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Lauren M. Mcgough Phd Thesis

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Lauren M. Mcgough Phd Thesis PARTNERSHIPS AND UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN KAZAKH PASTORALISTS AND GOLDEN EAGLES OF THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS: A MULTI-SPECIES ETHNOGRAPHY Lauren Mueller McGough A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2019 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18955 This item is protected by original copyright Partnerships and Understanding Between Kazakh Pastoralists and Golden Eagles of the Altai Mountains: A Multi-Species Ethnography Lauren Mueller McGough This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews March 18th, 2019 2 Abstract This thesis is a study of the Kazakh tradition of hunting in partnership with golden eagles in the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It represents a unique relationship among the spectrum of human-animal interactions – here eagles live both fully independent lives in the ‘wild’ and yet, for a time, are brought into the domestic sphere by Kazakhs and behave, in many ways, as a domesticated animal would. Kazakhs are able to accomplish this through the deep ethno-ornithological knowledge of the lives of eagles and a willingness to see eagles as beings with agency and engage in an intersubjective relationship with them. Kazakh pastoralists rely entirely on animals for their livelihood, and therefore communicate with goats, sheep, horses, camels, yaks and eagles on a daily basis. None of these relationships are of dominance, but rather co-domesticity. The aim of this thesis is to use the lens of cultivating a relationship with an eagle to better examine how human-animal interactions make us who we are, and help us understand the world around us. There are strong parallels in the lives of the eagles and Kazakhs of the Altai Mountains – both migrate with the seasons and utilize landscapes in similar ways. Along with notions of ‘domestic’ and ‘wild’, apprenticeship is a strong theme in this thesis. A Kazakh hunter must apprentice himself to both his eagle and his human mentor. In turn, the eagle becomes an apprentice of sorts as it learns to communicate with humans. Layers of interspecies communication saturate the landscape and challenge the notion of human exceptionalism. When we think about animals this way, like the Kazakhs do, truly special human-animal partnerships can occur. 3 Table of Contents Table of Images and Figures… ........................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 8 A Multi-Species Ethnography .................................................................. 11 Chapter One Summary ............................................................................ 13 Chapter Two Summary ............................................................................ 18 Chapter Three Summary ......................................................................... 22 Chapter Four Summary ........................................................................... 24 Chapter Five Summary ............................................................................ 30 Chapter 1- Communities of Golden Eagles and Nomadic Kazakh Pastoralists…36 An Ancient Relationship .......................................................................... 37 A Multi-Species Ethnography .................................................................. 39 Historical Context .................................................................................... 43 Eagle Context .......................................................................................... 46 Parallels in Human and Eagle Lives ......................................................... 51 Entwined Lives ........................................................................................ 53 Sociality in Eagles .....................................................................................58 The Bigger Picture .................................................................................... 62 Hunters and Values .................................................................................. 67 Eagles Inform the Lives of Kazakhs .......................................................... 71 4 Chapter 2- Human-Eagle Socialization: A Hunting Partnership .......................... 73 The Importance of the Relationship ........................................................ 77 My Primary Informant .............................................................................. 80 Finding Alema ........................................................................................... 82 From Trap to Partnership ........................................................................ 86 Hunting Mechanics .................................................................................. 96 Factors that Determine an Eagle’s Motivation to Hunt .......................... 99 Illustration of Eagle Behaviours ............................................................. 102 Chapter 3 - Learning, Apprenticeship and Communication ............................... 112 Learning to Communicate with the ‘Wild’ ............................................... 113 Animals in Anthropology ........................................................................... 133 Co-domesticity and Communication ......................................................... 137 Songs and an Animal Vocabulary .............................................................. 143 Chapter 4 – The Continuum from the Wild to the Domesticated ........................ 149 What does that mean – ‘tame’? ................................................................ 149 The Question of Domestication ................................................................ 158 Dual Beings Both Wild and Domestic ......................................................... 160 Wilderness and Home ................................................................................ 162 The Hunt ..................................................................................................... 165 Classification and Transgression ................................................................ 169 Kazakh Animality ........................................................................................ 173 Companions and Nature-Cultures ...............................................................180 5 Chapter 5 – Landscape, Seasonality and Nomadism .......................................... 184 The Importance of Landscape .................................................................. 184 Does Wilderness Exist? ........................................................................... 194 The Dead and the Fortunate ................................................................... 196 The Domestic Sphere and Cyclical Time .................................................. 198 The Autumnal Search for Eagles .............................................................. 202 The Winter Place, the Cull, and Distribution ............................................ 209 Spring and Summer Places ....................................................................... 218 The Inadequacy of Dualism ...................................................................... 222 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 224 Bibliography… ..................................................................................................... 227 6 Table of Images and Figures Image 1 – A blue prayer flag used as nesting material by golden eagles ................ 56 Image 2 – Distrust .................................................................................................... 103 Image 3 – Trust ....................................................................................................... 103 Image 4 – Trust – acceptance of a food reward and willingness to give up fox…..104 Image 5 – Fearful……………………………………………………………………………………………….105 Image 6 – Relaxed ................................................................................................. 106 Image 7 – Stressed ................................................................................................. 107 Image 8 – Content ................................................................................................ 108 Image 9 – Aggression ........................................................................................... 110 Image 10 – Acceptance ........................................................................................ 111 Image 11 – A jealousy trap in use ........................................................................ 120 Image 12 – Cerkbo, our scareboy ........................................................................ 123 Image 13 – A young child learning to interact with an eagle .............................. 125 Image 14 – Iyak Cap for an eagle ........................................................................ 192 Figure 1 – Map of the ‘four corners’ area of Central Asia .................................... 45 Figure 2 – Migratory movements ....................................................................... 201 7 General
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