Review of Painless Injection Technology Pooja A

Home , Depot injection

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 9, 2015 Available online at www.ijiere.com International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Review of Painless Injection Technology Pooja A. Kshirsagara, Abhijit G. Kalbandeb a Student- Pooja A. Kshirsagar, PRMCEAM, Bandera, Amravati, Maharashtra b Lecturer - Abhijit G.Kalbande, PRMCEAM, Bandera, Amravati, Maharashtra

ABSTRACT: The Painless Injection Technology play the important role in our life because in our country we have seen the so many people who are having a phobia for giving an injection which has a needle, that’s why in Painless Injection Technology we used the needle free injection. This painless injection has the electronic circuit for making injection devices. Today, this is a very rising technology that avoids the pain and infection having needle based injection. This painless injection technology is very easiest way to delivering the vaccines into skin. Keywords: Needle Free,Injection,Phobia,Technology,Vaccine,Drug

I. INTRODUCTION Since 150 years we have seen the needle based injection for giving an injection into the skin. They form the major part of perenteral dosage form [1, 2]. To overcome problems related to needle based injection there is one technology that has received constant attention during the past few years that has all of the sought after benefits i.e. Needle free injection. The needle free injection don’t have needle but make use of electronic circuit to drive drugs through skin. These needle free injections are available in the form of power sprays, edible products, Inhaler’s and skin patches [1, 3]. These devices are available in reusable and disposable forms, for home and physicians office use and also in versions for multiple patients [1, 2, 3].

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Limit Limit switch switch

Keypa Microcon Driver DC d troller motor LCD Mecha display nism

Figure 1. Block diagram of painless injection technology

III. DISCRIPTION This is good painless injection system using microcontroller. An injection is device to which a syringe is fitted which is filled with a liquid, in particular with a medicine solution [5]. In this system the mechanism is connected to the microcontroller through DC motor. Here DC motor is used to control of the piston of the syringe pump. The driver is used to drive the DC motor. The rotations of the dc motor are controlled by the controllers [5]. The volume of the liquid is entered with the help of the keypad and it can be displayed on LCD with the help of controller. Here

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 9, 2015 the limit switch is operated by the motion of machine part or presence of an object. Here it is used to control the DC motor as well as control the input of microcontroller.

IV. HISTORY The first painless injection was projected in the early 19th century with one of the key patents filed by Lockhart in 1936. The first needle free injection system which was presented in the form of liquid based injection was developed during the 1940’s [1, 2]. The vitajet-3 is used to deliver of insulin which developed in 1996. It has disposable nozzles that can be replaced once a week the vitajet-3 is a reusable medical product, with the ease and safety of a sterile disposable [3]. The serojet is a needle free injection system intended for the delivery of serostim recombinant human growth hormone and is mainly used for the treatment of HIV associated wasting in adults.

V. WORKING The needle free injection is made of three components which include injection devices, a disposable needle free syringe and air cartridge. The injection device syringe is fabricated by of a durable plastic [1, 2]. Needle free injection technology uses forced generated by compressed gas (air, co2.nitrogen) fluid through a small orifice [1].

Figure 2. Working of painless injection [1]

VI. MANUFACTURING PROCESS There are various methods of producing needle free injection system. The manufacturing process involves step such as molding the pieces, assembling them, decorating and labeling the final product. All of the manufacturing process is done under sterile conditions to avoid the spread of disease [1, 2].

a. Molding the pieces: It involving production of the component plastic pieces from plastic pellets. This is done by a process called injection molding.

b. Assembling and labeling the pieces: Pieces are inserted into the main housing and buttons are attached. Machines apply marking that show dose level and force measurement.

c. packaging : Injection devices are first wrapped in sterile films and then put into cardboard or plastic boxes. This boxes are then stacked on pellets.

VII. TYPES OF INJECTION

1. Powder Injection:

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 9, 2015 For the purpose of delivery via skin, the particles must only pierce the outermost barrier of the skin i.e. the stratum corneum. So, drugs delivered reach the circulatory system at a faster rate as compared to those administered by subcutaneous injection [1, 3]. The principle of all the devices is the same, i.e. the energy generated by a transient gas jet is used to accelerate a premeasured dose of particulate drug formulation.

2. Liquid Injection: The basic principle of this injection is, if a high enough pressure is generated by a fluid, and then the liquid will punch a hole into the skin and will be delivered into the tissues in and under the skin.

3. Depot Injection: Depot injection is given in the muscle, where they create a depot of drug that is released continuously over a specified period of time [3]

liquid injection

powder depot injection injection

Figure 3. Types of Injection

VIII. DIIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY 1. Biojector-2000: The biojector 2000 is a tough, professional grade injection system designed especially for healthcare providers. In this technology use of sterile, single use syringes for individual injections is done, which avoids the cross contamination that has been previously reported with fixed nozzle jet injection systems [5].

Figure 4. Biojector-2000 Injection 2. Vitajet-3: The vitajet-3 is a user friendly, economical needle free injection system for the delivery of insulin that received the FDA marketing clearance in 1996 [1, 2, 3]. It has disposable nozzles that can be replaced once a week; the vitajet-3 is a reusable medical product, with the ease and safety of a sterile disposal.

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 9, 2015

Figure 5. Vitajet-3

3. Iject: The Iject is a single use, disposable, pre-filled injection devices which can be used in the delivery of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. No additional part or modifications are required for function.

Figure 6. Iject

4. ID-pen technology: Bioject’s ID pen spring powered needle free injector is proposed to be used for intradermal injector injections for vaccinations and drug therapy. The systems mainly consist of a hand held, user filled a device that incorporates single use, and auto disable disposable syringe. The ID pen is designed to deliver medications in doses such as 5 ml or 10 ml for each injection [1, 5, 4].

Figure 7. ID-Pen technology

IX. ADVANTAGES: 1. Eliminates needle phobia. 2. Eliminates the broken needles. 3. Higher dispersion pattern. 4. Elimination of needle disposals. 5. Lower pain and stress. 6. Targeted immune response.

X. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Higher start up costs. 2. Trained personnel. 3. Lack of worker confidence. 4. Wetness associated with residual vaccine on the skin surface.

XI. APPLICATION: 1. Mass immunizations such as measles, smallpox. 2. Used to delivered drug which consist proteins, monoclonal antibiotics using intrajet injection. 3. Used to deliver insulin to hairless guinea pigs using power jet. 4. Used to deliver vaccines with jet injections.

XII. FUTURE SCOPE: 40

International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering Volume 2, Issue 9, 2015 Many of these needle free alternatives technology are in the development stage. In the future other foods may be genetically enhanced to deliver vaccines and other drugs. These include food like bananas and tomato’s.

XIII. CONCLUSION: Painless injection technology is very beneficial to that person who has a phobia of injection. Other benefits are the painless injection technology is very fast as compared to needle base injection technology. In the developing world, there are foremost challenges of dieses transmission due to reuse of needle which can be overcome by using needle free injection technology.

REFERANCES: [1] Patwekar S.L, Gattanis S.G, “Needle free injection system: A Review” International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences vol5, issue 4, 2013. [2] Chandan Mohanty “Needle free drug delivery system: A Review” international journal of pharmaceutical research & development, Oct 2011. [3] M. Sunitha Reddy, M. Ranjith Kumar, K.Sanjay Kumar, Anil Goli, P. Santhosh Kumar “Review on needle free drug delivery system” int. j.rev. Life 2011. [4] Darin zegrung, MBA “needle free devices-latest development” 11th WHO/UNICEF consultation with OPV/IPV manufactures & National regulatory authorities WHO Geneva, Switzerland OCT-2012 [5] Rapolu bharath Kumar “No-Needle vaccine techniques” genetic engineering news AUG 1998. [6] Barbara workman RGN “safe injection techniques “article 498, nursing std, june16/vol13/no 39 /1999. [7] Potera, C.”NO – Needle Vaccine techniques.” Genetic Engineering News (1989).