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Nikolaï Vassilievitch Abramov Brigadiste Au Kolkhoze De Loukerino

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Nikolaï Vassilievitch Abramov Brigadiste Au Kolkhoze De Loukerino la grande terreur Nikolaï Vassilievitch Abramov Brigadiste au kolkhoze de Loukerino. Arrêté le 5octobre 1937, condamné àmort le 17octobre, exécuté le 21 octobre. Réhabilité en 1957. Al’occasion des soixanteans de la mort de Staline (le 5mars 1953), «LeMonde» revient sur la Grande Terreur –750000 Soviétiques exécutés et 800000 autres envoyés au goulag entre1937 et 1938 –etreproduit des extraits d’un livre événement, réalisé àpartir d’archives d’Etat et des photographies du Polonais Tomasz Kizny Cahier du «Monde »N˚21190 daté Mercredi 6mars 2013 -Nepeut être vendu séparément 0123 II la grande terreur Mercredi 6mars 2013 Le martyre de Gavriil Bogdanov Cepaysan père de famille, condamné àl’exil lors de la collectivisation des terres, était devenu ouvrier àMoscou. Fusillé pour avoir critiqué lerégime, il fut l’une despremières victimes de la Grande Terreur, qui allait tuer 1600 personnes par jour pendant quinze mois Marie Jégo Moscou Correspondante ’est un cliché sorti des archi- ves de la police politique soviétique, un portrait de face, façon «criminel», pris C par des bourreaux scrupu- leux.Gavriil Bogdanov est l’un des milliers d’hommes et de femmes photographiés àlaveille de leur exécution lors de la Grande Terreur stalinienne (1937-1938). Simple routine:avant de bra- quer son pistolet sur la nuque du condam- né, le bourreau était prié de vérifier son identité àl’aide de la photographie. Depuis près de trois quarts de siècle, dossiers et photos étaient enfouis aux archives de l’ex-police secrète. Avec l’aide de l’association russe Memorial, gardienne de la mémoire des années ter- ribles, le photographe polonais Tomasz Kizny aredonné vie àces clichés en les rassemblantdansunlivre,La GrandeTer- reur en URSS 1937-1938. Avec forcedocuments et récits, Tomasz Kizny, en coopération avec Dominique Roynette, raconte de manière fouillée cet- te périodeterrible de l’histoire du XXe siè- cle, ce crime de masse qui choqua aussi bien par son ampleur que par le secret qui l’entoura jusqu’à l’effondrement de l’Union soviétique en 1991. L’homme au crâne rasé qui fait face à l’objectif,le regardintense,unriendéfiant, ignorequ’illuirestehuitjoursàvivre.Arrê- té le 8août 1937 par le NKVD (la police poli- tique de Staline) dans son village d’Amine- vo, àl’ouest de Moscou, Gavriil Bogdanov, 49ans, paysan àl’origine, devenu ouvrier et père de trois enfants, ne pouvait pas savoir qu’il figurait dans la catégorie des personnes àfusiller en priorité. Comment l’aurait-il su?L’ordre opéra- tionnel du NKVD n˚ 00447 du 30 juillet 1937, qui ordonnait la liquidation des «ennemis du pouvoir soviétique» et mar- quait le lancement des répressions de masse, était secret. Tout comme les condamnations àmort. Les tribunaux d’exception ne devaient en aucun cas annoncer le verdict. Tout était fait pour faciliter le travail neen1930,luiadéjàvaludeux condamna- l’Etat:police, sécurité, Parti communiste), ultime du bourreau. Pas question de lais- tions àl’exil au Kazakhstan,en1931 et1932. le 19août 1937. Le verdict tient en un mot ser le moindre grain de sable –une révolte Son crime?Ilpossédait, en commun avec tapé àlamachine, en grosses lettres, sur malvenue,descris,despleurs–luicompli- son frère Mikhaïl, une maison, un cheval un formulaire sommaire:«FUSILLER». quer la tâche. «Nepas prononcer les juge- etunevache.Maisc’estdel’histoireancien- Lelendemain,20août1937,GavriilBog- mentsaux condamnésde lapremièrecaté- ne, puisqu’il aété amnistié en 1933. danov,qui n’a fait aucun aveu, est exécuté gorie [les condamnés àmort]. Je répète, ne Gavriil est loin de se douter qu’il aété par balles sur le «polygone»(la zone de pas les prononcer», ordonne par écrit dénoncé par deux de ses voisins. Quel- mise àmort) de Boutovo, près de Moscou, Mikhaïl Frinovski, l’un des instigateurs de ques critiques bien senties àl’adresse du en même temps que 134autres condam- la Grande Terreur, àtous les chefs de sec- pouvoir soviétique, lâchées imprudem- nés. La machine de la Grande Terreur est tions du NKVD, le 8août 1937. ment lors d’une conversationautour d’un lancée. En quinze mois, de juillet1937 à LedossierdeGavriilBogdanovestdéses- verre, ont eu tôt fait d’attirer chez lui à novembre1938,725000personnesseront pérément vide. L’homme est sans parti, il l’aube le panier àsalade du NKVD, le «cor- exécutées, soit 1600 par jour. n’a jamais été membre d’une bande beau noir», comme on disait àl’époque. Sur tout le territoire de l’URSS, de armée, il n’est qu’un modeste paysan des Le 8août, le père de famille est embar- l’Ukraine àVladivostok, de la Carélie àla environs de la capitale qui atrouvé du tra- qué. Sa femme et ses enfants ne le verront Kolyma, les fosses communes ne suffi- vail comme ouvrier dans un dépôt d’auto- plusjamais.Reconnucoupablede«propa- sent plus àcontenir les corps. Rien qu’à bus de Moscou.Son passé d’ancien koulak, gande contre-révolutionnaire» et de Moscou,500tonnes decadavressont inci- dunom de ces paysansréfractairesàlacol- «calomnie du pouvoir soviétique», il est nérées en quinze mois au cimetière du lectivisation des terres imposée par Stali- jugé par une troïka (trois représentantsde monastère Donskoï. En général, les exécu- 0123 Mercredi 6mars 2013 la grande terreur III Les éléments de l’«affaire 9414» Page de gauche Photographie d’identité, empreintes digitales prises àlaprison Taganskaïa de Moscou. Ci-contreLa couverture du dossier –«Affaire N˚9414, début 8août 1937, clôture 9août 1937, 23pages »–et procès-verbal d’interrogatoire. Ci-dessusExtrait de l’acte d’exécution –«La déci- sion de la troïka de l’OUNKVD de la région de Moscou en date du 19août 1937 aété appliquée:Gavriil Bog- danov Sergueïevitch aété exécuté le 20août 1937». Ci-dessousFosse d’exécution àBoutovo, près de Mos- cou, où étaient tuées les personnes condamnées à mort dans la capitale et ses environs. Les originaux des photographies d’identité et des documents d’archives,reproduits dans ce supplément d’après les copies de l’association Memorial, se trouvent dans les archives centralesduFSB et dans les Archives d’Etat de la Fédération de Russie GARF. tions ont lieu la nuit, dans des «spetska- tuer. Et pour cause, lui-même avait les bavard, fusillé au-dessus de la fosse com- aucune sépulture. La plupart du temps, les surlesmassacresdelapériodestalinienne, mera»(cellules spéciales) arrosées au jet mainstachéesdesang.Entantquerespon- mune de Boutovo le 20août 1937. autorités faisaient croire aux familles que soit 15 millions de personnes, rien que et saupoudrées de sciure pour absorber le sable du parti pour la ville de Moscou, il Sous Khrouchtchev, 450 000 prison- les prisonniers étaient décédés en déten- pour la collectivisation et la famine de sang des morts. D’autres sont éliminés étaitmembred’unetroïkaet signaitàl’en- niersfurentlibérésmaislesréhabilitations tion. Les gens ne savaient pas où leur père, 1930-1932, selon l’historien Robert d’une balle dans la nuque au bord d’une vi les arrêts de mort. Sa signature figure eurent lieu en catimini et uniquement sur leur frère ou leur mère avait été inhumé. Conquest.«Undemi-siècleplustard,leshis- fosse en pleine nature. d’ailleurs en bonne place sur le jugement le papier. Pas question d’indemnités ou de En 1964, avec l’avènement de Leonid toiressoviétiques de la collectivisationdon- Les fonctionnaires du NKVD, le com- de Gavriil Bogdanov, le koulak trop réhabilitation sociale;etpour les morts, Brejnev, le rideau se referma durablement nent le chiffre exact des pertes en ovins et missariat aux affaires intérieures, rebap- bovins mais se refusent toujours àdonner tisé par le peuple «Tunesais jamais lamoindreindicationconcernantlespertes quand tu reviens àlamaison», ne font humaines», note l’historien dissident pas dans la dentelle. L’humain est deve- Michel Heller dans son ouvrage LaMachi- nu une abstraction, une statistique. Une ne et les rouages (Gallimard, 1985). seuleobsessionprévaut:remplirlesquo- Très vite, ce fut le retour de la chape de tas. «Ils arrivaientla nuit, ils arrêtaientles plomb. On renonça bientôt àrenverser gens. Pour quelle raison?Pourquoi?Per- l’idole et Staline s’imposa pour longtemps sonne ne le savait », raconte Piotr comme un être mythique qui avait sauvé Zaïtchenko, dont le père, Panteleï, forge- lepaysdelabarbarienazieetduchaos.Ilfal- ron aux chemins de fer d’Extrême- lutattendrel’arrivéeaupouvoirdeMikhaïl Orient, fut fusillé àKhabarovsk le 20mai Gorbatchev, en 1985, pour que le système 1938 àl’âge de 35ans, sans que sa famille de la Terreur et la condamnation de Staline n’ensacherien.En général,leNKVDexpli- reviennentàlasurface.Lesarchivess’ouvri- rent, les journaux se mirent àpublier des AMoscou, entassés dans pages entières de photos des victimes des purges staliniennes.Lecliché de l’identité une camionnette, des judiciaire prit alors tout son sens. prisonniers sont asphyxiés En 1990, Alexandra Bogdanova, qui avait vu son père Gavriil emmené une par les gaz d’échappement nuitd’août1937 etétait restésans nouvel- les depuis, osa demander des éclaircisse- quait aux familles éplorées que le préve- ments. Adéfaut d’en avoir beaucoup,elle nu avait été condamné à «dix ans de réussit àobtenir du FSB, le successeur du camp sans droitdecorrespondance» NKVD, la date et le lieu de l’exécution. En pour expliquer son silence. 1996, elle fut enfin autorisée àprendre La terreur règne en maître, et même les connaissance du dossier. On lui remit innocents sont coupables. D’ailleurs, alors la petite photo prise par l’identité depuis le 18mars 1920, un décret autorise judiciaire huit jours avant la mort du la police politique, alors appelée Vétchéka, condamné. Elleavait 72ans. C’était le àinternerdes individus apparaissantcom- seul indice en sa possession pour imagi- me «innocents au terme de l’instruction» nercequ’avaient pu être les derniers ins- dans des camps de travail «pour un délai TOMASZ KIZNY tants de son père. p n’excédant pas cinq ans». Les quotas d’ar- restations, fixés région par région, sont sans cesse revus àlahausse. Un empire concentrationnaire voit le jour,inégalé Archives sensibles :aupire fermées, au mieux entrouvertes dans sa dimension.
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