associations and the Association of sites studied reflect some of the criteria at Caribbean University Research and Institutional the emerging, enhanced or interactive stages. Libraries (ACURIL) should collaborate with the If considered in relation to the widely used Department of Library and Information Studies criteria: of the University of the West Indies in developing training programmes and, where appropriate, • emerging – offi cial web presence incorporating them into their regular programmes • enhanced – extended information provision and the annual conference of ACURIL. • interactive – downloading of forms, interaction with offi cials • transactional – online purchases E-Government Gateway/ • seamless – integration across administrative Portal Websites Studied borders ANGUILLA. Offi cial Website of the Government there is still need to deepen the websites at the of Anguilla. http://www.gov.ai first three stages, and to significantly extend interaction with offi cials, the ability to do online ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA. Offi cial website for purchases, and extended access to information the Government of Antigua and Barbuda. http:// and services across administrative borders. www.ab.gov.ag OR www.antigua.gov.ag

Strategic Questions for Libraries THE BAHAMAS. The Government of the Bahamas. The ofﬁ cial government website. www. bahamas.gov.bs Increased provision of government information does not automatically result in increased use by BARBADOS. Government of Barbados Infor- the average citizen. Citizens need to be aware that mation Network. www.barbados.gov.bb 247 Fay Durrant 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 cials Library

9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

No e-government portalNo or gateway website located No e-governmentalNo portal or gateway website located 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 on (including govt Site Govt and e-gov & text trans- with Public with trans- text & e-gov and Govt ofﬁ action docs security Site forms design govt directory Search (including map websites .gov) on Country website Anguilla Policy Mnemonic URL Links to Colour Privacy Full Online Interaction to Link British Virgin Is. British Virgin Antigua & Cayman Is. Barbuda The Bahamas Dominica Dominica Grenada Barbados Guyana Belize Haiti Haiti Jamaica Bermuda Montserrat Saint Lucia

248 The WWW Enhancing E-government 9 9 9 9

9 9 cials Library

9 9 9 9

9 9 No e-government portalNo or gateway website located

9 9 9 9

9 9 9

9 9 9 9 St Kitts on (including govt Site Govt and e-gov & text trans- with Public with trans- text & e-gov and Govt ofﬁ action docs security Site forms design govt directory Search (including map websites .gov) on Country website Policy Mnemonic URL Links to Colour Privacy Full Online Interaction to Link and Nevis and St Vincent the Grenadines Suriname and Trinidad Tobago and Caicos Turks TOTAL TOTAL 10 16 17 6 10 14 17 13 7 17 3 6 6 Table 3. Table of CARICOM e-government gateway Features or portal websites. 249 Fay Durrant

BELIZE. Office of Governance. http://www. TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS. Government. ofﬁ ceofgovernance.gov.bz http://www.turksandcaicosislands.gov.tc

BERMUDA. Government Portal. http://www. gov.bm References BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. Ofﬁ cial Website Bourne, Kareen. (2004) Government information pro- of the Government of the Virgin Islands (UK). vision via the World Wide Web: a critical evaluation of websites in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Dis- http://www.bvi.gov.vg sertation, University of the West Indies Department of Library and Information Studies, 2004. CAYMAN ISLANDS. Cayman Island Government. Durrant, Fay. (2002) Community telecentres – Focus www.gov.ky on the Caribbean. Project for establishment of two multipurpose community telecentres in Jamaica. Final DOMINICA. No e-government portal/gateway report. Unesco Contract No.891.046.1 2002. located. Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority. (2005) The socio-economic impact of liberalisation of the telecoms sector in the ECTEL Member States. GRENADA. The Government of Grenada. www. http://ectel.int/ectelnew/index.html. Accessed gov.gd 30 May 2006. ECLAC. (2001) Caribbean policy response to the infor- GUYANA. Government Information Agency. mation age: a review of government information and http://www.gina.gov.gy communications technology policy and services in selected Caribbean Countries. GENERAL LC/CAR/ HAITI. No e-government portal/gateway website G.676. http://www.eclac.cl/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/ publicaciones/xml/0/12360/P12360.xml&xsl=/ located. portofspain/tpl-i/p9f.xsl&base=/portofspain/tpl/top- bottom.xsl. Accessed June 29 2006. JAMAICA. E-Jamaica : Government serving you ECLAC/CARICOM. (1989) Regional information system online. www.e-jamaica.gov.jm strategy for the Caribbean for the year 2000. IDRC Manuscript Report 214e. 1989. MONTSERRAT. Welcome to The Government of International Development Research Centre. (1993) Montserrat Online. www.gov.ms Project summary: information for decision making in the Caribbean Community, 1993. Jamaica. Ministry of Commerce and Technology. (2002) SAINT LUCIA. Government of Saint Lucia. www. Five-Year Strategic Information Technology Plan for stlucia.gov.lc Jamaica 2002. Kingston, Ministry of Commerce and Technology, 2002. ST KITTS AND NEVIS. Government of Saint Jamaica. Office of Utilities Regulation. (2006) Final Christopher (St. Kitts) & Nevis. www.stkittsnevis. decision on telecommunications markets information net OR www.gov.kn requirements. Document No: Tel 2006/01, Kingston, January 23, 2006. Accessed June 29 2006. UNDESA/CARICAD. (2004) Action-oriented e-govern- ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES. The ment strategy for countries of the Caribbean Region, Ofﬁ cial Website of the Government of St Vincent 2004–2007. 2004. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/ and the Grenadines. www.gov.vc groups/public/documents/un/unpan017187.pdf. Accessed June 29 2006. (This strategy was adopted SURINAME. No e-government portal/gateway by the 5th Caribbean Ministerial Consultation on website located. Regional Cooperation for E-government Capacity Building held in Barbados on 17–18 June 2004).

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. The Government Edited version of a paper presented at the World Library of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Online. and Information Congress, Oslo, Norway, 2005, in www.ttgov.gov.tt 82 Government Information and Ofﬁ cial Publications.

250 Limits to Freedom of Expression?

NEWS

IFLA Policies and Programmes

To fulfi l this ambitious target, the ‘Libraries on the Agenda’ on NEWS CONTENTS workshop agreed on the following Thursday 22 August. IFLA Policies and actions: 4. To strengthen efforts to get more Programmes ...... 251 cases into the Success Stories From the Core Activities . . . 252 1. To set up a Contact Group around database (http://fmp-web.unil. From the Regional Offi ces . . 252 the most high priority Action ch/IFLA/), especially cases from Membership ...... 253 Lines, which from IFLA’s point developing countries are needed; Future IFLA Conferences . . . 254 of view are: a poster session on the Success Grants and Awards ...... 255 Stories database will also be held IFLA Publications ...... 256 • C1. The role of public gov- in Seoul (poster session # 80). From Other Organizations . . 257 ernance authorities and all 5. To create a model for argumen- Other Publications ...... 257 stakeholders in the promotion tation on the country level by col- Personal News ...... 258 of ICTs for development lecting and analyzing the WSIS Obituaries ...... 259 • C3. Access to information and fi les country per country; this knowledge will be started with the French • C4. Capacity building. speaking countries, supported by • C8. Cultural diversity and Organisation Internationale de World Summit on the identity, linguistic diversity la Francophonie (OIF). Information Society and local content 6. To raise awareness about the WSIS themes and their potential One or more coordinators were in library advocacy by encour- An IFLA post-WSIS workshop was named for each group. The aging IFLA members to include held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 1–2 coordinator(s) will contact the WSIS presentations in their June 2006 to plan how IFLA can relevant IFLA groups for their various conference programs help its members benefi t from the Action Lines. A regular represen- and/or to organize WSIS-related WSIS results also in their countries. tation of IFLA in the meetings of workshops, meetings, etc. The participants formed an ‘IFLA these four Action Lines will also 7. In its post-WSIS work, IFLA WSIS Contact Group’, and agreed be organized, primarily with the seeks active cooperation with that help of Swiss colleagues. UNESCO. 2. To produce an IFLA document, the aim of the IFLA post-WSIS combining arguments from the Tuula Haavisto will act as the work is to position libraries in WSIS Action Line description general coordinator of the IFLA the centre of the Information texts and library targets, to be post-WSIS work. She may be Society, this position to be given used to support library advocacy contacted as follows: Ms. Tuula concrete effect in national at a national level. Haavisto, Senior Library Adviser, and international IS policies, 3. To hold WSIS sessions in the c/o Finnboat, Kaenkuja 8 A 47, strategies and budgets. Seoul and Durban WLICs; in FI-00500 Helsinki, FINLAND. Seoul, this will be included Tel. +358–40–5689396. E-mail: in the President-Elect session tuulah@kaapeli.fi

From the Core Activities

devastating effects of manmade it is organized according to a Preservation and disasters and wars. decentralized model. In the course Conservation Programme of her term of 12 years, Marie- Marie-Thérèse became one of Thérèse succeeded in gaining strong the important missionaries of and geographically spread support. Marie-Thérèse Varlamoff retired the need for libraries and other as Director of IFLA’s Preservation Twelve PAC Regional Ofﬁ ces were and Conservation Programme cultural heritage organizations to opened in all continents, six of (IFLA/PAC) on 15 March 2006. be prepared, to develop emergency them within the last two years. After a long career at the Biblio- plans, and to create an infrastructure Her retirement was marked by thèque nationale de France, which – physical as well as organizational a very well attended and lively hosts IFLA/PAC, Mme. Varlamoff – that best meets the requirements international IFLA symposium held became the Director of the IFLA- of extreme situations. She gave at the Bibliothèque nationale de PAC Programme in 1994. Since then lectures and organized conferences, France on 8–10 March 2006 under she worked tirelessly on the many seminars and workshops all over the title ‘The 3 D’s of Preservation issues relating to the preservation the world to raise awareness within – Disasters, Displays, Digitization’. of library materials in a world the library community. She also On this occasion, IFLA President that is basically hostile to such participated, on behalf of IFLA, Alex Byrne awarded Marie-Thérèse materials, because of bad climatic in the International Committee of Varlamoff with a scroll for her and environmental conditions and the Blue Shield in an ever ongoing library work all around the globe. widespread lack of resources to pursuit to make that symbol the Marie-Thérèse has been succeeded create more favourable conditions. ‘Red Cross or Red Crescent’ for as IFLA-PAC Director by Christiane Moreover, floods, hurricanes, Cultural Heritage. Baryla. earthquakes and other natural disasters have their terrible impact One of the special features of the Sjoerd Koopman, IFLA Coordinator on collections, not to mention the IFLA-PAC Core Activity is that of Professional Activities

From the Regional Ofﬁ ces

2006. Representing NLB as the Regional Offi ce for Regional Manager is Mrs Tan Keat Asia and Oceania Fong, a librarian with over 30 years of professional experience in a variety of roles in the library The National Library Board, industry. She began her career Singapore (NLB) has been ap- in public libraries and headed pointed the IFLA Regional Offi ce Singapore’s Integrated Library for Asia and Oceania. Automation Service (SILAS), or NLB’s National Bibliographic The Regional Office is located Services and National Union in the National Library on 100 Victoria Street, in the heart of Catalogue to Singapore libraries. Singapore’s arts, cultural and civic She also served in Library Support district. Opened in July 2005, the Services, or Technical Services 16-storey building is home to NLB’s as it is known in other libraries. headquarters and comprises the Lee Over the past 6 years, she has been Kong Chian Reference Library, as working closely with international The National Library of Singapore well as the Central Lending Library. and local libraries in her portfolio of Profes-sional and International In addition, it houses a performing signing the ‘Joint collaboration Relations (PIR), helping NLB to arts venue – the Drama Centre agreement for the location of the – within its premises. IFLA’s Regional Offi ce For Asia build networks and relationships and Oceania in the Republic of with the local and international Ms Ngian Lek Choh, Deputy Chief Singapore’ with Peter Lor, IFLA library community. She holds the Executive represented NLB in Secretary General, on 6 February rank of Assistant Director (PIR).

252 Limits to Freedom of MembershipExpression?

As the permanent representative of Library, it also oversees the international partners, including IFLA headquarters in the region, management of the public library The British Library, the Library Mrs Tan will help promote and network as well as over 30 libraries Board of Victoria Australia, the communicate IFLA activities, belonging to government agencies, national libraries of Australia, support the Regional Section and schools and private institutions. China, Indonesia and Korea, provide logistical and administrative the Sarawak State Library, The support to the Asia and Oceania NLB’s mission is to provide a trusted, Shanghai Library and The Xiamen Section. The Regional Office accessible and globally-connected Municipal Library. supports 57 countries and over 100 library and information service so IFLA members in the region. as to promote a knowledgeable The NLB also organizes inter- and engaged society. It sees itself national library conferences, as an inspiring beacon of lifelong the most recent of which was learning, bringing knowledge ‘Celebrating Knowledge: The alive, sparking imagination and Power and the Potential’, a creating possibility for a vibrant 3-day conference in November and creative Singapore. One of 2005 held in conjunction with the the ways to achieve this is creating ofﬁ cial opening celebrations of the a network of borderless libraries National Library. It attracted over by linking all publicly-funded 25 international and local speakers libraries in Singapore to overseas as well as over 440 delegates from libraries and information services across 19 countries. through computer networking and collaborations. By bringing In the ASEAN region, NLB has been Mrs Tan Keat Fong libraries closer to the public, NLB hosting the Congress of Southeast places the wealth of knowledge Asian Librarians secretariat from About the Singapore National and information within easy reach 2000. Library Board of its users. NLB is a statutory board under Mrs. Tan Keat Fong may be contacted the Ministry of Information, To improve its global reach and to at: National Library Board, 100 Communications and the Arts seize collaborative opportunities, Victoria Street, Singapore 188064. and was established on Septem- NLB has signed Memorandums Tel: (65) 6332 3347. Fax: (65) 6332 ber 1 1995. Apart from the National of Understanding with various 3616. E-mail: [email protected]

Membership

Information Services Office, Botswana Police College Library, New Members Bulgaria Botswana Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Costa Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Rica, Costa Rica Federal e dos Territórios, We bid a warm welcome to the Asociación de Bibliotecarios Biblioteca Desembargador following 57 members who have Graduados del Paraguay Antônio Mello Martins, Brazil joined the Federation between 22 (ABIGRAP), Paraguay Université Politechnique / March and 2 August 2006. We are Library Association of Singapore, Bibliothèque Centrale, Burkina happy to announce that the Library Singapore Faso Association of Singapore has Canadian International De- rejoined our National Association velopment Agency (CIDA), Institutions members and that the National International Development Library of Maldives has joined as Gold Coast City Council Library Information Centre, Canada an Institutional member, being our Service, Australia Department of Information and ﬁ rst member in the Maldives. Haynes Library, Bahamas Communications, Shih-Hsin, University of the West Indies, Cave China Hill Campus, Main Library, China Executive Leadership National Associations Barbados Academy Pudong Library Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia (CELAP), China Azerbaijani Library Development and Herzegovina, Information Instituto Superior de Relaciones Association, Azerbaijan Documentation Center Library, Internacionales (ISRI), Cuba Union of Bulgarian Librarians and Bosnia and Herzegovina Casa Museo de Asia, Cuba

253 News

Health Sciences Library, Nicosia Instituto Português do Patrimônio Ms Helen Ladron-de-Guevara, General Hospital, Cyprus Arquitectônico (IPPAR), Mexico Bibliothèque Municipale a Vocation Portugal Andy Fenton, New Zealand Regionale, Ville de Nice, France Arabic Union Catalogue Center, Ms Sissel Nilsen, Norway Max-Planck-Institut für Saudi Arabia Michell Hackwelder, United ausländisches und internationales City of Johannesburg Library and States Privatrecht - Bibliothek, Information Services, South Czeslaw Jan Grycz, United States Germany Africa Robert Fernekes, United States Houses of the Oireachtas, Library Glasgow Caledonian University, Ms Diane Y. Turner, United States and Research Service, Ireland United Kingdom John Jewell, United States University of Haifa, Library, Israel Bibliographical Center for Research, Ms Susan Laura Lugo, Virgin National Academic Library of United States Islands, US. the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe Open University, Library Kazakstan and Information Services, Taylor’s College Subang Jaya, Zimbabwe Student Afﬁ liates Malaysia Ms Sabina Iseli-Otto, Canada National Library of Maldives, Personal Afﬁ liates Ms Michelle Dalidowicz, Canada Maldives Ms Agnese Perrone, Italy Carnegie Library, Mauritius Ms Jennefer Nicholson, Australia Ms Lillian Nicolich, United States Book Palace for Children, Ms Martha Grant, Canada Wazirali Rahemtulla, United Mongolia Shirin Eshghi, Canada States National Library of Moroccan Ms Susan Grieshaber-Otto, Russel E. Bachert, Jr., United Kingdom, Morocco Canada States Rizal Library, Ateneo de Manila Ms Judy Dunn, Canada Ms Margaret Brown, United University, Philippines S.B. Ghosh, India States

Future IFLA Conferences

Satellite Meetings Children and Young Adults WLIC Durban, Section. There might also be Details for Satellite Meetings known South Africa, 2007 cooperation with the Library so far: Services for Multicultural 1. Libraries in the struggle against Populations Section and the World Library and Information corruption IFLA/FAIFE Africa Section. Congress 2007, 73rd IFLA General 2. Theme to be announced 7. Best practices or Lessons Conference and Council , Durban, Academic and Research Learned Knowledge Manage- South Africa, 19–23 August, Libraries Section ment Section 2007. Theme: Libraries for the 3. Parliamentary libraries and 8. Handling serials and other future: progress, development and research services of the future: continuing resources Serials partnerships. Partnerships for change Library and other Continuing Resources and Research Services for Section Exhibition Parliaments Section 9. Mold, pests, terrorism and 4. Library Frontiers: Natural dust: Preservation Policies and An international library trade exhi- disasters, Emerging Diseases Management Preservation and bition will be held at the conference Health and Biosciences Conservation Section venue in conjunction with the Libraries Section 10. The changing role of libraries as conference. For further information 5. Innovative Multicultural meeting and learning spaces: the and to reserve exhibition space con- Library Services for all: third place Library Buildings tact: CONGREX HOLLAND BV Literacy, learning and linguistic and Equipment Section PO Box 302, 1000 AH Amsterdam diversity Library Services to 11. 7th Northumbria International The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 50 40 Multicultural Populations Conference on Performance 201 Fax: +31 20 50 40 225 E-mail: Section Measurements in Libraries and [email protected] 6. Publishing, Distributing Information Services: Quality and Promoting Children’s assurance and outcomes Updates of the programme will be Books in Local Languages: assessment in libraries and published on the website www.iﬂ a. African Experience Reading information services Statistics org on a regular basis. Section with the Libraries for and Evaluation Section

254 Limits to FreedomGrants of Expression?and Awards

12. Managing technologies and National Committee WLIC 2007 2H5. Tel: (514) 281–5012. Fax: (514) library automated systems in Durban, LIASA – Library and 281–8219 get. E-mail: info@asted. developing countries Manage- Information Association of South org. Website: www.asted.org ment and Marketing Section Africa, PO Box 3668, Durban 4000, 13. The cultural heritage and LIS- South Africa. Further information: http://www. research Library Theory and ifl a.org/IV/ifl a74/ann2008en.pdf Research Section 14. Pathways to Library Leadership IFLA WLIC 2007 Website 74e Congrès mondial des Bibliothèques et de l’Information, Continuing Professional De- For updated information on the Ville de Québec, Québec, velopment and Workplace conference please visit the IFLA Canada, 10–14 août 2008. Thème: Learning Section WLIC 2007 website at http://www. Bibliothèques sans frontières : 15. African Libraries for the Future. ifl a.org/IV/ifl a73/index.htm naviguer vers une compréhension Africa Section globale 16. 5th International Meeting of Portuguese Speaking Librarians WLIC Quebec, 2008 Secrétariat de l’IFLA, Casier postal National Library of Angola 95312, 2509 CH La Haye, Pays-Bas. 17. Information Literacy Section, Tél. : +31 70 314 0884. Fax : + 31 Developing the Library into a The World Library and Information 70 383 4827 learning centre in cooperation Congress:74th IFLA General with the former IFLA President Conference and Council will be Courriel: ifl a@ifl a.org. Site Web: Kay Raseroka. 14–15 August, in held in Québec, Canada, 10–15 www.ifl a.org Gaborone, Botswana. August 2008. Theme: Libraries without borders: navigating towards Secrétariat du Congrès WLIC, global understanding. Congrex Holland BV . Tél. +31 20 Important Addresses 5040 201. Fax: + 31 20 5040 225. IFLA/WLIC Conference Secretariat, Site Web: www.congrex.com Congrex Holland BV, PO Box Contact Details Comité d’organisation – Québec, 302, 1000 AH Amsterdam, The IFLA Headquarters and WLIC Con- Netherlands . Phone: +31 20 50 40 WLIC 2008 Québec, Canada, ference Secretariat – as above. Association pour l’avancement 201 . Fax: +31 20 50 40 225 .E-mail: des sciences et des techniques [email protected] Quebec City National Committee, de la documentation (ASTED), WLIC 2008 Québec, Canada, 3414, avenue du Parc, bureau IFLA Headquarters, PO Box Association pour l’avancement 202, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 95312, 2509 CH The Hague ,The des sciences et des techniques H2X 2H5. Tél. (514) 281–5012. Netherlands. Phone: +31 70 314 de la documentation (ASTED), Fax: (514) 281–8219. Courriel: 0884. Fax: +31 70 383 4827. Website: 3414, avenue du Parc, bureau 202, [email protected]. Site Web: www. www.ifl a.org Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X asted.org

Grants and Awards

• Encourage marketing in • Application must be written 5th IFLA International libraries in one of the ﬁ ve ofﬁ cial IFLA Marketing Award, 2007 • Give libraries the opportunity to languages: English, French, share marketing experiences Spanish, Russian and German • Application must be submitted The IFLA Section on Management Guidelines before November 30, 2006 and Marketing in collaboration (including any supporting with SirsiDynix has the pleasure to • Application forms may be materials) to the following announce the IFLA International downloaded in Word or PDF address: Daisy McAdam, Marketing Award for 2007. format from http://www.ifla. University of Geneva, Faculty org/III/grants/marketing-award. of Economics and Social Objectives of the Award htm Sciences, 40, Pont-d’Arve, 1211 • Any library worldwide that mar- GENEVA 4, Switzerland. Tel. • Reward the best library marketing kets library products or services +41–22–7058048. E-mail: Daisy. project worldwide each year is eligible to receive the award. [email protected]

255 News

Proposals must: 2. creativity and innovation as • Dinesh K. Gupta (India) demonstrated by the originality • Christie Koontz (USA) • present new project of marketing and newness of solutions to the for a library of any kind marketing challenges; Candidates can send their appli- • answer each question on the 3. potential for generating wide- cations by e-mail or by traditional application spread public visibility and mail. Deadline: November 30, • give an explanation about the support for libraries, irrespective 2006. benefi ts of the project from a of the kind or amount of resources local perspective employed; The IFLA International Marketing • describe the components of 4. effectiveness illustrated by Award will honor organizations the project as outlined in the measurable objectives and that have implemented creative, application subsequent evaluation methods; results-oriented marketing projects • express the identifi ed needs of the 5. commitment to ongoing or campaigns. Three fi nalists will targeted customer(s) involved marketing activities; be recognized for their outstanding • give a full description of the mar- 6. expression of emotion, sustain- achievements. From these three keting strategy ability and ethical aspects. fi nalists, the winner will be chosen • summarize the marketing project and receive airfare, lodging and Proposals are reviewed by the registration for the 2007 IFLA IFLA International Marketing All IFLA International Marketing General Conference and Council Award proposals must refl ect the Award Committee on the basis in Durban, South Africa, as well above. Libraries and institutions of how well they meet the above as a cash award of USD 1,000 are encouraged to describe the criteria. Other factors are clarity which must be used to further the imaginative and inventive aspects of planning and awareness of marketing efforts of the recognized of the projects. relations with external bodies. organization. Efficient allocation of resources (staff, materials, time) will also be Three fi nalists will be announced Selection Criteria taken in account. in Spring 2007. A fi rst place winner Applicants will be judged on the will be chosen and two distinctions following Members of the Jury will be awarded. The winner will be announced offi cially at the fi nal day 1. strategic approach to marketing, • Daisy McAdam (Switzerland) of the IFLA Conference in August indicated in the research and • Mariétou Diop (Senegal) 2007, in Durban, South Africa. planning stages of a submitted • José Antonio Gomez-Hernandez project; (Spain)

IFLA Publications

Management, marketing and libraries. In order to strengthen Tel: +49-89-76902-300. Fax: +49- promotion of library services the awareness of the potential of 89-76902-150/250). E-mail: saur. based on statistics, analyses tools for management and strategic [email protected]. Website: www. and evaluation. Edited by Trine planning, a two-day meeting was saur.de Kolderup Flaten. München: held under the auspices of IFLA’s Management & Marketing Section K.G. Saur, 2006, 464 p. (IFLA ICABS Publications Online Publications; 120/121) ISBN-13: in Bergen, Norway in August 2005. 978-3-598-21848-4. ISBN-10: 3- Managers of different types of In 2004–2005, The National Library libraries, researchers and educators 598-21848-6. Price: EUR 128.00 of the Netherlands (Koninklijke from ﬁ ve continents shared their (IFLA Members: EUR 96.00) Bibliotheek) conducted for experiences with research methods, the IFLA-CDNL Alliance for data collection, evaluation, perform- Rapid developments in infor- Bibliographic Standards (ICABS) a ance measurement, best practice survey on the use and development mation technology and media strategies and policies. This book of standards in digital archiving have resulted in increasingly diverse contains their presentations in the within the international library strategies for information retrieval form of full length articles. world. The survey resulted in the by readers and users. The duty to report: Networking for Digital cope with this phenomenon and IFLA Publications published Preservation: current practice in to master the situation forms one by: K.G. Saur Verlag, PO Box 15 national libraries. PDF version of the biggest challenges facing 701620, 81316 Munich, Germany. available at: http://www.iﬂ a.org/

256 Limits toFrom Freedom Other ofOrganizations Expression?

VI/7/pub/IFLAPublication-No119. EUR 78.00: IFLA Members EUR documents for preserving digital pdf. (See also: Networking for 58.00.) materials: Report to ICABS on Digital Preservation: current Guidance for Digital Preservation: practice in 15 national libraries. In the same period the National Report on a survey of sources. PDF Ingeborg Verheul. München: Saur, Library of Australia also carried version available at: http://www. 2006, 269 p. (IFLA Publications: out a survey for ICABS on digital nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2005/ 119) ISBN-13: 978-3-598-21847-7. preservation. This survey focused on documents/webb1.pdf. ISBN-10: 3-598-21847-8. Price: the availability of suitable guidance

From Other Organizations

of all departments. The postal Amsterdam to be World New Name for addresses of the three locations of Book Capital City 2008 Die Deutsche Bibliothek the library are as follows:

Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, An international jury of experts has On 29 June 2006 the Law regarding Deutscher Platz 1, 04103 Leipzig, chosen Amsterdam (Netherlands) the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek as World Book Capital City in came into force, replacing the Law Germany. 2008. Each year, a city is chosen regarding the Deutsche Bibliothek Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, as the World Book Capital City of 1969. The new law provides Adickesallee 1, 60322 Frankfurt based on an evaluation of how for the change of name of Die am Main, Germany. it promotes books and fosters Deutsche Bibliothek to Deutsche Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, reading. Previous winners have Nationalbibliothek (German Deutsches Musikarchiv, been Antwerp (Belgium), Montreal National Library). Due to the Gärtnerstraße 25–32, 12207 (Canada), Bogotá (Colombia), change of name, all Internet and e- Berlin, Germany. Alexandria (Egypt), New Delhi mail addresses for the library have (India), Turin (Italy) and Madrid also changed. The new Internet (Spain). World Book and Copyright address is www.d-nb.de; there you Day is celebrated each year on 23 can also ﬁ nd information about the April. new law and the e-mail addresses

Other Publications

divide. This dossier is addressed to copysouth.org or requested via The Copy/South Dossier the general public, researchers, e-mail from , either as a printed copy or organizations concerned about as a CD. Issues in the economics, politics, access to knowledge who want to and ideology of copyright in learn more about the global role The Copy/South Research Group the global South. Researched of copyright and, in particular, receives ﬁ nancial support from: The and published by the Copy/South copyright’s largely negative role in Open Society Institute, Budapest, Research Group, May 2006. ISBN: developing countries of the global Hungary; HIVOS, The Hague, The 978-0-9553140-1-8 (printed edition) South. In more than 50 articles Netherlands; The Research Fund Not restricted by copyright. totalling 215 pages, the Copy/ of Kent Law School, Canterbury, South Research Group, who have Kent, UK. The aim of the dossier is to open researched and debated these issues up debate on the real impact of over the past 12 months, have tried copyright laws affecting the people to critically analyse and assess a Web Archiving of the more than 150 developing wide range of copyright-related countries in the Global South, many issues that impact on the daily lives of whom have never read a book, (and future lives) of those who live Archiving websites: A practical have no access to the Internet and in the global South. guide for information management are facing an indeterminate future. professionals. Adrian Brown. Facet The dossier highlights issues that are The dossier is distributed free of Publishing (July 2006; 256pp; not only unique to the Global South, charge. It may be downloaded paperback; 1-85604-533-6; GBP but also focuses on those issues that in various formats from the 39.95 or GBP31.96 to CILIP affect both sides of the North – South Copy/South website http://www. Members). 257 News

According to the publishers, o’[email protected]. this is the fi rst book to offer prac- Website: www.facetpublishing.co.uk/ LivRe! – Portal to free tical guidance to information- journals on the Internet management professionals seeking Classical library buildings of the to implement web archiving world. Ed. Wu Jianzhong. Shanghai: The Nuclear Information Center programmes of their own. It is Shanghai Scientifi c and Techno- (CNEN/CIN) in Brazil maintains a essential reading for those who logical Literature Publishing House, portal to facilitate the identifi cation need to collect and preserve specifi c 2006. ISBN: 7-5439-3005-6/z 1109 of and access to free journals elements of the web – from national (hardcover, 240 × 360 mm); USD 60 available on the Internet at http:// domains or individual subject areas (including USD 20 for packing and livre.cnen.gov.br. The portal to an organization’s own website. postage for surface mail). LivRe! (Free!), registers 2,525 Drawing on the author’s experience free journals and can now be of managing the National Archives’ Library buildings are treasures accessed in Portuguese, English and web-archiving programme, together of our human civilization. From the Spanish. The portal covers scientifi c with lessons learned from other existing classical library buildings, we journals, magazines, bulletins and international initiatives, this book can feel and experience the unique newsletters, in various categories: provides a comprehensive overview artistic styles and architectural of current best practice, together functions presented by these build- • free access to all the issues and with practical guidance for anyone ings. To display the architectural articles (most of the titles are in seeking to establish a web-archiving styles and features of classical this category); programme. It assumes only a library buildings constructed by • free access requiring mandatory basic understanding of IT and web various countries and nations, the registration; technologies, although it also IFLA Library Buildings and Equip- • free access only during a offers much for more technically ment Section suggested that the pre-established period after oriented readers. Contents include Shanghai Library be responsible publication; the development of web archiving; for the editing and publication • free access only after a period selection; collection methods; of the book Classical Library following publication; quality assurance and cataloguing; Buildings of the World, based on • partial free access, where only preservation; delivery to users; legal the book New Library Buildings part of the articles are available issues; managing a web-archiving of the World. In August 2005, an for free. programme and future trends. editorial board was established, Written to address audiences from with Dr Wu Jianzhong as General The following data are avail- the whole spectrum of information- Editor. The editorial board invited able for each title: time coverage, management sectors, this book is experts from IFLA and China to language, secondary sources indexing essential reading for three types of be its members, and Mr Stephen the title, if it is a peer reviewed reader: policy-makers, who need to Parker as advisor of the board. The journal, optional comments and make decisions about establishing editorial board has made a selection contents description, as supplied or developing an institutional web of library buildings after a survey by the publisher. Beyond displaying archiving programme; information- of classical library buildings all over journals by the initial letter of their management professionals, who the world and has fi nally decided titles, searches can be done by title may be required to implement a to include 47 libraries from 22 words and subject fi eld. Searches web-archiving programme; and countries. can be refined by selecting only website owners and webmasters, peer-reviewed journals or only who may be required to facilitate Contact: Ms Liang Su, Acquisitions journals indexed by any secondary archiving of their own websites. and Cataloging Center, Shanghai source. Library, 1555 Huai Hai Zhong Contact: Mark O’Loughlin, Market- Road, Shanghai, 200031, China. ing Manager, Facet Publishing. Tel: 021-54560585. Email: Tel: 020 7255 0597. Email: mark. [email protected]

Personal News

and President-elect of IFLA, was Dr. Claudia Lux has been Director Claudia Lux Honoured appointed Honorary Professor of General of the Foundation of the Humboldt University (HU) by Central and Regional Library Berlin Prof. Dr. Markschies, President of since 1997. Following her MSc On 3rd April 2006, Dr. Claudia Lux, the Humboldt University Berlin. in Social Science, she completed Director General of the Central Born in 1950 in Gladbeck/North a PhD in Sinology at the Ruhr- and Regional Library Berlin, Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), University, Bochum (Germany), in 258 Limits to Freedom of Expression?Obituaries

1985. Having passed the 1st and 2nd 2005 Claudia Lux was voted Journal, is leaving the National State Examinations as a Candidate President-elect of IFLA to take over Library of Uganda, where he has for higher Civil Service, she worked the Presidency from Alex Byrne in worked for 9 years to become as an academic librarian at the August 2007 for a two-year term. Executive Secretary of the National State Library Berlin (East-Asia Book Trust of Uganda (NABOTU), Collection) and was involved in Further information: http://www. a civil society organization that various research projects. zlb.de/generaldirektion aims at revitalizing publishing and authorship in Uganda as well as Before taking up her present pos- inculcating the culture of reading. ition, she was Director of the Lib- Charles Batambuze rary of the Berlin Senate, which has Moves been integrated into the Central, and Regional Library Berlin (America Memorial Library, Berlin City Charles Batambuze, a member of Library) in January 2005. In June the Editorial Committee for IFLA

Obituaries

content – and to accommodate of computing. Her skills were im- Remembering frequent and random updating of mediately recognized and she was Henriette D. Avram records. Avram rallied the librarians given special training in mathematics and technicians of the community to while working as a system analyst tackle the extensive Latin character and programmer. Those were the On April 22, 2006, Henriette D. set needs of libraries and to stimulate days of machine code and assembler Avram, one of the icons of the development of printer capabilities languages, when very few who library world and an IFLA Honorary for those characters. tackled the computer environment fellow, passed away. She came to actually made it through to become the community at just the right time And springboard it was! Within 10 programmers. for library automation, bringing years an industry had grown up cutting edge computer skills, a offering various systems and services Avram was attracted to the Library sharp intellect, and leadership to libraries, enabling libraries to of Congress where automation mastery to the task. In 1965, catch each new advance such as was on everyone’s mind but how when the Library of Congress hired desktop terminals, networks, and to begin was still elusive. Once in Avram from the computer software eventually PCs as they appeared. the library world Avram brought company Datatrol, the computing The systems industry that supports her considerable energy to the environment was very different from libraries is a multi-million dollar task. She immediately sought today. The fi rst widely usable family one today, all branching from that out experienced librarians who of computers, the IBM 360 series fi rst well-conceived kernel. could provide her with insight that made it possible for business into the needs and requirements computing to develop, had been Avram’s creative insight continued of this new environment. Within released in 1964 and computing into the 1970s when she focused a year a pilot program was begun technology was just beginning to on a new initiative, again ahead of and the following year the first enable use of upper and lower case its time, to enable communication MARC records were in the hands of characters. Punched cards were the among dissimilar computer plat- pilot participants. She developed a norm for communicating with the forms so that libraries would not be formal standard for the innovative computer, as CRT terminals were limited by system choice. Eventually MARC format structure and took not yet on the desk. Impressed that effort resulted in development it to ISO (ISO 2709). She was an with the vitality of and savings from of the Z39.50 information retrieval early supporter of a new Section on the creative ways libraries shared protocol for cross-system search. Mechanization within IFLA, which printed cards, she recognized the she later chaired and helped to re- fundamental nature of a common Born October 7, 1919, in New organize and rename the Section on data format as the springboard York City, Henriette Avram’s uni- Information Technology. In addition standard to boost libraries into versity days were interrupted by she served as the Chair of the IFLA automation. The format (now called the war and marriage and family. Professional Board and then six MARC 21) that she developed with When she decided to seriously years on the IFLA Executive Board the community was advanced for enter the workforce in the early and as Vice-President of IFLA. that time in its ability to effi ciently 1950s she was hired by the United transport variable-length data – a States National Security Agency, a For her achievements Avram was fundamental need for bibliographic leading laboratory for development given many awards, too many to 259 News

mention them all here. From the the need for standards blazed a path centered on her incredible insight – American Library Association she in the fi eld of library automation. involving a quick grasp of technical received the Lippincott Award and She always claimed that she was no issues and decisive actions – and the Dewey Award, two of ALA’s politician, but her instinctive ability her incredible memory. The fi rst highest honors, and the presti- to fi nd common ground and relate enabled the creativity described gious Margaret Mann Citation in to librarians and their problems, above. The latter meant that nothing Cataloging and Classifi cation. In not only in the United States, but could be put aside in hope that she 1997 she was given an Honorary also throughout the world, enabled would forget that she asked you to Life Membership by ALA. She was her to be effective in spreading her do it. One facet of Henriette that also honored with the United States vision. One memory in our long I and others appreciated was her government’s Federal Women’s relationship is illustrative. Henriette humanity – she was always highly Award. In addition she received grew up in Manhattan and never approachable. honorary doctorates from three lost her distinctive New York American universities. accent, which some people found In addition to Avram’s professional a little diffi cult to understand. On achievements, she and her husband Lucia Rather, former Director one occasion when she was unable of 64 years, Herbert Avram, raised for Cataloging at the Library of to attend a meeting in Antwerp, she a family of three children. Herbert Congress and IFLA Cataloging asked me to read her speech for her. Avram passed away just this past Section Chair, and a long-time After the talk was over, a gentleman January 2006, and their lives were friend and associate, said this of came up to me and said, ‘Oh, Mrs. celebrated together at Arlington Avram: “Working with Henriette Rather, that was so wonderful. Mrs. cemetery in Washington, DC, on opened up a brave new world Avram’s ideas and your accent.’ May 1. for me. Her curiosity about all Those ideas have left a legacy that is aspects of the library world, her the basis of our efforts today.” Sally H. McCallum, Library of creative melding of fundamental Congress bibliographic and information My own recollections of Henriette, needs with the possibilities of with whom I worked a number of May 22, 2006 technology, and her insistence on years at the Library of Congress,

260 Limits to Freedom of Expression?

INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR

December 4–8, 2006. Moscow, 2006 Russian Federation. 2007 9th International Conference November 8–10, 2006. Sofia, EVA 2006 Moscow. Theme: May 8–12, 2007. Banff, Canada. Bulgaria. Culture and information society WWW2007: 16th International Sofia 2006: Globalization, technologies, Century XXI. World Wide Web Conference. Digitization, Access and Further information: Leonid For more information: Preservation of Cultural Kuybyshev, Head of the www2007info at iw3c2.org Heritage. Organising Committee. E-mail: For more information, visit [email protected] August 19–23, 2007. Durban, South the Sofi a 2006 website: http:// Africa. slim.emporia.edu/globenet/ December 5–8, 2006. New Delhi, World Library and Information Sofi a2006/Index.htm India. Congress: 73rd IFLA Council ICDL 2006. International and General Conference. Theme: November 9–11, 2006. Baltimore, Conference on Digital Libraries for the future: progress, Maryland (USA) Libraries. development and partnerships. FOIS-2006. International Further information: Debal C. Further information from the Conference on Formal Ontology Kar, Organising Secretary. Tel. IFLA WLIC 2007 website: http:// in Information Systems. +91-11-24682141, 24682111 or www.ifla.org/IV/ifla73/index. Further information: Dr. Leo 24682100. Fax +91-11-24682144, htm Obrst, The MITRE Corporation, 2468 2145. E-mail: ICDL@teri. Information Semantics Center res.in. Website: www.teriin.org/ for Innovative Computing & events/icdl 2008 Informatics. Tel. +1 703-983- 6770. Fax: +1 703-983-1379. E- December 11–13, 2006. Hong mail: [email protected]. Website: Kong, China. August 10–15, 2008, Québec, http://www.formalontology.org/ KMAP 2006: 3rd Asia-Pacifi c Canada. International Conference on World Library and Information November 20–26 2006. Curaçao, Knowledge Management. Theme: Congress: 74th IFLA General Netherlands Antilles. The knowledge powerhouse for Conference and Council. Theme: XXXIXth International the future. Libraries without borders: Conference of the Round Table Further information: Conference navigating towards global on Archives. Theme: Sharing Secretariat: E-mail: dora. understanding. memory through globalization. [email protected]. Website: Further information from: Further information: http://www.ise.polyu.edu.hk/ http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/ Perrine Canavaggio. E-mail: km ann2008en.pdf [email protected].

SOMMAIRES

Paul Sturges. Limits to Freedom aquatiques et de la mer (IAMSLIC), a obtenu un succès technologique of Expression? Considerations qui compte 325 membres originaires considérable en développant le arising from the Danish cartoons de 86 pays, détient une longue logiciel reSearcher destiné aux affair. [Des limites à la liberté tradition en matière de partage des bibliothèques universitaires du d’expression ? Considérations ressources, basée sur les relations Canada occidental, en soutenant suscitées par l’affaire des personnelles entre ses membres. la numérisation active, le dépôt caricatures danoises.] En 2002, IAMSLIC a mis en institutionnel et les programmes IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, place un système de partage des de soutien e-journal, ainsi qu’en pp. 181–188 ressources utilisant une interface entretenant une collection unifi ée de recherche qui a recours numérique très consistante. La L’émotion et la colère provoquées aux possibilités de recherche du bibliothèque de la SFU propose par la publication dans un journal protocole Z39.50 pour interroger sur le campus un programme danois de caricatures contenant les catalogues particuliers. En plus particulièrement actif basé sur des représentations satiriques du du IAMSLIC Z39.50 Distributed des cours de formation ; étendre Prophète Mahomet servent de Library, qui recherche dans les ce programme à l’environnement point de départ à une réflexion catalogues OPAC standard, les SGA n’a pas été chose facile et a sur les dimensions du droit à la bibliothèques plus modestes même été par moment frustrant. liberté d’expression, défi ni dans la peuvent partager leurs fonds par Technologie, activités stratégiques Déclaration universelle des droits l’intermédiaire du catalogue en ligne et implication dynamique dans des de l’homme des Nations Unies. Union List of Marine and Aquatic initiatives pédagogiques en ligne ont L’article aborde les droits et devoirs Serials (Liste unifi ée des périodiques permis d’obtenir quelques succès. annexes à l’égard de la communauté maritimes et aquatiques). Les ainsi que les limites explicites à la bibliothèques affiliées peuvent Cynthia Houston. Building liberté d’expression contenues soumettre des demandes de prêts Capacity for Global Education in dans la Déclaration. Les principes entre bibliothèques pour des objets a School Library Media Education de préjudice et d’offense énoncés localisés par un de ces moyens. Ce Program through International respectivement par Mill et Feinberg programme à succès peut servir de Exchange. [Mettre en place une sont appliqués à ce problème. Le modèle à d’autres organisations capacité d’éducation globale par concept de proportionnalité dans bibliothécaires intéressées par le biais d’échanges internationaux l’interprétation des lois ainsi que le partage des ressources et par dans le cadre du programme l’exercice de la bienséance dans la l’élargissement de l’accès à du de formation aux médias des comédie satirique sont également matériel portant sur des sujets bibliothèques scolaires.] abordés. L’auteur réaffirme la spécifiques aux bibliothèques IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, nécessité pour les bibliothécaires membres. pp. 209–213 d’adopter une politique en ce qui concerne les matières à controverse, Lynn Copeland. There Be Dragons Les formateurs de spécialistes des afin de défendre la liberté … Learning Management and médias des bibliothèques scolaires d’expression et la liberté d’accès aux informations tout en respectant les Library Systems in Canada. aux Etats-Unis doivent commencer sensibilités communautaires. [Attention, danger … systèmes à intégrer une approche globale de gestion de l’apprentissage de l’éducation. Des recherches Barbara A. Butler, Janet Webster, et systèmes bibliothécaires au effectuées sur des programmes Steven G. Watkins and James W. Canada.] d’échange internationaux sur Markham. Resource Sharing Within IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, le court terme indiquent qu’ils an International Library Network: pp. 200–208 contribuent à l’évolution cognitive using technology and professional et personnelle, condition préalable cooperation to bridge the waters. L’importance des ressources au développement d’une perspective [Le partage des ressources au et des services bibliothécaires globale, aussi bien pour les étudiants sein d’un réseau bibliothécaire dans la réussite universitaire est que pour le corps enseignant. Dans le international : technologie et démontrable. Alors que les systèmes cadre d’efforts faits pour développer coopération professionnelle actuels de gestion de l’apprentissage une perspective globale parmi les utilisées pour jeter des ponts.] (SGA) ne soutiennent pas leur étudiants et le corps enseignant IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, intégration, certains signes positifs du programme de formation pp. 189–199 montrent que cela va changer. À aux médias de la bibliothèque l’Université Simon Fraser (SFU) de l’Université du Kentucky L’Association internationale au Canada, des SGA très divers Occidental, deux membres du corps des Bibliothèques et Centres sont utilisés, ce qui complique le enseignant ont été à l’origine d’un d’information des sciences problème. La bibliothèque de la SFU programme d’échange international

Copyright © 2006 International Federation of Library Associations & IFLA Institutions (www.ifl a.org). IFLA Journal 32(3): 262–271. 262 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035206070212 Sommaires avec le Colegio San Estanislao Étant donné que ce marketing s’est aux sources voulues et de pouvoir de Kostka (SEK) en Catalogne, développé aux Etats-Unis et dans les utiliser, quel que soit le secteur un établissement supérieur privé une culture occidentale, la majorité auxquels elles sont rattachées. proche de Barcelone en Espagne. des publications sont en anglais. Les auteurs de l’article souhaitent Kari Stange. Caught between Beth Hovius. Public Library connaître les contributions d’auteurs Print and Electronic. [Pris en Partnerships which Add Value to non occidentaux et autres auteurs tenaille entre document imprimé the Community: The Hamilton considérés comme déterminants et document électronique.] Public Library experience. [Les par les lecteurs, afi n de les prendre IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, partenariats des bibliothèques en compte dans un second article. pp. 237–239 publiques qui constituent une valeur Veuillez envoyer les informations ajoutée pour la communauté : à ce propos à Christie Koontz : En Suède, le consortium BIBSAM l’expérience de la bibliothèque [email protected]. procure des licences aux journaux publique d’Hamilton.] électroniques depuis 1998. Au cours IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, Jon Birger Østby. Cross-Sectorial de cette période, plusieurs modèles pp. 214–233 Challenges for Archives, Libraries différents d’entreprise ont été testés. and Museums. [Défi s intersectoriels Cet article décrit certaines des Cet article s’intéresse à une série pour les archives, bibliothèques et expériences qui en ont été retirées. de partenariats qui ont renforcé musées.] L’objectif fondamental est d’obtenir le rôle de la bibliothèque publique IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, des modèles qui soient rentables si d’Hamilton en mettant à disposition pp. 232–236 on prend en compte l’ensemble du des services d’alphabétisation et cycle de vie nécessaire pour obtenir d’information, et qui constituent un Les archives, bibliothèques et une licence pour le contenu d’un plus pour la commune d’Hamilton musées ont été fondés pour servir journal électronique. Les modèles au Canada. L’accent est mis sur la société et leurs usagers, mais ayant le plus fort potentiel de des partenariats au niveau de leurs sources sont extrêmement rentabilité pour les consortiums sont imbriquées et dépassent les limites les ‘grosses transactions’ où tous la communauté, bien que la de chaque secteur. Les archives, les membres ont les mêmes droits bibliothèque publique d’Hamilton bibliothèques et musées ont tous d’accès et où les mêmes termes ait aussi de nombreux partenariats des collections de photographies. s’appliquent à tous les journaux actifs avec d’autres bibliothèques Une étude en Norvège a montré autorisés. Ceci est en confl it avec au niveau provincial et national. que les musées, de même que le besoin de flexibilité souvent Les partenariats sont classés par certaines bibliothèques, possèdent exprimé par les bibliothèques ordre chronologique. Au cours du de vastes et importantes collections individuelles. L’acquisition temps, le rôle de la bibliothèque d’archives privées. Dans une parallèle de formats imprimés et au sein d’un partenariat a évolué, communauté locale, le musée peut électroniques est non seulement depuis l’information et l’orientation détenir une meilleure collection compliqué, mais entraîne aussi des documentaire à la gestion du de littérature sur l’histoire locale coûts supplémentaires dans le cadre contenu et l’autonomisation de la que la bibliothèque publique, mais des accords du consortium. Le fait communauté. cette collection n’est pas accessible de passer à un format uniquement au grand public et n’est parfois électronique permet d’obtenir des Christie M. Koontz, Dinesh K. même pas cataloguée. L’usage modèles plus rentables. À mesure Gupta and Sheila Webber. Key des technologies de l’information que les portfolios des éditeurs Publications in Library Marketing: et de la communication est le évoluent, il faut des dispositifs pour a review. [Passage en revue principal défi commun aux archives, déterminer les coûts totaux des des publications primordiales bibliothèques et musées. Améliorer formats uniquement électroniques consacrées au marketing des la coopération entre ces institutions pour le consortium dans le cadre bibliothèques.] nécessite de disposer d’endroits où des ‘grosses transactions’. IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, elles peuvent se réunir, tels que pp. 224–231 séminaires, conférences ou réseaux. Fay Durrant. The World Wide À plusieurs égards, il semble y Web Enhancing E-government in Cet article passe en revue des avoir un plus grand potentiel de the Caribbean: an assessment of contributions essentielles à la coopération au niveau régional Government portals or gateway littérature consacrées au marketing et local qu’au niveau national. websites. [Le Web en renfort des bibliothèques depuis le début Pour les usagers, il importe peu de l’administration en ligne des années 70 jusqu’à aujourd’hui. que les sources de connaissances aux Caraïbes: une évaluation De nombreuses citations et d’expérience soient conservées des portails ou sites d’accès bibliographiques renvoient à des dans des archives, bibliothèques gouvernementaux.] centaines de publications rédigées ou musées. Ce qui les intéresse IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, au cours des 30 dernières années. principalement, c’est d’avoir accès pp. 240–250 263 SommairesZusammemfgassungen

Les gouvernements de la moyen d’accès alternatif et efﬁ cace portails ou site d’accès caraïbes Communauté des Caraïbes ont aux services publics et permettre facilitant l’administration en ligne mis en place des portails ou sites l’interaction avec les fournisseurs de et détermine le rôle joué par les d’accès sur le Web pour faciliter la services du secteur public. Cet article bibliothécaires et les bibliothèques mise à disposition d’informations examine la capacité de ces sites Web pour intensiﬁ er l’accès des citoyens et de services administratifs en à fournir un accès aux informations aux informations administratives ligne. L’administration en ligne et à contribuer à l’efficacité des en ligne. sur Internet est considérée comme activités d’administration en pouvant fournir à tous les citoyens un ligne. L’étude porte sur dix-sept

ZUSAMMEMFGASSUNGEN

Paul Sturges. Limits to Freedom auch die Informationsbeschaffung kleinere Bibliotheken ihren of Expression? Considerations weiterhin gewährleistet sind, Bibliotheksbestand über die online arising from the Danish cartoons gleichzeitig jedoch das Zartgefühl verfügbare Union List of Marine affair. [Einschränkung des Rechts der Gemeinschaft respektiert wird. and Aquatic Serials [Unionsliste der auf Meinungsäußerung? Einige Fachzeitschriften über Gewässer- Betrachtungen zur dänischen Barbara A. Butler, Janet Webster, und Meereskunde] miteinander Cartoon-Affäre.] Steven G. Watkins und James teilen. Die hier angeschlossenen IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, W. Markham. Resource Sharing Bibliotheken können auf Wunsch pp. 181–188 Within an International Library Fernleihbestellungen für Leihgaben Network: using technology and einreichen, die dann über einen der Die Aufregung und die zornigen professional cooperation to bridge beiden Kanäle lokalisiert werden. Äußerungen anlässlich der the waters. [Resource-Sharing Dieses erfolgreiche Programm kann Veröffentlichung von Cartoons innerhalb eines internationalen auch als Modell für andere Biblioth mit satirischen Abbildungen des Netzwerks von Bibliotheken: Mit eksorganisationen dienen, die daran Propheten Mohammed in einer entsprechenden Technologien und interessiert sind, ihre Ressourcen dänischen Zeitung dienen diesem professioneller Zusammenarbeit auszutauschen und den Zugriff Artikel als Grundlage zur Analyse der Brücken schlagen.] auf themenspezifi sche Materialien Dimensionen des in der allgemeinen IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, unter den Mitgliedsbibliotheken zu Erklärung der Menschenrechte der pp. 189–199 erweitern. Vereinten Nationen verankerten Rechts auf Meinungsäußerung. Die International Association Lynn Copeland. There be Dragons Dabei werden auch die damit of Aquatic and Marine Science … learning management and verbundenen Rechte und Pfl ichten Libraries and Information Centers library systems in Canada. [Da gegenüber der Gemeinschaft (IAMSLIC) [der internationale gibts Drachen.... Lernmanagement beleuchtet, zusammen mit den Verband der Bibliotheken und und Bibliothekensysteme in in dieser Erklärung enthaltenen Informationszentren, die sich Kanada.] expliziten Einschränkungen des mit Gewässer- und Meereskunde IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, Rechts auf Meinungsäußerung. befassen], die zurzeit 325 Mitglieder pp. 200–208 Zudem werden im Zusammenhang aus 86 Ländern zählt, verfügt über mit diesem Problem die Prinzipien eine langjährige Erfahrung mit dem Die Ressourcen und der Verletzung und Beleidigung Austausch von Ressourcen unter Dienstleistungen der Bibliotheken betrachtet, wie sie von Mill und ihren Mitgliedern, was in diesem haben einen nachweislichen Feinberg beschrieben werden. Fall über zwischenmenschliche Einfluss auf den Bildungserfolg. Außerdem kommen das Konzept Beziehungen und Netzwerke Obwohl die heutigen Learning der Verhältnismäßigkeit bei der verläuft. Im Jahr 2002 hat die Management - Systeme (LMS) ihre Interpretation der Gesetze sowie IAMSLIC ein Resource-Sharing- Integration nicht unterstützen, gibt die Aufrechterhaltung des äußeren System auf Basis einer einheitlichen es deutliche Hinweise darauf, dass Anstands und der Schicklichkeit bei Schnittstelle für die Suche sich dies ändern wird. Viele LMSs der satirischen Komik zur Sprache. entwickelt, das sich auf Z39.50 gelangen an der Simon Fraser Nochmals wird dabei auf die Tatsache Broadcast - Suchfähigkeiten für - Universität (SFU) in Kanada hingewiesen, dass Bibliothekare den Abruf einzelner Kataloge stützt. zum Einsatz, was das Problem heute passende Strategien für Abgesehen von der IAMSLIC verschlimmert. Die Bibliothek der kontroverse Materialien entwickeln Z39.50 Distributed Library, SFU hat mit der Entwicklung des und einsetzen müssen, wobei die die standardmäßige OPAC- reSearcher für Unibibliotheken freie Meinungsäußerung und Kataloge durchsucht, können im Westen von Kanada mit einer 264 ZusammenfassungenSommaires aktiven Digitalisierung, einer Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts institutionellen Archivierung sowie (SEK) Catalunya, einer privaten bis hin zur Gegenwart. Viele der Unterstützungsprogrammen für E- P-12 – Schule in der Nähe von bibliographischen Quellenangaben Journale erhebliche technologische Barcelona in Spanien ins Leben haben dazu geführt, dass in den Erfolge erzielen können. Zudem gerufen. letzten 30 Jahren buchstäblich wird auch eine sehr umfassende Hunderte von Veröffentlichungen elektronische Sammlung unterstützt. Beth Hovius. Public Library auf den Markt gekommen sind. Die SFU Library verfügt über ein Partnerships which Add Value to Da das Konzept des Marketing in sehr akties auf dem Unigelände the Community: The Hamilton den Vereinigten Staaten und den angebotenes kursbezogenes Public Library experience. westlichen Kulturen entstanden ist, Unterweisungsprogramm, wobei [Partnerschaften zwischen sind die meisten Veröffentlichungen jedoch die Erweiterung dieses öffentlichen Bibliotheken, die einen zu diesem Thema in englischer Programms auf die LMS-Umgebung Mehrwert für die Gemeinschaft Sprache erschienen. Die Autoren eine erhebliche Herausforderung mit sich bringen: Erfahrungen freuen sich über Beiträge von darstellt und zeitweise recht der öffentlichen Bibliothek in Literaten aus nicht-westlichen frustrierend sein kann. Dank der Hamilton.] Ländern und anderen, die von Technologie, der strategischen IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, den Lesern als Schlüsselbeiträge Aktivitäten und des aktiven pp. 214–223 betrachtet werden und in einem Engagements bei den pädagogischen zweiten Artikel erscheinen sollen. Online-Initiativen konnte dabei ein Bei diesem Beitrag liegt der Bitte schicken Sie Ihre relevanten gewisser Erfolg verbucht werden. Schwerpunkt auf einigen Daten an Christie Koontz unter Partnerschaften, die die Rolle [email protected]. Cynthia Houston. Building Capacity der öffentlichen Bibliothek von for Global Education in a School Hamilton bei der Bereitstellung von Jon Birger Østby. Cross- Library Media Education Program Bildungs- und Informationsdiensten Sectorial Challenges for through International Exchange. gestärkt und einen Mehrwert für die Archives, Libraries and [Kapazität zur Förderung der Stadt Hamilton in Kanada geschaffen Museums. [Sektorübergreifende globalen Bildung im Rahmen eines haben. Dabei liegt der Nachdruck Herausforderungen für Archive, Schulbibliotheken - Programms auf den gesellschaftsbezogenen Bibliotheken und Museen.] für den Umgang mit Mediotheken Partnerschaften, obwohl die IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, durch den internationalen öffentliche Bibliothek in Hamilton pp. 232–236 Austausch.] auch viele aktive Partnerschaften mit IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, anderen Bibliotheken in der Provinz Archive, Bibliotheken und Museen pp. 209–213 und im ganzen Land unterhält. sind dazu eingerichtet, der Diese Partnerschaften werden Gesellschaft und ihren Nutzern Wichtig ist, dass die Ausbilder in chronologischer Reihenfolge zu dienen; hierbei ist jedoch eine der Medienspezialisten für vorgestellt. Die jeweilige Rolle, starke Überlappung der Quellen Schulbibliotheken in den die die Bibliothek innerhalb der über die einzelnen Sektorengrenzen Vereinigten Staaten damit einzelnen Partnerschaften spielt, ist hinweg festzustellen. Archive, beginnen, eine weltumspannende Strategie im Hinblick auf mit der Zeit gewachsen; aus einem Bibliotheken und Museen sammeln die Ausbildung einzuführen. Informations- und Reaktionssystem beispielsweise Fotografi en. Eine in Forschungsergebnisse, die sich ist ein Bezug auf das Content Norwegen durchgeführte Erhebung mit kurzfristigen internationalen Management und Community zeigt, dass Museen, ebenso wie Austauschprogrammen befassen, Empowerment entstanden. einige Bibliotheken, umfassende zeigen, dass diese durchaus zur und einflussreiche Sammlungen kognitiven und persönlichen Christie M. Koontz, Dinesh K. aus privaten Archiven besitzen. Entwicklung beitragen, was für Gupta und Sheila Webber. Key Es ist durchaus möglich, dass ein die Entwicklung einer globalen Publications in Library Marketing: kleines örtliches Museum eine Perspektive unerlässlich ist, und a review. [Wichtige Publikationen bessere Literatursammlung über zwar sowohl bei den Studenten beim Bibliotheksmarketing: ein die lokale Geschichte besitzt als die wie auch bei den Lehrkräften. Im Überblick.] öffentliche Bibliothek, jedoch ist Bemühen, im Rahmen des Western IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, diese der breiten Öffentlichkeit nicht Kentucky University Library Media pp. 224–231 zugänglich und möglicherweise Education - Programms bei den noch nicht einmal katalogisiert. Die Studenten und den Lehrkräften Der vorliegende Artikel befasst Nutzung der Informations- und Ko eine globale Perspektive zu sich mit einigen wichtigen mmunikationstechnologie ist eine schaffen, haben zwei Mitglieder Beiträgen zur Literatur über das vorrangige Herausforderung für alle des Lehrkörpers ein internationales Bibliotheksmarketing; dabei reicht Archive, Bibliotheken und Museen. Austauschprogramm mit dem die Palette von den frühen siebziger Um eine bessere Kooperation 265 SommairesResúmenes

zwischen diesen Institutionen zu gesamten Lebenszyklus der beziehungsweise Gateway- ermöglichen, werden allerdings inhaltlichen Lizenzierung der E- Websites.] entsprechende Treffpunkte benötigt, Journale kosteneffektiv sind. Die IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, wie beispielsweise Seminare, vielversprechendsten Modelle mit pp. 240–250 Konferenzen oder Netzwerke. In dem größten Potenzial für eine vielerlei Weise scheint hier das Kosteneffizienz im Hinblick auf Die Regierungen der karibischen Potenzial für eine Kooperation Konsortien sind die so genannten Gemeinschaft haben im World auf regionaler und lokaler Ebene „Big Deals”, wo alle Mitglieder die Wide Web entsprechende Portal- stärker zu sein als auf nationaler gleichen Zugangsrechte besitzen beziehungsweise Gateway-Sites Ebene. Für die Benutzer ist es und alle lizenzierten Journale den eingerichtet, um die Weiterleitung von letztlich irrelevant, ob die Quellen gleichen Bedingungen unterliegen. Informationen und Dienstleistungen für die gewünschten Kenntnisse Dies steht allerdings im Konﬂ ikt mit im Zusammenhang mit dem E- und Erfahrungen von den Archiven, der Notwendigkeit der Flexibilität, Government zu vereinfachen. den Bibliotheken oder den Museen die von einzelnen Bibliotheken Das Ziel des über das Internet verwaltet werden. Für sie ist es immer wieder vorgebracht wird. Der zugänglichen E-Government in erster Linie wichtig, Zugang parallele Ankauf von Druck- und wird darin gesehen, dass hiermit zu den gewünschten Quellen zu Elektronikformaten verstärkt die versucht wird, für alle Bürger ein efﬁ zientes und alternatives Medium erlangen und diese nutzen zu Komplexität und erhöht die Kosten bereitzustellen, um den Zugang zu können, ungeachtet der Frage, bei Konsortiumvereinbarungen ganz den öffentlichen Dienstleistungen welche Sektoren damit verbunden erheblich. Die Umstellung auf reine und die Interaktion mit den sind. E-Formate hingegen ermöglicht Providern im öffentlichen Sektor kosteneffizientere Modelle. zu ermöglichen. Der vorliegende Kari Stange. Caught between Print Daher werden entsprechende Beitrag analysiert das Potenzial and Electronic. [Gefangen zwischen Mechanismen zur Anpassung der dieser Websites im Hinblick darauf, Druck- und Elektronikmedien.] Gesamtkosten des Konsortiums inwiefern damit auch wirklich Zugriff IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, für E-Formate bei „Big Deals” nach auf die Informationen geboten wird pp. 237–239 Maßgabe der geänderten Portfolios und diese zur Effektivität der E- der Verlage benötigt. Government – Aktivitäten beitragen. Das BIBSAM-Konsortium in Dieser Beitrag analysiert siebzehn Schweden lizenziert bereits seit 1998 Fay Durrant. The World Wide Portale beziehungsweise Gateway- E-Journale. In diesem Zeitraum sind Web Enhancing E-government Websites aus der Karibik, die das diverse Geschäftsmodelle geprüft in the Caribbean: an assessment E-Government erleichtern; zudem worden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt of Government portals or wird die Rolle der Bibliothekare einige der Erfahrungen, die sich in gateway websites. [Nutzung des und der Bibliotheken im diesem Zusammenhang ergeben World Wide Web zur Förderung Zusammenhang mit der Förderung haben. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei des E-Government in der des Zugriffs der Bürger auf die über die Entwicklung von Modellen, Karibik: Eine Untersuchung das E-Government bereitgestellten die unter Berücksichtigung des der Regierungsportale Informationen beschrieben.

RESÚMENES

Paul Sturges. Limits to Freedom derecho a la libertad de expresión satírica. Asimismo, se reaﬁ rma la of Expression? Considerations contemplado en la Declaración de necesidad de que los bibliotecarios arising from the Danish cartoons los Derechos Humanos aprobada adopten políticas para los materiales affair [¿Límites a la libertad por las Naciones Unidas. Los controvertidos que defiendan la de expresión? Observaciones derechos y obligaciones para con libertad de expresión y la libertad surgidas del asunto sobre las la comunidad se analizan a lo largo de acceso a la información, a la vez viñetas de Dinamarca]. de las limitaciones explícitas a la que se respeta la sensibilidad de la IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, libertad de expresión contenidas comunidad. pp. 181–188 en la Declaración. A este problema se aplican los principios de daño Barbara A. Butler, Janet Webster, El dolor y la rabia provocados por y ofensa, tal y como establecen Steven G. Watkins y Dr. James W. la publicación en un periódico Mill y Feinberg respectivamente. Markham. Resource Sharing Within danés de viñetas que contenían También se debate el concepto an International Library Network: representaciones satíricas del Profeta de la proporcionalidad en la using technology and professional Mahoma es el punto de partida para interpretación de las leyes y el cooperation to bridge the waters un análisis de las dimensiones del ejercicio del decoro en la comedia [El intercambio de recursos en una

266 ResúmenesSommaires red internacional de bibliotecas: una amplia variedad de sistemas institución de educación primaria utilización de la energía y la LMS, por lo que su complejidad y secundaria situada cerca de cooperación profesional para es considerable. La biblioteca de la Barcelona, España. salvar las distancias]. SFU ha logrado un éxito sustancial IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, el área tecnológica tras desarrollar Beth Hovius. Public Library pp. 189–199 reSearcher para las bibliotecas Partnerships which Add Value to universitarias del oeste de Canadá, the Community: The Hamilton La Asociación Internacional de así como mediante programas de Public Library experience Bibliotecas y Centros de Información asistencia para la digitalización, [Alianzas de bibliotecas públicas sobre Ciencias Acuáticas y Marinas archivos institucionales y diarios que aportan valor a la comunidad: (LAMSLIC), compuesta por 325 electrónicos, y el apoyo a una La experiencia de la Biblioteca miembros de 86 países, cuenta colección electrónica de gran Pública de Hamilton.] con una larga trayectoria de volumen. La biblioteca de la SFU IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, intercambio de recursos tomando ha participado activamente en un pp. 214–223 como base conexiones personales programa de formación dentro del entre sus miembros. En 2002, la campus, y extenderlo al entorno Este documento se centra en una IAMSLIC desarrolló un sistema de LMS ha sido muy complejo e incluso serie de alianzas que han reforzado intercambio de recursos utilizando frustrante el algunas ocasiones. No la función de la Biblioteca Pública una interfaz unifi cada de búsqueda obstante, la tecnología, la actividad de Hamilton en la dotación de basada en las funcionalidades del estratégica y la participación activa servicios de alfabetización protocolo Z390.50 para consultar en iniciativas pedagógicas en línea e información, y han aportado catálogos individuales. Aparte de la han permitido alcanzar cierto grado benefi cios a la ciudad canadiense Biblioteca Compartida Z39.50, que de éxito. de Hamilton. El interés se centra busca catálogos OPAC estándar, las en las alianzas de la comunidad, bibliotecas de menor tamaño pueden Cynthia Houston. Building Capacity aunque la Biblioteca Pública de compartir sus recursos mediante la for Global Education in a School Hamilton también mantiene un herramienta en línea Union List of Library Media Education Program gran número de alianzas con otras Marine and Aquatic Serials. Las through International Exchange bibliotecas a escala provincial y bibliotecas que pertenezcan a esta [Desarrollo de la capacidad nacional. Las alianzas se debaten red pueden enviar solicitudes de para la educación global en un por orden cronológico. Con el préstamo entre ellas para obtener programa de formación en medios tiempo, el papel de la biblioteca en artículos ubicados en distintos de bibliotecas escolares mediante una alianza ha ido evolucionando y lugares. Este exitoso programa el intercambio internacional.] sus servicios no sólo se limitan a la puede servir como modelo para IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, información y las referencias, sino otras bibliotecas interesadas en pp. 209–213 también a la gestión de contenidos compartir los recursos y ampliar el y a la dotación de recursos a la acceso a materiales de una temática Es importante que los especialistas comunidad. específica entre las bibliotecas en bibliotecas escolares de los miembros. Estados Unidos comiencen a Christie M. Koontz, Dinesh K. Gupta incorporar un enfoque global y Sheila Webber. Key Publications Lynn Copeland. There be Dragons hacia la educación. Los estudios in Library Marketing: a review … learning management and realizados sobre los programas de [Publicaciones importantes sobre library systems in Canada intercambio internacional a corto marketing de bibliotecas: visión [Superar la complejidad: gestión plazo indican que éstos contribuyen general.] del aprendizaje y sistemas de a que se cumpla el requisito previo IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, bibliotecas en Canadá]. de desarrollo cognitivo y personal pp. 224–231 IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, para crear una perspectiva global, pp. 200–208 tanto en los estudiantes como en Este documento analiza las los centros educativos. Con el fi n publicaciones más importantes La importancia que tienen de desarrollar dicha perspectiva sobre marketing de bibliotecas los recursos y servicios de las global entre los estudiantes y desde principios de los 70 hasta bibliotecas a la hora de tener éxito los centros en el Programa de la actualidad. Muchas de las es algo totalmente demostrable. formación en medios de bibliotecas referencias bibliográfi cas conducen Aunque los sistemas de gestión escolares de la Universidad de hasta cientos de publicaciones del aprendizaje (LMS) actuales Kentucky, dos miembros de la aparecidas durante los últimos 30 no admiten su integración, todo facultad iniciaron un programa años. Puesto que el marketing se ha apunta a que esto cambiará en de intercambio internacional creado en la cultura estadounidense el futuro. La Universidad Simon con el Colegio San Estanislao de y occidental, la mayoría de las Fraser (SFU) de Canadá utiliza Kostka (SEK) de Cataluña, una publicaciones son en inglés. Los

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autores solicitan aportaciones de local que a nivel nacional. Para los se podrían implantar modelos colegas no occidentales y de otros usuarios es irrelevante que las fuentes más económicos. Se necesitan profesionales, que los lectores de conocimiento y experiencia se mecanismos para ajustar los costes consideran fundamentales, para encuentren en los archivos, las totales del consorcio relativos a incluirlos en un segundo artículo. bibliotecas o los museos. Su primera la oferta exclusiva de formatos Por favor, envíen toda información preocupación es obtener acceso electrónicos a medida que cambien de interés a Christie Koontz en la a las fuentes que buscan y hacer los títulos de los editores. dirección [email protected]. uso de ellas, independientemente de la diversidad de sectores que Fay Durrant. The World Wide Jon Birger Østby. Cross-Sectorial intervengan. Web Enhancing E-government Challenges for Archives, Libraries in the Caribbean: an assessment and Museums [Retos sectoriales Kari Stange. Caught between Print of Government portals or para los archivos, bibliotecas y and Electronic [Atrapados entre el gateway websites. [La web museos.] formato impreso y electrónico.] mejora el funcionamiento de IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, la Administración electrónica pp. 232–236 pp. 237–239 en el Caribe: una evaluación de los portales o sitios web Los archivos, las bibliotecas y los El consorcio sueco BIBSAM lleva gubernamentales.] museos se crean para servir a la concediendo licencias de periódicos IFLA Journal 32 (2006) No. 3, sociedad y a sus usuarios, pero existe electrónicos desde 1998. Durante pp. 240–250 una gran solapamiento de recursos este período se han probado entre los distintos sectores. Por distintos modelos de negocio. Este Los gobiernos de la comunidad ejemplo, todas estas instituciones documento describe algunas de las del Caribe han creado portales o recopilan fotografías. Un estudio experiencias acumuladas durante sitios web en Internet para facilitar realizado en Noruega demuestra que, estos años. El principal problema la difusión de información y la al igual que algunas bibliotecas, los es tratar de conseguir modelos prestación de servicios mediante museos tienen colecciones enormes económicos cuando se tiene en la administración electrónica. y valiosas de archivos privados. En cuenta el ciclo de vida completo La administración electrónica una comunidad local, los museos de la concesión de contenidos de por Internet ofrece a todos los podrían disponer de una colección diarios electrónicos. Los modelos ciudadanos un medio eficaz y de documentos sobre historia que ofrezcan el menor coste para el alternativo para acceder a servicios local más rica que la biblioteca consorcio son “los importantes”, y públicos e interactuar con los pública, pero no se encuentra con ellos, todos los miembros tienen proveedores del sector público. Este disponible para el público general, los mismos derechos de acceso y se documento examina el potencial y es posible que incluso no esté aplican los mismos términos para de dichos sitios web para ofrecer catalogada. El uso de la tecnología todos los diarios bajo licencia. Sin acceso a la información y contribuir de información y comunicación embargo, esto entra en confl icto con a la efectividad de las actividades es el principal reto que comparten la necesidad de fl exibilidad que, a de la administración electrónica. los archivos, bibliotecas y museos. menudo, expresan las bibliotecas La investigación evalúa diecisiete Una mejor cooperación entre independientes. La compra portales o sitios web caribeños que estas instituciones requiere lugares paralela de formatos impresos y facilitan servicios de administración donde puedan reunirse, como los electrónicos supone un aumento electrónica, e identifi ca las funciones seminarios, conferencias o redes. considerable de la complejidad y que desempeñan los bibliotecarios En muchos sentidos, parece que de los costes en los contratos del y las bibliotecas en la mejora del haya mayores posibilidades de consorcio. Sin embargo, si sólo se acceso de los ciudadanos a la cooperación a escala regional y ofreciera el formato electrónico, información de la Administración.

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Пауль Стурджес. Limits to Freedom IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, исследованиям различных аспектов of Expression? Considerations pp. 181–188 права на свободу самовыражения, arising from the Danish cartoons зафиксированного в Декларации прав affair. [Ограничения свободы Смятение и гнев, вызванные человека ООН. Исследуются смежные самовыражения? Размышления, публикацией в датской газете карикатур права и обязанности перед обществом, вызванные датским «карикатурным с сатирическим изображением а также подробно разработанные скандалом».] Пророка Мухаммеда, дали толчок и содержащиеся в Декларации

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ограничения свободы самовыражения. посредством онлайнового Списка Синтия Хаустон. Building Capacity Данная проблема рассматривается периодических изданий по морским for Global Education in a School с точки зрения применения и водным наукам. Библиотеки-члены Library Media Education Program принципов нанесения ущерба и могут делать межбиблиотечные through International Exchange. оскорбления, сформулированных запросы о заимствовании отдельных [Наращивание возможностей соответственно Миллем и наименований, обнаруживаемых для глобального образования Фейнбергом, а также обсуждается при помощи одного из этих двух по программе подготовки концепция пропорциональности способов. Эта успешно применяемая школьных специалистов в области при интерпретировании законов и программа может служить библиотечных технических средств соблюдение приличий в сатирической моделью для других библиотечных через международный обмен.] комедии. Вновь подтверждается организаций, интересующихся необходимость для библиотекарей совместным пользованием ресурсами IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, принять стратегию в отношении и расширением доступа к материалам pp. 209–213 сомнительных материалов, в которой со специфической тематикой среди бы ставилась цель защиты свободы входящих в их состав библиотек. Для преподавателей в Соединенных самовыражения и свободы доступа Штатах, которые готовят школьных к информации при одновременном Линн Коуплэнд. There be Dragons специалистов в области библиотечных уважении чувствительных для … learning management and library технических средств, очень важно общества тем. systems in Canada. [Там водятся начать внедрение глобального драконы … управление обучением и подхода в процесс обучения. Барбара А.Батлер, Джанет Уэбстер, библиотечные системы в Канаде.] Изучение краткосрочных программ Стивен Г.Уоткинс и Д-р Джеймс международного обмена показало, У. Маркхэм. Resource Sharing IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, что они способствуют повышению Within an International Library pp. 200–208 познавательного и персонального Network: using technology and уровня, являющегося предпосылкой professional cooperation to bridge the Важность библиотечных ресурсов и для выработки глобального видения waters. [Совместное пользование услуг для достижения академического как у студентов, так и у сотрудников ресурсами в рамках международной успеха не подлежит сомнению. В факультета. В рамках усилий по библиотечной сети: использование то время как существующие развитию глобального видения у технологий и профессиональной Системы управления обучением студентов и сотрудников факультета, кооперации для преодоления (LMS) не поддерживают взаимное занимающегося подготовкой препятствий.] интегрирование, появляются специалистов в области библиотечных обнадеживающие знаки, что эта технических средств в Университете ситуация изменится. В канадском IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, Западного Кентукки, два сотрудника университете Саймон Фрэйзер (СФУ) pp. 189–199 факультета инициировали программу применяется широкий набор LMS, что международного обмена с Каталонской подталкивает к решению указанной Международная ассоциация библиотек Colegio San Estanislao de Kostka проблемы. Библиотека СФУ достигла и информационных центров в области (SEK) – частной школой уровня P- значительного технологического водных и морских наук (IAMSLIC), в 12, расположенной близ Барселоны, успеха, разработав систему состав которой входит 325 членов из Испания. 86 стран мира, имеет длительный опыт reSearcher для университетских библиотек Западной Канады; совместного использования ресурсов, поддерживая программы по активной Бет Ховиус. Public Library основанный на личных связях между дигитализации, институциональному Partnerships which Add Value to the ее членами. В 2002 году IAMSLIC хранилищу и изданию e-журнала, а Community: The Hamilton Public разработала систему совместного также обеспечивая функционирование Library experience. [Партнерство пользования ресурсами с применением солидной e-коллекции. Библиотека публичных библиотек, интерфейса объединенного поиска СФУ осуществляет весьма активную обеспечивающее добавленную на базе поисковых возможностей внутри-университетскую программу стоимость для общества: опыт протокола Z39.50 для запроса обучения на базе определенных курсов. Гамильтонской публичной информации в индивидуальных Увязка этой программы со средой библиотеки.] каталогах. В дополнение к LMS представляла определенные разработанной ассоциацией IAMSLIC трудности, которые временами IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, дистрибуционной библиотеке казались трудно преодолимыми. pp. 214–223 на базе Z39.50, при помощи Посредством применения технологий, которой осуществляется поиск по повышенной активности и Предметом данного исследования стандартным каталогам OPAC, более активного вовлечения в онлайновые является ряд партнерских инициатив, мелкие библиотеки могут совместно педагогические инициативы были благодаря которым усилилась роль использовать библиотечные фонды достигнуты определенные успехи. Гамильтонской публичной библиотеки

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в распространении грамотности и IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, данном материале описывается обеспечении библиотечных услуг pp. 232–236 некоторый наработанный по ходу и, в целом, добавленной стоимости опыт. Ключевым вопросом является для города Гамильтон, Канада. Архивы, библиотеки и музеи разработка рентабельных моделей, Акцент делается на партнерских создаются в целях обслуживания принимая во внимание полный инициативах местного значения, хотя общества и своих пользователей, но цикл лицензирования содержания e- Гамильтонская публичная библиотека существует значительное совпадение журнала. Моделями, обладающими поддерживает активные партнерские и дублирование в используемых ими самым большим потенциалом отношения с целым рядом других ресурсах. Все архивы, библиотеки экономической эффективности библиотек провинциального и и музеи занимаются сбором для консорциума, являются национального уровня. Партнерские фотографий. Проведенное в Норвегии так называемые «грандиозные инициативы рассматриваются в исследование показало, что музеи, предприятия». В них все члены хронологическом порядке. С течением подобно некоторым библиотекам, обладают идентичными правами времени роль данной библиотеки располагают крупными и важными доступа, и ко всем лицензируемым в рамках указанных партнерств коллекциями частных архивов. журналам применяются одинаковые эволюционировала от предоставления Музей местного значения может требования и условия. Это вступает информационных и консультационных располагать более богатой коллекцией в конфликт с необходимостью более услуг к выполнению менеджмента литературы по местной истории, чем гибких моделей, в пользу чего содержания и содействия укреплению публичная библиотека, но она не будет часто высказываются различные муниципальной власти. доступна широкой публике и даже библиотеки. Параллельное может не быть каталогизирована. приобретение как печатных, так и Кристи М. Кунтц, Динеш K. Гупта Использование информационных электронных форматов значительно и Шейла Уеббер. Key Publications и коммуникационных технологий усложняет процедуру и повышает in Library Marketing: a review. является первостепенной задачей цену в соглашениях консорциума. [ Ключевые публикации по – общей для архивов, библиотек и Продвижение к исключительно библиотечному маркетингу: музеев. Улучшение сотрудничества электронным моделям позволит обзор.] между этими институтами требует обеспечить большую экономическую наличия определенных мест, где эффективность. Возникает IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, они могли бы встречаться, таких как потребность в механизмах, при pp. 224–231 семинары, конференции и сетевые которых, по мере внесения изменений сообщества. По многим аспектам в издательские портфели, были бы В данной работе дается обозрение представляется, что существует отрегулированы общие затраты ключевых статей по библиотечному гораздо больший потенциал для консорциума при использовании маркетингу с начала 1970-ых по сотрудничества на региональном и исключительно электронной модели настоящее время. Во многих местном уровнях, чем на национальном «грандиозного предприятия». библиографических упоминаниях уровне. Для пользователя не имеет делается ссылка на сотни публикаций, определяющего значения, кто является Фэй Даррент. The World Wide увидевших свет за последние 30 хранителем источника знаний и Web Enhancing E-government in лет. Поскольку развитие маркетинга опыта: архив, библиотека или музей. the Caribbean: an assessment of ассоциируется с Соединенными Главное для них – получить доступ Government portals or gateway Штатами и западной культурой, к изыскиваемым источникам и websites. [Использование большинство публикаций воспользоваться ими, независимо от « всемирной паутины» для англоязычны. Авторы хотели бы секторальных различий. повышения эффективности получить публикации не западного работы E-правительств в странах происхождения, а также из других Кари Станге. Caught between Print Карибского бассейна: оценка источников, которые читатели сочли and Electronic. [Застрявший между правительственных межсетевых бы подходящими для включения печатным и электронным.] порталов или веб-сайтов.] во второй цикл данной работы. Пожалуйста, высылайте всю IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, IFLA Journal, 32 (2006) No. 3, значимую информацию г-же Кристи pp. 237–239 pp. 240–250 Кунтц на следующий электронный адрес: [email protected]. Шведский консорциум BIBSAM Правительства стран Карибского занимается лицензированием бассейна учредили порталы или Йон Биргер Ёстбю. Cross-Sectorial сайты со средствами маршрутизации Challenges for Archives, Libraries e-журналов, начиная с 1998 года. во «всемирной паутине» в целях and Museums. [Межсекториальные В течение этого периода было облегчения распространения проблемы, стоящие перед архивами, апробировано несколько различных информации и услуг по линии e- библиотеками и музеями.] моделей для нужд бизнеса. В правительства (электронного

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правительства). E-правительство, общественного сектора. В данной или веб-сайтов со средствами работающее через Интернет, работе изучается потенциал указанных маршрутизации, которые облегчают призвано обеспечить всем гражданам веб-сайтов по обеспечению доступа работу e-правительства и определяют эффективное и альтернативное к информации и по содействию роль библиотекарей и библиотек средство доступа к общественным эффективности деятельности e- по расширению доступа граждан к услугам и взаимодействия с правительства. В исследовании информации, предоставляемой по лицами, обеспечивающими работу оцениваются 17 Карибских порталов каналам e-правительства.

271 Paul Sturges

IFLA JOURNAL – NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Aims and Scope The IFLA Journal aims to promote and support the aims and core values of IFLA as the global voice of the library and information profession by providing authoritative coverage and analysis of (a) the activities of IFLA and its various constituent bodies and members, and those of other bodies with similar aims and interests and (b) completed, ongoing and proposed policies, plans and programmes related to the development of library and information services around the world. Writing for the IFLA Journal Contributions to the journal may include: original articles and features; news and information about current and forthcoming activities and events in the ﬁ eld of library and information services; announcements of new publications, products or services; information about education and training opportunities, fellowships, honours and awards; personal news; obituaries; letters to the Editor. Articles and features Articles and features are normally published only in English. Authors whose ﬁ rst language is not English should not be inhibited from submitting contributions in English because of this; the correction of minor grammatical and linguistic errors in English is considered to be an integral part of the editorial process.

Articles and features should normally be between 2000 and 7000 words in length. Longer contributions may be accepted occasionally and, if necessary, published in two or more parts in successive issues.

Articles should be accompanied by an English-language abstract of not more than 150 words, fi ve or six keywords, a brief statement of the professional qualifi cations and experience of the author(s), including current offi cial designation and full address and contact details, and a recent photograph (not a passport photo) of each of the authors suitable for publication.

Authors are expected to check their work carefully before submitting it, particularly with regard to factual accuracy, completeness and consistency. They should provide sufﬁ cient background information to enable readers unfamiliar with the activity or country being described to understand it easily. Acronyms and abbreviations should be spelled out in full the ﬁ rst time they are used. Other contributions The primary language of publication for contributions other than articles and features is English, but such contributions may be published in the other working languages of IFLA – French, German, Russian or Spanish – if appropriate. Illustrative material Contributors are encouraged to submit photographs and other illustrations to accompany their contributions. They should be submitted either in TIF format (300 dpi minimum) or in hard copy as positive prints or transparencies and be clearly captioned and credited to the originator. Other illustrations should be suitable for publication without further treatment. Statistical data should, if possible, be presented in the form of charts or diagrams, rather than tables. Bibliographical references References should follow the full form stipulated in ISO 690–1987, Documentation – Bibliographic references – Content, form and structure, using either the numeric or the Harvard method of citation in the text. Lists of references should appear at the end of a contribution, not as footnotes. Copyright All contributors are required to sign a ‘Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement’ granting to IFLA the exclusive licence to publish. Copyright remains with the author(s). Authors are responsible for obtaining copyright clearance for the publication of any copyrighted material (including illustrative material) which may be included in their contribution.

Format All contributions should, whenever possible, be submitted in standard electronic formats, either as e-mail attachments or on 3.5 inch diskettes. The preferred format for textual matter is MS Word. Contributors who are unable to submit their work in electronic format should supply textual matter in clearly typewritten manuscript. Publication All unsolicited articles are refereed anonymously by members of the Editorial Committee, whose decision with regard to the publication of any article or feature is ﬁ nal. Other contributions are published at the discretion of the Editor, if necessary after consultation with the Editorial Committee.

Authors of articles, features and reviews will receive one complimentary copy of the issue in which their work appears and are given controlled access to a pdf of their article and one year’s free personal subscription to the print edition of IFLA Journal. Submission All contributions (except advertisements), in whatever format, should be addressed to:

The Editor, IFLA Journal, Apt. 1C, Ediﬁ cio Rosa dos Ventos, Rua Rosa Parracho no. 27, Bairro do Rosario, 2750–778 Cascais, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected].