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Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 116, NUMBER 7 (End of Volume) THE BUTTERFLIES OF VIRGINIA (With 31 Plates) BY AUSTIN H. CLARK AND LEILA F. CLARK Smithsonian Institution DEC 89 «f (PUBUCATION 4050) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 20, 1951 0EC2 01951 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 116, NO. 7, FRONTISPIECE Butterflies of Virginia (From photograph by Frederick M. Bayer. For explanation, see page 195.) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 116, NUMBER 7 (End of Volume) THE BUTTERFLIES OF VIRGINIA (With 31 Plates) BY AUSTIN H. CLARK AND LEILA F. CLARK Smithsonian Institution z Mi -.££& /ORG (Publication 4050) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 20, 1951 Zfyt. Borb QBattimovt (preee BALTIMORE, 1ID., D. 6. A. PREFACE Since 1933 we have devoted practically all our leisure time to an intensive study of the butterflies of Virginia. We have regularly spent our annual leave in the State, stopping at various places from which each day we drove out into the surrounding country. In addition to prolonged visits of 2 weeks or more to various towns and cities, we spent many week ends in particularly interesting localities. We have visited all the 100 counties in the State at least twice, most of them many times, and our personal records are from more than 800 locali- ties. We have paid special attention to the Coastal Plain, particularly the great swamps in Nansemond, Norfolk, and Princess Anne Counties, and to the western mountains. Virginia is so large and so diversified that it would have been im- possible for us, without assistance, to have made more than a super- ficial and unsatisfactory study of the local butterflies. We have been so fortunate as to have had invaluable assistance from many friends within the State, some of whom have sent us hundreds of records and many specimens from their home territory. Prof. Carroll M. Williams, of Harvard, provided us with records from Richmond and localities farther east, extending over several years. Dr. Carroll E. Wood, Jr., and Dr. Carl W. Gottschalk collected records and specimens for us at Salem and in Roanoke County for more than 7 years. Frank W. Trainer sent us detailed records and many specimens, covering a period of several years, from Farmville, and later from Charlottesville. Warren P. Stoutamire sent us his records from Gala, and Lloyd G. Carr sent us records and specimens from Mountain Lake. But this is by no means all the assistance we have had. Prof. Ellison A. Smyth, Jr., was so very kind as to send us his records for more than 50 years' collecting, chiefly from Blacksburg and Poverty Hol- low, Montgomery County, and also from Salem. These were supple- mented by records from Poverty Hollow sent us by Herman J. Erb. Dr. Frank Morton Jones most generously sent us his records from eastern Virginia, especially Accomack, Northampton, Princess Anne, and Nansemond Counties. Jackson H., John, and Alexander Boyd have sent us many interesting records from Woodberry Forest and the Dismal Swamp region. John M. Burns has given us numerous records from Mountain Lake. iv SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. Il6 Otto Buchholz has been so good as to send us detailed records of all the species he collected over a period of several years in eastern Virginia, several of which were not found by anyone else. Dr. War- ren Herbert Wagner, Jr., made many trips to different parts of Vir- ginia to get records for us, and we owe most of the information re- garding the distribution of Poanes aaroni to him. He and Dr. George W. Rawson paid special attention to the Second Swamp near New Bohemia and also to the North Landing River swamp, providing us with many records from those interesting areas. On our visits to various localities in Virginia we have from time to time been accompanied by friends who have assisted us in gathering specimens and records. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest L. Bell have been with us in eastern Virginia, and also in Frederick County. Prof, and Mrs. Charles T. BrueS and Dr. Alice Brues joined the Bells and ourselves on a visit to the Dismal Swamp region. Dr. and Mrs. William M. Mann accompanied us on a 2 weeks' trip to southern and southwestern Virginia, and also on other trips to the Dismal Swamp and the North- ern Neck. Jackson H., John, and Alexander Boyd joined us in a visit to the Dismal Swamp, and Dr. and Mrs. Harald A. Rehder have also been with us in the same area. Mr. and Mrs. William D. Field and later Mr. and Mrs. R. Tucker Abbott accompanied us on expedi- tions to Middle Mountain in western Highland County. Others who have been with us on collecting trips are Dr. and Mrs. Adam G. Boving, Dr. and Mrs. Grover C. Pitts, Dr. Carl W. Gott- schalk, Dr. Laurence Ilsley Hewes, Dr. William T. M. Forbes, Dr. Walter S. Hough, Mr. and Mrs. John F. Gates Clarke, Mr. and Mrs. David Hall, Lt. Col. and Mrs. Edvald L. Rasmussen, Dr. and Mrs. George S. Myers, Dr. and Mrs. Matthew W. Stirling, Dr. Herbert Friedmann, Mr. and Mrs. John E. Graf, Prof. John W. Bailey, John B. Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Gerrit S. Miller, Dr. and Mrs. William F. Foshag, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen J. McDonough, Dr. Richard P. Dow, Miss Grace Sandhouse, Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, Dr. Norman B. Tin- dale of Adelaide, South Australia, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert G. Deignan, Dr. Ellis LeG. Traughton of Sydney, New South Wales, Dr. Austin Roberts and Dr. E. Percy Phillips of South Africa, Dr. H. Boschma and Dr. L. P. Holthuis of Leiden, The Netherlands, Prof, and Mrs. Torsten Gislen of Lund, Sweden, Mrs. G. S. Pobst of Tazewell, and Vilhelm Lauritzen and V. Lauritsen of Copenhagen, Denmark. During the course of our work in Virginia we have been the re- cipients of generous hospitality in many places. Among our hosts and hostesses we are especially indebted to Miss Lilian E. Smith of Mount ; NO. 7 PREFACE V Solon ; Miss Willie T. Weathers of Aylett ; Miss Florence Walker of Bayford ; Dr. and Mrs. William T. Sanger, Dr. and Mrs. Wortley F. Rudd, and Dr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Negus of Richmond ; Lt. Col. and Mrs. Edvald L. Rasmussen and Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Rule of Fairfax ; Mr. and Mrs. John A. Blakemore of Abingdon ; Dr. and Mrs. George W. Jeffers of Farmville ; Mr. and Mrs. Gus Welsh of Apple Orchard Mountain ; Theodor Mussaeus of Limeton ; John B. Lewis of Amelia Court House ; and L. Parker Hill of Suffolk. While this memoir was in press we received many additional records from Petersburg sent us by Bryant Mather of Jackson, Miss. ; from the Dismal Swamp region sent us by Kilian Roever of Jackson, Tenn. and from Boyd's Tavern, which we owe to the kindness of Miss Leila A. Henry of Arlington, Va. Also, we enjoyed the hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Douglas D. Withers of Mount Solon, and accom- panied Mr. and Mrs. William J. Faymonville, Jr., of Louisville, Ky., on a visit to Reddish Knob. William D. Field, associate curator of insects, United States Na- tional Museum, has been so good as to read over the entire manu- script for us, and we are greatly obliged to him for his critical com- ments. Cyril F. dos Passos most kindly checked all the scientific names, bringing them into conformity with current usage. We realize that this report represents only an introduction to the study of the butterflies of Virginia. A vast amount of work still re- mains to be done before they can be considered as adequately known. Many areas in the western mountains and on the Coastal Plain have not been explored, and far more information is necessary for the ac- curate determination of the seasons in different parts of the State. We hope later to publish our detailed records, and also our notes on the habits and other attributes of the various species. For the illustrations we are indebted to the late Gurney I. High- tower and to Floyd B. Kestner, Smithsonian Institution photog- raphers. All the specimens shown are in the United States National Museum. CONTENTS Page Preface iii Introduction i Distribution of butterflies in Virginia 2 The map 8 Keys to the butterflies of Virginia 9 1. Key to the families and subfamilies of butterflies represented in Vir- ginia 10 2. Key to the species of Lethiinae 11 3. Key to the species of Satyrinae 11 4. Key to the species of Apaturidae, Nymphalidae, Argynnidae, and Danaidae 12 5. Key to the species of Riodinidae 15 6. Key to the species of Lycaenidae 15 7. Key to the species of Pieridae 18 8. Key to the species of Papilionidae 20 9. Key to the species of Pyrginae 21 10. Key to the males of the species of Hesperiinae 24 Annotated list of butterflies of Virginia 30 Family Satyridae 30 Family Apaturidae 39 Family Nymphalidae 40 Family Argynnidae 49 Family Danaidae 65 Family Libytheidae 68 Family Riodinidae 6g Family Lycaenidae 70 Family Pieridae 86 Family Papilionidae 118 Family Hesperiidae 147 Erroneous records 186 Bibliography 187 Plates 197 Index 229 THE BUTTERFLIES OF VIRGINIA By AUSTIN H. CLARK AND LEILA F. CLARK Smithsonian Institution (With 31 Plates) INTRODUCTION The number of species and subspecies of butterflies for which we have definite records for Virginia is 154. Two of these, Pieris vir- giniensis and Phocbis philea, are accidental visitors. Several others, as Agraulis vanillae, Strymon Ontario, Ascia phileta, and Urbanus proteus, are irregularly recurrent visitors. Several butterflies of regu- lar occurrence in the State are summer visitors only, dying out com- pletely during winter.
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